Vesey v. McQuiggin
Filing
12
OPINION and ORDER denying 1 Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus and granting in part and denying in part a Certificate of Appealability. Signed by District Judge Arthur J. Tarnow. (CPic)
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
SOUTHERN DIVISION
DAMEKO DWAYNE VESEY,
Petitioner,
CASE NO. 2:09-CV-14206
HONORABLE ARTHUR J. TARNOW
v.
GREG MCQUIGGIN,
Respondent.
/
OPINION AND ORDER DENYING THE PETITION FOR A WRIT
OF HABEAS CORPUS AND GRANTING IN PART AND
DENYING IN PART A CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY
I.
Introduction
This is a federal habeas case brought pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. Michigan prisoner
Dameko Dwayne Vesey (“Petitioner”) challenges his convictions for three counts of first-degree
felony murder, MICH. COMP. LAWS § 750.316, conspiracy to commit armed robbery, MICH. COMP.
LAWS § 750.529, and conspiracy to commit first-degree home invasion, MICH. COMP. LAWS §
750.110a(2), which were imposed following a jury trial in the Washtenaw County Circuit Court.1
He was sentenced to concurrent terms of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole on the
murder convictions, 15 to 30 years imprisonment on the conspiracy to commit armed robbery
conviction, and 13 to 20 years imprisonment on the conspiracy to commit first-degree home invasion
conviction in 2005.
1
The jury also convicted Petitioner of first-degree home invasion and armed robbery, but
the trial court vacated those convictions based on the felony murder convictions. The jury
acquitted Petitioner on charges of conspiracy to commit premeditated murder and felony firearm.
Dameko Vesey v. Greg McQuiggin
Case No. 2:09-CV-14206
Petitioner raises claims concerning the exclusion of possible evidence of third-party guilt,
the conduct of the prosecutor, the admission of certain police testimony, the effectiveness of trial
counsel, and the denial of a motion for new trial based upon newly-discovered evidence. For the
reasons set forth, the Court denies the petition for a writ of habeas corpus. The Court also grants
in part and denies in part a certificate of appealability.
II.
Facts and Procedural History
Petitioner’s convictions arise from the home invasion, armed robbery, and shooting deaths
of Taurus Hill and his girlfriend, Tayquelea Roberson, and the suffocation death of their infant son,
Taurus Hill Jr., at their apartment in Ypsilanti, Michigan on April 5, 2003. The Court adopts the
statement of facts set forth by the Michigan Court of Appeals on direct appeal, which is presumed
correct on habeas review. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1); Wagner v. Smith, 581 F.3d 410, 413 (6th Cir.
2009). Those facts are as follows:
These consolidated appealsFN3 arise from the convictions of brothers and
codefendants, Dennis and Dameko Vesey, for the murders of Taurus Hill (Hill) and
his girlfriend, Tayquelea Roberson (Roberson), on April 5, 2003, at an apartment
complex located on South Harris Road in Ypsilanti, Michigan.FN4 Defendants were
also charged and convicted for the death of Hill and Roberson's infant son, Taurus
Hill, Jr. (dob: January 8, 2003). The infant died following the shooting of his mother,
Roberson, who fell on the infant suffocating him.
FN3. People v. Vesey, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered
January 24, 2006 (Docket Nos. 266617 and 266618).
FN4. Defendants' cousin, Michael McGaha, was a codefendant in the murder
trial, but was acquitted of all charges by a separate jury.
Hill was a known drug dealer in the Ypsilanti area. On the evening of April 4, 2003,
Hill and Roberson were at home in their apartment with their infant son, Taurus, Jr.,
and three other minor children: Tyranique Hill (dob: February 27, 1994), Dakaisia
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Roberson (dob: June 25, 1997), and Jasmine Harris (dob: January 17, 1998).FN5
Tyranique indicated that she and Dakaisia and Jasmine were in the living room
watching television. Tyranique reported that there was a knock at the front door. Hill
answered the door and permitted a man that she did not know to enter the apartment.
The man sat at the kitchen table with Hill and conversed for a brief period. Hill left
the table and went into the bedroom, returning within a few minutes. Shortly
thereafter, the man left the apartment. During her second interview with police,
Tyranique reported the same man returned to the apartment but did not enter,
remaining in the doorway speaking briefly with Hill.
FN5. Tyranique is Taurus Hill's daughter with Michelle Cowan. Dakaisia is
the daughter of Roberson and Roosevelt Williams. Jasmine is Roberson's
niece.
In the early morning hours of April 5, 2003, while Tyranique and the children
remained on the couch watching television, there was a third knock on the apartment
door. Tyranique saw Hill glance out the window before opening the door. Once Hill
began to open the door Tyranique observed two masked men rush into the apartment.
One of the men began physically fighting Hill and he fell on the floor by Tyranique.
Tyranique and the other two girls ran and hid in bedrooms in the apartment, but
could hear a man in the master bedroom confronting Roberson and demanding
money. Tyranique also saw one of the men pointing a gun at Roberson. Tyranique
heard her infant brother crying from the master bedroom. When she tried to retrieve
the infant, one of the masked men yelled at her and she fled the room and returned
to another bedroom and closed the door.
Tyranique heard four shots. She identified two of the shots as coming from the living
room and the remainder from the master bedroom, but was unsure of the order of
occurrence. She then heard water running in the kitchen and the closing of the front
door. Tyranique waited and then gathered Dakaisia and Jasmine, instructing them to
dress and led them out of the apartment. The girls initially hid when they exited the
apartment because Tyranique observed two vehicles coming out of the adjacent
trailer park and feared it might be the masked men returning. She described the
vehicles as having tinted windows. One of the vehicles was “white and long” and
similar to her father's car. The second vehicle was described as “cute, a nice car,”
which was loudly playing Rap music. The girls walked down Harris Road to Ford
Boulevard and tried to go into a local party store, but were unsuccessful because it
had closed for the night. The girls hid a second time when they saw another
approaching vehicle; again fearing it contained the masked men. The girls, led by
Tyranique, continued walking until they found an open pizza parlor. Tyranique
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requested use of the telephone and, with the assistance of a store employee, phoned
911 and reported the events.
When interviewed by police, Dakaisia's and Jasmine's version of the events was
similar to Tyranique's as they both described the entry into the apartment of two
masked men with handguns demanding money. While the girls could only provide
a limited description of the clothing the men wore, Tyranique described one of the
perpetrators as being larger than the other and that one of the men had braids hanging
below his mask to his shoulders. Tyranique provided details regarding the masks,
describing them as thin enough to see through, like nylons or stockings. Although
Tyranique was unable to provide a more detailed facial description of the
perpetrators she indicated that she believed one of the men was the same individual
that had entered the apartment earlier in the evening and sat at the kitchen table with
Hill, based on her recognition of his voice. At trial, when presented with a photo
array, Tyranique identified codefendant Michael McGaha as the man she observed
with Hill at the kitchen table. However, a police officer involved in the investigation,
Detective Everette Robbins, reported that when interviewed and presented
photographs by the police at the time of these events, Tyranique identified defendant
Dameko Vesey as the individual seated at the kitchen table with Hill before the
murders.
Most neighbors of the victims were not forthcoming or cooperative with police
regarding their observations immediately before the murders in the apartment
complex and parking lot. Neighbors initially declined to speak or later admitted lying
to police because they did not want to be involved due to fear of retaliation or
disinterest. However, neighbors of Hill and Roberson, Joyce Jordan and her daughter
Tanet Jordan, revealed that they heard arguing in the parking lot shortly before
hearing gunshots. Tanet indicated that she saw Dennis Vesey speaking with another
resident of the complex, Nerissa Pittman, and also observed Dennis Vesey arguing
with Hill. Tanet reported seeing Dennis Vesey driving a silver or tan SUV and
observed Pittman run past her apartment window immediately following the
gunshots. Joyce also reported seeing Hill, Roberson and Dennis Vesey arguing in the
parking area of the apartment complex before the gunshots occurred. After Hill and
Roberson walked away, Joyce reported seeing Dennis Vesey go to his vehicle and
retrieve a gun. Joyce observed two other individuals in defendant's vehicle, one was
in the rear passenger area and one, who looked like Dameko Vesey, was in the front
passenger seat and was also holding a gun. Joyce stated that she observed Pittman
walk past her window in the direction of the apartments at the back of the building,
where Hill and Roberson's apartment was located, and that Dennis Vesey and the
others followed in the same direction. Within minutes Joyce heard gunshots and saw
Dennis Vesey's vehicle and another vehicle pull out of the parking lot. Joyce
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acknowledged that she had consumed alcohol that evening and lied at the
preliminary examination because she did not want to get involved in the police
investigation.
The primary witness, Nerissa Pittman, was also charged as an accomplice in this
matter. Pittman pleaded guilty to second-degree murder, MCL 750.317, and agreed
to testify against defendants. She had not yet undergone sentencing while defendants'
trial was in progress. At the time of the murders, Pittman was residing in an
apartment within the complex with her minor child, her mother and younger siblings.
