Dyer v. City of Boston et al

Filing 28

Judge Denise J. Casper: ORDER entered. MEMORANDUM AND ORDER - The City Defendants' motion to dismiss, D. 3, is ALLOWED IN PART and DENIED IN PART. Dyer's claims against the City of Boston are DISMISSED, but all claims survive as to Defend ants Crossen and Lai. Dyer must, however, properly serve Crossen and Lai within forty-five (45) days of this opinion. Healthcare Defendants' motion to dismiss, D. 14, is ALLOWED IN PART and DENIED IN PART. Dyer's claims against Steward H ealth, Carney Hospital and Ramos are DISMISSED, but his constitutional claims against Dr. Riley will move forward. Dyer's motion to withdraw his malpractice claims, D. 16, is ALLOWED, and those claims are DISMISSED as to all Defendants.(Hourihan, Lisa)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS
__________________________________________
)
JOSEPH DYER,
)
)
Plaintiff,
)
)
v.
)
)
No. 17-cv-11452-DJC
)
CITY OF BOSTON, STEWARD HEALTH
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CARE SYSTEM LLC, CARNEY HOSPITAL, )
MICHAEL RILEY, ZACHARY CROSSEN,
)
THUAN LAI, WALTER J. RAMOS,
)
)
Defendants.
)
__________________________________________)
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
CASPER, J.
I.

March 27, 2018

Introduction
Plaintiff Joseph Dyer (“Dyer”) has filed this lawsuit pro se pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983

and the Massachusetts Civil Rights Act against the City of Boston, Steward Health Care System
LLC (“Steward Health”), Carney Hospital, Dr. Michael Riley (“Dr. Riley”), Zachary Crossen
(“Crossen”), Thuan Lai (“Lai”) and Walter J. Ramos (“Ramos”) (collectively, the “Defendants”).
D. 1-1. Dyer alleges that the Defendants violated his Fourth Amendment rights under the United
States Constitution, the Massachusetts Constitution and Massachusetts Civil Rights Act
(“MCRA”), committed medical malpractice and violated Mass. Gen. L. c. 258. D. 1-1 at 7. He
seeks monetary relief from all Defendants. D. 1-1 at 18. The City of Boston, Crossen and Lai
(collectively, “City Defendants”) now move for dismissal, D. 3, as do Steward, Carney Hospital,
Ramos and Riley (collectively, “Healthcare Defendants”), D. 14. Dyer also moves to withdraw
his medical malpractice claims. D. 16. For the reasons set forth below, the Court ALLOWS IN
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PART and DENIES IN PART both motions to dismiss, D. 3; D. 14. The Court ALLOWS Dyer’s
motion to withdraw his medical malpractice claims, D. 16.
II.

Standard of Review
To survive a motion to dismiss under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6), a complaint must “contain

sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’”
Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544,
570 (2007)). The Court must distinguish between “the complaint’s factual allegations (which must
be accepted as true) from its conclusory legal allegations (which need not be credited).” MoralesCruz v. Univ. of P.R., 676 F.3d 220, 224 (1st Cir. 2012). “[N]o single allegation need [establish]
. . . some necessary element [of the cause of action], provided that, in sum, the allegations of the
complaint make the claim as a whole at least plausible.” Garayalde-Rijos v. Mun. of Carolina,
747 F.3d 15, 24 (1st Cir. 2014) (quoting Ocasio-Hernández v. Fortuño-Burset, 640 F.3d 1, 14-15
(1st Cir. 2011)). The plaintiff must show that the combined allegations state “a plausible, not a
merely conceivable, case for relief.” Sepúlveda-Villarini v. Dep’t of Educ. of P.R., 628 F.3d 25,
29 (1st Cir. 2010).
“[A] pro se complaint, however inartfully pleaded, must be held to less stringent standards
than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers.” Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007) (quoting
Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 106 (1976)) (internal quotation marks omitted). That said, a pro
se complaint survives the motion to dismiss stage only if it “set[s] forth factual allegations, either
direct or inferential, respecting each material element necessary to sustain recovery under some
actionable legal theory.” Gooley v. Mobil Oil Corp., 851 F.2d 513, 515 (1st Cir. 1988).

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III.

