Nasser v. USCIS District Director et al
Filing
14
OPINION and ORDER granting Defendant's 9 Motion to Remand. Signed by District Judge Gerald E. Rosen. (JOwe)
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
SOUTHERN DIVISION
MOHAMED M. NASSER,
Plaintiff,
Case No. 16-11737
Hon. Gerald E. Rosen
v.
DISTRICT DIRECTOR, USCIS DETROIT,
et al.,
Defendants.
_________________________________/
OPINION AND ORDER GRANTING
DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO REMAND
At a session of said Court, held in
the U.S. Courthouse, Detroit, Michigan
on
January 30, 2017
PRESENT:
Honorable Gerald E. Rosen
United States District Judge
I. INTRODUCTION
Plaintiff Mohamed M. Nasser commenced this action in this Court on May
16, 2016, complaining of an excessive delay in the processing of his application
for naturalization by the Defendant federal government agencies and officials.
Under a provision of the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”), if the
Government fails to make a determination on such an application “before the end
of the 120-day period after the date on which [a statutorily mandated] examination
is conducted . . . , the applicant may apply to the United States district court for the
district in which the applicant resides for a hearing on the matter,” and the court
may then “either determine the matter or remand the matter, with appropriate
instructions,” for determination by the appropriate agency. 8 U.S.C. § 1447(b).
Plaintiff alleges that this statutory 120-day deadline has passed without a decision
on his application, and he requests that the Court conduct a hearing, review his
application for naturalization, and grant him a judgment declaring that he is
entitled to U.S. citizenship.
By motion filed on August 9, 2016, Defendants now request that this matter
be remanded to the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (“USCIS”) so that
this agency may adjudicate Plaintiff’s application and determine his eligibility for
citizenship. In support of this motion, Defendants state that the USCIS is now
prepared to review and resolve Plaintiff’s application, with or without certain
evidence that the agency has requested but Plaintiff has not yet provided, and they
contend that the proper course under these circumstances is to remand to the
agency, USCIS, that is charged with the responsibility to decide applications for
naturalization in the first instance. Plaintiff filed a response in opposition to this
motion on September 9, 2016, asserting that the Court has both the authority and
the obligation to determine his eligibility for U.S. citizenship where, in his view,
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the issue upon which his application turns has effectively been resolved in his
favor, and where Defendants should be deemed to have forfeited their opportunity
to adjudicate his application by virtue of their allegedly egregious conduct to date
in processing this application.
Defendants’ motion has been fully briefed by the parties. Having reviewed
the parties’ briefs and the record as a whole, the Court finds that the relevant facts,
allegations and legal arguments are adequately presented in these written
submissions, and that oral argument would not significantly aid the decisional
process. Accordingly, the Court will decide Defendants’ motion “on the briefs.”
See Local Rule 7.1(f)(2), U.S. District Court, Eastern District of Michigan. This
opinion and order sets forth the Court’s rulings on this motion.
II. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Plaintiff Mohamed M. Nasser is a citizen of Yemen who was admitted to the
United States as a lawful permanent resident (“LPR”) in May of 1992. His LPR
status is based on an approved immediate relative visa petition that was filed on
his behalf by Nagi El-Zokari, the husband of Plaintiff’s alleged biological mother,
Fatima Mansoor Mohamad El-Zokari.
In February of 2013, as Plaintiff was returning to the United States from a
visit to Yemen, Immigration and Customs Enforcement (“ICE”) served him with a
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Notice to Appear (“NTA”) for removal proceedings in immigration court. ICE
alleged in this NTA that at some point after Plaintiff obtained LPR status, Nagi ElZokari denied any relationship to Plaintiff and instead claimed that he had “helped
smuggle [Plaintiff] into the United States as a favor to a friend.” (Complaint, Ex.
D, NTA.) In light of this information, ICE asserted that Plaintiff had secured LPR
status through fraud or misrepresentation, and it directed Plaintiff to appear before
an immigration court and show why he should not be removed from the United
States based on the charges set forth in the NTA. (See id.) Before this hearing
could be held, however, ICE cancelled the NTA on August 25, 2013 as
improvidently issued, and the agency has never sought to reinstate the charges
against Plaintiff or otherwise pursue this matter further.
