Ayyadurai v. Floor64, Inc. et al

Filing 48

Judge F. Dennis Saylor, IV: ORDER entered. MEMORANDUM AND ORDER. The motion of Floor64, Inc. and Michael Masnick and the motion of Leigh Beadon to strike the complaint pursuant to the California anti-SLAPP law are DENIED. The motion of Floor64, Inc. and Michael Masnick and the motion of Leigh Beadon to dismiss for failure to state a claim are GRANTED. (Maynard, Timothy)

Case 1:17-cv-10011-FDS Document 48 Filed 09/06/17 Page 1 of 45

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS
__________________________________________
)
SHIVA AYYADURAI,
)
)
Plaintiff,
)
)
v.
)
)
FLOOR64, INC. d/b/a TECHDIRT,
)
MICHAEL DAVID MASNICK, LEIGH
)
BEADON, and DOES 1-20,
)
)
)
Defendants.
)
__________________________________________)

Civil Action No.
17-10011-FDS

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER ON
DEFENDANTS’ MOTIONS TO DISMISS AND TO STRIKE
SAYLOR, J.
This is a tort action arising out of allegedly defamatory statements that the plaintiff
falsely claimed to be the inventor of e-mail. Plaintiff Shiva Ayyadurai is a scientist and
entrepreneur. In 1979, at the age of 14, he created an electronic-mail system for use at the
University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey. On the basis of that creation, he has since
claimed to have invented e-mail, and has received some positive media attention on the basis of
that claim. Defendants Floor64, Inc., Michael Masnick, and Leigh Beadon operate or write for a
website called “Techdirt.” Defendants posted a series of 14 articles disagreeing with
Ayyadurai’s claim, stating, among other things, that he is “a liar,” that his claim is “fake,” and
that he has made several misrepresentations in support of his claim.
Ayyadurai then brought this action, asserting claims for libel, intentional interference
with prospective economic advantage, and intentional infliction of emotional distress.

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Jurisdiction is based on diversity of citizenship.
Defendants have moved to strike the complaint pursuant to the California anti-SLAPP
statute and to dismiss the complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted,
for improper service of process, and, with respect to one of the 14 articles, on the ground that the
claim is barred by the Communications Decency Act (“CDA”), 47 U.S.C. § 230(c)(1). For the
reasons stated below, the motions to strike will be denied and the motions to dismiss will be
granted.
I.

Background
A.

Factual Background
1.

The Parties

According to the complaint, Shiva Ayyadurai “is a world-renowned scientist, inventor,
lecturer, philanthropist, and entrepreneur.” (Compl. ¶ 1). He “has been recognized
internationally for his developments in early social media portals, email management
technologies, and contributions to medicine and biology.” (Id. ¶ 2). He has four degrees from
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, including a B.S. in Electrical Engineering and
Computer Science and a Ph.D. in Biological Engineering. (Id. ¶ 1). He is a resident of
Massachusetts, where he operates the International Center for Integrative Systems (a research
and education center) and serves as the Chairman and CEO of CytoSolve, Inc. (Id. ¶ 2).
Floor64, Inc., is a California corporation that operates a website called “Techdirt.”
(Compl. ¶ 6). Michael Masnick is a California resident and the founder and CEO of Techdirt, as
well as an editor of the website. (Id. ¶ 7). Leigh Beadon is a resident of Toronto, Canada, and a
writer at Techdirt. (Id. ¶ 8).

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2.

Ayyadurai’s Electronic Mail System

According to the complaint, in 1978, while working as a Research Fellow at the
University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Ayyadurai “created email.” (Id. ¶ 13). The
complaint defines his creation as “a computer program that created an electronic version of a
paper-based interoffice mail system, which allowed mail to be sent electronically and consisted
of the Inbox, Outbox, Drafts, Folders, Memo, Attachments, Carbon Copies, Blind Carbon Copies
(i.e., “To:,” “From:,” “Date:,” “Subject:,” “Body:,” “Cc:,” Bcc:”), Return Receipt, Address
Book, Groups, Forward, Compose, Edit, Reply, Delete, Archive, Sort, Bulk Distribution, etc.”
(Id.). He named the program “email,” because it was “the ‘electronic’ (or ‘e’) version of the
interoffice paper-based ‘mail’ system” that was used by physicians at the medical school. (Id. ¶
16). According to the complaint, he was the first person to use that term. (Id.). In 1982, he
obtained copyright registrations for his e-mail code and user’s manual, which he contends were
the first two works registered under the title “email.” (Id. ¶¶ 17, 23).
3.

Ayyadurai’s Recognition as the Inventor of E-Mail

A variety of sources, both academic and in the popular press, have recognized Ayyadurai
as the inventor of e-mail. (Id. ¶¶ 18-21). In 2011, TIME magazine published an article titled
“The Man Who Invented Email,” which stated that “email—as we currently know it—was born”
when Ayyadurai created his electronic-communication system in 1978. (Compl. Ex. E). In the
article, Ayyadurai recounted how he created functions such as “cc,” “bcc,” and the ability to
attach documents in order to replicate the functions that doctors were already using in the paperbased interoffice mail system at the University of Medicine and Dentistry. (Id.).
In 2012, Wired magazine published an article titled “Who Invented Email? Just Ask . . .
Noam Chomsky.” (Compl. Ex. F). The article began by stating, “Who invented email? That’s a

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question sure to spark some debate.” It recounted the debate concerning the creation of e-mail,
providing an overview of the various electronic messaging systems that could be considered the
“original” e-mail, and quoted Tom Van Vleck, the creator of one of those systems, stating that
“[t]here seems to be little disagreement over who wrote what, and approximately when. . . . The
argument is over what to call things.” (Id.). The article noted that Chomsky was “putting his
weight behind V.A. Shiva Ayyadurai,” but stated that “the debate will no doubt continue.” (Id.).
According to the complaint, Ayyadurai was recognized as the creator of e-mail in a 2015
CBS television program, as well as in statements and publications by various individuals,
including Leslie Michelson, the Director of the High Performance Computing Center at Rutgers
University; Desh Deshpande, the Founder of Sycamore Networks and Co-Chairman of the
National Advisory Council on Innovation and Entrepreneurship; and Deborah Nightingale, a
former professor of engineering systems at MIT. (See Compl. ¶¶ 21, 22, 25, 27).
4.

Techdirt’s Allegedly Defamatory Articles

Between September 2014 and November 2016, Techdirt published 14 articles about
Ayyadurai. Thirteen were written by Mike Masnick and one was written by Leigh Beadon. (See
id. ¶¶ 34-47). The article written by Beadon consists primarily of re-posted comments submitted
by readers in response to other articles on Techdirt, along with some commentary by Beadon.
(See Compl. Ex. S).
The complaint identifies 84 allegedly defamatory statements contained within the 14
articles. (See Compl. ¶¶ 34-47). 1 Most of the allegedly defamatory statements are statements to
the effect that Ayyadurai’s claim to have invented e-mail is false. For example, one article states
that Ayyadurai is “perpetuating a ‘fake story’”; another states that he “and his friends

1

The statements identified in the complaint are set forth in Appendix A to this Memorandum and Order.

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“misrepresent reality [and] they fraudulently make claims that are easily debunked”; and another
states that “Ayyadurai’s claim that he invented email is complete bullshit. It’s not true. Not
even remotely.” (Id. ¶¶ 34(c), 36(a), 45(a)).
Other statements identified in the complaint suggest that Ayyadurai has misrepresented
the significance of a copyright registration and has misrepresented a 1977 RAND report on
electronic messaging written by Dave Crocker. For example, one article states that Ayyadurai
“misrepresents what a copyright registration means”; another states that it is “absolutely false”
that “the ‘US government officially recognized Ayyadurai as the inventor of email’ in 1982”;
and another states that Ayyadurai’s claim to have invented e-mail “prey[s] on . . . an almost
fraudulent misquoting of Dave Crocker.” (Id. ¶¶ 34(f), 36(b), 37(b)). There are also statements
that Ayyadurai’s claim has changed over time; that his entire identity is based upon his false
claim; and that he accuses his opponents of racism (he is originally from India). (See, e.g., id. ¶¶
36(h), 41(b), 41(g)).
B.

Procedural Background

Ayyadurai filed the complaint in this action on January 4, 2017. The complaint asserts
three claims, each against all three defendants: libel (Count One); intentional interference with
prospective economic advantage (“IIPEA”) (Count Two); and intentional infliction of emotional
distress (“IIED”) (Count Three).
On February 17, defendants Floor64 and Masnick moved to strike the complaint pursuant
to the California anti-SLAPP statute and to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief
can be granted. On March 14, defendant Beadon also filed separate motions to strike and to
dismiss.

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II.

Legal Standard
On a motion to dismiss, the Court “must assume the truth of all well-plead[ed] facts and

give plaintiff the benefit of all reasonable inferences therefrom.” Ruiz v. Bally Total Fitness
Holding Corp., 496 F.3d 1, 5 (1st Cir. 2007) (citing Rogan v. Menino, 175 F.3d 75, 77 (1st Cir.
1999)). To survive a motion to dismiss, the complaint must state a claim that is plausible on its
face. Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). The “[f]actual allegations must be
enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level, . . . on the assumption that all the
allegations in the complaint are true (even if doubtful in fact).” Id. at 555 (citations omitted).
“The plausibility standard is not akin to a ‘probability requirement,’ but it asks for more than a
sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678
(2009) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). Dismissal is appropriate if the facts as alleged do
not “possess enough heft to show that plaintiff is entitled to relief.” Ruiz Rivera v. Pfizer
Pharm., LLC, 521 F.3d 76, 84 (1st Cir. 2008) (quotations and original alterations omitted).
III.

Analysis
A.

Motions to Strike Pursuant to California Anti-SLAPP Statute

Defendants first contend that the complaint should be struck pursuant to the California
anti-SLAPP (“strategic litigation against public participation”) statute, Cal. Civ. Proc. Code §
425.16. Plaintiff contends that under the applicable choice-of-law principles, Massachusetts law
applies, and therefore the California statute is irrelevant. 2 The parties agree that if
Massachusetts law applies, the conduct alleged does not fall within the scope of the

2

In Godin v. Schencks, 629 F.3d 79 (1st Cir. 2010), the First Circuit held that the Maine anti-SLAPP
statute can be applied in federal courts. Id. at 88, 92. In Bargantine v. Mechanics Co-op Bank, 2013 WL 6211845
(D. Mass. Nov. 26, 2013), the court recognized that Godin “has not been extended to the anti-SLAPP laws of other
states within the First Circuit.” Id. at *3. It applied Godin’s holding to the Massachusetts anti-SLAPP statute on the
basis that it is “in all respects identical to the Maine statute.” Id. Because the Court finds that under Massachusetts
choice-of-law rules the California statute does not apply, it does not reach the question of whether that statute could
be applied in federal courts under Godin.