Factual Background
The following factual summary is based upon the allegations in Dyer’s complaint and

attached exhibits, D. 1-1, which are accepted as true for the consideration of Defendants’ motions
to dismiss.
On May 13, 2015, Dyer, an inmate at Donald W. Wyatt Detention Center, was arrested for
drug possession. D. 1-1 ¶ 1; D. 1-1 at 19. After a “physical altercation,” Dyer “began having chest
pains.” D. 1-1 ¶ 2. Emergency medical technicians instructed police officers Crossen and Lai to
escort Dyer to Carney Hospital. D. 1-1 ¶ 4. In the ambulance, Crossen told Dyer that he believed
Dyer had drugs hidden in his rectum, and “that ‘he’ was going to give [Dyer] a rectal exam.” D. 11 ¶¶ 5-6.
When they arrived at Carney Hospital, Crossen told Dyer he would order a doctor to
conduct an anal cavity search. D. 1-1 ¶ 7. Crossen instructed hospital staff to place Dyer on a
gurney face-down, and Crossen and Lai handcuffed Riley to the bottom of the gurney. D. 1-1
¶¶ 7-8. Crossen and Lai then removed Riley’s clothes. D. 1-1 ¶ 9. Crossen then allegedly
“slapped” Riley’s bare buttocks and made offensive remarks referring to Dyer as his “bitch,” at
which point Riley screamed for help. D. 1-1 ¶¶ 10-11. Crossen then digitally penetrated Dyer’s
rectum. D. 1-1 ¶ 11. Dyer continued screaming for help. D. 1-1 ¶ 12.
Dr. Riley entered the room and saw Crossen removing his fingers from Dyer. D. 1-1 ¶ 14.
Dr. Riley then left the room with Crossen and Lai. D. 1-1 ¶ 15. Outside, Crossen and Lai informed
Dr. Riley that Dyer had “a history of packing drugs, hypodermic needles and other weapons in his
rectum.” D. 1-1 at 21 (internal quotation marks omitted). When they returned, Dr. Riley explained
that Crossen and Lai told him that Dyer “got caught with drugs in [his] buttocks today” and that
the officers had asked Dr. Riley to perform a rectal exam on Dyer. D. 1-1 ¶¶ 16-17. Dr. Riley

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asked Dyer if he had drugs in his rectum, and Dyer denied having any drugs. D. 1-1 ¶ 23. Dr.
Riley asked Dyer to consent to an anal cavity search, but Dyer refused. D. 1-1 ¶ 24. Dr. Riley
then “drugged or sedated” Dyer, told Lai and Crossen to hold Dyer down as Dyer continued to
protest, and inserted two fingers into Dyer’s rectum. D. 1-1 ¶¶ 25-32; D. 1-1 at 21. Nurses, hearing
Dyer, occasionally “yell[ed] and open[ed] the curtain” to keep Dyer quiet. D. 1-1 ¶ 33. Dr. Riley
then took an x-ray of Dyer’s pelvis. D. 1-1 ¶ 38.
As alleged in the complaint, Boston Police Department rules state that “[b]ody cavity
searches may only be conducted when authorized by a warrant.” D. 1-1 at 25 (attaching an excerpt
from Boston Police Department Rules and Procedures). A body cavity search, or an “internal
manual inspection of any human body cavity,” may not be conducted by a police officer. D. 1-1
at 24-25. Rather, only a qualified medical professional—subsequent to a Duty Supervisor’s
application for a warrant, issued by a judge—may conduct a body cavity search. D. 1-1 at 25. The
search must then be recorded on an incident report. D. 1-1 at 26.
Neither the officers nor Dr. Riley possessed a warrant to conduct an anal cavity search,
D. 1-1 ¶¶ 18-20, and Dyer did not consent to the x-ray or Dr. Riley’s communication of Dyer’s xray results to Lai and Crossen, D. 1-1 ¶ 39. Lai and Crossen did not indicate on Dyer’s incident
report that they or Dr. Riley performed an anal cavity search. D. 1-1 ¶ 43. Dyer alleges that the
Boston Police Department has a “custom,” of which the Police Commissioner is aware, whereby
officers bring arrested persons to hospitals and explain that the arrestee “swallowed something,”
compelling doctors to conduct warrantless searches and x-rays. D. 1-1 ¶¶ 40-41.
IV.

Procedural History
Riley instituted this action in Suffolk Superior Court on May 16, 2017. D. 1. Defendants

subsequently removed the case to this Court on August 7, 2017. Id. The City Defendants have

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now filed their motion to dismiss, D. 3, and the Healthcare Defendants have also moved to dismiss,
D. 14.
V.

Discussion
Dyer has not alleged distinct, enumerated counts in his amended complaint, but has rather

stated them in his opening paragraphs, asserting the following claims: violations of 42 U.S.C.
§ 1983 (“§ 1983”), on the basis of an unlawful body cavity search, in violation of the Fourth and
Fourteenth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution and Article 14 of the Massachusetts Constitution;
medical negligence; and Mass. Gen. L. c. 258. D. 1-1 at 8-10. After the Healthcare Defendants
moved to stay discovery pending review by a medical malpractice tribunal, D. 15, Dyer moved to
withdraw his claims of medical negligence and malpractice. D. 16.
A.

City Defendants
1.

