Watkins v. McQuiggin

Filing 10

OPINION AND ORDER DENYING 4 Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus filed by Myron D Watkins and DECLINING to Issue a Certificate of Appealability. Signed by District Judge Robert H. Cleland. (LWag)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
SOUTHERN DIVISION

MYRON D. WATKINS,
Petitioner,
v.

Case No. 10-12025

GREG McQUIGGIN,
Respondent.
/
OPINION AND ORDER DENYING PETITION FOR A WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS
AND DECLINING TO ISSUE A CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY
Petitoner Myron Watkins, confined at the Chippewa Correctional Facility in
Kincheloe, Michigan, seeks the issuance of a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28
U.S.C. § 2254. In his application, filed by an attorney, Petitioner challenges his
conviction by a jury in Livingston County Circuit Court of four counts of first-degree
criminal sexual conduct, see Mich. Comp. Laws § 750.520b, and four counts of seconddegree criminal sexual conduct, see id. § 750.520c. For the reasons that follow, the
petition for writ of habeas corpus is will be denied.
I. BACKGROUND
In 2004, Petitioner was charged with multiple counts of first-, second-, and fourthdegree criminal sexual conduct against three minors, his stepdaughters, T.B. and V.A.,
and V.A.’s friend P.R.1 At Petitioner’s trial in March 2005, T.B. testified that Petitioner

1

Because the victims were all minors at the time of the offenses, the court will
refer to them by their initials to preserve their privacy.
1

married her mother in 1996, when she was ten years old. (Trial Tr. vol. II, 39-44, Mar.
10, 2005, Dkt. # 7-5.) The entire family, including T.B.’s half-sister V.A., moved into
Petitioner’s home. (Id. at 42-43.) About a year into the marriage, T.B. testified that
Petitioner began “cuddling” with her and giving her back and leg rubs that eventually
began to include fondling of her genitals. (Id. at 45-50.) T.B. testified that these acts
occurred usually two to three times per week in the master bedroom while her mother
was away at work. (Id. at 48, 51.). Eventually, Petitioner’s acts progressed to digital
sexual penetration with T.B. (Id. at 52.) The digital penetrations began when T.B. was
twelve or thirteen years old and continued for about twice a week until she was
seventeen. (Id. at 53.) On other occasions, Petitioner would straddle T.B.’s buttocks
and rub his penis against her. (Id. at 55-57.) At other times, Petitioner would force T.B.
to hold his penis and masturbate him until he ejaculated. (Id. at 58-59.) Petitioner
would also go into T.B.’s bedroom and perform oral sex on her. (Id. at 60-61.) T.B.
testified that the oral sex occurred approximately twice a month and lasted until she was
seventeen. (Id. at 61-62.)
T.B. testified that during several of these incidents, someone walked in on
Petitioner and her. (Id. at 126.) Petitioner would ask the person to leave the room. (Id.
at 126-27.) V.A. testified that she saw Petitioner lying down next to T.B. in his bedroom
while rubbing T.B. beneath her shirt. (Trial Tr. vol. III, 19, Mar. 11, 2005, Dkt. # 7-6.)
Petitioner ordered V.A. to leave. (Id. at 20.) P.R. testified that on another occasion she
walked into T.B.’s room and observed Petitioner with his hand beneath T.B.’s shirt. (Id.
at 66.) P.R. testified that Petitioner “barked” at her about whether she knew how to
knock. (Id.)
2

