Corbin v. Gillen et al

Filing 18

Judge Richard G. Stearns: ORDER entered granting 14 Motion for Summary Judgment (RGS, law3)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS
CIVIL ACTION NO. 09-10263-RGS
JOHN CORBIN
v.
BRIAN GILLEN and ANTONE MONIZ

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER ON DEFENDANTS’ MOTION
FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
December 30, 2011
STEARNS, D.J.
John Corbin, a correctional officer employed by the Plymouth County Sheriff’s
Department (Department), brought this First Amendment action under 42 U.S.C. §
1983, alleging that defendants Brian Gillen and Antone Moniz violated his right to free
speech by disciplining him for disparaging remarks he made to a Plymouth County
selectman.1 Defendants jointly filed a motion for summary judgment on November 8,
2011, after the usual course of discovery.
BACKGROUND

1

Gillen and Moniz are the Superintendent and Assistant Superintendent,
respectively, of the Department. They are responsible for the Department’s
administrative operations and are Corbin’s ultimate supervisors. Defs.’ Statement of
Undisputed Facts (SOUF) ¶¶ 2-3.

The facts, in the light most favorable to Corbin as the nonmoving party, are as
follows.2

Corbin has worked as a correctional officer for the Department since

November of 1987, and is “well known to be politically active in Plymouth County.”
Defs.’ SOUF ¶ 1; Compl. ¶ 1.3 Corbin has actively supported candidates for the office
of Plymouth County Sheriff. Defs.’ SOUF ¶ 15.
On or about January 9, 2008, Corbin was working his regular shift with fellow
officer John Gillis, supervising inmates inside a housing unit at the Plymouth Jail.
Defs.’ SOUF ¶¶ 12, 19. Christopher Flynn, a selectman for the town of Bridgewater,
was escorted into the unit by Sergeant Danette Britto as part of a tour of the Jail.4 Id.
¶ 12. Flynn was introduced to Corbin and the two men briefly chatted. Compl. ¶ 11.
Flynn asked Corbin to name the Sheriff for whom he had most enjoyed working. Id.
Corbin identified former Sheriff Peter Flynn. Id. Flynn, a great-nephew of the former

2

See LeBlanc v. Great Am. Ins. Co., 6 F.3d 836, 841 (1st Cir. 1993).

3

Corbin states in his Opposition that he “does not disagree with the statement
of undisputed material facts set forth by Defendants . . . .” Pl.’s Opp’n. See AyalaGerena v. Bristol Myers-Squibb Co., 95 F.3d 86, 95 (1st Cir. 1996) (“[f]ailure to
provide a separate statement of disputed facts results in the district court’s taking of
[defendant’s] statement of uncontested facts as admitted.”).
4

Corbin acknowledges that he regularly spoke to visitors touring the Jail,
answering questions about the Department, the Jail, and his job. Corbin Dep. at 42-45.
Corbin acknowledged that when he spoke to visitors he was doing so on behalf of the
Department. Id. at 45.
2

Sheriff, told Corbin that was “a good answer.” Id. Corbin and Flynn then “continued
to discuss local politics” for several more minutes. Id. While the two men spoke,
Britto stood within earshot of their conversation. Defs.’ SOUF ¶ 13.
Britto later told Gillen and Moniz that Corbin stated to Flynn that, “This place
sucks,” that he hated the current Sheriff, Joseph McDonald, and that McDonald
“sucks.” Id. On January 15, 2008, Assistant Deputy Superintendent Michael Duggan
interviewed Flynn about his conversation with Corbin. Id. ¶ 16. Flynn verified Britto’s
statement that Corbin had told him that he hated his job and that he hated Sheriff
McDonald, and that the Sheriff “didn’t know what he’s doing.” Id. Flynn denied,
however, that Corbin had used the word “sucked” in describing McDonald. Id.
On January 17, 2008, Corbin was interviewed by Department investigators. Id.
¶ 17. Corbin denied making pejorative comments about McDonald to Flynn, although
during the interview he referred to the Sheriff as a “moron.” Id. On January 18, 2008,
the Department suspended Corbin without pay, pending further investigation.5 Id. ¶ 21.