Dyer Has Stated a Claim against Officers Crossen and Lai
a)

Qualified Immunity

City Defendants argue that Crossen and Lai are insulated from liability by qualified
immunity. D. 4 at 7-12. To determine whether a defendant is entitled to qualified immunity,
courts assess first “whether the facts alleged or shown by the plaintiff make out a violation of a
constitutional right” and second, “whether the right was ‘clearly established’ at the time of the
defendant’s alleged violation.” Maldonado v. Fontanes, 568 F.3d 263, 269 (1st Cir. 2009) (quoting
Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 232 (2009)); see Mosher v. Nelson, 589 F.3d 488, 492 (1st Cir.
2009). Dyer alleges that Crossen and Lai’s nonconsensual body cavity search violated his Fourth
Amendment rights. D. 1-1 ¶¶ 18-22. City Defendants argue that “the right to be free from a
warrantless manual body cavity search incident to a valid arrest for drug possession was not clearly
established at the time of Plaintiff’s arrest.” D. 4 at 7.

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To determine if the right was clearly established at the time of the incident, the Court must
consider whether “the contours of the right [were] sufficiently clear that a reasonable official would
understand that what he is doing violates that right.” Mosher, 589 F.3d at 493 (quoting Maldonado,
568 F.3d at 269) (internal quotation marks omitted). “[T]he salient question is whether the state
of the law at the time of the alleged violation gave the defendant fair warning that his particular
conduct was unconstitutional.” Maldonado, 568 F.3d at 269.
The Fourth Amendment generally “prohibits only those searches that are unreasonable,”
requiring a court to “consider whether the circumstances and the public’s need for information
justify the particular intrusion into the searched individual’s privacy.” Spencer v. Roche, 659 F.3d
142, 146 (1st Cir. 2011), cert. denied, 566 U.S. 921 (2012). Nonconsensual “intrusion[s] into the
body,” however, require a “particularly robust justification.”

Id.

“[I]n determining the

reasonableness of an intrusion into a suspect’s bodily integrity, a court must consider the strength
of the suspicion driving the search, the potential harm to the suspect’s health and dignity posed by
the search, and the prosecution’s need for the evidence sought,” and may also consider “the
availability vel non of a less invasive means of conducting the search.” Id. at 147. Manual rectal
examinations pose a particular harm to an individual; the First Circuit has described such searches
as “demeaning, dehumanizing, undignified, humiliating, terrifying, unpleasant, embarrassing,
repulsive, signifying degradation and submission.” Rodriques v. Furtado, 950 F.2d 805, 810 (1st
Cir. 1991) (quoting Blackburn v. Snow, 771 F.2d 556, 564 (1st Cir. 1985)) (internal quotation
marks omitted).
City Defendants contend that it was not clearly established that a manual body cavity
search incident to a lawful arrest for drug possession required a warrant under the Fourth
Amendment. D. 4 at 9. They argue that “the precise justification required to search an individual

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in the context of a lawful arrest has been an elusive matter,” D. 4 at 9-10, pointing to Spencer v.
Roche, in which the district court expressed that the level of suspicion required was “unclear,”
Spencer, 755 F. Supp. 2d 250, 266 (D. Mass. 2010). In Spencer, however, the district court was
addressing visual cavity searches, id., which are fundamentally different from manual body cavity
searches. See Bonitz v. Fair, 804 F.2d 164, 172 (1st Cir. 1986) (explaining that the distinction
between manual and visual body cavity searches “is significant and has been noted by the courts”);
Blackburn, 771 F.2d at 561 n.3, 564; Fate v. Charles, 24 F. Supp. 3d 337, 344 (S.D.N.Y. 2014)
(explaining that a “manual body cavity search” is “the most invasive type of search, which crosses
from a visual to a manual inspection of the subject’s body cavity”). Moreover, on appeal, the First
Circuit stated that it “ha[s] upheld digital searches of a vagina and rectum when supported by
probable cause and appropriately carried out by medical professionals.” Spencer, 659 F.3d at 147;
see Sanchez, 590 F.3d at 44 (concluding that the rectal searches “carried out by medical
professionals” in a hospital “upon suspicion that plaintiff had contraband in his rectum, and with
no abusive or humiliating conduct on the part of the law enforcement officers or the doctors, were
not unreasonable”); Rodriques, 950 F.2d at 810 (explaining that “[t]he First Circuit has expressed
its revulsion for body cavity searches not supported by probable cause”). Regardless of whether
a warrant was constitutionally required, then, it was clearly established by the time Crossen and
Lai conducted this alleged nonconsensual manual rectal search that at least probable cause was
required. City Defendants have not suggested that the officers had probable cause to conduct or
attempt to conduct a manual body cavity search, nor have they provided a “particularly robust”
justification for the search here.
Even if City Defendants did have probable cause to conduct such an invasive search,
however, Dyer has plausibly alleged that the manner in which the search was conducted was