T.B. did not initially tell anyone about the sexual abuse, because she was afraid
of Petitioner and also feared that reporting the sexual abuse would lead to the break up
of the family. (Trial Tr. vol. II, 64-66.) T.B. finally told Petitioner in 2003 that the abuse
had to stop. (Id. at 67-68.)
On March 19, 2004, when T.B. was seventeen years old, the assistant principal
at her high school asked her to come to his office. (Id. at 76-77.) T.B. initially denied
that anything inappropriate was taking place between Petitioner and herself. (Id. at 77.)
T.B. then called her boyfriend, (id. at 78), who told T.B. that she needed to report the
sexual abuse if she wanted to prevent her sister from going through the same abuse
she had, (id. at 230). T.B. returned to the principal and informed him about having been
sexually abused by Petitioner. (Id. at 78.)
V.A. testified that in 2002, when she was about twelve years old, Petitioner
began touching her buttocks and “cuddling” her. (Trial Tr. vol. III, 8-9.) When V.A.
became thirteen years old, Petitioner began to rub more on her legs and inner thighs,
reaching to about two inches from her “personal area.” (Id. at 11-12.) V.A. also testified
about how Petitioner would “flick” her breasts, and that he had done this more than
twice. (Id. at 14-15, 25).
V.A. spoke to several friends about Petitioner’s actions, including her friend P.R.
(Id. at 17.) The friends advised her to report Petitioner to the authorities. (Id.) V.A.
then told her vice principal about the sexual abuse. (Id. at 17-18.)
P.R. was V.A.’s best friend. (Id. at 63.) P.R. testified that Petitioner repeatedly
offered to massage V.A. and that when he massaged her one time “he . . . went up way
too far . . . [l]ike in her private area.” (Id. at 67.) P.R. testified that Petitioner also
3

“always touched [V.A.’s] butt and flicked her boobs.” (Id. at 68.) P.R. testified that on
one occasion, after flicking and touching V.A., Petitioner came up to P.R. and touched
her buttocks. (Id. at 69-70.)
Josephine Watkins was Petitioner’s wife at the time of the incidents. (Id. at 168.)
Although she never witnessed any sexual misconduct, Ms. Watkins recalled one time
when she saw Petitioner and T.B. walk out of her bedroom. (Id. at 170-71.) On another
occasion, Ms. Watkins found T.B.’s clothing on her bedroom floor. (Id. at 171.) Ms.
Watkins indicated that she found this unusual because she did not allow her children
into her room. (Id.)
T.B. testified that Petitioner had a heart problem, cardiomyopathy, which she
described as an enlarged heart that had been overworked. (Trial Tr. vol. II, 137.) T.B.
indicated that only 17 percent of Petitioner’s heart was working. (Id.) T.B.
acknowledged that Petitioner became easily fatigued, that he couldn’t lift more than
fifteen pounds, and that he slept a lot more. (Id. at 137-38.) Ms. Watkins testified that
there were no restrictions on sexual activity by Petitioner after his heart condition. (Trial
Tr. vol. III, 173.) Ms. Watkins, however, acknowledged that she worried about
Petitioner’s physical condition every time they had sex. (Id. at 221-22.)
The jury found Petitioner guilty of all charges involving T.B. and two of the
charges involving V.A. (Trial Tr. vol. V, 4-5, Mar. 15, 2005, Dkt. # 7-8.) The jury
acquitted Petitioner of one charge involving V.A. and the single charge involving P.R.
(Id. at 5.)
On direct appeal, Petitioner raised several claims of prosecutorial misconduct
based on statements made during the prosecutor’s rebuttal closing argument.
4

Petitioner’s conviction was affirmed by the Michigan Court of Appeals. People v.
Watkins, No. 264957, 2006 WL 3734122 (Mich. Ct. App. Dec. 19, 2006) (per curiam).
The Michigan Supreme Court denied Petitioner’s application for leave to appeal in a
form order, stating “we are not persuaded that the question presented should be
reviewed by this Court.” People v. Watkins, 731 N.W.2d 729 (Mich. 2007).
Petitioner subsequently filed a post-conviction motion for relief from judgment in
the trial court, see Mich. Ct. R. 6.502, claiming his trial counsel had rendered
constitutionally ineffective assistance. The trial court denied relief. People v. Watkins,
No. 04-14377, 04-14378 (Mich. Cir. Ct. Mar. 6, 2009). The Michigan Court of Appeals
and the Michigan Supreme Court both denied leave to appeal, finding Petitioner could
not meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under Michigan Court Rule
6.508(D). People v. Watkins, No. 296607 (Mich. Ct. App. Mar. 31, 2010), Dkt. # 7-13, at
1; People v. Watkins, 787 N.W.2d 123 (Mich. 2010).
Petitioner originally filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in this court on May
18, 2010, which the court stayed and held in abeyance pending the Michigan Supreme
Court’s ruling on his application for leave to appeal the denial of his motion for relief
from judgment. After the Michigan Supreme Court issued its ruling, Petitioner filed an
amended petition in this court seeking relief on the claims he raised on direct appeal
and in his post-conviction motion:
I.