5

The Department states that it suspended Corbin because of his “snowballing”
misconduct, which included other instances of alleged insubordination. Id. The day
after Corbin was interviewed about the Flynn incident, Corbin derided Gillis for
memorializing his version of the Flynn encounter in a formal report to the investigators.
Corbin said to Gillis, “Good you’re writing your report, you got to make the Special
Sheriff happy.” Id. ¶ 19. The statement was perceived by the Department as an
attempted “interference” with a witness. Id. Also, on the same day, Corbin was
overheard speaking on the telephone in the training area of the Department and saying
3

On January 22, 2008, Corbin called Tamara Race, a reporter for the local Quincy
Patriot Ledger newspaper. Id. ¶ 22; Compl. ¶ 14. In an article published on January
24, 2008, Race wrote that Corbin believed that he had been suspended because he had
“bad-mouth[ed] Sheriff Joseph McDonald in a private conversation.” Defs.’ Mot. for
Summ. J., Ex. M. Race quoted Corbin as follows: “‘I expressed my distaste for the
current administration,’ he said. ‘I said there was no leadership, and that it was total
chaos and a complete circus.’ . . . Corbin said he believes Flynn shared parts of the
conversation with special Sheriff Gerald Pudolsky, prompting the disciplinary action.’”
Id. Corbin contends that Race misquoted him and, in any event, he intended his
remarks to be off-the-record. Compl. ¶¶ 14-15; Defs.’ SOUF ¶ 25.
On January 30, 2008, Corbin was formally suspended without pay for thirty
days. Defs.’ SOUF ¶ 29. As reasons, the Department cited Corbin’s “disrespectful
and unprofessional” encounter with Flynn, the reference to the Sheriff as a “moron” in
the interview with investigators, the telephone conversation in which Corbin called the
special Sheriff an asshole, and his failure to cooperate fully with the investigation. Id.

to an unknown party that, “He’s just an asshole. He used to be a prosecuting attorney.
Everything’s a big deal. It’s always something.” Id. ¶ 20. The reference appears to
have been to a specially appointed Sheriff on McDonald’s command staff who had
previously served as an Assistant District Attorney.
4

Corbin was also ordered to undergo a fitness for duty evaluation prior to returning to
work. Id. ¶ 30.
Corbin invoked his right to arbitrate both the thirty-day suspension and the order
that he submit to a psychological evaluation. Id. The arbitrator found that although
Corbin had violated the Department’s regulations by acting in a disrespectful and
insubordinate manner, he deserved only a six day suspension. The arbitrator also found
that the Department had improperly ordered Corbin to undergo the evaluation as there
was no “real question about his health to justify [it].”6 Defs.’ Mot. for Summ. J., Ex.
Q at 15-16.
Corbin returned to work without incident until April of 2008. On April 24, 2008,
Corbin was cited for not making all of the required hourly rounds of his unit and for
failing to record the rounds in the unit logbook. Defs.’ SOUF ¶ ¶ 32-36.7 On May 2,
2008, Corbin was notified that he was being suspended for fifteen days as a
disciplinary penalty. Id. ¶ 38. Corbin concedes that he failed to properly log his

6

The arbitrator required the Department to reimburse Corbin for his twenty-four
days of lost pay, to expunge the results of the psychological evaluation from his
personnel file, and to return the one day of sick leave that Corbin was forced to take
while undergoing the evaluation. Id. at 17. The Department complied with arbitrator’s
decision. Defs.’ SOUF ¶ 31.
7