7

unreasonable. The “severe intrusion” of a manual body cavity search may be “exacerbated by the
manner in which the search[] [was] carried out,” such as when the search was “undertaken by
personnel who received no training, medical or otherwise” to conduct the search. Blackburn, 771
F.2d at 565 n.5. In Rodriques, the First Circuit held that a manual body cavity search, authorized
by a search warrant and conducted by a physician in a hospital, was reasonable, emphasizing that
“[a]t least where there are no exigent circumstances present, the severity of the personal intrusion
manifested by these searches would indicate that they be conducted by a doctor in a private and
hygienic setting and in a medically approved manner.” Rodriques, 950 F.2d at 811. The First
Circuit stressed the importance of medical professional involvement in manual body cavity
searches decades ago, and it has repeatedly underscored the point in the years since. See Spencer,
659 F.3d at 147; Sanchez, 590 F.3d at 44. Moreover, an otherwise reasonable body cavity search
may become unreasonable, and, thus, unconstitutional, if it was “conducted in an abusive fashion.”
Bonitz, 804 F.2d at 171; see Sanchez, 590 F.3d at 43. As alleged, the search was conducted by
two officers with no apparent medical training and involved behavior before, during and after the
search that compounded on the humiliation and indignity of the search itself. Cf. Sanchez, 590
F.3d at 44. The Court thus denies City Defendants’ motion to dismiss Dyer’s § 1983 claims against
Defendants Crossen and Lai on the basis of qualified immunity.
City Defendants address Dyer’s MCRA claim in conjunction with the § 1983 claim because
the MCRA is held to the same standard of immunity as §1983 claims. D. 4 at 12; see Rodriques
v. Furtado, 410 Mass. 878, 882 (1991) (explaining that the MCRA “intended to adopt the standard
of immunity for public officials developed under 42 U.S.C. 1983”). Massachusetts law “in some
instances provide[s] a broader prophylaxis than the Fourth Amendment.” Spencer, 659 F.3d at
149 (citing Commonwealth v. Cruz, 459 Mass. 459, 466 n.10 (2011)). Massachusetts law requires

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probable cause to support visual body cavity searches, Commonwealth v. Prophete, 443 Mass.
548, 553 (2005), and manual body cavity searches require a “strong showing of particularized need
supported by a high degree of probable cause,” Rodriques, 410 Mass. at 888. As with the Fourth
Amendment inquiry, Massachusetts courts also analyze the reasonableness of the search itself.
Prophete, 443 Mass. at 554. Having held that Dyer plausibly alleges a Fourth Amendment
violation here, and not one barred by qualified immunity, the Court also declines to dismiss Dyer’s
MCRA claim as to these Defendants.1
b)

Service of Process

City Defendants also argue that Dyer’s claims should be dismissed under Fed. R. Civ. P.
12(b)(4) as to Defendants Crossen and Lai due to insufficient process. D. 3; D. 4 at 12-13. “Before
a federal court may exercise personal jurisdiction over a defendant, the procedural requirements
of service of process must be satisfied.” Aly v. Mohegan Council-Boy Scouts of Am., No. 08-cv40099-FDS, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 97254, at *2, 2009 WL 3299951 (D. Mass. Apr. 20, 2009)
(citing Omni Capital Int’l Ltd. v. Rudolf Wolff & Co., 484 U.S. 97, 104 (1987)).
City Defendants argue here that “each Officer was served at his place of employment,”
which is “impermissible under either Federal or State law.” D. 4 at 13. City Defendants move to
dismiss the complaint under Rule 12(b)(4). D. 3. Their arguments, however, pertain only to a
Rule 12(b)(5) motion. “Rule 12(b)(4) attacks the form of process, that is, the content of the