Mr. Watkins’s trial attorney, Ronald Plunkett, was ineffective in failing
to investigate and pursue a defense based on Mr. Watkins’s severe
cardiac disability, and there is newly discovered evidence in the form
of criminal cases and Attorney Discipline Board records that show that
Mr. Plunkett was addicted to cocaine, which caused him to neglect his
clients.
5

II.

The actions of the assistant prosecutor in closing rebuttal argument
[are] sufficiently prejudicial that they deprived Petitioner of his
constitutional right to a fair trial where the assistant prosecutor 1)
testified to facts not in evidence, 2) attacked defense counsel for
making an objection which the court had already sustained, 3) invoked
the utterly irrelevant, recent Atlanta courthouse shootings[,] and 4)
referenced her own motherhood.

(Supplemental Br. Supp. Pet. Habeas Corpus 22, 31, Dkt. # 9.)
II. STANDARD
28 U.S.C. § 2254(d), as amended by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death
Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”), imposes the following standard of review for habeas
cases:
An application for a writ of habeas corpus on behalf of a person in custody
pursuant to the judgment of a State court shall not be granted with respect
to any claim that was adjudicated on the merits in State court proceedings
unless the adjudication of the claim—
(1)

resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an
unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as
determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or

(2)

resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable
determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the
State court proceeding.

28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).
A decision of a state court is “contrary to” clearly established federal law if the
state court arrives at a conclusion opposite to that reached by the Supreme Court on a
question of law or if the state court decides a case differently than the Supreme Court
has on a set of materially indistinguishable facts. Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 40506 (2000). An “unreasonable application” occurs when a state court decision
unreasonably applies the law of the Supreme Court to the facts of a prisoner’s case. Id.
6

at 409. A federal habeas court may not “issue the writ simply because that court
concludes in its independent judgment that the relevant state-court decision applied
clearly established federal law erroneously or incorrectly.” Id. at 411.
“A federal court’s collateral review of a state-court decision must be consistent
with the respect due state courts in our federal system.” Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S.
322, 340 (2003). “AEDPA thus imposes a ‘highly deferential standard for evaluating
state-court rulings,’ and ‘demands that state-court decisions be given the benefit of the
doubt.’” Renico v. Lett, 130 S. Ct. 1855, 1862 (2010) (citation omitted) (quoting Lindh v.
Murphy, 521 U.S. 320, 333 n. 7 (1997) and Woodford v. Visciotti, 537 U.S. 19, 24
(2002) (per curiam)). “A state court’s determination that a claim lacks merit precludes
federal habeas relief so long as ‘fairminded jurists could disagree’ on the correctness of
the state court’s decision.” Harrington v. Richter, 131 S. Ct. 770, 786 (2011) (quoting
Yarborough v. Alvarado, 541 U.S. 652, 664 (2004)). The Supreme Court has
emphasized “that even a strong case for relief does not mean the state court’s contrary
conclusion was unreasonable.” Id. (citing Lockyer v. Andrade, 538 U.S. 63, 75 (2003)).
Furthermore, “[u]nder § 2254(d), a habeas court must determine what arguments or
theories supported[,] or . . . could have supported, the state court’s decision; and then it
must ask whether it is possible fairminded jurists could disagree that those arguments
or theories are inconsistent with the holding in a prior decision” of the Supreme Court.
Id.