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Massachusetts anti-SLAPP statute.
The “initial task of a choice-of-law analysis is to determine whether there is an actual
conflict between the substantive law of the interested jurisdictions.” Levin v. Dalva Bros., Inc.,
459 F.3d 68, 73 (1st Cir. 2006). Here, there is a clear conflict between the California and
Massachusetts statutes. Under the Massachusetts statute, parties may move to dismiss any
claims against them that are based on that “party’s exercise of its right of petition under the
Constitution of the United States or of the commonwealth.” Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 231, § 59H.
See North Am. Expositions Co. v. Corcoran, 452 Mass. 852, 862 (2009) (defining “petitioning”
to include “statements made to influence, inform, or at the very least, reach governmental
bodies—either directly or indirectly” (internal quotation marks omitted)). The California statute,
by contrast, is considerably broader, and allows parties to move to strike whenever they are sued
for an “act in furtherance of a person’s right of petition or free speech under the United States or
California Constitution in connection with a public issue” or “an issue of public interest.” Cal.
Civ. Proc. Code § 425.16(e) (emphasis added).
Next, the Court must apply Massachusetts choice-of-law principles to determine which
state’s law should apply. 3 “Massachusetts state courts apply ‘a functional choice of law
approach that responds to the interests of the parties, the States involved, and the interstate
system as a whole.’” Reicher v. Berkshire Life Ins. Co. of Am., 360 F.3d 1, 5 (1st Cir. 2004)
(quoting Bushkin Assocs., Inc. v. Raytheon Co., 393 Mass. 622, 631 (1985)). That approach is
guided by the Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws (1971), and considers factors such as
those set forth in § 6 of the Restatement. See Bushkin Assocs., 393 Mass. at 632, 634 (“Factors
under § 6 that are said to be relevant to the choice of the applicable rule of law include: ‘(a) the

3

Because this is a diversity action, the Court will apply the choice-of-law principles of the forum state. See
Auto Europe, LLC v. Connecticut Indem. Co., 321 F.3d 60, 64 (1st Cir. 2003).

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needs of the interstate and international systems, (b) the relevant policies of the forum, (c) the
relevant policies of other interested states and the relative interests of those states in the
determination of the particular issue, (d) the protection of justified expectations, (e) the basic
policies underlying the particular field of law, (f) certainty, predictability and uniformity of
result, and (g) ease in the determination and application of the law to be applied.’” (quoting
Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 6(2) (1971))). In addition to those factors,
Massachusetts courts “feel free . . . to borrow from any of the various lists to help focus our
attention on the considerations particularly relevant to the case before us.” Id. at 634.
Section 150 of the Restatement applies to claims involving multistate defamation. It
provides that “[t]he rights and liabilities that arise from defamatory matter in any . . . aggregate
communication are determined by the local law of the state which, with respect to the particular
issue, has the most significant relationship to the occurrence and the parties under the principles
stated in § 6.” Restatement (Second) Conflict of Laws § 150(1). It further states that “[w]hen a
natural person claims that he has been defamed by an aggregate communication, the state of
most significant relationship will usually be the state where the person was domiciled at the time,
if the matter complained of was published in that state." Id. § 150(2). Thus, there is effectively a
presumption that the law of the state of the plaintiff’s domicile will apply unless some other state
“has a greater interest in the determination of the particular issue,” as determined in accordance
with the factors set forth in § 6 and “the purpose sought to be achieved by [the interested states’]
relevant local law rules and of the particular issue involved.” Id. § 150 cmt. b (citing id. § 145
cmts. c-d).
Applying § 150 here, there is a presumption that the law of Massachusetts will apply. 4

4

Contrary to defendants’ contentions, § 145 of the Restatement does not compel a different conclusion.
Section 145 sets forth “general . . . principles” to consider when deciding a choice-of-law issue in a tort action.

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First, defendants published allegedly defamatory statements in a form of aggregate
communication, a website. Second, plaintiff was domiciled in Massachusetts at the time.
Finally, the website, which is accessible by anyone anywhere with an Internet connection, was
published in Massachusetts.
The Court must next determine whether another state has a greater interest in the
particular issue presented, according to the factors set forth in § 6. In this context, the most
significant of those factors appears to be the relevant policies of the states. See Diamond Ranch
Acad., Inc. v. Filer, 117 F. Supp. 3d 1313, 1321 (D. Utah 2015). Here, each state has a strong,
and conflicting, interest. As to California, it has clearly “expressed a strong interest in enforcing
its anti-SLAPP law to ‘encourage continued participation in matters of public significance’ and
to protect against ‘a disturbing increase in lawsuits brought primarily to chill the valid exercise’
of constitutionally protected speech.” Sarver, 813 F.3d at 899 (quoting Cal. Civ. Proc. Code §
425.16(a)). That interest would presumably be disserved by applying Massachusetts law and
permitting this case to proceed. Massachusetts, on the other hand, has an interest in protecting
its citizens from tortious conduct. By enacting an anti-SLAPP statute that applies only to claims
involving a person’s exercise of his or her right of petition, and not to claims involving a
person’s exercise of free-speech rights more generally, Massachusetts has attempted to balance
the encouragement of protected speech with the desire to protect those who are harmed by

Sarver v. Chartier, 813 F.3d 891, 897 (9th Cir. 2016). Those four factors are “(a) the place where the injury
occurred, (b) the place where the conduct causing the injury occurred, (c) the domicile, residence, nationality, place
of incorporation and place of business of the parties, and (d) the place where the relationship, if any, between the
parties is centered.” Restatement (Second) Conflict of Laws § 145(2). Defendants rely heavily on Sarver to support
their assertion that § 145 requires this Court to apply California’s anti-SLAPP statute.
In Sarver, the Ninth Circuit found it compelling that the plaintiff, an army sergeant, failed to establish that
he was a resident of New Jersey. Sarver, 813 F.3d at 898. Rather, the record suggested that his alleged injuries
occurred in multiple jurisdictions. See id. at 898-99. Therefore, none of the § 145 factors weighed strongly in favor
of applying New Jersey law. Id. Here, by contrast, there is no question that Ayyadurai resides in Massachusetts,
and no reason to abandon the basic framework of § 150.

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defamatory statements. See Cardno ChemRisk, LLC v. Foytlin, 476 Mass. 479, 487 (2017)
(“[T]he anti-SLAPP statute . . . protects those looking to ‘advance[e] causes in which they
believe, as well as those seeking to protect their own private rights” (citation omitted)). That
interest would be disserved by applying California law and striking the complaint. Under the
circumstances presented here, there is no reason to favor California’s policy over that of
Massachusetts.
None of the other factors under § 6 are sufficient to overcome the presumption favoring
application of Massachusetts law. The parties each have justified expectations that their
respective home-state laws would apply; plaintiff is a Massachusetts resident with no apparent
ties to California; and the alleged tortious conduct occurred in California. In addition, ensuring
the “certainty, predictability and uniformity of result” and “ease in the determination and
application of the applicable law” favors adhering to the presumption set forth in § 150(2).
Restatement (Second) Conflict of Laws § 150 cmt. b (citing id. § 6).
In summary, defendants have not overcome the presumption that Massachusetts law
should apply. Accordingly, the motions to strike will be denied, and the Court will apply
Massachusetts law to the claims.
B.

Libel (Count One)

All defendants have moved to dismiss the libel claims against them for failure to state a
claim on which relief can be granted. 5 They contend that the complaint fails to make plausible

5

Floor64 has also moved to dismiss the complaint pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(5) for improper
service. The complaint and summons addressed to it were served on Sunnia Lin, Masnick’s wife, at their home
address. The corporation contends that such service is improper under Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(h)(1)(B), which requires
that corporations be served “by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to an officer” of the
company. However, California law permits service on corporations by “leaving a copy of the summons and
complaint . . . at [the corporation’s agent’s] usual mailing address . . . with the person who is apparently in charge
thereof, and by thereafter mailing a copy of the summons and complaint by first-class mail . . . .” Cal. Code Civ. P.
§ 415.20(a). Accordingly, it appears that Floor64 was properly served pursuant to California law, which constitutes

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allegations that the statements at issue are false; that the statements are protected under the First
Amendment; and that the complaint fails to plausibly allege that the statements were made with
actual malice. Defendant Beadon has also moved to dismiss the libel claim based upon the
article that he authored on the ground that it is barred by § 230 of the Communications Decency
Act, 47 U.S.C. § 230(c)(1).
1.

Legal Framework

“Modern defamation law is a complex mixture of common-law rules and constitutional
doctrines.” Pan Am. Sys., Inc. v. Atlantic Ne. Rails & Ports, Inc., 804 F.3d 59, 64 (1st Cir.
2015). Under Massachusetts law, “[d]efamation is the publication, either orally or in writing, of
a statement concerning the plaintiff which is false and causes damage to the plaintiff.” Yohe v.
Nugent, 321 F.3d 35, 39-40 (1st Cir. 2003) (citing McAvoy v. Shufrin, 401 Mass. 593, 597
(1988)).
To establish a defamation claim, a plaintiff must satisfy four elements. First, to be
“defamatory,” the statement must “hold the plaintiff up to contempt, hatred, scorn, or ridicule or
tend to impair his standing in the community, at least to his discredit in the minds of a
considerable and respectable class in the community.” Id. at 40 (quoting Tartaglia v. Townsend,
19 Mass. App. Ct. 693, 696 (1985)) (internal quotation marks omitted); Phelan v. May Dep’t.
Stores Co., 443 Mass. 52, 56 (2004). Second, to satisfy the “publication” element, “the
statement must have been [made] to at least one other individual other than the one defamed.”
Yohe, 321 F.3d at 40 (citing Brauer v. Globe Newspaper Co., 351 Mass. 53, 56 (1966)); Phelan,
443 Mass. at 56. “Third, where the speech is a matter of public concern, a defamation plaintiff

proper service under the federal rules. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(e)(1), 4(h)(1)(A). The motion to dismiss for improper
service will therefore be denied.