1

City Defendants address Dyer’s tort claims in a footnote, arguing that because the Officers’
search was objectively reasonable, his tort claims have no merit. D. 4 at 12 n.8. Dyer’s complaint
does not explicitly allege any tort claims, but only references the Massachusetts Torts Claims Act,
Mass. Gen. L. c. 258, and states that the “Officer . . . conspired, intimidate[d], sexually assaulted”
him. D. 1-1 at 8. He lists “assault and battery through rape,” “prima facie tort,” “intentional
infliction of emotional distress” and “intentional tort to cause harm” in his motion papers, D. 19 at
10, but these claims are not sufficiently pled in his complaint and the Court, therefore, does not
address them here.
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summons, whereas Rule 12(b)(5) challenged the mode of the delivery of the process, or the lack
of delivery of the summons and the complaint.” Taite v. Bridgewater State Univ., 236 F. Supp.
3d 466, 472 (D. Mass. 2017). City Defendants have not identified anything deficient about the
summons issued in this case. Accordingly, their motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(4) is denied.
Cf. Langadinos v. Bd. of Trs. of the Univ. of Mass., No. 12-11159-GAO, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS
140767, at *18-19, 2013 WL 5507042, at *6 (D. Mass. Aug. 29, 2013).
Even entertaining City Defendants’ argument as a motion to dismiss pursuant to Fed. R.
Civ. P. 12(b)(5), the Court declines to dismiss on this basis. Under Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(e), an
individual may be served by “delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to the
individual personally,” “leaving a copy of each at the individual’s dwelling or usual place of abode
with someone of suitable age and discretion who resides there,” or delivering a copy to an agent
of the individual. Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(e). Service is also proper if compliant with state law, which,
here, tracks federal law. Id.; see Mass. R. Civ. P. 4(d). “Notably, neither the federal rules nor the
Massachusetts rules permit service upon an individual by certified mail at her place of
employment.” Mukherjee v. Anderson, No. 12-11381-FDS, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 73843, at *7,
2013 WL 2299521, *3 (D. Mass. May 24, 2013) (emphasis in original). Dyer’s service of
Defendants Crossen and Lai by certified mail at their place of employment is, therefore, deficient
service of process.
Dyer is proceeding pro se and is incarcerated, but Defendants argue that he is still
responsible for effecting proper service. D. 4 at 13; see Ahmed v. Rosenblatt, 118 F.3d 886, 890
(1st Cir. 1997) (explaining that “pro se status does not insulate a party from complying with
procedural and substantive law”). A plaintiff’s pro se status, however, may be considered as part
of a showing of good cause for an extension of time for service of process when a plaintiff has

10

failed to properly serve. See McIsaac v. Ford, 193 F. Supp. 2d 382, 383 (D. Mass. 2002). Here,
Dyer is pro se and incarcerated, and Defendants Crossen and Lai received actual notice of Dyer’s
claims, evidenced by their removal of this case to federal court and filing of this motion, as well
as the mail receipts attached to that motion. D. 1; D. 3; D. 4 at 16-21. There is no indication that
Dyer acted in bad faith or purposefully in his noncompliance. All of these factors weigh in favor
of providing Dyer with an extension of time to effectuate proper service of process to Defendants
Crossen and Lai. See Awadh v. Tourneau, Inc., No. 15-cv-13993, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 24704,
at *9-10, 2017 WL 1246326, *4 (D. Mass. Feb. 17, 2017). The Court thus denies City Defendants’
motion to dismiss for improper service and awards Dyer 45 days from the date of this order to
provide proper service of process.
2.

Dyer Fails to State a Claim against the City of Boston
a)

Liability Under § 1983

Dyer argues that the city of Boston is liable for the actions of Officers Crossen and Lai
under the Fourth Amendment and § 1983. D. 1-1 ¶¶ 40-42. Section 1983 liability cannot be
established by a respondeat superior theory. See, e.g., Leavitt v. Corr. Med. Servs., Inc., 645 F.3d
484, 502 (1st Cir. 2011); Sanchez v. Pereira-Castillo, 590 F.3d 31, 49 (1st Cir. 2009); Iqbal, 556
U.S. at 676 (stating that “vicarious liability is inapplicable to . . . § 1983 suits”). Where, as here,
a plaintiff plausibly alleges a constitutional violation, a municipality may be liable “only if the
violation occurs pursuant to an official policy or custom.” Welch v. Ciampa, 542 F.3d 927, 941
(1st Cir. 2008) (citing Monell v. Dep’t of Social Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 691 (1978)). To establish
municipality liability, a plaintiff must also demonstrate “1) that the municipal policy or custom
actually [] caused the plaintiff’s injury, and 2) that the municipality possessed the requisite level
of fault, which is generally labeled in these sorts of cases as ‘deliberate indifference.’” Young v.
City of Providence, 404 F.3d 4, 26 (1st Cir. 2005). Deliberate indifference “will be found only if
11

it would be manifest to any reasonable official that his conduct was very likely to violate an
individual’s constitutional rights.” Pineda v. Toomey, 533 F.3d 50, 54 (1st Cir. 2008). “The
Supreme Court . . . has set a very high bar for assessing municipal liability under Monell.” Young,
404 F.3d at 26.
Dyer alleges here that the city is liable because it has a custom of bringing arrested persons
to hospitals to compel doctors to conduct warrantless searches and x-rays and because the Officers’
actions were the product of the city’s failure to discipline or train. D. 1-1 ¶¶ 40-42. Dyer thus
alleges two theories of municipality liability, both of which the City Defendants argue are
insufficient to state a § 1983 claim here. D. 4 at 4-5.
First, the City Defendants argue that Dyer’s factual allegations regarding the Boston Police
Department’s practices at hospitals do not suggest plausibly the existence of a policy or custom.
Id. “[A] single instance of misconduct” does not amount to a custom or policy for municipal
liability purposes unless the act or decision was made by an official with “final policymaking
authority.” Welch, 542 F.3d at 942. City Defendants argue that Dyer’s complaint consists of a
single incident alone, with “no facts suggesting that either named police officer played a
policymaking role” and no alleged incidents of similar misconduct or facts from which the City’s
knowledge of such a custom may be inferred.2 D. 4 at 5. Dyer argues that “[t]he assault in this
case is not an isolated example” of this behavior, D. 25 at 7, but Dyer has not alleged any facts to
support this contention. Given that his present allegations, Dyer has not plausibly alleged a