7

III. DISCUSSION
A. Procedural Default
Respondent claims that Petitioner’s first claim of ineffective assistance of counsel
and a portion of his second claim of prosecutorial misconduct are procedurally defaulted
for various reasons. When a state court rules that a prisoner has defaulted his federal
claims based on “an independent and adequate state procedural rule,” a federal court is
likewise barred from reviewing those claims pursuant to a habeas petition, unless “the
prisoner can demonstrate cause for the default and actual prejudice as a result of the
alleged violation of federal law.” Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 750 (1991). The
narrow exception to this rule that allows review when “the habeas petitioner can
demonstrate a sufficient probability that [the] failure to review his federal claim will result
in a fundamental miscarriage of justice,” Edwards v. Carpenter, 529 U.S. 446, 451
(2000)—for example when “a constitutional violation has probably resulted in the
conviction of one who is actually innocent,” Murray v. Carrier, 477 U.S. 478, 496
(1986)—is not at issue here.
“[A] procedural default does not bar consideration of a federal claim on . . .
habeas review unless the last state court rendering a judgment in the case ‘clearly and
expressly’ states that its judgment rests on the procedural bar.” Harris v. Reed, 489
U.S. 255, 263 (1989) (quoting Caldwell v. Mississippi, 489 U.S. 320, 327 (1985)).
Where there has been one reasoned state court judgment enforcing a state procedural
bar, it is presumed that “later unexplained orders upholding that judgment or rejecting
the same claim rest upon the same ground.” Ylst v. Nunnemaker, 501 U.S. 797, 803
(1991).
8

1. Ineffective-Assistance-of-Counsel Claim
Respondent contends that Petitioner’s first claim of ineffective assistance of
counsel is procedurally defaulted because Petitioner presented this claim for the first
time in his post-conviction motion without showing cause and prejudice for failing to
raise it in his appeal of right. Michigan Court Rule 6.508(D)(3) provides that a court may
not grant post-conviction relief to a defendant if the motion for relief from judgment
alleges grounds for relief which could have been raised on direct appeal, absent a
showing of good cause for the failure to raise such grounds previously and actual
prejudice resulting therefrom. For purposes of a conviction following a trial, “actual
prejudice” means that “but for the alleged error, the defendant would have had a
reasonably likely chance of acquittal.” Mich. Ct. R. 6.508(D)(3)(b)(i).
The Michigan Court of Appeals and the Michigan Supreme Court rejected
Petitioner’s post-conviction appeal in form orders that reference Rule 6.508(D) in a
manner that is ambiguous as to whether they invoke subsection (D)(3)’s procedural bar
or deny relief on the merits. Guilmette v. Howes, 624 F.3d 286, 291 (6th Cir. 2010).
Therefore, the court looks to the trial court’s order as “the last reasoned state court
opinion” in order to “determine the basis for the state court’s rejection” of Petitioner’s
ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim. Id.
In denying Petitioner’s motion for relief from judgment, the trial court cited the
“good cause” and “actual prejudice” standard of Rule 6.508(D)(3), relied heavily on a
Michigan Supreme Court case interpreting this standard, see People v. Reed, 535
N.W.2d 496 (Mich. 1995), and ultimately concluded that Petitioner was not entitled to
relief because he “ha[d] not demonstrated the requisite ‘good cause’ or ‘actual
9

prejudice’ under MCR 6.508(D).” Watkins, slip. op. at 5. Thus, the trial court clearly
rejected Petitioner’s ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim based on the procedural bar
in Rule 6.508(D)(3). See Ivory v. Jackson, 509 F. 3d 284, 292-93 (6th Cir. 2007);
Howard v. Bouchard, 405 F.3d 459, 477 (6th Cir. 2005). The fact that the trial judge
may have also discussed the merits of Petitioner’s claim does not alter this analysis.
See Alvarez v. Straub, 64 F. Supp. 2d 686, 695 (E.D. Mich. 1999); cf. McBee v.
Abramajtys, 929 F. 2d 264, 267 (6th Cir. 1991) (“[A] federal court need not reach the
merits of a habeas petition where the last state-court opinion clearly and expressly
rested upon procedural default as an alternative ground.” (citing Harris v. Reed, 489
U.S. 255, 264 n.10 (1989))). Petitioner’s ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel claim is
procedurally defaulted.
In an attempt to establish cause to excuse his procedural default, Petitioner
argues here, as he did to the trial court, that his appellate counsel rendered
constitutionally deficient representation by failing to raise his ineffective-assistance-oftrial-counsel claim on direct appeal. Attorney error rising to the level of ineffective
assistance of counsel can establish cause that may allow this court to look past
Petitioner’s procedural default. McCleskey v. Zant, 499 U.S. 467, 494 (1991). To make
such a showing, Petitioner must demonstrate that appellate counsel’s failure to pursue
his ineffective-assistance claim amounted to deficient performance that prejudiced the
defense. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984).
It is well established that a criminal defendant does not have a constitutional right
to have appellate counsel raise every non-frivolous issue on appeal. Jones v. Barnes,
463 U.S. 745, 751 (1983). As the United States Supreme Court has explained: “For
10