On July 1, 2014, Plaintiff filed an application for naturalization with the
USCIS. In an initial interview conducted on December 16, 2014, Plaintiff
demonstrated insufficient proficiency in written English, but he passed this and all
other pertinent tests during a second interview held on February 17, 2015.
Nonetheless, he was told that a decision could not yet be made on his application.
(See Complaint, Ex. A, 2/17/2015 Naturalization Interview Results.)
By letter dated March 13, 2015, the USCIS requested that Plaintiff submit
further evidence in support of his application. In particular, Plaintiff was asked to
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submit the results of DNA blood tests “[i]n order to demonstrate the existence of a
biological relationship between [him] and [his] mother, Fatima Mansoor Mohamed
El-Zokari.” (Complaint, Ex. D, Form N-14, Request for Evidence.) In response to
this request, Plaintiff’s attorney asserted in a March 24, 2015 letter that the
evidence sought by the USCIS was “not pertinent, nor relevant for [Plaintiff’s]
naturalization process,” and he added that “[a]s a practical matter, DNA testing
would not be possible at this time” because the U.S. embassy in Sana’a, Yemen
was closed. (Complaint, Ex. D, 3/24/2015 Letter at 1.) Plaintiff’s attorney further
stated that Plaintiff’s LPR status was “re-validated in 2013” by virtue of ICE’s
cancellation of the NTA issued at that time. (Id. at 1-2.) Accordingly, Plaintiff’s
attorney asked the USCIS to withdraw its request for evidence and schedule
Plaintiff for an oath ceremony. (See id. at 1.)
After sending this March 2015 letter, Plaintiff’s attorney attempted on a
number of occasions to communicate with the USCIS regarding the status of
Plaintiff’s application for naturalization.1 When over a year went by without a
1
In response to some of these communications, USCIS representatives evidently
advised Plaintiff’s attorney that the agency was awaiting the results of a background
investigation by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (“FBI”), but Defendants state
without contradiction that this FBI investigation has since been completed. To the extent
that Plaintiff has asserted claims in this case against the FBI, Defendants suggest that any
such claims are now moot, and Plaintiff does not dispute this point in his response to
Defendants’ present motion.
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decision on Plaintiff’s application, Plaintiff brought suit in this Court on May 16,
2016, seeking the adjudication of his application for naturalization in this judicial
forum or, in the alternative, an order directing the USCIS to adjudicate this
application and schedule Plaintiff for an oath ceremony within thirty days or by a
date set by the Court.
III. ANALYSIS
A.
The Statutory Framework Governing This Action
Before turning to the merits of the arguments advanced in Defendants’
motion, the Court briefly surveys the statutory provisions that control the inquiry
in this case. In order to become a naturalized U.S. citizen, an applicant must meet
various statutory requirements, including sufficient periods of residency and
physical presence and a record of “good moral character” during these periods. 8
U.S.C. § 1427(a). Of particular relevance here, an individual is eligible to apply
for naturalization upon continuously residing in the United States for at least five
years “after being lawfully admitted for permanent residence.” 8 U.S.C. §
1427(a)(1).
Another INA provision elaborates on this prerequisite of lawful admission
for permanent residence, stating that “[e]xcept as otherwise provided in this
subchapter, no person shall be naturalized unless he has been lawfully admitted to
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the United States for permanent residence in accordance with all applicable
provisions of this chapter.” 8 U.S.C. § 1429. The applicant for naturalization
bears the “burden of proof” to “show that he entered the United States lawfully.”
8 U.S.C. § 1429; see also 8 C.F.R. § 316.2(b) (providing that the applicant “shall
bear the burden of establishing by a preponderance of the evidence that he or she
meets all of the requirements for naturalization, including that the applicant was
lawfully admitted as a permanent resident to the United States, in accordance with
the immigration laws in effect at the time of the applicant’s initial entry or any
subsequent reentry”).