2

City Defendants also argue that the excerpt from the Boston Police Department’s Rules and
Procedures manual, attached to and incorporated into Dyer’s complaint, “undercuts Plaintiff’s
assertion that the City has a custom of forcing medical professionals to perform improper body
cavity searches,” D. 4 at 5 n.2, where the manual provides, among other things, that “[b]ody
cavity searches may only be conducted when authorized by a warrant” and that “[u]nder no
circumstances shall a body cavity search be conducted by a police officer.” D. 1-1 at 25.
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municipal custom or policy on this basis. See Luthy v. Proulx, 464 F. Supp. 2d 69, 74 (D. Mass.
2006).
Second, the City Defendants argue that Dyer’s allegations regarding failure to train are also
insufficient. D. 4 at 4-5. “[A] training program must be quite deficient in order for the deliberate
indifference standard to be met: the fact that training is imperfect or not in the precise form a
plaintiff would prefer is insufficient to make such a showing.” Young, 404 F.3d at 27. “[W]hen
city policymakers are on actual or constructive notice that a particular omission in their training
program causes city employees to violate citizens’ constitutional rights, the city may be deemed
deliberately indifferent if the policymakers choose to retain that program.” Connick v. Thompson,
563 U.S. 51, 61 (2011). Dyer alleges that the “Police Commissioner of Boston Police had
knowledge” of the practice of officers bringing suspects to hospitals to conduct nonconsensual
searches. D. 1-1 ¶ 41. Dyer points to Humphrey v. Comoletti, No. 1:15-cv-14170-ADB, 2017
U.S. Dist. LEXIS 50465, 2017 WL 1224539, at *10 (D. Mass. Mar. 31, 2017), to argue that his
allegations are sufficient. D. 25 at 7-8. In Humphrey, the court held that the plaintiffs had
plausibly alleged the existence of a policy or custom of failure to train, supervise and discipline
officers where the plaintiffs had alleged two incidents of excessive force perpetrated by the same
officer within a five year period, also providing a news article suggesting additional incidents.
Humphrey, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 50465, at *31-32 (noting that the supporting facts “very thinly
but plausibly suggest the City’s deliberate indifference to the fact that their policies or customs
may lead to constitutional violations”). Multiple instances of misconduct, especially when
perpetrated by the same department or even individual officer, may, therefore, demonstrate a
failure to train or discipline. See id.; Bochart v. City of Lowell, 989 F. Supp. 2d 151, 155 (D.
Mass. 2011) (denying motion to dismiss where the complaint cited six reports of alleged excessive

13

force, three of improper use of pepper spray, and three of denial of medical treatment, two
instances of which occurred within two months of the events at issue). Here, however, Dyer has
not alleged any specific incidents beyond the one at issue involving these or any other officers in
the Boston Police Department demonstrating a failure to train or discipline. See Miller v. City of
Bos., 586 F. Supp. 2d 5, 8 (D. Mass. 2008) (allowing motion to dismiss where plaintiff’s
allegations included “an apparently isolated incident” and did not identify an official policy
causing the violation).
Although “[p]ro se complaints are accorded an ‘extra degree of solicitude . . .’ even a pro
se plaintiff is required to ‘set forth factual allegations, either direct or inferential, respecting each
material element necessary to sustain recovery under some actionable legal theory.’” Stevenson
v. Amazon.com, Inc., No. 15-cv-13505-FDS, 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 63537, at *3, 2016 WL
2851316, at *3 (D. Mass. May 13, 2016) (quoting Wright v. Town of Southbridge, No. 07-cv40305-FDS, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 12817, at *6-7, 2009 WL 415506 (D. Mass. Jan. 15, 2009)).
Dyer has provided no factual allegations to support a custom or policy claim against the City of
Boston on this basis.
b)

Liability Under the MCRA

To the extent that Dyer alleges a claim against the City of Boston under the MCRA for
violation of his constitutional rights, those claims must also be dismissed. See D. 1-1 at 7
(suggesting claim based on Mass. Gen. L. c. 12, §§11H-11I); D. 20 at 66. The MCRA provides
individuals a cause of action against “any person or persons” that interfere with an individual’s
state or federal constitutional rights. Mass. Gen. L. c. 12 §11H. Massachusetts courts hold that,
unlike under § 1983, a “municipality is not a ‘person’ covered by the Massachusetts Civil Rights
Act.” Howcroft v. City of Peabody, 51 Mass. App. Ct. 573, 591-92 (2001). Courts in this Circuit

14

have, therefore, dismissed MCRA claims brought against municipalities. See Spencer v. City of
Bos., No. 15-cv-10634-IT, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 44426, at *5, 2017 WL 1147449, at *2 (D.
Mass. Mar. 27, 2017); Saldivar v. Pridgen, 91 F. Supp. 3d 134, 139 (D. Mass. 2015); Kelley v.
LaForce, 288 F.3d 1, 14 n.9 (1st Cir. 2002). Accordingly, to the extent Dyer has alleged MCRA
claims against the City of Boston, such claims are dismissed.
B.