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must prove not only that the statements were defamatory, but also that they were false.” Yohe,
321 F.3d at 40 (citing Dulgarian v. Stone, 420 Mass. 843, 847 (1995)). 6 Fourth, “the plaintiff
must show that he suffered special damages and must set forth these damages specifically.” Id.
(citing Lynch v. Lyons, 303 Mass. 116, 119 (1939)). However, “the imputation of a crime is
defamatory per se, requiring no proof of special damages.” Phelan, 443 Mass. at 56.
“On the constitutional side, the Supreme Court—reading the First Amendment (made
binding on the states through the Fourteenth)—‘has hedged about defamation suits’ with lots of
‘safeguards designed to protect a vigorous market in ideas and opinions.’” Pan Am. Sys., 804
F.3d at 65 (quoting Desnick v. Am. Broad. Co., 44 F.3d 1345, 1355 (7th Cir. 1995)). First, as
already noted, in cases involving matters of public concern, the plaintiff bears the burden of
showing that the communications at issue are false. See Philadelphia Newspapers, 475 U.S. at
776. Second, because statements must be false to be actionable, “defamatory statements are not
punishable unless they are capable of being proved true or false.” Pan Am Sys., 804 F.3d at 65.
Accordingly, subjective statements and statements of opinion are protected under the First
Amendment as long as they do not “present[] or impl[y] the existence of facts which are capable
of being proven true or false.” Levinsky’s, Inc. v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 127 F.3d 122, 127 (1st
Cir. 1997); Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co., 497 U.S. 1, 18-19 (1990). Similarly, vague
language that is subject to multiple interpretations is generally not actionable. See Gray v. St.
Martin’s Press, Inc., 221 F.3d 243, 248 (1st Cir. 2000); Levinsky’s Inc., 127 F.3d at 129. Third,
the First Amendment also protects “statements that cannot ‘reasonably [be] interpreted as stating

6
That additional element in cases involving matters of public concern derives from First Amendment
principles. See Philadelphia Newspapers, Inc. v. Hepps, 475 U.S. 767, 776 (1986) (holding that, where the speech
at issue is a matter of public concern, there is a “constitutional requirement that the plaintiff bear the burden of
showing falsity”). That constitutional requirement has superseded traditional common-law rules that truth was an
affirmative defense and that the defendant, therefore, bore the burden of proving the statement was true. See id.;
Pan Am Sys., 804 F.3d at 66.

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actual facts’ about an individual,” including “imaginative expression” and “rhetorical
hyperbole.” Milkovich, 497 U.S. at 20 (quoting Hustler Magazine, Inc. v. Falwell, 485 U.S. 46,
50 (1988)) (alteration in original). Finally, “where a statement of ‘opinion’ on a matter of public
concern reasonably implies false and defamatory facts regarding public figures or officials, those
individuals must show that such statements were made with knowledge of their false
implications or with reckless disregard of their truth,” or, in other words, with “actual malice.”
Id.
Here, the principal dispute is not whether plaintiff has satisfied the traditional, commonlaw elements of a defamation claim, but on whether the speech at issue is protected under the
First Amendment.
2.

Whether the Heightened Standards for “Public Figures” and
“Matters of Public Concern” Apply

As a preliminary matter, the Court must determine whether plaintiff is a public figure and
whether the subject matter of the statements at issue is a matter of public concern.
a.

Public Figure

In the interest of protecting public debate, the First Amendment prohibits public officials
or public figures from recovering damages for defamatory statements unless they can “prove[]
that the statement[s] [were] made with ‘actual malice’—that is, with knowledge that it was false
or with reckless disregard of whether it was false or not.” New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376
U.S. 254, 279-80 (1964) (applying that standard to public officials); accord Curtis Publ’g Co. v.
Butts, 388 U.S. 130, 154-55 (applying same standard to public figures); Gertz v. Robert Welch,
Inc., 418 U.S. 323, 342 (1974). “Public officials” are generally limited to high-level government
employees, see Stone v. Essex Cnty. Newspapers, Inc., 367 Mass. 849, 863 (1975), while “public
figures” include those who “command[] sufficient continuing public interest and [have]
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sufficient access to the means of counter-argument to be able to expose through discussion the
falsehood and fallacies of the defamatory statements.” Curtis Publ’g Co., 388 U.S. at 155.
Public figures can be either “general-purpose public figure[s]”—those who have achieved
“such pervasive fame or notoriety” that they are public figures “for all purposes and in all
contexts”—or “limited-purpose public figure[s]”—those who “voluntarily inject[]” themselves
or are “drawn into a particular public controversy” and thereby become public figures “for a
limited range of issues” defined by their “participation in the particular controversy giving rise to
the defamation.” Lluberes v. Uncommon Prods., LLC, 663 F.3d 6, 13 (1st Cir. 2011) (quoting
Gertz, 418 U.S. at 351-52). The controversy at issue “must predate the alleged defamation.” Id.
at 14.
The parties do not dispute that plaintiff is at least a “limited-purpose” public figure for
the purpose of the controversy over who invented e-mail. Through his own actions, including
publishing books, participating in interviews, and posting on his own website, he has clearly
“thrust [himself] to the forefront” of the controversy “in order to influence the resolution of the
issues involved” in it. Gertz, 418 U.S. at 345. Furthermore, the complaint itself alleges that he
“is a world-renowned scientist, inventor, lecturer, philanthropist and entrepreneur.” (Compl. ¶
1). Accordingly, because plaintiff is a public figure, the complaint must plausibly allege actual
malice.
b.

Matter of Public Concern

The First Amendment also requires that if the statements at issue relate to matters “of
public concern,” then the “plaintiff[] must shoulder the burden of showing that the comments are
false.” Pan Am Sys., 804 F.3d at 66. “To qualify as a matter of public concern, the speech
(based on the content, form, and context) must touch on issues in which the public (even a small

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slice of the public) might be interested, as distinct, say, from purely personal squabbles.” Id.
Matters of public concern are “those that can be ‘fairly considered as relating to any matter of
political, social, or other concern to the community.” Levinsky’s, 127 F.3d at 132. “[T]he
relevant community need not be very large and the relevant concern need not be of paramount
importance or national scope. Rather, ‘it is sufficient that the speech concern matters in which
even a relatively small segment of the general public might be interested.’” Id. (quoting Roe v.
City of San Francisco, 109 F.3d 578, 585 (9th Cir. 1997)).
Here, the record clearly establishes that the statements at issue involve a matter of public
concern. The complaint refers to numerous articles (in addition to those authored by defendants)
discussing plaintiff’s claim to have invented e-mail. (See Compl. ¶¶ 18-21). Furthermore, a
number of the challenged comments were made in response to other articles and television
programs discussing, and supporting, plaintiff’s claim. Finally, the number of reader comments
posted in response to defendants’ articles indicates that at least “a relatively small segment of the
general public” is interested in the topic of who invented e-mail. See Levinsky’s, 127 F.3d at
132.
Accordingly, the statements at issue relate to matters of public concern, and plaintiff
therefore bears the burden of establishing their falsity.
3.

Whether the Complaint Plausibly Alleges Falsity

To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint challenging statements made about a matter
of public concern must not only allege that the statements are false, but also provide “factual
underpinning[s] to support that claim.” Pan Am Sys., Inc. v. Hardenbergh, 871 F. Supp. 2d 6, 16
(D. Me. 2012) (holding that mere allegations that statements are false is insufficient under Iqbal
and Twombly). Here, the complaint alleges that plaintiff “created email: a computer program

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that created an electronic version of a paper-based interoffice mail system,” and that “[h]e was
the first person to create [the term ‘email’].” (Compl. ¶¶ 13, 16).
Whether those allegations are sufficient to satisfy plaintiff’s burden to allege falsity with
factual specificity is far from clear. As set forth below, the articles at issue do not dispute that
plaintiff created an e-mail system. Rather, they dispute whether plaintiff should properly be
characterized as the inventor of e-mail based on that creation. Accordingly, it is not clear that
the allegations in the complaint are sufficient to show that the statements at issue are false. In
any event, even assuming that the allegations of falsity are sufficient, the challenged statements
are nonetheless protected under the First Amendment.
4.

Whether the Allegedly Defamatory Statements Are Protected Under
the First Amendment
a.

Statements That Plaintiff Did Not Invent E-Mail

The majority of the allegedly defamatory statements identified in the complaint state, in
various ways, that plaintiff’s claim to have invented e-mail is false. (See, e.g., Compl. ¶¶ 34(c)
(“fake”); 36(a) (“fraudulent[]”); 37(e) (“a lie”); 43(a) (“bogus”)). For the following reasons,
those statements are protected because they are not provably false, are subjective statements that
do not imply knowledge of objective facts, or are statements involving figurative language or
hyperbole.
(1)

Statements That Are Not Capable of Being Proved True
or False

“[D]efamatory statements are not punishable unless they are capable of being proved true
or false.” Pan Am Sys., 804 F.3d at 65. The statements here are not capable of being so proved.
First, by its nature, the question of who invented e-mail is not subject to one, and only
one, “true” answer. The answer depends upon how “e-mail” itself is defined. Plaintiff defines

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“e-mail” to include features such as an inbox, outbox, folders, a “to:” line, a “from:” line, a
“subject:” line, the body of the message and the ability to include attachments, and the ability to
copy (“cc”) or blind copy (“bcc”) other recipients. (See Compl. ¶ 13). However, that is not the
only definition. For example, the online Merriam-Webster dictionary defines “e-mail” in far
more general terms as “a means or system for transmitting messages electronically (as between
two computers on a network.” E-mail, MERRIAM-WEBSTER, https://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/e-mail (last visited Aug. 31, 2017). Similarly, in the context of a patent
dispute, the Federal Circuit has held that “a person of ordinary skill in the art would have
recognized that an electronic mail message must include a destination address and must have the
capacity to include an address of an originating processor, message content (such as text or an
attachment), and a subject.” In re NTP, Inc., 654 F.3d 1279, 1289 (Fed. Cir. 2011).
Accordingly, whether plaintiff’s claim to have invented e-mail is “fake” depends upon the
operative definition of “e-mail.” Because that definition does not have a single, objectively
correct answer, the claim is incapable of being proved true or false.
Second, many of the statements at issue are incapable of being proved false by virtue of
the language that they use. The First Circuit has held that whether something is a “fake” or a
“phony” may be “unprovable, since those adjectives admit of numerous interpretations.”
Phantom Touring, Inc. v. Affiliated Publ’ns, 953 F.2d 724 728 (1st Cir. 1992); accord
Levinsky’s, 127 F.3d at 129-130 (holding that use of the word “trashy” to describe a clothing
store is not actionable, and stating that “[t]he vaguer a term, or the more meanings it reasonably
can convey, the less likely it is to be actionable”). 7 Similarly, in McCabe, the First Circuit held

7

Whether words like “fake” or “phony” are imprecise is context-dependent. See Gray, 221 F.3d at 248-49
(“Whether calling something a ‘fake’ is or is not protected opinion depends very much on what is meant and
therefore on context.”). “To say that a dollar bill is a fake would, in most situations (but perhaps not all), be taken to
mean that it was a counterfeit; and to say that the defendant was knowingly passing a fake dollar bill would surely

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that because “the word ‘scam’ does not have a precise meaning[,] . . . the assertion “X is a scam”
[is] incapable of being proved true or false.” McCabe v. Rattiner, 814 F.2d 839, 842 (1st Cir.
1987). There, an article referred to a timeshare resort development owned by the plaintiff as a
“scam.” Id. at 840-41. In holding that the use of the word was not actionable, the court
explained:
Rattiner extensively and accurately described his encounter with the resort
salespeople, thereby disclosing the basis for his assertion that it was a scam.
Readers may have disagreed with the conclusion that it was a scam, but they
could not have said that the conclusion was false, because there is no core
meaning of scam to which Rattiner’s facts and allegations can be compared. Is it
a scam to promise a lobster dinner and then only give it after protest? Is it a scam
to gross approximately $9 million from a 25 unit resort? The answer depends on
the meaning given to the word “scam.”
Id. at 843. 8
Here, even a reader who agrees with defendants’ view that plaintiff should not be
credited as the sole inventor of e-mail may not agree that his claim is “fake” or “bogus.” One
person may consider a claim to be “fake” if any element of it is not true or if it involves a slight
twisting of the facts, while another person may only consider a claim to be “fake” only if no
element of it is true. Thus, whether statements such as “Dr. Ayyadurai is perpetuating a ‘fake
story’ with respect to his claims of invention of email,” (Compl. ¶ 34(c)), are provably true or
false depends not only on how one defines “e-mail,” but also on how one defines “fake.”
Because both terms, in this context, are imprecise, the statements are not actionable.

be actionable, if false. At the other extreme, where there were two productions of Phantom of the Opera, and the
defendant called one of them ‘fake’ and ‘phony,’ this court held that the adjectives were subjective aesthetic
judgments protected as opinion.” Id. at 249 (citing Phantom Touring, 953 F.2d at 728). In the context of this case,
the imprecision inherent in words like “fake” is dependent upon the imprecision in the definition of “e-mail” itself,
and the resulting ambiguity as to who “invented” e-mail.
8

As discussed below, disclosing the factual basis for a statement of opinion is a separate basis on which
statements may be protected under the First Amendment.