Surveillance footage from the housing unit showed that Corbin had not
conducted all of his hourly rounds. Id. ¶ 36.
5

hourly rounds, id. ¶ 37, but claims that the disciplinary action was taken solely because
of his support for a candidate running against McDonald in the then-upcoming 2010
election.8
DISCUSSION
Summary judgment is appropriate when “the movant shows that there is no
genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a
matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). “To succeed, the moving party must show that
there is an absence of evidence to support the nonmoving party’s position.” Rogers v.
Fair, 902 F.2d 140, 143 (1st Cir. 1990). If this is accomplished, the burden then “shifts
to the nonmoving party to establish the existence of an issue of fact that could affect
the outcome of the litigation and from which a reasonable jury could find for the
[nonmoving party].” Id.
The nonmoving party “must adduce specific, provable facts demonstrating that
there is a triable issue.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). “[T]he mere existence
of some alleged factual dispute between the parties will not defeat an otherwise
properly supported motion for summary judgment; the requirement is that there be no
genuine issue of material fact.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242,

8

Corbin had pasted a bumper sticker on his personal car in early April of 2008
supporting a rival candidate. Compl. ¶ 24.
6

247-248 (1986) (emphases in original). “Trialworthiness requires not only a ‘genuine’
issue but also an issue that involves a ‘material’ fact.” Nat’l Amusements, Inc. v. Town
of Dedham, 43 F.3d 731, 735 (1st Cir. 1995).
Corbin’s First Amendment Right to Free Speech
“Public employees do not lose their First Amendment rights to speak on matters
of public concern simply because they are public employees.” Curran v. Cousins, 509
F.3d 36, 44 (1st Cir. 2007). To be protected, the plaintiff-employee’s speech must be
on a matter of public concern, and the employee’s interest in expression must not be
outweighed by the government’s interest as an employer in promoting the efficient
delivery of its services.9 Waters v. Churchill, 511 U.S. 661, 668 (1994). Matters of
inherent concern to the public include official malfeasance, abuse of office, and neglect
of duties. Curran, 509 F.3d at 46; Jordan v. Carter, 428 F.3d 67, 73 (1st Cir. 2005).
Speech that is vulgar, insulting or defiant is entitled to much less weight. Curran, 509
F.3d at 49.
“Whether an employee’s speech addresses a matter of public concern must be
determined by the content, form, and context of a given statement, as revealed by the
whole record.” Connick v. Myers, 461 U.S. 138, 147-148 (1983). “[T]he greater the
9

This weighing of the employee’s rights and the employer’s interests is often
referred to as the “Pickering balancing test,” after Pickering v. Bd. of Educ., 391 U.S.
563, 568 (1968).
7

value of the subject of the speech to the public, the more the balance tilts towards
permitting the [government] employee to express himself.” Guilloty Perez v. Pierluisi,
339 F.3d 43, 53 (1st Cir. 2003). An employee’s First Amendment interests are entitled
to the greatest weight “where he is acting as a whistleblower in exposing government
corruption.” Conaway v. Smith, 853 F.2d 789, 797 (10th Cir. 1988). “An employee
who makes an unprotected statement is not immunized from discipline by the fact that
this statement is surrounded by protected statements.” Waters, 511 U.S. at 681.
Corbin and defendants agree that Corbin was suspended primarily because of the
remarks he made to Flynn deriding Sheriff McDonald in January of 2008.10 Corbin
maintains that his comments were political in nature, and insofar as they conveyed his
opinion about the Sheriff’s fitness to hold office, involved a matter of public concern.11
10

Corbin challenges the Department’s thirty-day suspension, psychological
evaluation, and his loss of a sick day. Because the arbitrator remitted the length of the
suspension, awarded back-pay and restoration of the lost sick day, and the
expungement of the negative evaluation from Corbin’s personnel file, the only potential
issue of personal damages that remains is the six-day suspension upheld by the
arbitrator.
11

In his Complaint and Opposition, Corbin denies making any statements about
the Sheriff. However, his denials come only after admitting that he does not dispute
the defendants’ SOUF, and, in any event, he may not now dispute such facts because
he failed to file a fact statement of his own. See United States v. Parcel of Land &
Residence at 18 Oakwood St., Dorchester, Massachusetts, 958 F.2d 1, 5 (1st Cir.
1992) (the failure of a nonmoving party to submit a statement of disputed facts has the
legal effect of admitting the moving party’s factual assertions). Moreover, any
statements Corbin relies on that are contained “in a memorandum or lawyer’s brief are
8