judges to second-guess reasonable professional judgments and impose on appointed
counsel a duty to raise every ‘colorable’ claim suggested by a client would disserve the
very goal of vigorous and effective advocacy.” Id. at 754; see also id. at 753 (“A brief
that raises every colorable issue runs the risk of burying good arguments—those that, in
the words of the great advocate John W. Davis, ‘go for the jugular’—in a verbal mound
made up of strong and weak contentions.” (citation omitted)). In fact, “the hallmark of
effective appellate advocacy” is the “process of ‘winnowing out weaker arguments on
appeal and focusing on’ those more likely to prevail.” Smith v. Murray, 477 U.S. 527,
536 (1986) (quoting Jones, 463 U.S. at 751-52). Strategic and tactical choices
regarding which issues to pursue on appeal are “properly left to the sound professional
judgment of counsel.” United States v. Perry, 908 F.2d 56, 59 (6th Cir. 1990) (citing
Jones, 463 U.S. at 751).
“[I]t is . . . possible to bring a Strickland claim based on counsel’s failure to raise
a particular claim [on appeal], but it is difficult to demonstrate that counsel was
incompetent.” Smith v. Robbins, 528 U.S. 259, 288 (2000). “‘Generally, only when
ignored issues are clearly stronger than those presented, will the presumption of
effective assistance of counsel be overcome.’” Monzo v. Edwards, 281 F.3d 568, 579
(6th Cir. 2002) (quoting Gray v. Greer, 800 F.2d 644, 646 (7th Cir. 1986)). Appellate
counsel may deliver deficient performance and prejudice a defendant by omitting a
“dead-bang winner,” which is defined as an issue which was obvious from the trial
record and would have resulted in a reversal on appeal. Meade v. Lavigne, 265 F.
Supp. 2d 849, 870 (E.D. Mich. 2003) (quoting United States v. Cook, 45 F.3d 388, 395
(10th Cir. 1995)).
11

Petitioner has not shown that appellate counsel’s omission of the ineffectiveassistance-of-trial-counsel claim on direct appeal was “outside the wide range of
professionally competent assistance.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 490. Counsel filed a
forty-nine page appellate brief that raised five prosecutorial misconduct claims. (See
Def.-Appellant’s Br. on Appeal, People v. Watkins, No. 264957, 2006 WL 3734122
(Mich. Ct. App. Dec. 19, 2006), Dkt. # 7-11, at 9-66.) Appellate counsel could have
reasonably decided that these five prosecutorial misconduct claims, rather than other
potential claims like ineffective assistance of trial counsel, were the strongest arguments
available to Petitioner on appeal. For the reasons stated by the trial court in its
discussion on the merits of Petitioner’s ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel claim, that
claim was not a “dead-bang winner.” See Watkins, slip op. at 2-4. Accordingly,
Petitioner has failed to establish cause for his procedural default of failing to raise it on
direct review, and it is unnecessary for the court to reach the prejudice issue. See Smith
v. Murray, 477 U.S. at 533. This court is barred from reviewing Petitioner’s procedurally
defaulted ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim.
2. Prosecutorial Misconduct Claims
Respondent next contends that Petitioner’s second and third prosecutorial
misconduct claims—that the prosecutor improperly attacked defense counsel for
making an objection sustained by the trial court and improperly referenced a recent
courthouse shooting in Atlanta—are procedurally defaulted because defense counsel
did not object to them at trial.2 The state procedural rule at issue here is Michigan’s
2