Pittman stated that approximately a week before the murders she commented to
another neighbor, Darius Frazier, that Hill had a lot of money but had never been
robbed. Shortly thereafter, Pittman claimed to observe Frazier give two handguns to
defendant Dennis Vesey.
On April 4, 2003, Pittman claimed that she was with a male friend, Jovan Hurston,
at the trailer where he was residing. Pittman asserted her minor son accompanied her
and that she engaged in sexual relations with Hurston and smoked marijuana. Later
that night or very early in the morning on April 5, 2003, Pittman asserted she phoned
Dennis Vesey to secure additional marijuana and was informed that he was parked
at the South Harris apartments. Pittman asked Hurston to drive her to her mother's
apartment so that she could procure items to spend the night. Hurston transported her
to the complex but remained in his vehicle. Pittman approached Dennis Vesey's car,
and he requested that Pittman assist in the robbery by knocking on Hill's apartment
door. Pittman claimed that she frequently borrowed cigarettes from Roberson,
implying she would be recognized by Hill and able to gain entry into the apartment.
Pittman knocked on the apartment door. When Hill opened the door, Pittman
asserted that defendants and McGaha rushed into the apartment. Pittman averred that
none of the participants in the robbery, including her, were wearing masks. Pittman
opined that the handguns carried by Dennis Vesey and McGaha appeared to be the
same as the handguns provided by Frazier. Pittman entered the apartment and went
to the back bedroom and took some ecstasy pills. McGaha was confronting Roberson
in the master bedroom regarding the location of money in the apartment. Dameko
Vesey was observed “rambling” through the apartment, while Dennis Vesey was
struggling with Hill in the front room. As Pittman was leaving the apartment, she
heard two gunshots. She proceeded to her mother's apartment, retrieved a diaper bag,
returned to Hurston's waiting vehicle and left with him, returning to his trailer. She
did not return to the apartment complex until the following morning. Pittman
acknowledged that she lied to police when initially questioned regarding the events
of that evening.
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People v. Vesey, No. 266618, 2008 WL 723918, *1-3 (Mich. Ct. App. March 18, 2008)
(unpublished).
Following his convictions and sentencing, Petitioner, through counsel, filed an appeal of
right with the Michigan Court of Appeals raising several claims of error, including those presented
on federal habeas review. The court denied Petitioner relief and affirmed his convictions. Id.
Petitioner filed an application for leave to appeal with the Michigan Supreme Court, which was
denied in a standard order. People v. Vesey, 482 Mich. 896, 753 N.W.2d 173 (2008).
Petitioner, through counsel, thereafter filed his federal habeas petition raising the following
claims as grounds for relief:
I.
The trial court’s exclusion of evidence of third-party guilt denied Petitioner
his right to present a defense and to a fair trial.
II.
The prosecutor engaged in misconduct and deprived Petitioner of a fair trial
by vouching for the credibility of Nerissa Pittman, her key prosecution
witness, and arguing facts not in evidence about Tyranique Hill’s impression
of the assailants.
III.
The trial court deprived Petitioner of his rights to confrontation and a fair
trial by allowing a detective to testify that the police investigation revealed
that no one other than the defendants had committed the crimes.
IV.
He was denied his right to the effective assistance of counsel by trial
counsel’s failure to produce exculpatory witnesses, Maurice Lashawn
Robinson and Cynthia Mack, at trial.
V.
The trial court deprived him of due process and the effective assistance of
counsel by denying his motion for new trial based upon newly-discovered
evidence contained in letters from Nicholas Ross to co-defendant Dennis
Vesey and from Nerissa Pittman to Sharmik Willis.
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Respondent has filed an answer to the petition contending that it should be denied because the
claims are not fully exhausted, are barred by procedural default, and/or lack merit. Petitioner has
filed a reply to that answer.
III.
Standard of Review
The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”) imposes the
following standard of review for federal habeas cases brought by state prisoners:
An application for a writ of habeas corpus on behalf of a person in custody pursuant
to the judgment of a State court shall not be granted with respect to any claim that
was adjudicated on the merits in State court proceedings unless the adjudication of
the claim-(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable
application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court
of the United States; or
(2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the
facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.
28 U.S.C. §2254(d).
A decision of a state court is “contrary to” clearly established federal law if the state court
arrives at a conclusion opposite to that reached by the Supreme Court on a question of law or if the
state court decides a case differently than the Supreme Court has on a set of materially
indistinguishable facts. Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 405–06 (2000). An “unreasonable
application” occurs when “a state court decision unreasonably applies the law of [the Supreme
Court] to the facts of a prisoner’s case.” Id. at 409; see also Pinchon v. Myers, 615 F.3d 631,
638–39 (6th Cir. 2010) (same). A federal habeas court may not “issue the writ simply because that
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court concludes in its independent judgment that the relevant state-court decision applied clearly
established federal law erroneously or incorrectly.” Williams, 529 U.S. at 410–11.
The Supreme Court has explained that a “federal court’s collateral review of a state-court
decision must be consistent with the respect due state courts in our federal system.” Miller–El v.
Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 340 (2003). The AEDPA thus “imposes a ‘highly deferential standard for
evaluating state-court rulings,’ and ‘demands that state-court decisions be given the benefit of the
doubt.’” Renico v. Lett, _ U.S. _, 130 S. Ct. 1855, 1862 (2010) (quoting Lindh v. Murphy, 521 U.S.
320, 333 n. 7 (1997); Woodford v. Visciotti, 537 U.S. 19, 24 (2002) (per curiam)); see also Nields
v. Bradshaw, 482 F.3d 442, 449 (6th Cir. 2007). “A state court's determination that a claim lacks
merit precludes federal habeas relief so long as ‘fairminded jurists could disagree’ on the correctness
of the state [-]court's decision.” Harrington v. Richer, _ U.S. _, 131 S. Ct. 770, 786 (2011) (citing
Yarborough v. Alvarado, 541 U.S. 652, 664 (2004)). The Supreme Court has emphasized that it
“bears repeating that even a strong case for relief does not mean the state court's contrary conclusion
was unreasonable.” Id. (citing Lockyer v. Andrade, 538 U.S. 63, 75 (2003)).
Although 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d), as amended by the AEDPA, does not completely bar federal
courts from relitigating claims that have previously been rejected in the state courts, it preserves the
authority for a federal court to grant habeas relief only “in cases where there is no possibility
fairminded jurists could disagree that the state[-]court's decision conflicts with” the Supreme Court's
precedents. Harrington, 131 S. Ct. at 786. Indeed, “[s]ection 2254(d) reflects the view that habeas
corpus is a ‘guard against extreme malfunctions in the state criminal justice systems,’ not a
substitute for ordinary error correction through appeal.” Id. (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S.
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307, 332 n. 5 (1979)) (Stevens, J., concurring in judgment)). Therefore, in order to obtain habeas
relief in federal court, a state prisoner is required to show that the state court's rejection of his claim
“was so lacking in justification that there was an error well understood and comprehended in
existing law beyond any possibility for fairminded disagreement.” Id. at 786–87.
A state court’s factual determinations are presumed correct on federal habeas review. See
28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1). A habeas petitioner may rebut this presumption only with clear and
convincing evidence. Warren v. Smith, 161 F.3d 358, 360-61 (6th Cir. 1998). Moreover, habeas
review is “limited to the record that was before the state court.” Cullen v. Pinholster, _ U.S. _, 131
S. Ct. 1388, 1398 (2011).
IV.
Analysis
A.
Exhaustion and Procedural Default
As an initial matter, Respondent contends that some of Petitioner’s claims are unexhausted
or procedurally defaulted. A prisoner filing a petition for a writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C.
§2254 must first exhaust all state remedies. See O’Sullivan v. Boerckel, 526 U.S. 838, 845 (1999)
(“state prisoners must give the state courts one full fair opportunity to resolve any constitutional
issues by invoking one complete round of the State’s established appellate review process); Rust v.
Zent, 17 F.3d 155, 160 (6th Cir. 1994). To satisfy the exhaustion requirement, the claims must be
“fairly presented” to the state courts, meaning that the petitioner must have asserted both the factual
and legal bases for the claims in the state courts. McMeans v. Brigano, 228 F.3d 674, 681 (6th Cir.
2000); see also Williams v. Anderson, 460 F.3d 789, 806 (6th Cir. 2006) (citing McMeans). The
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claims must be presented to the state courts as federal constitutional issues. Koontz v. Glossa, 731
F.2d 365, 368 (6th Cir. 1984).
Even assuming that Petitioner has not properly exhausted all of his habeas claims in the state
courts, the Court declines to dismiss the petition on such a basis. While the exhaustion requirement
is strictly enforced, it is not a jurisdictional prerequisite for bringing a habeas petition. See
Granberry v. Greer, 481 U.S. 129, 134-35 (1987); Rockwell v. Yukins, 217 F.3d 421, 423 (6th Cir.