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(2)

Subjective Statements That Do Not Imply Knowledge of
Objective Facts

The statements at issue are also protected as subjective statements. “[E]ven a provably
false statement is not actionable if it ‘is plain that the speaker is expressing a subjective view, an
interpretation, a theory, conjecture, or surmise, rather than claiming to be in possession of
objectively verifiable facts . . . .’” Riley v. Harr, 292 F.3d 282, 289 (1st Cir. 2002) (quoting Gray
v. St. Martin’s Press, Inc., 221 F.3d 243, 248 (1st Cir. 2000)) (second alteration in original).
Thus, “defamation cannot arise where the speaker communicates the non-defamatory facts that
undergird his opinion.” Piccone vs. Bartels, 785 F.3d 766, 771 (1st Cir. 2015); accord Riley,
292 F.3d 282, 289 (“[W]hen an author outlines the facts available to him, thus making it clear
that the challenged statements represent his own interpretation of those facts and leaving the
reader free to draw his own conclusions, those statements are generally protected by the First
Amendment.” (quoting Partington v. Bugliosi, 56 F.3d 1147, 1156-57 (9th Cir. 1995)).
The articles at issue provide all of the relevant facts on which defendants rely in reaching
the conclusion that plaintiff’s claim is false. For example, the September 2, 2014 article
described the history of electronic messaging, including rudimentary systems that were created
as early as 1965, and provided hyperlinks to relevant background information. (Compl. Ex. G at
1). The September 4, 2014 article similarly provided information on the history of the use of the
word “email” as well as information concerning a change over time in how plaintiff defined the
term on his website, again providing hyperlinks to relevant information. (Compl. Ex. I). In the
November 3, 2016 post, Masnick wrote that plaintiff’s claim is “not true” based on his
observation that “[b]asically every feature that he put in the application was previously discussed
on open mailing lists and RFCs [Requests for Comments] about the internet and the messaging
systems that would be grafted onto it—sometimes many years earlier.” (Compl. Ex. R at 1)
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(emphasis in original). 9
By providing the full factual basis for his opinion, the articles cannot reasonably be
interpreted to suggest that the author had access to information about plaintiff’s claim that was
not accessible to others. As the First Circuit has explained, this is a “crucial distinction” between
cases such as this and cases that reach an opposite result, such as Milkovich. See Phantom
Touring, 953 F.2d at 730-31. In Milkovich, “the author of a newspaper column charging that a
high school wrestling coach had lied about his behavior at a meet informed his readers that he
was in ‘a unique position’ to know that the coach had lied because he had personally observed
the relevant events.” Riley, 292 F.3d at 290. Here, by contrast, as in Phantom Touring, there is
nothing in the articles to “indicate[] that [the author], or anyone else, ha[s] more information
about [plaintiff’s claim] than was reported in the articles.” Phantom Touring, 953 F.2d at 731.
Furthermore, and significantly, it appears that the core underlying facts are not disputed.
The articles repeatedly acknowledge that plaintiff did create an electronic messaging system that
he called “email,” that he did so at the age of 14 when he was a research fellow at the University
of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey in 1978, that the program apparently worked well, and
that he subsequently received a copyright for the program. (See, e.g., Compl. Exs. G, J, N, Q).
In addition, plaintiff has not challenged the accuracy of the factual statements relied upon in
reaching the conclusion that his claim is false. For example, the complaint does not identify as
false the statement that plaintiff’s electronic-messaging system was “not the first” and that
“[b]asically every feature that he put in [it] was previously discussed on open mailing lists and

9
Not every article at issue fully explains the factual basis for the conclusion that plaintiff’s claim is false.
However, the articles that do not provide a full explanation refer to, and often provide hyperlinks to, the articles that
do. Furthermore, as plaintiff has recognized, the articles should be viewed together and are each relevant context for
the others. (See Pl. Opp. to Def. Beadon’s Mot. to Dismiss at 1 (“All of Defendants’ defamatory articles . . . must be
considered collectively because all of the defamatory articles were part and parcel of an integrated, intentional
campaign to destroy Dr. Ayyadurai’s reputation.”).

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RFCs. . . .” (Compl. Ex. R. at 1) (emphasis in original). Nor does it dispute the accuracy of the
statement that the definition of e-mail posted on plaintiff’s website was changed in in 2012 to
expand the number of elements necessary for a messaging system to be considered “e-mail.”
Thus, while the complaint challenges the conclusions drawn from the available facts, it
does not challenge the underlying facts themselves. As noted in one of the articles that the
complaint refers to in support of plaintiff’s claim, “[t]here seems to be little disagreement over
who wrote what, and approximately when[.] . . . The argument is over what to call things.”
(Compl. Ex. F at 4). Accordingly, “[t]his is just the kind of subjective judgment that is only
minimally about ‘what happened’ but expresses instead a vague and subjective characterization
of what happened,” and for that reason, that “is protected opinion.” Gray, 221 F.3d at 249
(holding that statement that plaintiff, an influential lobbyist, “faked his closeness with a number
of senior administration officials” was “protected opinion” where the book at issue “made quite
clear that Gray did have contacts at the highest levels” but implied that he “was exaggerating his
‘closeness’”).
In short, the articles disclose the non-defamatory facts on which they rely; make clear
that the conclusions drawn from those facts are simply an interpretation of them; and do not rely
on other, undisclosed and potentially defamatory facts that are not available to others. Piccone,
785 F.3d at 771 (noting that such statements are “immun[]e . . . from defamation liability”).
Furthermore, by providing hyperlinks to the relevant information, the articles enable readers to
review the underlying information for themselves and reach their own conclusions. See Riley,
292 F.3d at 289. Accordingly, the statements are not actionable.
(3)

Hyperbole

Several of the statements at issue suggest that plaintiff’s claim to have invented e-mail is

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“fraudulent” or that plaintiff is a “fraud” or a “charlatan.” (See, e.g., Compl. ¶¶ 36(a), 37(c),
46(e)). Plaintiff contends that such statements are defamatory per se, because they suggest the
commission of a crime. However, hyperbolic statements, or those using loose, figurative
language, are protected as long as no “reasonable person could interpret the statement to provide
actual facts about the individual . . . it describes.” Levinsky’s, 127 F.3d at 131. As the Supreme
Court explained in Milkovich, “statements that cannot ‘reasonably [be] interpreted as stating
actual facts’ about an individual” are protected in order to “assur[e] that public debate will not
suffer for lack of ‘imaginative expression’ or the ‘rhetorical hyperbole’ which has traditionally
added much to the discourse of our Nation.” 497 U.S. at 20 (quoting Falwell, 485 U.S. at 50, 5355).
Courts have repeatedly held that language such as “fraud,” “snake-oil job,” “rip-off,” and
“scam” is generally protected as hyperbolic speech. See Phantom Touring, 953 F.2d at 728;
McCabe, 814 F.2d at 841-42; Paterson v. Little, Brown & Co., 502 F. Supp. 2d 1124, 1135
(W.D. Wash. 2007). In context, no reasonable reader would interpret the references to plaintiff’s
claim as “fraudulent” to suggest that plaintiff actually committed a fraud—that is, that he made a
false statement, with knowledge of its falsity, for the purpose of inducing another to act on the
representation, where the other relied on that representation to his or her detriment. It is clear,
particularly from the surrounding language describing plaintiff’s claims as “bogus” or “easily
debunked,” that the articles are simply using colorful and figurative language and are not making
any fact-based accusation that plaintiff has actually committed a fraud. (See, e.g., Compl. ¶¶
36(a), 37(d)). Accordingly, the statements are protected.
b.

Statements That Plaintiff Is Generating a Fake Controversy

Three of the allegedly defamatory statements identified in the complaint state that the

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controversy over who invented e-mail is “fabricated,” “manufactur[ed]” by plaintiff, or is a “faux
controversy over something that is blatantly untrue.” (Compl. ¶¶ 35(e), (g), (h)). Those
statements are essentially just variations on the statements that plaintiff’s claim to have invented
e-mail is not true; the controversy is only “fabricated” or a “faux controversy” if one believes
that plaintiff’s claim is false. Accordingly, as with the statements discussed above, these
statements are protected because they are both incapable of being proved true or false and are
subjective statements that do not imply knowledge of objective facts. As to the latter point, it is
significant that the September 3, 2014 article in which all three statements appear includes a link
to the 1977 RAND report that Masnick claims demonstrates that “lots of folks were developing
all sorts of components of an electronic interoffice mail system” at the time, and tells readers to
follow the link and “[g]o read the primary documentation.” (Compl. Ex. H at 3).
c.