Respondent also asserts that Petitioner has raised a fifth prosecutorial
misconduct claim involving the prosecutor crying and showing emotion during her
12

contemporaneous-objection rule, which requires a criminal defendant to object to or
request a curative jury instruction regarding prosecutorial misconduct during trial in
order to preserve the issue for appeal. People v. Brown, 755 N.W.2d 664, 679 (Mich.
Ct. App. 2008).
In this case, the Michigan Court of Appeals—whose opinion the court looks to as
the last reasoned state-court judgment, see Ylst, 501 U.S. at 803—clearly indicated
that, by failing to object at trial to these two instances of prosecutorial misconduct,
Petitioner failed to preserve these claims. As a result, the court of appeals reviewed
them for plain error only. See Watkins, 2006 WL 3734122, at *1-*2. “[A] state appellate
court’s plain-error review of a procedurally defaulted claim does not waive the
procedural default.” Awkal v. Mitchell, 613 F.3d 629, 648 (6th Cir. 2010), cert. denied,
131 S. Ct. 1002 (2011). Instead, this court should view the plain-error review employed
by the court of appeals as enforcement of the state procedural bar. Hinkle v. Randle,
271 F.3d 239, 244 (6th Cir. 2001). Thus, Petitioner’s second and third prosecutorial
misconduct claims are procedurally defaulted.
Petitioner has offered no reasons for his failure to properly preserve his second
and third prosecutorial misconduct claims. Although, as discussed, ineffective
assistance of counsel may constitute cause to excuse a procedural default, that claim
itself must be exhausted in the state courts. Edwards, 529 U.S. at 451-52. Petitioner

closing argument. Respondent argues that this claim is also procedurally defaulted.
Although Petitioner raised this prosecutorial misconduct claim in the state courts, and
the claim was, in fact, deemed unpreserved and rejected by the Michigan Court of
Appeals, Petitioner does not appear to present the claim to this court. If he was, it
would be procedurally defaulted for the reasons discussed in reference to his second
and third prosecutorial misconduct claims.
13

never raised a claim in the Michigan courts that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to
object to these instances of prosecutorial misconduct, so ineffective assistance of
counsel cannot provide cause to excuse Petitioner’s procedural default. See Wolfe v.
Bock, 412 F. Supp. 2d 657, 684 (E.D. Mich. 2006). Again, because Petitioner has not
established cause, the court need not reach the prejudice inquiry. See Smith v. Murray,
477 U.S. at 533. The court cannot reach the merits of Petitioner’s second and third
prosecutorial misconduct claims due to his procedural default.
B. Undefaulted Prosecutorial Misconduct Claims
Petitioner’s remaining claims involve two alleged instances of prosecutorial
misconduct that he argues deprived him of a fair trial. “Claims of prosecutorial
misconduct are reviewed deferentially on habeas review.” Millender v. Adams, 376 F.3d
520, 528 (6th Cir. 2004); see also Slagle v. Bagley, 457 F.3d 501, 516 (6th Cir. 2006)
(“[T]he Supreme Court has clearly indicated that the state courts have substantial
breathing room when considering prosecutorial misconduct claims because
‘constitutional line drawing [in prosecutorial misconduct cases] is necessarily
imprecise.’” (second alteration in original) (quoting Donnelly v. DeChristoforo, 416 U.S.
637, 645 (1974))). Prosecutorial misconduct will form the basis for habeas relief only if
the conduct “‘so infected the trial with unfairness as to make the resulting conviction a
denial of due process.’” Darden v. Wainwright, 477 U.S. 168, 181 (1986) (quoting
Donnelly, 416 U.S. at 643); see also Parker v. Matthews, --- U.S. ----, 2012 WL
2076341, at *5 (June 11, 2002). The determination whether the trial was fundamentally
unfair is “made by evaluating the totality of the circumstances surrounding each
individual case.” Angel v. Overberg, 682 F.2d 605, 608 (6th Cir. 1982) (citing Hayton v.
14