Healthcare Defendants

The Healthcare Defendants have also moved to dismiss Dyer’s complaint. D. 14. Dyer’s
claims against these Defendants include federal and state constitutional claims, as well as “medical
negligence,” or malpractice. D. 1-1 at 8. Healthcare Defendants moved to stay discovery pending
resolution of this motion or, if the motion to dismiss is denied, until the medical malpractice
tribunal convenes and issues its findings.3 D. 15. Dyer then moved to withdraw his malpractice
claims. D. 16. Healthcare Defendants opposed Dyer’s motion, arguing that Dyer’s claims against
them “stem solely from the medical treatment provided to the Plaintiff at Carney Hospital” and,
thus, “are subject to the malpractice tribunal requirement of G.L. c. 231 §60B.” D. 21 at 1.
Healthcare Defendants are incorrect. While Dyer alleges some claims based on his medical
treatment, Dyer’s core allegations are constitutional: Dyer’s assertion that his Fourth Amendment
rights were violated with nonconsensual body cavity searches exists apart from any malpractice
claims. Whether Dr. Riley acted as a state actor when conducting the alleged nonconsensual body
cavity searches, thus stating a plausible constitutional claim, see Rodriques, 950 F.2d at 814, does
not hinge on Dr. Riley’s adherence to medical standards, but rather, to the standards of the
Constitution. Healthcare Defendants’ liability, therefore, remains a question for this Court, and
not the malpractice tribunal. The Court thus ALLOWS Dyer’s motion to withdraw his medical

3

This Court granted the stay pending resolution of the motions to dismiss only. D. 26.
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malpractice and negligence claims, D. 16, and thus reviews Healthcare Defendants’ motion to
dismiss only as it pertains to the surviving claims.4
1.

Dyer Fails to State a Claim against Defendants Steward Health, Carney
Hospital and Ramos

Healthcare Defendants seek dismissal of Dyer’s claims as to Defendants Carney Hospital,
Steward Health and Ramos because Dyer asserts no factual allegations against these Defendants
in his complaint. D. 14 at 2. In his complaint, Dyer explains that Ramos is the president of Carney
Hospital, which is owned and operated by Steward Health. D. 1-1 at 7. He alleges that Ramos “is
responsible for the daily running, training, security, [and] overall teaching of constitutionally
secured rights to all” hospital staff. Id.
Dyer has provided no factual allegations against these three Healthcare Defendants, and,
thus, cannot state a claim upon which relief can be granted. As explained, Defendants cannot be
held liable under § 1983 on a theory of vicarious liability. See, e.g., Leavitt, 645 F.3d at 502.
Lacking any factual allegations establishing their own liability, Dyer has failed to state a claim
against them. These claims are thus dismissed in their entirety.
2.

Dyer Has Stated Plausible Claims against Dr. Riley

Dyer alleges that Dr. Riley sedated him, performed a nonconsensual body cavity search,
and took an x-ray of Dyer’s pelvis without his consent. D. 1-1 ¶¶ 25-32, 38. Healthcare
Defendants argue that Dyer’s claims against Dr. Riley should be dismissed on the basis of “judicial
estoppel.” D. 14 at 4. They contend that Dyer’s allegations are contrary to his recitation of the
facts submitted with his suppression motion in his criminal case, filed in this District. Id. Thus,
federal law applies. Banco Santander de P.R. v. Lopez-Stubbe (In re Colonial Mortg. Bankers