Defendants, for their part, contend that Corbin’s speech insulting the Sheriff and
demeaning the Department had no redeeming First Amendment value.12 (Although
Corbin does not dispute the fact that he also criticized the Sheriff in his conversation
with reporter Race, he insists that his comments were made off-the-record and not
intended for publication).13
Corbin’s First Amendment claim fails as a matter of law for two reasons. In the
first instance, the remarks to Flynn (whatever the value of their content) were made in
the performance of Corbin’s duties as a correctional officer and were therefore not

insufficient, for summary judgment purposes, to establish material facts.” Corrada
Betances v. Sea-Land Serv., Inc., 248 F.3d 40, 43 (1st Cir. 2001).
12

Whether Corbin stated that he “hated” the Sheriff and described him as a
“moron,” or whether he used more colorful language to make the same point is not
terribly material. See Nereida-Gonzalez v. Tirado-Delgado, 990 F.2d 701, 703 (1st
Cir. 1993) (a material fact is one which has the “potential to affect the outcome of the
suit under applicable law.”).
13

Race, who testified at the arbitration hearing, disputed whether Corbin had
spoken to her on an off-the-record basis. Her version of what Corbin had told her
about the encounter with Flynn largely tracked Flynn’s statement to the investigators
and the testimony of Britto at the arbitration hearing. “I asked what he said that he
thought might have gotten him into trouble. His response was that he made disparaging
commends [sic] to this person given [sic] his opinion of the administration; he
expressed his opinion and believes it was overheard.” Defs.’ Mot. for Summ. J., Ex.
Q at 9. Her story was published under the headline: “Correction officer blasts
suspension: Says it’s political retribution for remarks in private conversation.” Defs.’
Mot. for Summ. J., Ex. M. In his summary judgment pleadings, Corbin does not deny
making disparaging remarks about Sheriff McDonald to Race.
9

protected speech. Corbin, it will be recalled, testified that he was frequently called upon
to speak to visitors during jail tours and that in doing so he spoke as a representative of
the Department. See fn. 4, supra.
In Garcetti v. Ceballos, 547 U.S. 410 (2006), the Supreme Court, in effect,
carved an exception out of the First Amendment for work-related speech. “[W]hen
public employees make statements pursuant to their official duties, the employees are
not speaking as citizens for First Amendment purposes, and the Constitution does not
insulate their communications from employer discipline.” Id. at 421. The Court in
Garcetti distinguished between an employee speaking “as a citizen addressing a matter
of public concern,” which may warrant First Amendment protection, and an employee
who is “simply performing his or her job duties,” which is subject to the employer’s
control. Id. at 423. Corbin’s disparaging remarks about the Sheriff and the Department
made while on duty, in uniform, and in close proximity to other Department employees
and inmates, were in plain violation of Department regulations. See Defs.’ Mot. for
Summ. J., Ex. E at 14 (prohibiting employees from engaging in disrespectful and
insubordinate conduct). The Department has an undeniable interest in punishing
insubordination in order to promote institutional order and preserve a cohesive chain of

10

command.14 See Jordan, 428 F.3d at 74, quoting Moore v. Wynnewood, 57 F.3d 924,
934 (10th Cir. 1995) (“[W]e acknowledge that the government’s interest ‘is particularly
acute in the context of law enforcement, where there is a heightened interest . . . in
maintaining discipline and harmony among employees . . . .’”).
In the second instance, there is nothing in the substantive content of Corbin’s
“speech” (whether by his version or that of the other witnesses) that penetrates the
realm of public concern. In Curran, a case very much on point, an off-duty Essex
County correctional officer used the Essex County Correctional Officers Association
website to post a statement accusing the Essex County Sheriff “of using political
favoritism rather than merit in making personnel decisions as to non-policymaking
employees.” 509 F.3d at 40, 46. The First Circuit held that there was “public interest
value” in the contents of the posting. Id. at 46. The Court contrasted this protected
speech with prior comments that Curran had “made in the course of his duties within the
Department, to his superiors, and during a discussion of official Department policy.”
Id. at 45-46.