2000). For example, an unexhausted claim may be addressed if pursuit of a state court remedy
would be futile, see Witzke v. Withrow, 702 F. Supp. 1338, 1348 (W.D. Mich. 1988), or if the
unexhausted claim is meritless such that addressing it would be efficient and not offend federal-state
comity. See Prather v. Rees, 822 F.2d 1418, 1422 (6th Cir. 1987); see also 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(2)
(habeas petition may be denied on the merits despite the failure to exhaust state court remedies).
Such is the case here.
Additionally, as to any procedural default, it is well-settled that federal courts on habeas
review “are not required to address a procedural-default issue before deciding against the petitioner
on the merits.” Hudson v. Jones, 351 F.3d 212, 215 (6th Cir. 2003) (citing Lambrix v. Singletary,
520 U.S. 518, 525 (1997)). The Supreme Court has explained the rationale behind such a policy:
“Judicial economy might counsel giving the [other] question priority, for example, if it were easily
resolvable against the habeas petitioner, whereas the procedural-bar issue involved complicated
issues of state law.” Lambrix, 520 U.S. at 525. In this case, the substantive issues are easier to
resolve. Accordingly, the Court shall proceed to the merits of Petitioner’s claims.
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B.
Exclusion of Evidence - Third-Party Culpability
Petitioner first asserts that he is entitled to habeas relief because the trial court erred and
deprived him of the right to present a defense by excluding potential evidence of third-party guilt.
Specifically, he contends that he should have been allowed to present additional testimony from
witnesses, namely Tanet Jordan and Tiffany Juneau, regarding out-of-court statements allegedly
made by Maurice Robinson and Antone Swanson concerning the murders.
Claimed trial court errors in the application of state evidentiary law are generally not
cognizable as grounds for federal habeas relief. See Estelle v. McGuire, 502 U.S. 62, 67–68 (1991)
(“it is not the province of a federal habeas court to reexamine state-court determinations on state-law
questions”); Serra v. Michigan Dep’t of Corrections, 4 F.3d 1348, 1354 (6th Cir. 1993). “Trial court
errors in state procedure and/or evidentiary law do not rise to the level of federal constitutional
claims warranting relief in a habeas action, unless the error renders the proceeding so fundamentally
unfair as to deprive the petitioner of due process under the Fourteenth Amendment.” McAdoo v.
Elo, 365 F.3d 487, 494 (6th Cir. 2004) (quoting McGuire, 502 U.S. at 69–70); see also Wynne v.
Renico, 606 F.3d 867, 871 (6th Cir. 2010) (citing Bey v. Bagley, 500 F.3d 514, 519-20 (6th Cir.
2007)); Bugh v. Mitchell, 329 F.3d 496, 512 (6th Cir. 2003).
The right of an accused to present a defense, however, has long been recognized as “a
fundamental element of due process.” Washington v. State, 388 U.S. 14, 19 (1967); see also Holmes
v. South Carolina, 547 U.S. 319, 329-31 (2006) (state rule excluding evidence of third party guilt
based solely on strength of prosecution’s case violated defendant’s right to present a defense);
Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284, 302 (1973) (exclusion of hearsay statements critical to
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defense which “bore persuasive assurances of trustworthiness,” coupled with refusal to permit crossexamination of the declarant, violated defendant’s right to due process).
Nonetheless, “a defendant’s right to present evidence is not unlimited, but rather it is subject
to reasonable restrictions.” United States v. Scheffer, 523 U.S. 303, 308 (1998). A defendant “does
not have an unfettered right to offer evidence that is incompetent, privileged, or otherwise
inadmissable under standard rules of evidence.” Montana v. Egelhoff, 518 U.S. 37, 42 (1996)
(quoting Taylor v. Illinois, 484 U.S. 400, 410 (1988)); see also Holmes, 547 U.S. at 326 (recognizing
that “well-established rules of evidence permit trial judges to exclude evidence if its probative value
is outweighed by certain other factors such as unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or potential
to mislead the jury”). State rules excluding evidence from criminal trials “do not abridge an
accused’s right to present a defense so long as they are not ‘arbitrary’ or ‘disproportionate to the
purposes they are designed to serve.’” Scheffer, 523 U.S. at 308 (internal citations omitted). “A
defendant’s interest in presenting . . . evidence may thus bow to accommodate other legitimate
interest in the criminal trial process.” Id. When deciding if the exclusion of evidence infringes upon
a defendant’s rights, the question is not whether the excluded evidence would have caused the jury
to reach a different result. The question is whether the defendant was afforded “a meaningful
opportunity to present a complete defense.” Crane v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 683, 690 (1986) (quoting
California v. Trombetta, 467 U.S. 479, 485 (1984)); see also Chambers, 410 U.S. at 302.
The Michigan Court of Appeals denied relief on this claim, stating in pertinent part:
Defendants assert numerous errors by the trial court in precluding the admission of
evidence pertaining to the culpability of individuals, other than defendants, in the
robbery and murder of Hill, Roberson and their infant son. This Court reviews a trial
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court's rulings regarding the admission of evidence for an abuse of discretion. People
v. Bauder, 269 Mich App 174, 179; 714 NW2d 506 (2005). An abuse of discretion
occurs when a trial court's determination is outside the range of reasonable and
principled outcomes. People v. Babcock, 469 Mich 247, 269; 666 NW2d 231 (2003).
In addition, a trial court's evidentiary rulings, which implicate a defendant's right to
confrontation and to present a defense, are reviewed de novo by this Court. People
v. Kurr, 253 Mich App 317, 327; 654 NW2d 651 (2002); People v. Beasley, 239
Mich App 548, 557; 609 NW2d 581 (2000).
Specifically, defendants contend the trial court erred by limiting testimony by
Gwendolyn Hill, Taurus Hill's mother, regarding a previous break-in to Hill and
Roberson's apartment by Louis Fairley and his threatening behavior to Roberson.
Defendants further challenge the exclusion of testimony by Gwendolyn Hill
regarding injuries to the hand and three “teardrop” tattoos she observed on Maurice
Robinson a week or more after the murders, which were interpreted as signifying his
involvement in the crimes. Defendants contend that Maurice Robinson's status as a
potential suspect in these murders was further implicated by Tanet Jordan's
testimony that she spoke with him by telephone the morning of the murders.
Robinson broke a breakfast date with Tanet stating he could not approach the
apartments due to police cordoning off the area. Robinson reportedly indicated he
had spent the night riding around with “Juan” and implied detailed knowledge of the
killings.FN6
FN6. Although Joyce and Tanet Jordan indicated they knew Dennis Vesey
by the name “Juan,” defendants suggest that other possible suspects observed
in the area that evening were also known by that name.
We note that Gwendolyn Hill did testify that her son and Fairley were friends but
recently experienced a falling out and that Fairley's nickname was “Killus.” Defense
counsel was also able to establish through this witness that her son was familiar with
other individuals identified in the apartment complex parking lot at the time of the
murders, including Maurice Robinson and Tomeko Buyers. Gwendolyn Hill was not
precluded from testifying regarding her observation of Maurice Robinson after the
murders and that he evidenced a wrist injury. However, the trial court did suppress
testimony by Gwendolyn Hill that comprised hearsay. Specifically, it was
determined that this witness did not have personal knowledge regarding the details
of the alleged problems that had occurred between Hill, Roberson and Fairley. The
trial court also precluded testimony by this witness regarding the street meaning of
Maurice Robinson's teardrop tattoos as “signal[ing] killings or murders.” Notably,
defendants' counsel elected not to question Robinson when he was brought to court
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regarding his tattoos and any attribution to their meaning. Defense counsel argued
for the admissibility of this evidence, stating in relevant part:
Because the defense is that someone else did it my position is that
regardless of the hearsay rule I'm entitled to introduce the evidence
as part of due process right to present a defense. The witness gave
information to the police about Fairley-people who are potential
suspects at this time.
However, the trial court rejected this argument, ruling:
To the extent there is any relevancy and I'm assuming for a moment
that there may be it may only be admitted as admissible evidence.
That is hearsay. There is no hearsay exception for what you are trying
to offer. If there's some other person who may have been culpable
here you certainly have the right to bring in witnesses who have
personal knowledge of that motivation or that conduct. But this
witness [Gwendolyn Hill] was not a proper witness to offer any
theory in that regard.
Defendants also argued that the trial court erred in precluding Tanet Jordan's
testimony regarding statements made to her by Maurice Robinson, implying his
involvement in the crimes. We would first note that the statements allegedly made
by this individual to Tanet are not readily discernable as exculpatory for defendants.