After conducting a statutorily mandated examination of the applicant, the
Attorney General’s designee determines whether the application should be granted
or denied. 8 U.S.C. § 1446(d). If the application is denied, “the applicant may
request a hearing before an immigration officer,” 8 U.S.C. § 1447(a), and then
may seek judicial review if the agency’s decision remains unfavorable, see 8
U.S.C. § 1421(c). As noted at the outset, if the initial decision to grant or deny an
application is not made “before the end of the 120-day period after the date on
which the examination is conducted,” the applicant “may apply to the United
States district court for the district in which the applicant resides for a hearing on
the matter.” 8 U.S.C. § 1447(b). In this event, the district court “may either
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determine the matter or remand the matter, with appropriate instructions, to the
Service to determine the matter.” 8 U.S.C. § 1447(b).
B.
The Court Elects in Its Discretion to Remand This Case for a Prompt
Agency Determination on Plaintiff’s Application for Naturalization.
In support of their present motion for remand, Defendants argue that the
USCIS should be allowed to adjudicate Plaintiff’s application for naturalization in
the first instance, with judicial review available in the event that Plaintiff is not
satisfied with the agency’s determination. As Defendants observe, this Court has
recognized in a prior decision that the pertinent case law “uniformly supports [the]
contention that [the] [US]CIS generally should be given the opportunity to decide
applications for naturalization in the first instance.” Khelifa v. Chertoff, 433 F.
Supp.2d 836, 842 (E.D. Mich. 2006) (surveying cases). For the reasons stated
below, the Court elects to adhere to this usual practice in this case.
In Khelifa, 433 F. Supp.2d at 844, this Court identified three specific
benefits to allowing the USCIS to make the initial decision on an application for
naturalization. First, the Court cited the USCIS’s “experience and expertise” in
“determining whether an applicant meets all of the various criteria for
naturalization,” while observing that “the Court has neither.” 433 F. Supp.2d at
844. Next, the Court noted that “any subsequent judicial review — a function that
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does lie within the Court’s experience and expertise — would be considerably
aided by an agency analysis and explanation as to why it acted as it did on
Plaintiff’s application.” 433 F. Supp.2d at 844. Finally, the Court explained that
“as a practical matter, now that all barriers to a determination seemingly have been
removed, [the] [US]CIS is just as likely as this Court to promptly decide Plaintiff’s
application.” 433 F. Supp.2d at 844.
Each of the considerations cited in Khelifa favors a remand in this case as
well. As illustrated in the Court’s survey of the relevant statutory provisions, and
as both sides agree, the key issue to be resolved in adjudicating Plaintiff’s
application for naturalization is whether he was properly granted LPR status in
1992. If not, he cannot meet his statutory burden to “show that he entered the
United States lawfully.” 8 U.S.C. § 1429. The USCIS has “experience and
expertise” in gathering the information pertinent to a determination whether an
applicant lawfully entered the United States, while “the Court has neither.”
Khelifa, 433 F. Supp.2d at 844. Next, any eventual judicial review of an
unfavorable decision on Plaintiff’s application would be considerably aided by
agency fact-gathering and analysis, as well as the required statement of the reasons
for the denial of this application. See Khelifa, 433 F. Supp.2d at 844; see also 8
U.S.C. § 1446(d) (dictating that a decision on an application must be accompanied
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by “the reasons therefor”). Finally, Plaintiff fails to suggest why this Court would
be more likely to issue a prompt decision on his application, particularly where a
court-ordered remand may include “appropriate instructions” directing that the
USCIS adjudicate Plaintiff’s application within a specified (and relatively brief)
period of time. See 8 U.S.C. § 1447(b).
Notwithstanding these benefits to a remand, Plaintiff offers three reasons
why the Court should deviate from this usual practice here. First, he contends that
a remand is unnecessary because, in his view, the principal issue that will
determine the fate of his application for naturalization has already been resolved in
his favor. As noted above, the disposition of this application is likely to turn on
whether Plaintiff lawfully obtained his LPR status. Throughout his response to
Defendants’ motion — and also in the March 24, 2015 letter from Plaintiff’s
counsel explaining that Plaintiff did not plan to comply with USCIS’s request for
DNA testing — Plaintiff insists that the Government has already “thorough[ly]
investigat[ed]” his LPR status and determined that its allegations of fraud in
obtaining this status “were baseless.” (Plaintiff’s Response Br. at 1; see also
Complaint, Ex. D, 3/24/2015 Letter at 2.) It follows, according to Plaintiff, that
there is no need for any further agency proceedings on his application for
naturalization, and that the Court instead may convene a hearing and determine in
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short order that this application should be granted.