4

The Court understands the remaining claims asserted against Healthcare Defendants as the
federal and state constitutional claims.
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Corp.), 324 F.3d 12, 16 (1st Cir. 2003). The Court may consider Healthcare Defendants’ estoppel
defense on a motion to dismiss “if: (1) ‘the facts that establish the defense [are] definitively
ascertainable from the allegations of the complaint, the documents (if any) incorporated therein,
matters of public record, and other matters of which the court may take judicial notice,’ and (2)
‘the facts so gleaned [] conclusively establish the affirmative defense.’” Sentient Jet, LLC v.
Apollo Jets, LLC, No. 13-cv-10081, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 34038, at *22, 2014 WL 1004112, at
*7 (D. Mass. Mar. 17, 2014) (quoting Colonial, 324 F.3d at 16) (alterations in original). The Court
may consider Dyer’s suppression motion attached to Healthcare Defendants’ motion to dismiss,
D. 14-2, as a document that is a “public record[],” “the authenticity of which [is] not disputed by
the parties.” Watterson v. Page, 987 F.2d 1, 3-4 (1st Cir. 1993); see Afrasiabia v. Awad, No. 1410239-PBS, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 132092, at *6 (D. Mass. Sep. 14, 2015) (explaining that “a
court may take judicial notice of complaints filed in related cases”); Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(d).
Dyer is not judicially estopped by his criminal suppression motion. “[T]he doctrine of
judicial estoppel prevents a litigant from pressing a claim that is inconsistent with a position taken
by that litigant either in a prior legal proceeding or in an earlier phase of the same legal
proceeding.” United States v. Szpyt, 785 F.3d 31, 41 (1st Cir. 2015) (quoting InterGen N.V. v.
Grina, 344 F.3d 134, 144 (1st Cir. 2003)) (internal quotation marks omitted). The doctrine is
“equitable and thus cannot be reduced to a precise formula or test.” Zedner v. United States, 547
U.S. 489, 504 (2006). The Court considers the following factors when analyzing a judicial
estoppel claim: whether (1) “a party’s later position . . . [is] clearly inconsistent with its earlier
position”; (2) “the party has succeeded in persuading a court to accept that party’s earlier position”;
and (3) “whether the party seeking to assert an inconsistent position would derive an unfair
advantage or impose an unfair detriment on the opposing party if not estopped.” United States v.

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Pakala, 568 F.3d 47, 59 (1st Cir. 2009) (quoting Zedner, 547 U.S. at 504) (internal quotation marks
omitted). Here, the first two factors weigh against dismissing on this basis.
First, as a factual matter, Dyer’s current allegations are not clearly inconsistent with his
factual statements in his suppression motion. In Dyer’s criminal suppression motion, Dyer stated
that he was sedated and the doctor performed an x-ray and a visual body cavity search. D. 14-2 at
4. He explained that Dr. Riley “attempted to perform a full manual rectal exam, but Mr. Dyer
refused to consent to such a procedure.” Id. His affidavit submitted in support of that motion does
not mention any interaction with Dr. Riley. D. 14-2 at 27-28. The point of contrast, therefore, is
whether Dr. Riley indeed performed a nonconsensual manual body cavity search. Even if this
point were removed, however, the complaint could plausibly allege a nonconsensual visual body
cavity search and x-ray examination, both of which must still be “reasonable” to pass constitutional
muster. See Spencer, 659 F.3d at 147-48; United States v. Barnes, 506 F.3d 58, 62 (1st Cir. 2007)
Second, Dyer has not succeeded in persuading a court to accept his earlier position. “The
party proposing an application of judicial estoppel must show that the relevant court actually
accepted the other party’s earlier representation.” Perry v. Blum, 629 F.3d 1, 11 (1st Cir. 2010);
see Gens v. Resolution Trust Corp., 112 F.3d 569, 572 (1st Cir. 1997). Indeed, the First Circuit
has stated that “[t]he showing of judicial acceptance must be a strong one.” Perry, 629 F.3d at 11.
Applying the doctrine with caution “avoid[s] impinging on the truth-seeking function of the court
because the doctrine precludes a contradictory position without examining the truth of either
statement.” Id. (quoting Teledyn Indus., Inc. v. NLRB, 911 F.3d 1214, 1218 (6th Cir. 1990))
(internal quotation marks omitted). Dyer filed his suppression motion on August 31, 2016, No.
1;15-cr-10248-RGS-3, ECF No. 69, but the court never decided the motion because he withdrew
the motion in November 2016 to “facilitate ongoing plea negotiations,” id., ECF no. 89. Dyer’s

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prior factual representations appear to have never been accepted by the court in his criminal case,
and cannot serve, therefore, to judicially estop his factual allegations here.
For these reasons, the Court declines to dismiss Dyer’s claims against Dr. Riley.
VI.

Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, the City Defendants’ motion to dismiss, D. 3, is ALLOWED IN

PART and DENIED IN PART. Dyer’s claims against the City of Boston are DISMISSED, but all
claims survive as to Defendants Crossen and Lai. Dyer must, however, properly serve Crossen
and Lai within forty-five (45) days of this opinion. Healthcare Defendants’ motion to dismiss, D.
14, is ALLOWED IN PART and DENIED IN PART. Dyer’s claims against Steward Health,
Carney Hospital and Ramos are DISMISSED, but his constitutional claims against Dr. Riley will
move forward. Dyer’s motion to withdraw his malpractice claims, D. 16, is ALLOWED, and those
claims are DISMISSED as to all Defendants.
So Ordered.
/s/ Denise J. Casper
United States District Judge

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