Maurice Robinson indicated he spent the night riding around with “Juan.” This,
coupled with his alleged knowledge of details of the murders, serves more to
inculpate than exculpate defendant Dennis Vesey who is also known by the name
“Juan.” In addition, the statements attributed to Maurice Robinson by Tanet are
merely conclusory and based on assumption. The alleged statement does not
acknowledge any involvement in the crime by Robinson. Most importantly, the trial
court properly ruled the testimony of Tanet regarding these statements would
constitute inadmissible hearsay. Maurice Robinson was brought to court and
questioned by counsel outside the presence of the jury. He denied the statements
attributed to him by Tanet and denied even knowing her. Based on this denial,
defendants' counsel sought to allow Tanet to testify regarding the statements in order
to impeach the testimony of Maurice Robinson. However, the trial court properly
denied this request, recognizing that Tanet's testimony would comprise hearsay.
Defendants also challenge the failure of the trial court to permit testimony by Tiffany
Juneau. While both were incarcerated in the Washtenaw County jail, Juneau spoke
with Antone Swanson. Swanson reportedly told Juneau that he drove Hill and
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Roberson's killers to the scene and picked them up, but refused to name them. Juneau
provided this information to detectives in a letter. Defendants claim that this
evidence is relevant and exculpatory because other witnesses, such as Tanet Jordan,
identified Swanson as being in the apartment complex parking lot immediately
before and after the murders occurred. Purportedly, Swanson also acknowledged,
several weeks before the murders, to Roosevelt WilliamsFN7 that he had a “lick to
hit.” At this same time a friend of Swanson's was attempting to sell a .380 pistol,
which was the same caliber handgun as used in the homicides but which was never
recovered.
FN7. Roosevelt Williams is the father of Dakaisia Roberson, who was
present in the apartment at the times of the murders.
Similar to the arguments pertaining to the alleged admissions by Maurice Robinson
to Tanet Jordan, defendants contended there existed a third-party culpability
exception for hearsay pertaining to statements purportedly made by Antone Swanson
to Tiffany Juneau. The trial court made arrangements for the detention and transport
of Juneau, who was in Louisiana, to Michigan to testify regarding her letter to
detectives. However, the trial court first brought in Swanson from prison to provide
testimony outside the presence of the jury to determine the admissibility of Juneau's
anticipated testimony. Swanson denied making any such statements and asserted that
he did not know Juneau. In fact, Swanson averred that he was not at the jail for any
length of time because he was given and passed two polygraph tests and “[b]onded
out immediately.” Defendants' counsel argued the admissibility of the testimony
because it supported “the defense [theory of] third party culpability and the inference
the jury could draw is that others had the motive and opportunity and, in fact, even
made admissions to involvement. And, therefore, makes the defense theory more
likely true ... [as] an issue of simple relevance.” The trial court, once again, properly
rejected this argument, determining the statement merely comprised inadmissible
hearsay.
***
Defendant Dameko Vesey further asserts that the identification by witnesses of other
viable suspects in the vicinity of the crime, coupled with the lack of physical
evidence substantiating defendants' presence in Hill and Roberson's apartment and
the acquittal of codefendant McGaha further bolsters the importance and necessity
of the admission of the proffered statements to support defendants' assertion of
third-party culpability.
In support of their contention that the trial court erred in precluding the proffered
testimony based on hearsay, defendants primarily rely on two cases: Chambers v.
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Case No. 2:09-CV-14206
Mississippi, 410 US 284; 93 S Ct 1038; 35 L Ed 2d 297 (1973), and People v.
Barrera, 451 Mich 261; 547 NW2d 280 (1996). In Chambers, the United States
Supreme Court determined the lower courts had erred in excluding evidence of a
third party's admission of guilt that was deemed critical to the defense and which
“bore persuasive assurances of trustworthiness.” Chambers, supra at 302. The Court
ruled, “where constitutional rights directly affecting the ascertainment of guilt are
implicated, the hearsay rule may not be applied mechanistically to defeat the ends
of justice.” Id. However, the factual circumstances of Chambers are readily
distinguishable from this case.
In Chambers the defendant was on trial for murder. Another individual provided a
written confession of his own guilt for the murder, fully exculpating the defendant,
but then later retracted the confession. In addition, this third party acknowledged to
three other independent persons that he had committed the murder. These admissions
were precluded by the trial court based, in part, on the absence of a hearsay
exception in that jurisdiction for statements against penal interest and the defendant
was subsequently convicted. The Supreme Court determined “[t]he hearsay
statements involved in this case were originally made and subsequently offered at
trial under circumstances that provided considerable assurance of their reliability.”
Id. at 300. Specifically, the Court noted that the “confessions [were] made
spontaneously to a close acquaintance shortly after the murder” and that “each one
was corroborated by some other evidence.” Id. In addition, the Court observed that
“[t]he sheer number of independent confessions provided additional corroboration
for each” with the confessions being “in a very real sense self-incriminatory and
unquestionably against interest.” Id. at 300-301.
In Barrera, the trial court was found to have erred by excluding statements made by
a codefendant that were offered as exculpatory evidence. Such error was not deemed
to be harmless. Barrera, supra at 263-264. Again, the factual circumstances of this
case are distinguishable from defendants' situation resulting in an overly broad
interpretation and attempted use of this ruling to support their assertion of error. In
Barrera, a codefendant, Copeland, admitted guilt in reference to the stabbing and
murder of a prostitute. Copeland acknowledged that only he stabbed the victim and
that her murder was spontaneous and the result of his mistaking the victim for his
ex-girlfriend while under the influence of drugs and alcohol. This admission was not
only exculpatory regarding the actions of Copeland's codefendants but further
supported their defense regarding the lack of premeditation for the killing. The trial
court ruled that Copeland's statement “was not exculpatory” with regard to his
codefendants and “that there was insufficient corroborating evidence of statements”
with regard to their trustworthiness. Id. at 285. Our Supreme Court reversed the
lower court, finding “that the critical portions of Copeland's statement ... were
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Case No. 2:09-CV-14206
against his penal interests and should be admitted on retrial.” Id. at 297-298.
However, the Court clarified the limits of the ruling, stating:
[W]e do not hold that a trial court should allow a defendant to present
unreliable evidence.... Instead, we hold that a trial court cannot place
too many hurdles in front of admitting evidence that is not only
crucial to the defense theory and uncontradicted by any other
evidence in the case, but also has some commonsense basis of
trustworthiness. [Id. at 297 (citation omitted)].
Relying on prior federal decisions, the Barrera Court discussed the importance of
determining whether a statement is against penal interest, noting “[i]t must actually
assert the declarant's own culpability to some degree-it cannot be a statement merely
exculpating the accused.” The Court also reviewed the factors involved in
determining the trustworthiness of the statement as encompassing “two distinct
elements ... [T]he statement must actually have been made by the declarant, and it
must afford a basis for believing the truth of the matter asserted.” Id. at 273-274
(citations omitted).
Applying the case law relied on by defendants to the statement attributed to Swanson
by Juneau; we find the trial court did not err in precluding the proffered testimony.
The purported admission by Swanson to Juneau that he picked up and dropped off
the individuals that murdered Hill and Roberson was made to a jail inmate, did not
involve a statement to police and did not serve to inculpate Swanson or exculpate
defendants. Following the guidelines established in Barrera the statement could not
be construed in a manner that would be incriminating as a statement against penal
interest. The vague statement does not, in any manner, exculpate defendants as it
neither confirms nor denies their involvement in the crimes. Further, there is no
corroboration regarding either the existence or content of the alleged statement to
Juneau given Swanson's absolute denial that it occurred.
In reference to the alleged statements made or overheard by Roosevelt Williams, it
is problematic that there exists no record evidence that defendants ever sought to
procure or introduce testimony by Williams on this matter. In addition, the purported
statements were not sufficiently incriminating by nature and were completely
uncorroborated. * * *
As a result, defendants' reliance on the alleged statements . . . as exculpatory and
requiring admission to support their assertion of third-party culpability is misplaced.
This Court has previously upheld a trial court's determination to exclude evidence
pertaining to third-party culpability because it was merely speculative. People v.
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Case No. 2:09-CV-14206
McCracken, 172 Mich App 94, 98-99; 431 NW2d 840 (1988). This Court's prior
ruling that evidence, which tends to incriminate another person is admissible if it
creates more than a mere suspicion that another person was actually the perpetrator,
People v. Kent, 157 Mich App 780, 793; 404 NW2d 668 (1987), is not applicable to
the factual circumstances of this case. In this appeal, any evidence of the culpability
of a third-party was merely speculative and based solely on suspicion. As a result,
the trial court properly excluded these statements and did not violate defendants' due
process right to present witnesses in their defense.
Vesey, 2008 WL 723918 at *4-8 (discussion of post-trial letters presented in new trial motion
omitted).