The latter comments were unprotected, as they involved internal

complaints about the management of the Department that did not rise to matters of
public concern. Id. at 46. See also Jordan, 428 F.3d at 73 (discussions of “internal

14

There are also legitimate safety concerns that arise when a correctional officer
acts insubordinately in front of inmates.
11

working conditions” are not matters of public interest); Rosado-Quinones v. Toledo, 528
F.3d 1, 5 (1st Cir. 2008) (accusations about officers in police department that were
personal in nature did not “implicate the ability of [law enforcement] personnel to carry
out their responsibility to the public, i.e., the provision of competent law enforcement
services” and thus did not elevate the comments to matters of public concern.). Here,
Corbin’s insulting and disparaging remarks about the Sheriff (a “moron” whom he
“hated”) and the intensity of his dislike of his job with the Department had even less
relevance to any meaningful public discourse. See Meaney v. Dever, 326 F.3d 283, 289
(1st Cir. 2003) (an employee’s expression of frustration with a superior does not qualify
as a matter of public concern).15
Corbin’s Political Affiliation Claim
The Supreme Court, in a series of decisions beginning with Elrod v. Burns, 427
U.S. 347 (1976), has declared it a violation of the First Amendment for government
officials to take adverse actions – at least of a certain level of severity and with certain
exceptions – against government employees based on their political party affiliation.
See 427 U.S. at 373. “A plaintiff asserting a political discrimination claim under the
First Amendment bears the preliminary burden of producing competent direct or
15

The statement Corbin made to Race about alleged political favoritism in the
Department, while arguably qualifying as a matter of public concern, was, according
to Corbin, never intended for public dissemination.
12

circumstantial evidence that political affiliation played a ‘substantial’ role in the adverse
employment decision.” Jirau-Bernal v. Agrait, 37 F.3d 1, 3 (1st Cir. 1994), citing
Ferrer v. Zayas, 914 F.2d 309, 311 (1st Cir.1990).
Corbin claims that he was wrongly suspended in May of 2008 for displaying a
bumper sticker on his personal car supporting McDonald’s election opponent. Corbin
concedes that he has “no proof” that either Gillen or Moniz knew of the bumper sticker
before issuing the suspension, or that either defendant was motivated by his political
affiliation. Defs.’ SOUF ¶ 39. Corbin relies solely on the proximity of the two events.
(The bumper sticker was placed on the car in April of 2008). This is insufficient. See
Maymi v. Puerto Rico Ports Auth., 515 F.3d 20, 28 (1st Cir. 2008) (“The mere fact that
an adverse action was taken after an employee exercises First Amendment rights is not
enough to establish a prima facie case.”). More importantly, Corbin does not contest
that he violated Department regulations regarding the making and recording of hourly
rounds, which was the reasonable explanation given by the Department for the
imposition of discipline. See Def’s SOUF ¶ 37.16

16

In his Complaint, Corbin alleges that defendants’ actions have caused him to
suffer emotional distress, humiliation, financial harm, and a “loss of status” in the
Department. Compl. ¶ 27. He also alleges that defendants’ actions created a hostile
work environment, which made it difficult for him to perform the duties of his job. Id.
Corbin does not plead facts to support these allegations.
13

ORDER
For the foregoing reasons, defendants’ motion for summary judgment is
ALLOWED.17 The Clerk will enter judgment for defendants and close the case.
SO ORDERED.
/s/ Richard G. Stearns
_______________________________
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

17

Defendants raise a qualified immunity defense, which given the court’s
findings, is moot. See Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 242 (2009) (where qualified
immunity is raised “the judges of the district courts and the courts of appeals are in the
best position to determine the order of decisionmaking that will best facilitate the fair
and efficient disposition of each case.”).
14