Egeler, 555 F.2d 599, 604 (1977)). The Court must focus on “‘the fairness of the trial,
not the culpability of the prosecutor.’” Pritchett v. Pitcher, 117 F.3d 959, 964 (6th Cir.
1997) (quoting Serra v. Mich. Dep’t of Corr., 4 F.3d 1348, 1355 (6th Cir. 1993)).
1. Statement of Facts Not in Evidence
Petitioner first claims that the prosecutor improperly referenced facts not in
evidence when she cited a statistic related to the presence or absence of physical
evidence in sexual assault cases. The trial court sustained defense counsel’s objection
to this statement and advised the jury, “That’s not part of the evidence.” (Trial Tr. vol.
IV, 77, Mar. 14, 2005, Dkt. # 7-7.) The trial court later instructed the jurors that “[t]he
lawyers’ statements and arguments are not evidence.” (Id. at 92.)
The Michigan Court of Appeals denied Petitioner relief on this claim of
prosecutorial misconduct:
Defendant’s first claim of prosecutorial misconduct, which was
properly preserved, is that the prosecutor “testified” during her rebuttal
closing by arguing facts that were not in evidence. Prosecutors may not
make statements that are unsupported by the facts in evidence. [People v.
Ackerman, 669 N.W.2d 818, 828 (Mich. Ct. App. 2003).] In this case, we
agree that the prosecutor argued facts outside of the evidence when she
cited a statistic related to the presence of physical evidence in sexual
conduct cases that was not introduced in order to refute an argument made
by defense counsel. Nonetheless, the error was cured by the trial court's
sustaining the defense objection and providing a curative instruction.
Defendant presents no evidence to suggest that the error was outcome
determinative. See [People v. Lukity, 596 N.W.2d 607, 613 (Mich. 1999)].
And, defendant does not argue on appeal, nor is it apparent from the record,
that the curative instruction was insufficient to cure the prosecutor’s error.
Therefore, we hold that the defendant has failed to meet his burden of proof
that the challenged statement deprived him of a fair trial.
Watkins, 2006 WL 3734122, at *1.

15

This decision is not an unreasonable application of the standard promulgated by
the Supreme Court in Donnelly and Darden. The prosecutor’s unwarranted reference to
a crime statistic was an isolated remark, see Byrd v. Collins, 209 F.3d 486, 532 (6th Cir.
2000), and the trial court instructed the jury to ignore it, cf. United States v. Buckley, 934
F.2d 84, 89 (6th Cir. 1991) (holding district court did not abuse its discretion in denying
defendant’s motion for mistrial following prosecutor’s inquiry of witness regarding certain
physical evidence that district court had previously excluded, where witness did not
answer question before defense counsel objected, district court instructed jury to ignore
question, and jury never saw unduly prejudicial piece of evidence). Moreover, the trial
court also instructed the jury that counsel’s closing argument was not evidence. See
Hamblin v. Mitchell, 354 F.3d 482, 495 (6th Cir. 2003). Under these circumstances, the
Michigan Court of Appeals reasonably concluded that the prosecutor’s improper
statement did not render Petitioner’s trial fundamentally unfair.
2. Reference to the Prosecutor’s Motherhood
In his final prosecutorial misconduct claim, Petitioner contends that the
prosecutor improperly appealed to the jury’s sympathy by informing them that she was
“a mom” and thus tried to be kind to child sexual assault victims. (Trial Tr. vol. IV, 83.)
The trial court overruled defense counsel’s objection to this remark after the prosecutor
indicated she was refuting defense counsel’s argument that she was putting on “a
show.” (Id. at 83-84.) Later on, the trial court also informed the jurors that they “must
not let sympathy or prejudice influence [their] decision.” (Id. at 90.)
As with Petitioner’s other preserved claim of prosecutorial misconduct, the
Michigan Court of Appeals ruled against Petitioner on this claim:
16