The Michigan Court of Appeals’ decision is neither contrary to Supreme Court precedent
nor an unreasonable application thereof. First, to the extent that Petitioner asserts that the trial court
erred in excluding the testimony under the Michigan Rules of Evidence or other Michigan law, he
merely alleges a violation of state law which does not entitle him to federal habeas relief. See, e.g.,
Wheeler v. Jones, 59 F. App’x 23, 28 (6th Cir. 2003). State courts are the final arbiters of state law
and the federal courts will not intervene in such matters. See Lewis v. Jeffers, 497 U.S. 764, 780
(1990); see also Bradshaw v. Richey, 546 U.S. 74, 76 (2005); Sanford v. Yukins, 288 F.3d 855, 860
(6th Cir. 2002).
Second, Petitioner has not shown that the exclusion of the proposed testimony violated his
constitutional rights. The trial court's rulings were reasonable and meant to preclude the admission
of hearsay under state law. The hearsay statements that the defense sought to admit did not fit
within any exceptions to the hearsay rule. Those statements were also not reliable given that the
declarants, Maurice Robinson and Antone Swanson, denied making them and there was no other
evidence to corroborate them. While evidence that tends to prove a person other than the defendant
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Case No. 2:09-CV-14206
committed a crime is relevant, there must be some connection between the other alleged perpetrator
and the crime, not mere speculation by the accused. See, e.g., DiBenedetto v. Hall, 272 F.3d 1, 8
(1st Cir. 2001).
The hearsay statements at issue were also not critical to the defense. Maurice Robinson’s
purported statement that he spent the night riding around with “Juan” and his alleged knowledge of
the crime did not exculpate Petitioner or the other defendants, did not necessarily inculpate
Robinson in the murders, and potentially inculpated Dennis Vesey given the trial testimony that he
was also known as “Juan.” Antone Swanson’s purported statement that he drove the killers to the
scene and picked them up, without naming those individuals, similarly did not exculpate Petitioner
or the other defendants nor inculpate Swanson in the actual shootings.
More importantly, Petitioner was able to present evidence in support of his alibi defense and
his claim that other people committed the crime. Russell Marks testified that he had dinner with
Petitioner and his brother at Red Lobster that day and that he saw Petitioner drinking at his
grandmother’s house later that night. Petitioner’s girlfriend and her sister testified that he was home
at the time of the shootings. Defense counsel was also able to elicit testimony that several other
men, including Antone Swanson, Maurice Robinson, Tameko Buyers, Ricardo Pickens aka Duan
Manson, men named Tango and Black, and possibly an unknown third man, were at the apartment
complex that evening and Taurus Hill’s mother testified that her son had a dispute with Louis
Fairley aka Killus shortly before the shootings. The parties also stipulated that there was no DNA
or similar physical evidence linking Petitioner or his co-defendants to the crime scene. The jury was
thus well aware of Petitioner's defense that he did not commit the charged acts and that others were
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Case No. 2:09-CV-14206
responsible for the murders. Additionally, Petitioner was able to challenge the credibility of the
prosecution’s witnesses, particularly Nerissa Pittman, point out inconsistencies in the testimony, and
argue that those conflicts created reasonable doubt about the identities of the perpetrators. The
record thus reveals that Petitioner was able to present a meaningful defense at trial. See, e.g., Wynne
v. Renico, 606 F.3d 867, 870–71 (6th Cir. 2010) (state trial court did not violate petitioner's right to
present a defense at murder trial by excluding propensity evidence of third party guilt where
defendant had opportunity to present other, proper evidence in support of defense theory). Petitioner
has failed to establish that the trial court's rulings violated his right to present a defense or otherwise
rendered his trial fundamentally unfair.
Petitioner cites Holmes, supra and Chambers, supra, in support of his constitutional claim.
However, nothing in those cases requires that a trial court allow the admission of untrustworthy
hearsay statements as potential evidence of third-party guilt in order to satisfy the Constitution. See,
e.g., United States v. Phillips, 198 F. App'x 558, 561 (7th Cir. 2011) (citing Holmes and Chambers).
In Holmes, the Supreme Court held that a defendant's due process rights were violated by a state
court's application of an evidentiary rule which precluded the defendant from introducing evidence
of third-party guilt if the prosecution had introduced forensic evidence that, if believed, strongly
supported a guilty verdict. The Court found that the rule improperly focused on the strength of the
prosecution's case instead of the probative value or the potential adverse effects of admitting the
defense's third-party guilt evidence. Holmes, 547 U.S. at 321, 331. In Chambers, a murder
defendant called as a witness a man who had previously confessed to the murder. When the witness
repudiated his confession, the defendant was not allowed to examine him as an adverse witness
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Case No. 2:09-CV-14206
based upon a state rule which barred parties from impeaching their own witnesses. The defendant
was also not allowed to introduce evidence that the witness had made self-incriminating statements
to other people because state hearsay rules did not include an exception for statements against penal
interest. The Supreme Court held that the limitation on cross-examination combined with the
exclusion of the witness's out-of-court statements resulted in a constitutional violation. Chambers,
410 U.S. at 294–97, 302. In this case, the state trial court refused to admit the disputed testimony
based upon Michigan's hearsay rule and a determination that the alleged out-of-court statements did
not fall within an exception to that rule. The trial court’s ruling and the Michigan Court of Appeals’
decision affirming that ruling did not run afoul of Holmes or Chambers. Petitioner has failed to
establish a violation of his constitutional rights. Habeas relief is not warranted on this claim.
C.
Conduct of the Prosecutor
Petitioner next asserts that he is entitled to habeas relief because the prosecutor engaged in
misconduct by arguing facts not in evidence regarding Tyranique Hill’s impression of the assailants
and by vouching for the credibility of Nerissa Pittman.
The United States Supreme Court has made clear that prosecutors must “refrain from
improper methods calculated to produce a wrongful conviction.” Berger v. United States, 295 U.S.
78, 88 (1935). To prevail on a claim of prosecutorial misconduct, a habeas petitioner must
demonstrate that the prosecutor’s conduct or remarks “so infected the trial with unfairness as to
make the resulting conviction a denial of due process.” Donnelly v. DeChristoforo, 416 U.S. 637,
643 (1974); see also Darden v. Wainwright, 477 U.S. 168, 181 (1986) (citing Donnelly); Parker v.
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Case No. 2:09-CV-14206
Matthews, _ U.S. _, 132 S. Ct. 2148, 2153 (2012) (confirming that Donnelly/Darden is the proper
standard).
Petitioner claims that the prosecutor argued facts not in evidence regarding Tyranique Hill’s
impression of the assailants. The Michigan Court of Appeals denied relief on this claim, finding that
the issue was not preserved due to the lack of an objection at trial and that there was no error in the
prosecutor’s closing arguments. As to the merits of the issue, the court explained:
Defendant's first assertion of misconduct involves a statement by the prosecutor
during rebuttal pertaining to the discrepancies in testimony between Tyranique and
Pittman regarding whether the perpetrators wore masks. Notably, defense counsel
raised discrepancies regarding this testimony in closing argument and impugned the
veracity of Pittman. After the conclusion of closing arguments, defendants' counsel
objected to the prosecutor's statement that Tyranique was mistaken regarding the
masks suggesting the prosecutor's explanation for the discrepancy encompassed facts
not in evidence.
Specifically, the prosecutor stated, in relevant part:
Defense counsel says that you shouldn't believe Nerissa Pittman. That
she's lying. They somehow think that I have pitted Nerissa Pittman's
testimony against that of Tyranique Hill. Why? I'm telling you there
is no conflict between Nerissa Pittman and Tyranique Hill. And I'm
not saying Tyranique is a liar, she didn't see a mask on their face
believe Nerissa Pittman. What I'm saying to you is that the Judge is
going to read you an instruction that talks about the credibility of the
witnesses and how you evaluate that. And one of those things that
she's going to tell you is that sometimes witnesses are just wrong.
And that doesn't mean you disregard all of their testimony. It just
means about that one instance or that one issue they're wrong.
And frankly I'm glad that Tyranique put masks on the mens [sic]
faces that came into that house and killed her father because she
doesn't have to think about the face that she saw do that. What she
did was protect herself. She knows a little bit. She knows that there
were braids involved. She can bring herself to identify the man that
was there earlier. But that's not testimony that's in conflict with
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Case No. 2:09-CV-14206
Nerissa Pittman. I'm not saying disregard Nerissa Pittman or
disregard Tyranique Hill those things fit together.
In this instance, the prosecutor was responding to assertions by defense counsel that
Tyranique's version of the events was correct and that Pittman was lying. “Although
a prosecutor may not argue a fact to the jury that is not supported by evidence, a
prosecutor is free to argue the evidence and any reasonable inferences that may arise
from the evidence.” Callon, supra at 330. The prosecutor's comments were merely
an attempt to reconcile discrepant testimony. The prosecutor acknowledged the
conflict and proposed an explanation without improperly vouching for the credibility
of either witness. Because the prosecutor's comments were based on the evidence and
merely instructed the jury to make their own determination of credibility, they were
not improper.
Vesey, 2009 WL 723918 at *17-18.