As Defendants correctly observe, however, Plaintiff’s argument on this
point rests on flawed factual and legal premises. Although ICE served Plaintiff
with a Notice to Appear (“NTA”) in which it alleged that Plaintiff’s LPR status
was procured through fraud or misrepresentation, the agency then cancelled the
NTA as improvidently issued. (See Complaint, Ex. D, NTA.) Contrary to
Plaintiff’s contention, nothing in the limited record of ICE’s issuance and
cancellation of the NTA suggests that the agency conducted any investigation or
made any finding that the allegations in that document were baseless. Rather, as
Defendants point out, the Department of Homeland Security “is vested with
prosecutorial discretion regarding removal proceedings, and could have any
number of reasons for deciding not to pursue [P]laintiff’s removal.” (Defendants’
Reply Br. at 2-3 (citing Reno v. American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee,
525 U.S. 471, 483, 119 S. Ct. 936, 943 (1999)).)
Even assuming — based on pure speculation rather than supporting
evidence — that ICE chose to abandon the removal proceedings against Plaintiff
after investigating and concluding that the NTA’s allegations could not be proven,
this would not dictate the further conclusion, as urged by Plaintiff, that the
lawfulness of his LPR status has been determined in his favor for purposes of
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evaluating his application for naturalization. Rather, Defendants observe that two
different agencies, ICE and USCIS, are tasked with removal and naturalization,
and that the evidentiary burdens are allocated differently in these two contexts. In
removal proceedings, ICE has the burden of proving by clear and convincing
evidence that an alien admitted to the United States is removable. See 8 U.S.C. §
1229a(c)(3)(A); 8 C.F.R. § 1240.8(a). In naturalization proceedings before the
USCIS, in contrast, the applicant bears the burden of establishing by a
preponderance of the evidence that he meets each of the requirements for
naturalization — including, as relevant here, that he was lawfully admitted for
permanent residence. See 8 U.S.C. § 1429; 8 C.F.R. § 316.2(b). Consequently,
even if ICE determined that it could not prove the allegations in the NTA by clear
and convincing evidence, it does not ineluctably follow that Plaintiff will be able
to meet his burden of demonstrating that his LPR status was lawfully obtained.
For the reasons already stated, the investigation and factfinding entailed in
resolving this latter question is better conducted, in the first instance, in
proceedings before the USCIS, which has experience and expertise in addressing
such matters.
Next, Plaintiff argues that the USCIS should be deemed to have forfeited its
opportunity to consider and issue a decision on his application for naturalization,
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in light of the purportedly “egregious” conduct in which this agency has engaged
since Plaintiff filed his application. As examples of this “egregious” conduct,
Plaintiff evidently points to (i) the USCIS’s refusal to acknowledge that the
lawfulness of Plaintiff’s LPR status has already been determined, and (ii) this
agency’s request for DNA testing that, if agreed to, would expose Plaintiff’s
elderly and infirm mother to the dangerous conditions in Yemen, the country
where she resides. Regarding the first example of the Government’s egregious
conduct, however, the Court already has explained that there has been no such
finding that Plaintiff lawfully obtained his LPR status, so the USCIS cannot be
said to have engaged in misconduct by failing to acknowledge this non-finding.
This leaves only Plaintiff’s challenge to the USCIS’s request for DNA
testing to confirm a biological relationship between Plaintiff and Fatima Mansoor
Mohamed El-Zokari. To the extent that Plaintiff complains that compliance with
this request was not possible or, at a minimum, would have exposed his mother to
unacceptable danger due to her age and poor health, Plaintiff does not explain why
the USCIS acted so egregiously merely by asking for DNA tests, or why this
agency should be charged with the knowledge that Plaintiff’s mother was in no
condition to honor this request. Rather, Plaintiff was free to decline this request,
and he did so through counsel. Similarly, to the extent that Plaintiff maintains that
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worsening conditions in Yemen precluded his mother from safely undertaking the
travel necessary to carry out the USCIS’s request for DNA testing, Plaintiff’s
counsel relayed this concern to the agency in his letter declining this request, and
nothing in the record suggests that the USCIS has exerted pressure on Plaintiff to
reconsider this refusal. To the contrary, the USCIS states without contradiction
that it is “prepared . . . to adjudicate [P]laintiff’s application for naturalization
without the requested [DNA] evidence.” (Defendants’ Motion, Br. in Support at
10.)