Statements That Plaintiff Misrepresented Copyright Law and
the RAND Report

The statements that plaintiff has misrepresented both copyright law and the RAND report
are likewise protected. When read in context, they are clearly subjective statements that do not
imply the existence of objectively verifiable facts. The articles at issue do not simply state,
without more, that plaintiff misrepresented copyright law and the RAND report. Rather, they
fully explain the basis for their position, thereby enabling (and in some instances even directly
inviting) readers to come to their own conclusions. For example, in the September 2, 2014
article, Masnick stated that Ayyadurai and his supporters misrepresent the meaning of a
copyright when they state that “[o]n August 30, 1982, the US government officially recognized
V.A. Shiva Ayyadurai as the inventor of email by awarding him the first US Copyright for
‘Email.” (Compl. Ex. G at 2). He then explained the basis for his conclusion:
[c]opyright was not, and has never been ‘the equivalent of a patent.’ Copyright
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and parents are two very different things. Copyright protects specific expression.
Patents protect inventions. That’s why copyright protected only the specific code
that Ayyadurai wrote, rather than the concept of email. While it’s true that
software wasn’t considered patentable by many at the time, that doesn’t, in any
way, mean that a copyright on a particular piece of software was the equivalent in
any way, to a patent at the time.
(Id. at 3). By disclosing the non-defamatory facts on which he relied, Masnick made clear that
he was expressing his own subjective opinion and that he was not relying on other, nondisclosed
facts. See Piccone, 785 F.3d at 771.
That same article stated that plaintiff “totally misrepresent[s]” a 1977 RAND report on
computer messaging. (Compl. Ex. G at 4). In the post, Masnick wrote:
Here’s what Ayyadurai, Weber and their friends claim Crocker said [in the 1977
RAND report]:
At this time, no attempt is being made to emulate a full-scale, interorganizational mail system. The fact that the system is intended for use in
various organizational contexts and by users of differing expertise makes
it almost impossible to build a system which responds to all users’ needs.
(Id. at 3). 10 He provided a link to the full report, telling his readers “you can read it here.” Id.
He explained his conclusion that plaintiff has misrepresented the report by noting that the two
sentences quoted come from different pages of the report, and by quoting sections of the report
that he contends belie plaintiff’s claims. (See id. at 3-4). Again, by providing, and even directly
linking to, the relevant information on which Masnick draws his conclusion, he made it clear that
he was expressing his own interpretation of those facts and inviting his readers to come to their
own conclusions.
d.

Statements That Plaintiff’s Story Has Changed over Time

The same is true of several of the statements suggesting that plaintiff’s story has changed

10

Plaintiff does not appear to dispute that the quotation accurately represents the way that he has presented
the RAND report.

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over time. The September 4, 2014 article stated that “[c]omputer historian Thomas Haigh has
been tracking Ayyadurai’s lies and misrepresentations for years, and alerts us to the fact that
Ayyadurai’s story has notably changed over the years” and that he “has conveniently tried to
rewrite his own history to counter the debunkings” of his claim. (Compl. Ex. I at 1-2). In the
post, Masnick provided a link to a lengthy article by Haigh in which he explained his conclusion
in great detail, and also quoted extensively from that post. As one example, Masnick wrote:
[I]n 2011, [plaintiff] originally claimed that while he was ‘challenged’ to create
an electronic interoffice messaging system in 1978, he didn’t actually get it to
work until 1980. But, of course, by then email was much more widespread. So,
Ayyadurai changed the story, and pretended that he was both challenged and
wrote his 50,000 lines of code and got it all working in 1978.
(Id. at 2). The complaint alleges that the final sentence is defamatory, but does not appear to
challenge the accuracy of the first two. Accordingly, once again, Masnick presented his own
conclusion that plaintiff had changed his story, but made it clear that he was expressing his own
subjective view by fully disclosing the facts on which that opinion was based.
e.

Statements That Plaintiff Has Based His Entire Reputation on
His Claim to Have Invented E-Mail

A number of the challenged statements suggest that plaintiff has based his entire
reputation or identity on his claim to have invented e-mail. (See, e.g., Compl. ¶¶ 44(a)
(“[Ayyadurai] has staked his entire identity on the outright false claim that he invented email”);
47(b) (“Ayyadurai . . . has built his entire reputation on the false claim” that he invented email)).
Plaintiff contends that those statements are demonstrably false, as he has many other
accomplishments on which his reputation is based. However, as with the claims that he has
misrepresented copyright law or that his story has changed over time, those statements are
protected as subjective statements that do not imply knowledge of undisclosed, objective facts.
The statements at issue here are accompanied by full disclosures of the non-defamatory
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facts on which they rely. For example, in the September 3, 2014 post, Masnick included an
image of plaintiff’s Twitter page, which says “Inventor of Email. Systems Scientist.
Entrepreneur.” directly under his name; states that his “entire Twitter stream is about him
claiming to have invented email”; states that he has a website called “the inventor of email”; and
provides an image of a book written by plaintiff called “The Email Revolution” that includes the
phrase “The Inventor of Email” directly under his name. (Compl. Ex. H at 2). In light of those
disclosed facts, no reasonable reader would believe that Masnick’s statements were based on any
other additional and undisclosed information.
Furthermore, plaintiff has not challenged the accuracy of any of the information Masnick
cites in support of his position. Accordingly, Masnick has “immunize[d] his statement from
defamation liability by fully disclosing the non-defamatory facts on which his opinion is based,”
Piccone, 785 F.3d at 771, thus “making it clear that the challenged statements represent his own
interpretation of those facts and leaving the reader free to draw his own conclusions.” Riley, 292
F.3d at 289.
f.

Statements About Plaintiff’s Accusations of Racism

A few of the allegedly defamatory statements challenge plaintiff’s position that those
who disagree with him are “racist.” (See, e.g., Compl. ¶ 41(f) (stating that plaintiff has “sp[un]
this bizarre and totally made up story of a big American defense contract wanting to rewrite
history to write out someone with ‘brown skin’”), ¶ 46(c) (“Ayyadurai is particularly annoying
because of his bogus claim of racism.”)).
Once again, these statements are protected because they are statements of opinion that do
not imply knowledge of objective facts. The March 8, 2016 article provided the non-defamatory
information on which Masnick clearly relied in reaching his conclusion that plaintiff’s “story” is

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“bizarre and totally made up.” (Compl. Ex. N at 2). For example, the article included a lengthy
excerpt from plaintiff’s Twitter feed, including tweets challenging journalists who, following his
death, credited Ray Tomlinson (a former Raytheon employee) with creating e-mail and a tweet
stating that “[w]hite journalists since 2012 have joined in the lynching and whitewashing of facts
on email.” (Id. at 2-11). It also included a link to plaintiff’s response to those journalists, which
he posted on his own website, explaining his position:
I have no doubt that my origin and ethnicity have strongly influenced [the]
controversy over my invention of email. This has also influenced the withholding
of recognition for that invention, and for personal and racist attacks directed
against me. Such attacks have been facilitated by Raytheon, (Tomlinson’s
employer), one of the largest military contractors, which profits from spending
millions, as we are seeing right now, to deliberately rewrite history as it serves to
enhance their brand in the lucrative cyber-security market.
(Dr. V.A. Shiva Ayyadurai, Correction: The Inventor of Email is Still Alive, VA Shiva (June 30,
2016), http://vashiva.com/correction-the-inventor-of-email-is-still-alive/). Finally, the article
also included links to information about work performed by Tomlinson in the area of electronic
messaging. By providing all of that information, Masnick made clear that he is drawing his own,
subjective conclusion, and he enabled his readers to draw their own conclusions from the
information provided. Furthermore, no reasonable reader would conclude that his statements
about plaintiff’s claims of racism were based on any non-disclosed, objective information.
Accordingly, the statements are protected.
g.

Statements of Motivation, Intent, or Purpose

The complaint also identifies a number of statements concerning plaintiff’s state of mind
or his motivations. For example, one article states that plaintiff is “deliberately
misrepresent[ing]” the RAND report. (Compl. ¶ 36(f)). Another states that he is “obsessed with
his false claim of creating email.” (Id. ¶ 44(b)). Such statements are not capable of being proved

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false and are also subjective statements that do not imply knowledge of objective facts.
A number of courts have recognized that a person’s motivations “can never be known for
sure,” even by that person. Haynes v. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 8 F.3d 1222, 1227 (7th Cir. 1993);
accord Greenspan v. Random House, Inc., 859 F. Supp. 2d 206, 224 (D. Mass. 2012)
(concluding that statement about a person’s motivations for filing a lawsuit “cannot objectively
be proven as true or false”); Gacek v. Owens & Minor Distrib., Inc., 666 F.3d 1142, 1147 (8th
Cir. 2012) (noting that statements concerning a person’s motivations for committing suicide
were not objectively verifiable); Murray v. HuffingtonPost.com, Inc., 21 F. Supp. 3d 879, 886
(S.D. Ohio 2004) (“[T]here are no objective tests to determine [a person’s] internal
motivation.”). Haynes, for example, considered statements in a book that implied that a man left
his wife for another woman for financial reasons. See 8 F.3d at 1226. In holding that the
statements were not actionable, the Seventh Circuit observed that the man’s “motivations for
leaving Ruby for Dorothy . . . can never be known for sure (even by [him]) and anyone is entitled
to speculate on a person’s motives from the known facts of his behavior.” Id. at 1227.
Accordingly, statements concerning a person’s motivation or intent are not actionable because
they are incapable of being proved true or false.
Similarly, such statements are subjective speculation that does not imply possession of
objectively verifiable facts. See id.; Gacek, 666 F.3d at 1147-48 (holding that statements
concerning a person’s motivations for committing suicide express only a “‘theory’ or ‘surmise’”
and noting that “anyone is entitled to speculate on a person’s motives from the known facts of
his behavior”). In Haynes, addressing the statements implying that a man left his wife for
financial reasons, the court observed: “Luther Haynes left a poor woman for a less poor one, and
Lemann drew a natural though not inevitable inference. He did not pretend to have the inside

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dope. He . . . claim[ed] insight, not information that the plaintiff might be able to prove false in a
trial.” 8 F.3d at 1227.
The same is true here. No reasonable person would read the statement “[Dr. Ayyadurai
and his friends] are relying on the ignorance of reporters and the public about what a copyright
is” to suggest that Masnick possesses undisclosed, inside information about plaintiff’s motives.
See Greenspan, 859 F. Supp. 2d at 224. Rather, the statements are clearly subjective
interpretations or theories drawn from disclosed facts and, as such, are protected.
h.

The Context of the Posts

Finally, the context in which the above statements were made reinforces the conclusion
that they were subjective statements of opinion and not fact. See McCabe, 814 F.2d at 843
(noting that the narrative style in which the article at issue was written “reinforces our conclusion
that the statement was protected” because it was “unlikely to convey the impression that an
imprecise and unverifiable statement is meant to be a statement of fact”); Phantom Touring, 953
F.2d at 729 (“The sum effect of the format, tone and entire content of the articles is to make it
unmistakably clear that [the writer] was expressing a point of view only. [Accordingly], the
challenged language is immune from liability.”). The articles at issue include humorous bylines
such as “from the that’s-just-wrong dept.,” “from the really-now? dept.,” and “from the what’swrong-with-people-over-there dept.” (Compl. Exs. G, H, J). The use of such language indicates
that the articles contain the personal views of their authors, rather than statements of fact. See
Phantom Touring, 953 F.2d at 729 (“[The writer’s] snide, exasperated language indicated that his
comments represented his personal appraisal of the factual information contained in the
article.”).