The state court’s decision is neither contrary to Supreme Court precedent nor an
unreasonable application of federal law or the facts. When considered in context, the prosecutor’s
remarks were proper rebuttal to defense counsel’s argument that Pittman was lying and were made
in an effort to reconcile the discrepancies between Pittman’s and Tyranique’s testimony regarding
whether the assailants were masked. The prosecutor focused her arguments on the evidence
presented at trial and reasonable inferences therefrom. Petitioner has failed to show that the
prosecutor erred or that any perceived error deprived him of a fundamentally fair trial.
Petitioner relatedly claims that the prosecutor improperly vouched for the credibility of
Nerissa Pittman. The Michigan Court of Appeals denied relief on this claim, finding that the issue
was not preserved due to the lack of an objection at trial and that there was no error in the
prosecutor’s argument. As to the merits of the issue, the court explained:
Next, defendants assert the prosecutor engaged in misconduct by improperly
vouching for the credibility of Pittman. Defendants rely again on discrepancies
between the testimony of Tyranique and Pittman regarding the manner and number
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Case No. 2:09-CV-14206
of perpetrators gaining entry to the apartment. In closing arguments, defendants'
counsel referred to Pittman as both a “liar” and a “sociopath.” The comments by the
prosecutor pertaining to Pittman, to which defendants now object encompass the
following:
And along those lines of, of the mask ... Taurus Hill wouldn't be
stupid enough to look out and see masked men and let them in. And
Nerissa Pittman wouldn't be stupid enough to make up a story with
three unmasks [sic] men when it would be much easier to just go
along with what Tyranique said. It would be much easier to put
masks on those men. Put masks on herself and just run with that
theory.
Why would she go to the effort of making up this convoluted story
that requires that she call Dennis Vesey earlier in the evening. That
one to two weeks prior that she mentions to Darius Frazier that
Taurus Hill's a person whose never been robbed but has money and
drugs to steal.
And I agree with defense counsel you have to evaluate the credibility
of all of these witnesses. That's what your job is.
When Nerissa Pittman left the stand was she trying to disrupt the
proceedings or was she-was she scared. Did she come back in here
and say I'm nervous, I'm scared. She is a person who has pled guilty
to murder. She's not an angel. We're not putting her up in front of you
saying listen to the angel that's come in here.
I'm putting her up in front of you saying listen to the person who,
who conceived this plan. Who knew Darius Frazier was a guy who
could get things done. Who saw him give the guns to Dennis Vesey.
Who knew Dennis Vesey had the guns. Saw Dennis Vesey with the
guns the same guns that she saw Darius Frazier give him. And those
people were murdered and they were robbed and she knew it was
going to happen and she participated in it. So please evaluate her
credibility. Why would she come in here and make up some
convoluted difficult to tell story if that's not what happened.
In addition, in the opening of her rebuttal statement, the prosecutor acknowledged
“that I'm going to convict bad men with a bad woman.” In no manner, when taken
in context, can the prosecutor's statements be construed as improper vouching for the
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Case No. 2:09-CV-14206
credibility of this witness. In addition, the prosecutor specifically acknowledged that
the determination of credibility was for the jury. As a result, the comments
constituted merely the prosecutor's argument based on the facts in evidence and a
response to defendants' very strong assertions impugning the veracity of Pittman
regarding the facts in evidence supporting this witness's version of the events that
transpired in the commission of the murders.
Vesey, 2008 WL 723918 at *18-19.
The state court’s decision is neither contrary to Supreme Court precedent nor an
unreasonable application of federal law or the facts. The prosecutor’s remarks were proper rebuttal
to defense counsel’s argument that Pittman was lying. The prosecutor based her arguments on the
evidence presented at trial and reasonable inferences from that evidence. The prosecutor also
acknowledged that her witnesses were not perfect and reminded the jurors that it was their job to
make credibility determinations. Given such circumstances, it cannot be said that the prosecutor
erred or engaged in misconduct which rendered the trial fundamentally unfair.
Moreover, any potential prejudice to Petitioner arising from the prosecutor’s comments was
mitigated by the fact that the trial court instructed the jury about the elements of the crime and the
burden of proof, and explained that the attorneys’ questions and arguments are not evidence. Jurors
are presumed to follow the trial court’s instructions. See Penry v. Johnson, 532 U.S. 782, 799
(2001) (citing Richardson v. Marsh, 481 U.S. 200, 211 (1987)); United States v. Powell, 469 U.S.
57, 66 (1984) (“Jurors . . . take an oath to follow the law as charged, and they are expected to follow
it.”). Habeas relief is not warranted on this claim.
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D.
Admission of Evidence - Detective’s Testimony
Petitioner next asserts that he is entitled to habeas relief because the trial court deprived him
of his rights to confrontation and a fair trial by allowing Detective Everette Robbins to testify that
the police investigation revealed that no one other than the defendants entered the victims’
residence. The Michigan Court of Appeals summarized the facts pertinent to this issue as follows:
The challenged testimony came during direct examination by the prosecutor. Her
initial inquiry focused on whether the police “during the course of the investigation”
had looked at or investigated any other potential suspects or individuals. Robbins
verified that the police had investigated “many people” in conjunction with this
crime and that “[a]ny tip” received “was followed up on appropriately.” The
prosecutor then proceeded to name nine different individuals, all of whom had been
suggested by defendants as possible suspects or who were identified by witnesses as
being in the area of the apartment complex at the time of the murders. Robbins
verified that all these individuals had been interviewed, acknowledging that he may
not have personally contacted all the named persons but that members of his
department had conducted interviews. At this point, the prosecutor queried, “Did you
receive any information that any of these individuals entered the apartment that I've
just listed?” Counsel for defendants objected on the basis of hearsay and relevancy.
The prosecutor responded that she was “not offering that for the truth of the matter
asserted but just for purposes of directing the investigation and, and where that led
him.” Following a brief exchange between counsel, the trial court ruled the testimony
admissible and instructed the jury:
This testimony is being offered not for its truth and you must not
consider it as such. This is offered to show what the investigator did
or didn't do as a result of it and that's the only purpose for which it's
offered and that's the only purpose for which you may consider it.
Robbins then answered, “Our investigation did not reveal that any other persons
other than the four co-defendants ever entered that apartment at any time.”
Defendants' counsel again objected and the trial court instructed the prosecutor to
“ask what he did next.”
At the conclusion of Robbins's testimony, counsel for defendant Dennis Vesey orally
requested the trial court strike the previously challenged testimony “based on
hearsay, it's irrelevant, it's not within his personal knowledge,” and that the statement
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Case No. 2:09-CV-14206
constituted personal opinion. In the alternative, counsel sought the grant of a mistrial.
The trial court denied both motions based on its instruction to the jury of the “very
narrow purpose” for which the testimony could be used. The court also provided the
jury with instructions, at the conclusion of trial, defining what constituted evidence
and that testimony by police officers was to be judged by the same standards for
credibility as any other witness.
Vesey, 2008 WL 723918 at *9.
As noted, alleged trial court errors in the application of state evidentiary law are generally
not cognizable as grounds for federal habeas relief. Estelle, 502 U.S. at 67–68; Serra, 4 F.3d at
1354. Such an error only constitutes a federal constitutional violation justifying federal habeas relief
when it renders the proceeding “so fundamentally unfair as to deprive the petitioner of due process
under the Fourteenth Amendment.” McAdoo, 365 F.3d at 494 (quoting McGuire, 502 U.S. at
69–70); see also Wynne, 606 F.3d at 871; Bugh, 329 F.3d at 512. The Confrontation Clause of the
Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution specifically guarantees a criminal defendant the
right to confront the witnesses against him. See U.S. CONST. AMEND. VI; Davis v. Alaska, 415 U.S.
308, 315 (1973). The Supreme Court has held that the testimonial statement of a witness who does
not appear at trial, which is offered for the truth of the matter asserted, is inadmissible unless the
witness is unavailable to testify and the defendant has had a prior opportunity to cross-examine the
witness. Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 59, 68 (2004).
The Michigan Court of Appeals denied relief on this claim finding that Detective Robbins’
testimony about the police investigation was properly admitted, that the trial court instructed the jury
about the proper consideration of the evidence, and that any perceived error was harmless. The
court explained:
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Case No. 2:09-CV-14206
In this matter, the detective's testimony that there was no physical evidence
demonstrating that individuals other than codefendants had entered the victims'
apartment was admitted to demonstrate the subsequent actions taken by police in
their investigation and did not constitute hearsay. See People v. McAllister, 241 Mich
App 466, 470; 616 NW2d 203 (2000). Because the trial court properly instructed the
jury by providing a limiting instruction regarding how this testimony was to be used,
and jurors are presumed to follow a trial court's instructions, we find no error. People
v. Matuszak, 263 Mich App 42, 58; 687 NW2d 342 (2004). Moreover, even if the
admission of this evidence was error it does not constitute grounds for vacating the
verdict or granting a new trial. MCL 769.26; MCR 2.613(A); People v. Whittaker,
465 Mich 422, 427; 635 NW2d 687 (2001). Given defense counsel's opportunity for
cross-examination of the detective and the evidence of defendants' guilt, the
prosecutor's isolated question and response by the witness was harmless.