Plaintiff seems to suggest, however, that the timing of the USCIS’s request
for DNA testing was problematic, where this testing could have been sought and
carried out more safely in connection with the removal proceedings instituted
against Plaintiff in 2013. (See Plaintiff’s Response Br. at 7.)2 Yet, the timing of
the USCIS’s request plainly was driven by Plaintiff’s July 2014 filing of his
application for naturalization, and the USCIS made its request a few months later,
on March 13, 2015, shortly after Plaintiff completed a second interview on
February 17, 2015 and passed language and other tests. The USCIS can hardly be
2
Although Plaintiff characterizes the 2013 proceedings as seeking the
“[r]escission” of his LPR status, (see id.), Defendants correctly point out that Plaintiff
“was never in rescission proceedings,” and that ICE instead issued the NTA with the
intention of commencing removal proceedings, (see Defendants’ Reply Br. at 1-2.)
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charged with egregious conduct based on the decision of a different agency, ICE,
to cancel an NTA served on Plaintiff in February of 2013, rather than instituting
removal proceedings in which ICE conceivably could have requested DNA
testing. Indeed, given that it is Plaintiff’s burden to demonstrate that he satisfies
the requirements for naturalization, and given his presumed awareness, in light of
the NTA, that questions might be raised as to the lawfulness of his LPR status, it
seemingly is more appropriate to charge Plaintiff with the responsibility to secure
any evidence, including DNA testing, that he might need to support his application
for naturalization. At a minimum, there is no basis for deeming the USCIS
responsible for any prejudicial delay in pursuing DNA testing.
Finally, Plaintiff seeks to avoid a remand on the ground that the USCIS
might retaliate against him in a naturalization proceeding, and he suggests that this
fear of retaliation is supported by Defendants’ “vague threat” in the brief in
support of their motion that the USCIS is “prepared . . . to adjudicate plaintiff’s
application for naturalization without the requested [DNA] evidence.” (Plaintiff’s
Response Br. at 15-16 (quoting Defendant’s Motion, Br. in Support at 10).) This
perceived “threat,” however, is wholly a product of Plaintiff’s own imagination,
where Defendants’ statement merely reflects the practical realities (i) that the
USCIS cannot compel Plaintiff and his mother to submit to DNA testing, and (ii)
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that the agency must proceed to adjudicate Plaintiff’s application, with or without
the requested DNA evidence.
Moreover, the Court addressed this same fear of retaliation in Khelifa,
observing that the plaintiff in that case had not “identified any basis for this
concern,” 433 F. Supp.2d at 844, and precisely the same can be said here. Simply
stated, Plaintiff offers nothing beyond pure speculation that the USCIS will
somehow punish him for his refusal to comply with the agency’s request for
evidence. Even if the USCIS were to proceed in this fashion, “judicial review
remains available to correct any such obvious abuse of agency discretion.”
Khelifa, 433 F. Supp.2d at 844.
Accordingly, the Court finds no reason in this case to deviate from the
typical practice of remanding to the USCIS, so that this agency is afforded “the
opportunity to determine Plaintiff’s entitlement to citizenship in the first instance.”
Khelifa, 433 F. Supp.2d at 844. In so ruling, the Court holds the USCIS to its
assurance that it will act promptly on Plaintiff’s application, with or without the
requested evidence of Plaintiff’s biological relationship with Fatima Mansoor
Mohamad El-Zokari.
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IV. CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth above,
NOW, THEREFORE, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Defendants’ August
9, 2016 motion to remand application for naturalization to USCIS for adjudication
(docket #9) is GRANTED. Through a separate order of remand, the Court will
issue appropriate instructions to ensure that the USCIS acts promptly on this
application.
s/Gerald E. Rosen
United States District Judge
Dated: January 30, 2017
I hereby certify that a copy of the foregoing document was served upon the parties
and/or counsel of record on January 30, 2017, by electronic and/or ordinary mail.
s/Julie Owens
Case Manager, (313) 234-5135
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