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5.

Whether the Complaint Plausibly Alleges Malice

“[P]ublic officials and public figures may only recover if they can prove that the
publication that harmed them contained a false statement of fact that was made with actual
malice.” Fiacco v. Sigma Alpha Epsilon Fraternity, 528 F.3d 94, 99 (1st Cir. 2008). In this
context, “actual malice” means “knowledge of or reckless disregard for the falsity of the
statement.” Levinsky’s, 127 F.3d at 127. To allege a plausible claim of “actual malice,” the
complaint must “lay out enough facts from which malice might reasonably be inferred.” Schatz
v. Republican State Leadership Comm., 669 F.3d 50, 58 (1st Cir. 2012).
Here, the complaint fails to lay out such facts. It alleges that defendants made the
allegedly defamatory statements “with the knowledge that they were false,” but fails to provide
any specific factual allegations to support that conclusion. (See Compl. ¶ 48). It alleges only
that defendants made the allegedly defamatory statements despite knowing that another website,
Gawker.com, had settled a defamation claim brought by plaintiff concerning similar statements.
(Compl. ¶ 51). However, even assuming that the statements at issue in the Gawker litigation
were substantially similar to the statements at issue here (although the complaint does not allege
as much), a settlement is not a direct reflection of the merits of a claim. Cf. Flinn v. FMC Corp.,
528 F.2d 1169, 1172-73 (4th Cir. 1975) (noting that, where court approval of settlement is
required, the court should not “turn the settlement hearing ‘into a trial or a rehearsal of the trial’”
or determine to a certainty whether the claim at issue “is or is not worthless or valuable” (quoting
Teachers Ins. & Annuity Ass’n of Am. v. Beame, 67 F.R.D. 30, 33 (S.D.N.Y. 1975)).
Accordingly, knowledge of the settlement does not establish knowledge of the falsity of the
statements. The complaint therefore fails to plausibly allege that the statements at issue were
made with actual malice.

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6.

Whether the Claim Based on Beadon’s Article Is Barred by the
Communications Decency Act

Defendant Beadon has also moved to dismiss the defamation claim against him (based
upon the one article that he authored) on the ground that the claim is barred under the
Communications Decency Act (“CDA”). The CDA provides that “[n]o provider or user of an
interactive computer service shall be treated as the publisher or speaker of any information
provided by another information content provider,” 47 U.S.C. § 230(c)(1), and that “[n]o cause
of action may be brought and no liability may be imposed under any State or local law that is
inconsistent with this section,” id. § 230(e)(3). Beadon contends that because the only article
identified in the complaint that he authored contains primarily content created by third-party
users—along with minor editorializing comments created by him that are not identified as
defamatory in the complaint—he is immune under § 230.
“Section 230 immunity should be broadly construed.” Universal Commc’n. Sys., Inc. v.
Lycos, Inc., 478 F.3d 413, 419 (1st Cir. 2007); accord Jane Doe No. 1 v. Backpage.com, LLC,
817 F.3d 12, 18 (1st Cir. 2016) (“There has been near-universal agreement that section 230
should not be construed grudgingly.”). “Congress enacted [the CDA] partially in response to
court cases that held internet publishers liable for defamatory statements posted by third parties
on message boards maintained by the publishers.” Jane Doe No. 1, 817 F.3d at 18. The statute
was intended to prevent tort liability from “chilling” online speech and to “remov[e] the
disincentives to self-regulation that would otherwise result if liability were imposed on
intermediaries that took an active role in screening content”—for example, by filtering or editing
out obscene or otherwise inappropriate content. Lycos, 478 F.3d at 418-19 (quoting Zeran v.
America Online, Inc., 129 F.3d 327, 331 (4th Cir. 1997)). To give effect to those purposes, §
230 “shields website operators from being ‘treated as the publisher or speaker’ of material posted
31

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by users of the site,’ 47 U.S.C. § 230(c)(1), which means that ‘lawsuits seeking to hold a service
provider liable for its exercise of a publisher’s traditional editorial functions—such as deciding
whether to publish, withdraw, postpone or alter content—are barred.’” Jane Doe No. 1, 817 F.3d
at 18 (quoting Zeran, 129 F.3d at 330).
Immunity under § 230 extends only to “information provided by another information
content provider.” 47 U.S.C. § 230(c)(1). “Information content provider,” in turn, is defined as
“any person or entity that is responsible, in whole or in part, for the creation or development of
information provided through the Internet or any other interactive computer service.” Id. §
230(f)(3). Accordingly, users or providers of interactive computer services remain liable for
their own speech, including speech that they are “responsible, in whole or in part, for the creation
or development of.” The question here is thus whether the defendants are so responsible.
The article at issue, authored by Beadon and entitled “Funniest/Most Insightful
Comments of the Week at Techdirt,” includes re-postings of comments posted by Techdirt’s
readers. (Compl. Ex. S). The article includes hyperlinks to the original comments, which were
all posted in the “Reader Comments” section of previous Techdirt posts, and also includes
intermittent introductory and editorial comments written by Beadon. All of the allegedly
defamatory comments identified in the complaint are contained within the re-posted user
comments. (See Compl. Ex. S at 1-2). 11 Whether defendants are immune under the CDA thus
depends upon whether re-posting comments originally created by third-party users amounts to
the “creation or development of information.”
The leading case in this area is Fair Hous. Council of San Fernando Valley v.
Roommates.Com, LLC, 521 F.3d 1157 (9th Cir. 2008) (en banc). See Jones v. Dirty World Ent.

11

In his opposition, plaintiff contends that there are also defamatory statements included in Beadon’s
commentary. However, he has failed to identify a single such statement.

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Recordings LLC, 755 F.3d 398, 410 (6th Cir. 2014) (identifying Roommates as the leading case).
There, the Ninth Circuit “interpret[ed] the term ‘development’ as referring not merely to
augmenting the content generally, but to materially contributing to its alleged unlawfulness.”
Roommates, 521 F.3d at 1167-68. Accordingly, “a website helps to develop unlawful content,
and thus falls within the exception to section 230, if it contributes materially to the alleged
illegality of the conduct.” Id. at 1168. Applying that standard, courts have found that “merely
taking action that is necessary to the display of allegedly illegal content,” including republishing
and commenting upon user generated content, does not constitute “creation or development.”
Jones, 755 F.3d at 410. In Jones, for example, the Sixth Circuit held that a website manager who
had selected defamatory comments from among thousands of user submissions and posted those
comments to his website, adding his own commentary, was immune under § 230. Id. at 415-16.
The court reasoned that simply selecting the comments for publication and adding commentary
“did not materially contribute to the defamatory content of the statements.” Id. at 416.
Similarly, in Batzel v. Smith, 333 F.3d 1018 (9th Cir. 2003), the Ninth Circuit held that the
operator of a listserv was immune under § 230 when he made minor edits to and published, both
to the listserv and to his website, an e-mail that he had received from a third party. Id. at 1031.
Applying those principles here, it is clear that Beadon was neither the “creator” nor
“developer” of the statements at issue. 12 Beadon simply selected a user-submitted comment and
re-posted it, without modifying the content of the comment. Republishing an already-existing
user-submitted comment, without altering the content of that comment, does not materially

12

Plaintiff suggests that the comments, which were posted by an anonymous user, may have been posted
by Beadon himself. (See Pl. Opp. to Beadon’s Mot. to Dismiss at 6 n.2). However, the bare allegation that “it is
certainly possible” that Beadon authored the comment is insufficient, particularly when presented as an argument in
opposition papers rather than in the complaint itself. See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (“The plausibility standard . . . asks
for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.”); Coyne v. City of Somerville, 972 F.2d 440,
442-43 (1st Cir. 1992) (stating that, under Rule 12(b)(6), courts “take the well-pleaded facts as they appear in the
complaint”) (emphasis added).

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contribute to its allegedly defamatory nature. While Beadon arguably adopted or ratified the
comments by selecting them for re-publication, “[a]n adoption or ratification theory . . . is not
only inconsistent with the material contribution standard of ‘development’ but also abuses the
concept of responsibility. A website operator cannot be responsible for what makes another
party’s statement actionable by commenting on that statement post hoc.” Jones, 755 F.3d at 415.
Accordingly, the defamation claim based on Beadon’s article is barred by the CDA.
D.

Intentional Interference with Prospective Economic Advantage (Count Two)

The complaint also asserts claims for intentional interference with a prospective
economic advantage. The IIPEA claim fails for First Amendment reasons as well as on its own
terms. The Supreme Court has made it clear that “a failed defamation claim cannot be recycled
as a tort claim for negligent or intentional infliction of emotional distress.” Shay v. Walters, 702
F.3d 76, 83 (1st Cir. 2012) (citing Hustler Magazine, Inc. v. Falwell, 485 U.S. 46, 56-57 (1988)).
A court in this district has extended that bar to include claims for IIPEA. See Piccone v. Bartels,
40 F. Supp. 3d 198, 201-02 (D. Mass. 2014) (“[P]laintiffs cannot recover for the same statements
on a theory of interference with advantageous business relations.”). Accordingly, the IIPEA
claim, which simply recasts the defamation claim, cannot proceed.
Furthermore, even absent the First Amendment’s bar, the complaint fails to state a claim
for IIPEA. To state a claim for intentional interference with advantageous relations, a plaintiff
must allege that “(1) he had an advantageous relationship with a third party (e.g., a present or
prospective contract or employment relationship); (2) the defendant knowingly induced a
breaking of the relationship; (3) the defendant’s interference with the relationship, in addition to
being intentional, was improper in motive or means; and (4) the plaintiff was harmed by the
defendant’s actions.” Blackstone v. Cashman, 448 Mass. 255, 260 (2007).

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Here, at a minimum, the complaint fails at the third prong. An improper motive can be
established by showing “retaliation or ill will toward the plaintiff.” Cavicchi v. Koski, 67 Mass.
App. Ct. 654, 658 (2006) (citing Draghetti v. Chmielewski, 416 Mass. 808, 817 (1994)).
“Improper means include violation of a statute or common-law precept, e.g., by means of threats,
misrepresentation, or defamation.” Id. (citing United Truck Leasing Corp. v. Geltman, 406
Mass. 811, 817 (1990)). The complaint does not allege an improper motive beyond the bare,
conclusory allegation that defendants “acted solely out of malice” and that they “intended to
harm Plaintiff by intentionally and unjustifiably interfering with his actual and prospective
business relationships.” (Compl. ¶¶ 64-65). Such conclusory allegations that “merely parrot the
elements of the cause of action” are insufficient to state a plausible claim under Rule 12(b)(6).
See Ocasio-Hernandez v. Fortuno-Burset, 640 F.3d 1, 12 (1st Cir. 2011). As to improper means,
the complaint alleges that defendants “used dishonest, unfair or improper means to interfere with
Plaintiff’s actual and prospective business relationships.” (Compl. ¶ 64). However, as discussed
above, plaintiff cannot establish that the statements at issue are false. Under the circumstances,
“[t]here is no indication that the [statements were made] for any reason other than the reporting
on an issue of public concern,” and, accordingly, there is “no indication that the [statements]
w[ere] improper or carried on for any purpose other than journalism.” Dulgarian v. Stone, 420
Mass. 843, 852 (1995).
D.

Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress (Count Three)

Finally, the complaint asserts claims against each of the defendants for intentional
infliction of emotional distress. As noted above, “[t]he Supreme Court has made it pellucid that
a failed defamation claim cannot be recycled as a tort claim for negligent or intentional infliction
of emotional distress.” Shay, 702 F.3d at 83 (citing Hustler Magazine, Inc, 485 U.S. at 56-57).

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See also Soto-Lebron v. Federal Express Corp., 538 F.3d 45, 58 (1st Cir. 2008) (stating that libel
claim “cannot be brought in the guise of an IIED claim, which would divorce it from the well
developed law of defamation with its attendant privileges and defenses”). “[P]ublic figures and
public officials may not recover for the tort of intentional infliction of emotional distress by
reason of publications such as the one here at issue without showing in addition that the
publication contains a false statement of fact which was made with ‘actual malice,’ i.e., with
knowledge that the statement was false or with reckless disregard as to whether or not it was
true.” Falwell, 485 U.S. at 56. Again, plaintiff is a public figure for purposes of First
Amendment law, and the complaint fails to plausibly allege either falsity or malice.
Furthermore, and in any event, the complaint fails to plausibly state an IIED claim by its
own terms. To state a claim for IIED under Massachusetts law, a plaintiff must allege “‘(1) that
the actor intended to inflict emotional distress or that he knew or should have known that
emotional distress was the likely result of his conduct . . . ; (2) that the conduct was extreme and
outrageous, was beyond all possible bounds of decency and was utterly intolerable in a civilized
community,’ and ‘(3) that the actions of the defendant were the cause of the plaintiff’s distress.’”
Kennedy v. Town of Billerica, 617 F.3d 520, 530 n.9 (1st Cir. 2010) (quoting Howell v.
Enterprise Publ’g Co., 455 Mass. 641, 672 (2010)) (alteration in original). “[L]iability cannot be
predicated upon ‘mere insults, indignities, threats, annoyances, petty oppressions, or other
trivialities.” Foley v. Polaroid Corp., 400 Mass. 82, 99 (1987) (quoting Restatement (Second) of
Torts § 46, cmt. d (1965)). For that reason, “defamatory statements . . . cannot, as a matter of
law, satisfy the ‘extreme and outrageous conduct’ requirement of the IIED claim.” Soto-Lebron,
538 F.3d at 59.

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E.

Plaintiff’s Request to Amend the Complaint

Plaintiff has requested that as an alternative to dismissal, he be granted leave to amend
the complaint. In his opposition, he cites to the “liberal amendment policy of Rule 15(a)" and
requests that “[i]f this Court believes that Dr. Ayyadurai has not [pleaded] any of his claims, it
should grant him leave to amend.” (Pl. Opp. at 23). However, “except perhaps in ‘exceptional
circumstances,’ a bare request in an opposition to a motion to dismiss does not constitute a
motion to amend for purposes of Rule 15(a).” United States ex rel Ge v. Takeda Pharm. Co.,
737 F.3d 116, 128 (1st Cir. 2013) (quoting Gray v. Evercore Restructuring LLC, 544 F.3d 320,
327 (1st Cir. 2008)). “[W]here, as here, a request to file an amended complaint consists of
nothing more than ‘boilerplate sentences stating the well-settled “freely given” standard under
which a request for leave to amend is generally analyzed,’ a district court ‘act[s] well within its
discretion when completely disregarding the request.’” Id. (quoting Silverstrand Investments v.
AMAG Pharms., Inc., 707 F.3d 95, 107-08 (1st Cir. 2013)).
A request for leave to amend requires a plaintiff to “set forth the factual and legal
predicate for the remedy sought.” Silverstrand Investments, 707 F.3d at 107. Here, however,
plaintiff’s opposition fails to set forth a single additional fact that would be included in the
amended complaint. Accordingly, plaintiff has failed to “do[] the necessary leg work,” id., and
the request to amend will be denied.
IV.

Conclusion
For the reasons stated above, the motion of Floor64, Inc. and Michael Masnick and the

motion of Leigh Beadon to strike the complaint pursuant to the California anti-SLAPP law are
DENIED. The motion of Floor64, Inc. and Michael Masnick and the motion of Leigh Beadon to
dismiss for failure to state a claim are GRANTED.

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Case 1:17-cv-10011-FDS Document 48 Filed 09/06/17 Page 38 of 45

So Ordered.

/s/ F. Dennis Saylor
F. Dennis Saylor IV
United States District Judge

Dated: September 6, 2017

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Ayyadurai v. Floor64, Inc. et al., 17-10011-FDS
Appendix A
Alleged Defamatory Statements
1)

The headline: “Why Is Huffington Post Running a Multi-Part Series to Promote the Lies
of a Guy Who Pretended to Invent Email?” (Compl. ¶ 34(a), Ex. G)

2)

“. . . [Dr. Ayyadurai’s] continued false insistence that he invented email is reaching really
questionable levels.” (Compl. ¶ 34(b), Ex. G)

3)

“Dr. Ayyadurai is perpetuating a ‘fake story’ with respect to his claims of invention of
email.” (Compl. ¶ 34(c), Ex. G)

4)

“Dr. Ayyadurai and his friends ‘totally misrepresent’ a technical report relating to
computer messaging.” (Compl. ¶ 34(d), Ex. G)

5)

“[Dr.] Ayyadurai has built up his entire reputation around the (entirely false) claim that
he ‘invented’ email.” (Compl. ¶ 34(e), Ex. G)

6)

“[Dr. Ayyadurai] misrepresents what a copyright registration means.” (Compl. ¶ 34(f),
Ex. G)

7)

“But [Dr. Ayyadurai is] simply not telling the truth when he claims to have invented
email.” (Compl. ¶ 34(g), Ex. G)

8)

“[The Huffington Post article] is nothing more than a PR campaign for a liar.” (Compl. ¶
35(a), Ex. H)

9)

“[The Huffington Post article] just repeats the same false claims (using nearly identical
language) as Ayyadurai and his friends in their original posts.” (Compl. ¶ 35(b), Ex. H)

10)

“. . . Ayyadurai is using one of the oldest trolling tricks in the book, in pretending that
everything that he is actually doing is actually being done nefariously against him.”
(Compl. ¶ 35(c), Ex. H)

11)

“Instead, the only one whose entire ‘identity’ is built off a fake claim to have invented
email is . . . Dr. Ayyadurai.” (Compl. ¶ 35(d), Ex. H)

12)

“The only fabricated controversy is by [Dr. Ayyadurai].” (Compl. ¶ 35(e), Ex. H)

13)

“[Dr. Ayyadurai] claims that those of us debunking his bogus claim refused to look at the
primary documents.” (Compl. ¶ 35(f), Ex. H)

14)

“There is no controversy other than the one that [Dr. Ayyadurai is] manufacturing.”
(Compl. ¶ 35(g), Ex. H)

Case 1:17-cv-10011-FDS Document 48 Filed 09/06/17 Page 40 of 45

15)

“The question is whether or not Huffington Post will recognize that it’s being used as part
of an effort to drum up a faux controversy over something that is blatantly untrue.”
(Compl. ¶ 35(h), Ex. H)

16)

“Not only do Ayyadurai and his friends misrepresent reality, they fraudulently make
claims that are easily debunked.” (Compl. ¶ 36(a), Ex. I)

17)

“. . . [Dr. Ayyadurai’s and his friends’] two biggest claims are (1) that the ‘US
government officially recognized Ayyadurai as the inventor of email’ in 1982 and (2) that
a leading analysis of electronic messaging in 1977, by Dave Crocker at RAND, claims
that a full interoffice email system is ‘impossible.’ Both of these claims are absolutely
false.” (Compl. ¶ 36(b), Ex. I)

18)

“. . . [T]he first [claim] relies on blatantly misleading people about what a copyright is
and what Ayyadurai copyrighted.” (Compl. ¶ 36(c), Ex. I)

19)

“. . . [T]he fact that [Dr. Ayyadurai] and his friends continue to pretend that a copyright is
something it is not is farcical.” (Compl. ¶ 36(d), Ex. I)

20)

“[Dr. Ayyadurai and his friends] are relying on the ignorance of reporters and the public
about what a copyright is.” (Compl. ¶ 36(e), Ex. I)

21)

“[Dr. Ayyadurai and his friends] deliberately misrepresent what Crocker said by taking
two separate sentences, from different pages in the report, removing the context around
them, and mashing them together to pretend they say something they do not.” (Compl. ¶
36(f), Ex. I)

22)

“Computer historian Thomas Haigh has been tracking Ayyadurai’s lies and
misrepresentations for years, and alerts us to the fact that Ayyadurai’s story has notably
changed over the years, revealing additional misrepresentations and attempts to change
history.” (Compl. ¶ 36(g), Ex. I)

23)

“. . . Ayyadurai has conveniently tried to rewrite his own history to counter the
debunkings.” (Compl. ¶ 36(h), Ex. I)

24)

“So Ayyadurai changed the story, and pretended that he was both challenged and wrote
his ‘50,000 lines of code’ and got it all working in 1978.” (Compl. ¶ 36(i), Ex. I)

25)

“. . . Ayyadurai and his friends are now trying to rewrite history . . . .” (Compl. ¶ 36(j),
Ex. I)

26)

“[The Huffington Post article] is merely a repeating of Ayyadurai’s lies." (Compl. ¶
36(k), Ex. I)

Case 1:17-cv-10011-FDS Document 48 Filed 09/06/17 Page 41 of 45

27)

“We’re curious if Ayyadurai would like to try to present any evidence that a giant
defense contractor is paying us off to (1) explain basic copyright law and (2) point to the
actual 1977 paper that Ayyadurai himself totally misrepresents.” (Compl. ¶ 36(l), Ex. I)

28)

The headline that Dr. Ayyadurai’s claims with respect to invention of email are “blatantly
false claims.” (Compl. ¶ 37(a), Ex. J)

29)

“The key arguments in [Dr. Ayyadurai’s] claim are obviously false, and prey on (1) a
misunderstanding or misrepresentation of copyright law and (2) an almost fraudulent
misquoting of Dave Crocker . . . .” (Compl. ¶ 37(b), Ex. J)

30)

“. . . [The Huffington Post] won’t retract and renounce this series [about Dr. Ayyadurai]
as a PR campaign for a series of blatantly fraudulent claims . . . .” (Compl. ¶ 37(c), Ex. J)