Defendants also objected to the testimony on the basis of relevancy and assert it
should not have been admitted in accordance with MRE 402. “Materiality” of
evidence, in relevancy determinations, comprises a requirement that the offered
evidence is “related to any fact that is of consequence to the action.” People v. Mills,
450 Mich 61, 67; 537 NW2d 909 (1995); mod 450 Mich 1212 (1995) (internal
quotation marks omitted). In this case, defendants asserted they were not responsible
for the killings and that unidentified third parties committed the offenses. The
testimony of the detective was not offered to demonstrate the culpability of
defendants but rather that police did focus on other potential suspects, who were
eliminated through their investigation and led police to focus on defendants. Without
this information, the jury would have been left to ponder whether the police
conducted a thorough investigation given the assertions and implications by
defendants that police failed to pursue evidence pertaining to other viable suspects.
As such, this evidence was relevant to the case.
Further, even if this Court were to determine that the evidence was irrelevant,
reversal is neither required nor mandated. Witnesses identified defendants as being
at the scene of the crime. Joyce Jordan observed Dennis Vesey retrieve a handgun
from his vehicle shortly before gunshots occurred. Pittman, a confessed accomplice,
identified defendants as the perpetrators. Tyranique initially identified Dameko
Vesey, through recognition of his voice, as one of the masked men in the apartment.
Hence, the admission of the brief comment by the detective that no evidence was
discovered placing other possible suspects in the apartment did not affect the
outcome of trial and reversal is not required.
Vesey, 2008 WL 723918 at *10.
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The state court’s decision is neither contrary to Supreme Court precedent nor an
unreasonable application thereof. First, to the extent that Petitioner asserts that the trial court erred
in admitting the detective’s testimony under Michigan law, he merely alleges a violation of state law
which does not entitle him to relief in federal court. As noted, state courts are the final arbiters of
state law and the federal courts will not intervene in such matters. Lewis, 497 U.S. at 780; see also
Bradshaw, 546 U.S. at 76; Sanford, 288 F.3d at 860.
Second, Petitioner has not shown a violation of his constitutional rights. The challenged
testimony by Detective Robbins was relevant and admissible under state law to explain the course
of the police investigation and was not offered for the truth of the matter asserted.
The
Confrontation Clause “does not bar the use of testimonial statements for purposes other than
establishing the truth of the matter asserted.” Crawford, 541 U.S. at 59, n. 9; see also Tennessee v.
Street, 471 U.S. 409, 414 (1985) (“The nonhearsay aspect [of an out-of-court statement] . . . raises
no Confrontation Clause concerns.”); United States v. Powers, 500 F.3d 500, 508 (6th Cir. 2007)
(“testimony provided merely by way of background, or to explain simply why the Government
commenced an investigation, is not offered for the truth of the matter asserted and, therefore, does
not violate a defendant's Sixth Amendment rights”).
Petitioner also seems to allege that Detective Robbins’ testimony was improper opinion
testimony. Petitioner fails to cite any federal case establishing that the admission of opinion
testimony offends fundamental principles of justice, and the Court is aware of none. There is
generally no prohibition on a witness offering opinion testimony which goes to an ultimate issue in
a case. Both the Federal and Michigan Rules of Evidence permit such testimony. See FED. R.
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EVID. 704(a); MICH. R. EVID. 704. Thus, there is no clearly established federal law as determined
by the Supreme Court which suggests that the admission of such evidence violates the Constitution.
See Hopp v. Burt, No. 03-10153, 2007 WL 162248, *9 (E.D. Mich. Jan. 16, 2007). Petitioner has
not shown that the disputed testimony was improper or violated due process.
Moreover, the trial court instructed the jury about the proper consideration of the detective’s
testimony. As previously discussed, jurors are presumed to follow the trial court’s instructions. See
Penry, 532 U.S. at 799 (citing Richardson, 481 U.S. at 211); Powell, 469 U.S. at 66. Petitioner has
not met his burden of showing that the admission of Detective Robbins’ testimony violated his
confrontation rights or otherwise deprived him of a fundamentally fair trial. See, e.g., Davis v.
Sherry, No. 07-CV-15482, 2012 WL 2130909, *7 (E.D. Mich. June 12, 2012) (Cohn, J. denying
habeas relief on similar claim). Habeas relief is not warranted on this claim.
E.
Effectiveness of Trial Counsel
Petitioner next asserts that he is entitled to habeas relief because trial counsel was ineffective
for failing to produce Maurice Leshawn Robinson and Cynthia Mack to testify at trial. Petitioner
claims that both witnesses would have provided exculpatory or favorable defense testimony.
Petitioner also asserts that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the claimed instances
of prosecutorial misconduct.
In Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), the United States Supreme Court set forth
a two-prong test for determining whether a habeas petitioner has received the ineffective assistance
of counsel. First, a petitioner must prove that counsel’s performance was deficient. This requires
a showing that counsel made errors so serious that he or she was not functioning as counsel as
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guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. Second, the petitioner must
establish that counsel’s deficient performance prejudiced the defense. Counsel’s errors must have
been so serious that they deprived the petitioner of a fair trial or appeal. Id.
As to the performance prong, a petitioner must identify acts that were “outside the wide
range of professionally competent assistance” in order to prove deficient performance. Id. at 690.
The reviewing court’s scrutiny of counsel’s performance is highly deferential. Id. at 689. Counsel
is strongly presumed to have rendered adequate assistance and made all significant decisions in the
exercise of reasonable professional judgment. Id. at 690. The petitioner bears the burden of
overcoming the presumption that the challenged actions were sound trial strategy. Id. at 689.
To satisfy the prejudice prong under Strickland, a petitioner must show that “there is a
reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding
would have been different.” Id. at 694. A reasonable probability is one that is sufficient to
undermine confidence in the outcome. Id. “On balance, the benchmark for judging any claim of
ineffectiveness must be whether counsel’s conduct so undermined the proper functioning of the
adversarial process that the [proceeding] cannot be relied on as having produced a just result.”
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 686.
The Supreme Court has recently confirmed that a federal court’s consideration of ineffective
assistance of counsel claims arising from state criminal proceedings is quite limited on habeas
review due to the deference accorded trial attorneys and state appellate courts reviewing their
performance. “The standards created by Strickland and § 2254(d) are both ‘highly deferential,’ and
when the two apply in tandem, review is ‘doubly’ so.” Harrington, 131 S. Ct. at 788 (internal and
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end citations omitted). “When § 2254(d) applies, the question is not whether counsel’s actions were
reasonable. The question is whether there is any reasonable argument that counsel satisfied
Strickland’s deferential standard. Id. at 788.
Citing the Strickland standard, the Michigan Court of Appeals denied relief on this claim
finding that Petitioner had not shown that trial counsel was ineffective. The court explained in
relevant part:
Defendants first contend that trial counsel was ineffective because they failed to
secure certain witnesses for trial. Specifically, defendants assert counsel secured the
wrong Maurice Robinson.FN9 At trial, Tanet Jordan asserted Maurice Robinson had
broken a breakfast date with her and had implied knowledge of the murders. Tanet
did not know Maurice's last name. In trying to identify this individual, police showed
Tanet fifty-three photographs, which comprised the “mugshots” of all individuals by
the name of Maurice they had available. Tanet selected one of the photographs as
being the individual she discussed with police. Based on this information, Maurice
E. Robinson was brought to the trial court for questioning. The only suggestion that
the “wrong” Maurice Robinson was brought in for trial was testimony by Detective
Patrick Bell that the photograph identified by Tanet was of Maurice Leshawn
Robinson. Notably, the Maurice Robinson defendants asserted was involved in the
murders had three teardrop tattoos on his cheek. Maurice E. Robinson, the individual
procured for trial, met this unique description. When questioned by counsel
Robinson denied knowing Tanet and having made the alleged statements. Defendants
assert that had the “correct” Maurice Robinson been secured and questioned that he
would have acknowledged being familiar with Tanet and the prior statement
attributed to him. However, this is mere speculation on the part of defendants. In
addition, even if another Maurice Robinson was identified as the proper witness, had
he denied the statement purportedly made to Tanet we would remain in the same
position, with the alleged statement comprising inadmissible hearsay.
FN9. Maurice E. Robinson was available and questioned by counsel at trial.
Defendants contend that counsel procured the wrong individual and that
Maurice Leshawn Robinson should have been made available.
Defendants also claim ineffective assistance of counsel because of the failure of their
attorneys to provide for the attendance of Cynthia Mack at trial. Reportedly, while
in the Washtenaw County Jail, Pittman made the acquaintance of Mack, another
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prisoner, and solicited her assistance in determining ways to make her story more
“believable.” Pittman denied recalling any such conversation and counsel implied
that Mack would testify regarding this verbal exchange. However, Mack was never
called to testify. Defendants assert on appeal that their counsel was ineffective for
failing to subpoena Mack or seeking a continuance to locate her.