Defendant’s fourth claim of prosecutorial misconduct, which was
properly preserved, is that the prosecutor improperly appealed to the jury’s
sympathy by telling them that she is “a mom” and, therefore, tries to be kind
to child victims. It is improper for a prosecutor to use arguments that only
appeal to the jury’s sympathy. [People v. Hedelsky, 412 N.W.2d 746, 748
(Mich. Ct. App. 1987).] Nonetheless, as the lower court observed, the
prosecutor’s statements were not an improper plea for sympathy. The
challenged comment was made in response to defense counsel’s accusation
that the prosecutor was staging a show for the jury’s benefit. We therefore
find that defendant has not shown that the prosecutor's remarks deprived him
of a fair trial.
Watkins, 2006 WL 3734122, at *2.
The Michigan Court of Appeals did not unreasonably apply the relevant Supreme
Court precedents in denying Petitioner relief for this alleged prosecutorial misconduct.
As the court of appeals reasoned, the prosecutor’s remark, taken in context, was a
response to arguments made by defense counsel and not an improper appeal to the
jury’s sympathy. To the extent that this isolated statement did invoke the jurors’
emotions, any prejudice to Petitioner was mitigated by the trial court’s instruction that
they must base their verdict on the evidence, not their sympathies or prejudices. See
Cockream v. Jones, 382 F. App’x 479, 486 (6th Cir. 2010) (citing Byrd, 209 F.3d at
532); Welch v. Burke, 49 F. Supp. 2d 992, 1006 (E.D. Mich. 1999). “[E]ven if the
prosecutor’s appeals to the jury’s emotions or sympathies was improper, this would be
insufficient to render the trial fundamentally unfair, since it was likely that the nature of
the crime itself would have produced juror sympathy before the prosecutor made any of
these comments.” Millender v. Adams, 187 F. Supp. 2d 852, 875-76 (E.D. Mich. 2002)
(citing Walker v. Gibson, 228 F.3d 1217, 1243 (10th Cir. 2000)). Petitioner is not
entitled to habeas relief.

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IV. CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY
Before Petitioner may appeal this decision, a certificate of appealability must
issue. See 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(a); Fed. R. App. P. 22(b)(1). A certificate of
appealability may issue “only if the applicant has made a substantial showing of the
denial of a constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). When a court denies relief on
the merits, the substantial showing threshold is met if the petitioner demonstrates that
“reasonable jurists would find the district court’s assessment of the constitutional claims
debatable or wrong.” Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000). “A petitioner satisfies
this standard by demonstrating that jurists of reason could disagree with the district
court’s resolution of his constitutional claims or that jurists could conclude the issues
presented are adequate to deserve encouragement to proceed further.” Miller-El, 537 at
327 (citing Slack, 529 U.S. at 484). When a court denies a habeas claim on procedural

grounds without addressing the merits, a certificate of appealability should issue if it is
shown that jurists of reason would find it debatable whether the petitioner states a valid
claim of the denial of a constitutional right, and that jurists of reason would find it
debatable whether the district court was correct in its procedural ruling. Slack, 529 U.S.
at 484-85.
Having considered the matter, the court concludes that Petitioner has not made a
substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right as to his habeas claims. In the
court’s view, reasonable jurists could not debate the correctness of either the court’s
resolution of Petitioner’s constitutional claims or the court’s procedural rulings. The
court declines to issue Petitioner a certificate of appealability.

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V. CONCLUSION
IT IS ORDERED that Petitioner Myron Watkins's amended petition for writ of
habeas corpus [Dkt. # 4] is DENIED.
This court DECLINES to issue a certificate of appealability.

s/Robert H. Cleland
ROBERT H. CLELAND
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
Dated: June 29, 2012

I hereby certify that a copy of the foregoing document was mailed to counsel of record
on this date, June 29, 2012, by electronic and/or ordinary mail.
s/Lisa Wagner
Case Manager and Deputy Clerk
[phone]
S:\Cleland\JUDGE'S DESK\C2 ORDERS\10-12025.WATKINS.Deny2254.db.set.wpd

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