31)

“. . . HuffPo Live . . . picked up on the completely bogus campaign and did a whole
fawning interview with Ayyadurai, never once presenting the evidence that he’s
fraudulently misrepresenting basic facts.” (Compl. ¶ 37(d), Ex. J)

32)

“. . . HuffPo and HuffPo Live are . . . actually actively promoting a lie." (Compl. ¶ 37(e),
Ex. J)

33)

“. . . Huffington Post is actively claiming that a clearly false story is true.” (Compl. ¶
37(f), Ex. J)

34)

The headline that refers to Dr. Ayyadurai as “Fake Email Inventor.” (Compl. ¶ 38(a), Ex.
K)

35)

“. . . Huffington Post [allowed] Shiva Ayyadurai and his friends to post an entirely bogus
‘history of email’ series, all designed to make it look like Ayyadurai himself had invented
email—a claim he’s been making for a few years, despite it being entirely false, based on
totally misrepresenting a number of things, including what copyright means, misquoting
a 1977 research paper and playing ‘no true scotsman’ over what is a ‘true’ email system.”
(Compl. ¶ 38(b), Ex. K)

36)

“. . . [The Huffington Post] allowed the series [on Dr. Ayyadurai] to go on with more
false claims, and then told me it had ‘added a clarification’ that didn’t clarify anything,
but was a statement written by Ayyadurai, repeating the false claims.” (Compl. ¶ 38(c),
Ex. K)

37)

“[The Huffington Post] admit[s] that [the series on Dr. Ayyadurai] was a ‘bloggergenerated series,’ which is an attempt to distance the fake series, put together by Shiva
Ayyadurai himself with PR guru Larry Weber, from Huffington Post’s journalistic ‘news’
side.” (Compl. ¶ 38(d), Ex. K)

38)

“Ayyadurai and Weber had been banking on the fact that most people don’t realize that
the blogging side of HuffPo has no editorial controls to pretend that the series had some

Case 1:17-cv-10011-FDS Document 48 Filed 09/06/17 Page 42 of 45

sort of journalistic credibility. They appear to be promoting the fake articles everywhere
. . . .” (Compl. ¶ 38(e), Ex. K)
39)

“There’s no controversy at all. Ayyadurai is simply making false claims . . . .” (Compl. ¶
38(f), Ex. K)

40)

“. . . ‘[G]oing to the people’ is great, but historically [Dr. Ayyadurai has] done that with
clearly bogus claims—such as misquoting Dave Crocker’s 1977 research and pretending
that his 1982 copyright on his EMAIL software is the equivalent of a patent for the
concept of email.” (Compl. ¶ 38(g), Ex. K)

41)

The headline that refers to Dr. Ayyadurai as the “Fake Inventor of Email.” (Compl. ¶
39(a), Ex. L)

42)

“Ayyadurai has built up quite a reputation around this false claim, even though it’s been
debunked over and over and over again.” (Compl. ¶ 39(b), Ex. L)

43)

“Ayyadurai keeps coming back, often moving the goalposts and changing his definitions,
but still ultimately flat out lying in pretending to have ‘invented’ email.” (Compl. ¶
39(c), Ex. L)

44)

“Ayyadurai, however, has cleverly used misleading (to downright false) claims to make
what appears on its face to be a credible story, fooling a number of gullible reporters.”
(Compl. ¶ 39(d), Ex. L)

45)

“. . . [M]any people [are] wondering if the whole HuffPo series [about Dr. Ayyadurai]
was ramped up prior to [Ayyadurai’s’] ‘wedding’ to get the mainstream press to roll with
the bogus claim.” (Compl. ¶ 39(e), Ex. L)

46)

“Ayyadurai has been trying to make this lie [regarding the invention of email] stick for
years . . . .” (Compl. ¶ 39(f), Ex. L)

47)

“. . . [T]he mainstream press is repeating [Dr. Ayyadurai’s] bogus claims as facts.”
(Compl. ¶ 39(g), Ex. L)

48)

“UPI has an article that doesn’t mention Ayyadurai’s false claims in the text of the
article, but does falsely call him ‘email creator’ in the headline . . . .” (Compl. ¶ 39(h),
Ex. L)

49)

“Headline and Global News ‘reporter’ Dina Exil repeatedly calls Ayyadurai the inventor
of email and also claims he ‘is known for being the first person to invent email,’ except
none of that is true. He’s known for pretending that.” (Compl. ¶ 39(i), Ex. L)

50)

“. . . Ayyadurai has been focused on using any and all press mentions as ‘evidence’ in his
bogus campaign to declare himself the inventor of email . . . .” (Compl. ¶ 39(j), Ex. L)

Case 1:17-cv-10011-FDS Document 48 Filed 09/06/17 Page 43 of 45

51)

“. . . [W]e have ‘trusted’ media like ABC and CBS repeating [Dr. Ayyadurai’s] totally
false claims . . . .” (Compl. ¶ 39(k), Ex. L)

52)

“. . . Ayyadurai will continue to press his bogus claims again and again and again.”
(Compl. ¶ 39(l), Ex. L)

53)

The headline that refers to Dr. Ayyadurai as “A ‘Fake’ Brilliant Inventor.” (Compl. ¶
40(a), Ex. M)

54)

The headline that refers to Dr. Ayyadurai as the “Guy Who Pretends He Invented Email.”
(Compl. ¶ 41(a), Ex. N)

55)

“. . . [Dr. Ayyadurai is] a guy who’s basically staked his entire life on the misleading to
false claim that he ‘invented’ email.” (Compl. ¶ 41(b), Ex. N)

56)

“Every couple of years [Dr. Ayyadurai] pops up again as he’s able to fool some reporters
into believing him.” (Compl. ¶ 41(c), Ex. N)

57)

“In 2012, [Dr. Ayyadurai] fooled the Washington Post and, astoundingly, the
Smithsonian.” (Compl. ¶ 41(d), Ex. N)

58)

“Ayyadurai also totally misrepresents what copyright is, and insists that his copyright is
just like a patent, because you couldn’t patent software back then.” (Compl. ¶ 41(e), Ex.
N)

59)

“. . . Weber, Chomsky and Ayyadurai could spin this bizarre and totally made up story of
a big American defense contractor wanting to rewrite history to write out someone with
‘brown skin.’” (Compl. ¶ 41(f), Ex. N)

60)

“. . . [W]hen some point out that he’s lying, Ayyadurai yells at them that they’re
repeating ‘racist lies’. . . .” (Compl. ¶ 41(g), Ex. N)

61)

“[Dr. Ayyadurai] somehow got an entire series into the Huffington Post, which was
clearly created as a PR exercise in trying to rewrite history.” (Compl. ¶ 42(a), Ex. O)

62)

“The mainstream press repeated [Dr. Ayyadurai’s] bogus claims about inventing email
after he married a TV star.” (Compl. ¶ 42(b), Ex. O)

63)

“[Dr. Ayyadurai’s lawsuit against Gawker] lays out Ayyadurai’s highly misleading
version of history, insisting again that getting the copyright on a program called EMAIL
is the equivalent of ‘inventing’ email. He continues to conflate patent and copyright law
and misleadingly claim that because you couldn’t get a patent on software the time, a
copyright is basically the same thing.” (Compl. ¶ 42(c), Ex. O)

64)

“We’ve discussed Ayyadurai and his bogus claims many times . . . .” (Compl. ¶ 43(a),
Ex. P)

Case 1:17-cv-10011-FDS Document 48 Filed 09/06/17 Page 44 of 45

65)

“. . . [Dr. Ayyadurai] has staked his entire identity on the outright false claim that he
invented email.” (Compl. ¶ 44(a), Ex. Q)

66)

“Ayyadurai is . . . obsessed with his false claim of creating email . . . .” (Compl. ¶ 44(b),
Ex. Q)

67)

“[Dr. Ayyadurai is] blatantly misrepresenting history for his own personal aggrandizing.”
(Compl. ¶ 44(c), Ex. Q)

68)

“. . . Shiva Ayyadurai’s claim that he invented email is complete bullshit. It’s not true.
Not even remotely.” (Compl. ¶ 45(a), Ex. R)

69)

Dr. Ayyadurai is “hoping to confuse people who don’t understand the difference between
a copyright and a patent.” (Compl. ¶ 45(b), Ex. R)

70)

“Ayyadurai has spent many years falsely claiming to have invented email . . . .” (Compl.
¶ 45(c), Ex. R)

71)

“. . . Ayyadurai has put out a self-congratulatory press release claiming that the
settlement supports his blatantly false claims . . . .” (Compl. ¶ 45(d), Ex. R)

72)

“[Dr. Ayyadurai’s settlement with Gawker] is a victory for trying to rewrite history and
smear the actual truth.” (Compl. ¶ 45(e), Ex. R)

73)

“. . . Ayyadurai’s bogus, lying, totally false claims.” (Compl. ¶ 46(a), Ex. S)

74)

Characterizing Dr. Ayyadurai as a “fraudster.” (Compl. ¶ 46(b), Ex. S)

75)

“Ayyadurai is particularly annoying because of his bogus claims of racism . . . .”
(Compl. ¶ 46(c), Ex. S)

76)

“Ayyadurai’s claims are annoying and absolutely false.” (Compl. ¶ 46(d), Ex. S)

77)

“Ayyadurai is a liar. He is a fraud. He is a charlatan.” (Compl. ¶ 46(e), Ex. S)

78)

The headline that refers to Dr. Ayyadurai as “The Fake Creator of Email [who] Got Paid
for His Bogus Claim.” (Compl. ¶ 47(a), Ex. T)

79)

“. . . Shiva Ayyadurai, a guy who didn’t invent email but has built his entire reputation on
the false claim that he did, was able to cash in on the settlement agreed to by Nick
Denton to end all of the Charles Harder-related lawsuits against Gawker.” (Compl. ¶
47(b), Ex. T)

Case 1:17-cv-10011-FDS Document 48 Filed 09/06/17 Page 45 of 45

80)

“Ayyadurai did not invent email by any stretch of the imagination, but likes to go around
falsely claiming he did, and smearing those who actually did the work.” (Compl. ¶ 47(c),
Ex. T)

81)

“[Dr. Ayyadurai’s settlement with Gawker is] a victory for the opposite of truth and
shows how abusing the legal system can get you paid out . . . .” (Compl. ¶ 47(d), Ex. T)

82)

“. . . Ayyadurai took some comments from Crocker so out of context to be borderline
fraudulent.” (Compl. ¶ 47(e), Ex. T)

83)

“Meanwhile, it appears that throughout all of this, Ayyadurai continues to fool people.”
(Compl. ¶ 47(f), Ex. T)

84)

“Either way, as long as Ayyadurai continues to falsely hold himself out as the inventor of
email, when he is not, people should continue to call out that his claims are simply false.”
(Compl. ¶ 47(g), Ex. T)