Although counsel asserts Mack was interviewed before trial and said she would
testify that she provided Pittman with “tips” to make her lies more believable, there
has been no submission provided regarding what the actual content of her purported
testimony would have comprised. Obviously, counsel had access to Mack and did
not call her. Defendants now speculate that this was a failure on the part of counsel
rather than a conscious choice. “Decisions regarding what evidence to present ... are
presumed to be matters of trial strategy, and this Court will not substitute its
judgment for that of counsel regarding matters of trial strategy.” People v. Davis, 250
Mich App 357, 368; 649 NW2d 94 (2002). In addition, to the extent that testimony
by Mack is sought to discredit Pittman regarding her veracity, the proffered evidence
is merely cumulative. This is unnecessary, as both Pittman and the prosecutor
acknowledged that she had lied on numerous occasions both in court and to police.
Vesey, 2008 WL 723918 at *11-12.
The Michigan Court of Appeals’ decision is neither contrary to Supreme Court precedent
nor an unreasonable application thereof. Well-established federal law requires that defense counsel
conduct a reasonable investigation into the facts of a defendant’s case, or make a reasonable
determination that such investigation is unnecessary. Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 522-23
(2003); Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691; Stewart v Wolfenbarger, 468 F.3d 338, 356 (6th Cir. 2007);
Towns v. Smith, 395 F.3d 251, 258 (6th Cir. 2005). The duty to investigate “includes the obligation
to investigate all witnesses who may have information concerning . . . guilt or innocence.” Towns,
395 F.3d 251 at 258. “A purportedly strategic decision is not objectively reasonable when the
attorney has failed to investigate his options and make a reasonable choice between them.” Id.
(quoting Horton v. Zant, 941 F.2d 1449, 1462 (11th Cir. 1991)); see also Wiggins, 539 U.S. at 526.
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That being said, decisions as to what evidence to present and whether to call certain
witnesses are presumed to be matters of trial strategy. When making strategic decisions, counsel’s
conduct must be reasonable. Roe v. Flores-Ortega, 528 U.S. 470, 481 (2000); see also Wiggins, 539
U.S. at 522-23. The failure to call witnesses or present other evidence constitutes ineffective
assistance of counsel only when it deprives a defendant of a substantial defense. Chegwidden v.
Kapture, 92 F. App’x 309, 311 (6th Cir. 2004); Hutchison v. Bell, 303 F.3d 720, 749 (6th Cir. 2002).
As to the production of Maurice Robinson, the record indicates that Maurice E. Robinson
was produced at trial based upon Tanet Jordan’s identification of him and because he fit the
“teardrop tattoo” description provided by the defendants. Given such circumstances, it was
reasonable for counsel to believe that the proper Maurice Robinson appeared at trial. As the
Supreme Court has stated, “[t]here comes a point where a defense attorney will reasonably decide
that another strategy is in order, thus making particular investigations unnecessary. . . . Those
decisions are due a heavy measure of deference.” Cullen, 131 S. Ct. at 1407 (reversing grant of
habeas relief on ineffective assistance of counsel claim) (citations omitted). Petitioner has failed to
establish that counsel was deficient in this regard.
Additionally, while Petitioner believes that Maurice Lashawn Robinson was the person who
should have been produced for trial, he has not offered evidence to support that assertion, nor has
he provided an affidavit from Maurice Lashawn Robinson indicating that he would have provided
testimony favorable to the defense. Conclusory allegations are insufficient to establish that counsel
was ineffective under the Strickland standard. See Cross v. Stovall, 238 F. App’x 32, 39-40 (6th Cir.
2007); Prince v. Straub, 78 F. App’x 440, 442 (6th Cir. 2003); Workman v. Bell, 178 F.3d 759, 771
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(6th Cir. 1998) (conclusory allegations of ineffective assistance of counsel do not justify federal
habeas relief); see also Washington v. Renico, 455 F.3d 722, 733 (6th Cir. 2006) (bald assertions and
conclusory allegations do not provide sufficient basis to hold an evidentiary hearing in habeas
proceedings). Petitioner has failed to establish that trial counsel erred and/or that he was prejudiced
by counsel’s conduct.
As to Cynthia Mack, the record reveals that trial counsel was aware of her potential use as
a witness and spoke to her, and that counsel cross-examined Nerissa Pittman whether Mack gave
her suggestions about how to make her testimony more believable, but ultimately did not call Mack
to testify at trial. Given Mack’s previous status as an inmate, an apparent difficulty in locating her
and/or securing her presence at trial, and the fact that her proposed testimony was only for
impeachment, counsel’s decision not to call her was reasonable. Petitioner has not overcome the
presumption that counsel’s conduct was sound trial strategy. See, e.g., Roush v. Burt, 313 F. App’x
754, 761 (6th Cir. 2008) (finding no reason to deem counsel ineffective for failing to call a witness
where the record showed that counsel had investigated the witness). The fact that counsel’s strategy
was ultimately unsuccessful does not mean that counsel was ineffective. See Moss v. Hofbauer, 286
F.3d 851, 859 (6th Cir. 2002) (an ineffective assistance of counsel claim “cannot survive so long as
the decisions of a defendant's trial counsel were reasonable, even if mistaken”).
Petitioner has also not shown that he was prejudiced by counsel’s conduct in this regard.
While Petitioner claims that Cynthia Mack would have provided testimony to impeach Nerissa
Pittman’s credibility, he has not provided an affidavit or other statement from Mack as to her
proposed testimony. As noted, conclusory allegations are insufficient to justify habeas relief.
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Moreover, the jury was well aware of Pittman’s admitted history of lying to the authorities about
the incident, her credibility issues, and the shortcomings of her testimony. Mack’s purported
testimony would have provided little, if any, further impeachment value to the defense. Petitioner
has thus failed to establish that trial counsel was ineffective under the Strickland standard.
Lastly, Petitioner asserts that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the claimed
instances of prosecutorial misconduct. Given the Michigan Court of Appeals’ and this Court’s
determination that those underlying claims lack merit, see discussion supra, Petitioner cannot
establish that counsel erred and/or that he was prejudiced by counsel’s conduct. Counsel cannot be
deemed ineffective for failing to make a futile motion or objection. See United States v. Steverson,
230 F.3d 221, 225 (6th Cir. 2000). Habeas relief is not warranted.
F.
Denial of Motion for New Trial/Newly-Discovered Evidence
Lastly, Petitioner asserts that he is entitled to habeas relief because the state trial court denied
his motion for new trial based upon newly-discovered evidence – a letter from Nicholas Ross to codefendant Dennis Vesey and a letter from Nerissa Pittman to Sharmik Willis – without conducting
an evidentiary hearing. Given that a federal habeas court may not correct a state court’s
misapplication of its own law, however, a state trial court’s denial of a motion for a new trial based
upon newly-discovered evidence is generally not a ground for habeas relief. See Kirby v. Dutton,
794 F.2d 245, 246–47 (6th Cir. 1986); Monroe v. Smith, 197 F. Supp. 2d 753, 763 (E.D. Mich.
2001).
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V.
Conclusion
For the reasons stated, the Court concludes that Petitioner is not entitled to federal habeas
relief on the claims contained his petition and the petition must be denied.
Before Petitioner may appeal the Court’s decision, a certificate of appealability must issue.
See 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(a); Fed. R. App. P. 22(b). A certificate of appealability may issue “only
if the applicant has made a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C.
§ 2253(c)(2). When a court denies relief on the merits, the substantial showing threshold is met if
the petitioner demonstrates that reasonable jurists would find the court’s assessment of the claim
debatable or wrong. See Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484-85 (2000). “A petitioner satisfies
this standard by demonstrating that . . . jurists could conclude the issues presented are adequate to
deserve encouragement to proceed further.” Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 327 (2003). In
applying this standard, a court may not conduct a full merits review, but must limit its examination
to a threshold inquiry into the underlying merits. Id. at 336-37. Having conducted the requisite
review, the Court concludes that Petitioner has made a substantial showing of the denial of a
constitutional right as to his first habeas claim regarding the exclusion of evidence of third-party
culpability, but has not made a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right as to his
remaining claims. A certificate of appealability is therefore warranted in part.
Accordingly;
IT IS ORDERED that the petition for a writ of habeas corpus is DENIED and DISMISSED
WITH PREJUDICE.
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Case No. 2:09-CV-14206
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that a certificate of appealability is GRANTED IN PART
and DENIED IN PART.
s/Arthur J. Tarnow
Arthur J. Tarnow
Senior United States District Judge
Dated: December 27, 2012
I hereby certify that a copy of the foregoing document was served upon parties/counsel of record
on December 27, 2012, by electronic and/or ordinary mail.
s/Catherine A. Pickles
Judicial Assistant
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