Arellano v. Stewart

Filing 25

OPINION and ORDER Denying the 1 , 9 Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus, Denying a Certificate of Appealability, and Granting Leave to Appeal in Forma Pauperis Signed by District Judge Gershwin A. Drain. (TMcg)

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
SOUTHERN DIVISION

DIANE ARELLANO,
Petitioner,

Case No. 2:17-CV-12206

V.

U.S. DISTRICT COURT JUDGE
GERSHWIN A. DRAIN

SHAWN BREWER,
Respondent.
___________________________________/
OPINION AND ORDER DENYING THE HABEAS CORPUS PETITIONS, DENYING A
CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY, AND GRANTING LEAVE TO APPEAL IN FORMA
PAUPERIS
I. INTRODUCTION
This matter is before the Court on a pro se habeas corpus petition and an
amended petition which were filed under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. ECF Nos. 1, 9.
Petitioner Diane Arellano (“Petitioner”) challenges her Michigan convictions for
First-Degree, Premeditated Murder, MICH. COMP. LAWS § 750.316(1)(a), and
Possession of a Firearm during the Commission of a Felony (“Felony Firearm”),
MICH. COMP. LAWS § 750.227b. She asserts as grounds for relief that the officer in
charge of her criminal case invaded the province of the jury, that her trial and
appellate attorneys were ineffective, and that her conduct was legally justified due
to provocation. Respondent Shawn Brewer (“Respondent”) argues in an answer to

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the petitions that the state trial court reasonably applied Strickland v. Washington,
466 U.S. 668 (1984), to Petitioner’s claim about appellate counsel and that
Petitioner’s remaining claims are procedurally defaulted, meritless, or not
cognizable on habeas review. ECF No. 18, PageID.257-258. The Court agrees that
Petitioner’s claims do not warrant habeas corpus relief. Accordingly, the Court will
deny the petitions and decline to issue a certificate of appealability.
II. BACKGROUND

The charges against Petitioner arose from the fatal shooting of Petitioner’s

husband, Michael Arellano. Petitioner was tried before a jury in Genesee County
Circuit Court. The Michigan Court of Appeals accurately summarized the evidence
at trial as follows:
Defendant’s son, Hunter Kircher, found Arellano in the basement of the
home that defendant, Arellano, and Kircher shared. Responding
Genesee County Deputy Sheriff Russell Sorenson testified that
Arellano had a bullet hole in his chest, and that a bolt-action rifle and
what appeared to be semi-automatic shell casings were found near the
body. The Genesee County Deputy Medical Examiner determined that
Arellano had one gunshot wound to his chest and one to his head, and
that either wound alone would have been fatal.
Upon discovering the body, Kircher telephoned defendant, who was at
a Jo–Ann Fabrics store in Burton Michigan, and told her that Arellano
was hurt. A store employee, Kristina Griffin, testified that defendant
was very distressed by this phone call. Griffin called 911 because she
believed that defendant was too distraught to drive. She testified that
at some point defendant entered the bathroom of the store, claiming she
had begun menstruating. When defendant exited the bathroom, she was
not wearing any pants and explained that she had “bled all over them.”
She indicated that her pants were tucked under her arm inside her coat.
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Griffin stated that she gave defendant a pair of pants from the break
room. She testified that the police arrived and that defendant left in
their squad car. The following day, the police recovered paper towels
that were in the trash can in the bathroom. Griffin said they had dark
red stains.
Kircher testified that defendant disposed of a pair of pants in a Jo–Ann
Fabrics bag at a Dollar Den dumpster on the night of the shooting. He
testified that defendant told him she had defecated and urinated in the
pants and was embarrassed. The police later recovered pants from the
dumpster that had apparent bloodstains. Various of the bloodstains
were later matched to the victim and defendant.
Two days after the shooting, Burton Police found a silver
semiautomatic handgun and a bottle of bleach in an area across the
street from Jo–Ann Fabrics. The gun was registered to defendant.
DNA on the pistol muzzle was matched to the victim. A firearms and
tool marks examiner testified that two shell casings found near
Arellano’s body were determined to have been fired from the handgun,
although he could not say whether the bullets found in Arellano’s body
were fired from the handgun. Both the handgun and the rifle found next
to Arellano tested positive for chloride and chlorate, ingredients in
bleach.
. . . . Detective [Mark] Pendergraff of the Michigan State Police testified
that he interviewed defendant four times before her arrest; these
interviews were recorded and played for the jury during trial, and
transcripts of the interviews were entered into evidence. During the
first three interviews, defendant offered various theories regarding
Arellano’s death, including that he died from heart complications, that
he was shot by someone who was coming to buy car parts, and that he
was shot by someone from the “projects.” Defendant denied shooting
Arellano during these interviews. During the fourth interview, after
Pendergraff informed her that her gun had been found, defendant stated
for the first time that she had shot the victim in self-defense because he
was angry and was holding a rifle. Defendant described how the victim
had allegedly held the rifle, and Detective Pendergraff enacted her
description as part of his trial testimony. Pendergraff testified that
defendant’s description of how the victim had held the gun was not how
a person would hold a rifle if the person was going to shoot it.
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People v. Arellano¸ No. 322886, 2015 WL 7370072, at *1–2 (Mich. Ct. App. Nov.
19, 2015) (unpublished).
Although the trial court instructed the jurors on the lesser-included offenses
of Second-Degree Murder and Voluntary Manslaughter, the jury found Petitioner
guilty, as charged, of First-Degree, Premeditated Murder and Felony Firearm. ECF
No. 19-22, PageID.2089. On July 7, 2014, the trial court sentenced Petitioner to two
years in prison for the felony-firearm conviction and a consecutive term of life
imprisonment without the possibility of parole for the murder conviction. ECF No.
19-23, PageID.2100.
In an appeal of right, Petitioner argued that the conclusions and opinions of
the officer in charge of her case improperly invaded the province of the jury and that
trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the officer’s testimony. The
Michigan Court of Appeals rejected these claims and affirmed Petitioner’s
convictions in a per curiam opinion. See Arellano, 2015 WL 7370072.
Petitioner then raised several new issues about the prosecutor, the police, her
trial and appellate attorneys, and the cumulative effect of errors in a pro se
application for leave to appeal in the Michigan Supreme Court. ECF No. 19-30,
PageID.2609–67. On June 28, 2016, the Michigan Supreme Court denied leave to
appeal because it was not persuaded to review the issues. See People v. Arellano,
880 N.W.2d 578 (Mich. 2016) (mem.).
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In 2017, Petitioner filed a motion for relief from judgment in the state trial
court. ECF No. 19-24. She claimed that her rights were impermissibly infringed in
various ways, that her trial and appellate attorneys were ineffective, and that she was
innocent. Id. at PageID.2104, 2115. The state trial court denied Petitioner’s postconviction motion because Petitioner could have raised her claims on appeal from
her convictions and she failed to show “good cause” for not raising the claims on
appeal and “actual prejudice.” The trial court also found no merit in Petitioner’s
claim of actual innocence. See People v. Arellano, No. 13-033463-FC (Genesee
Cty. Cir. Ct. May 31, 2017), ECF No. 19-27.  
Petitioner then appealed the trial court’s decision. While her appeal was
pending in the Michigan Court of Appeals, Petitioner commenced this case. She
filed a habeas corpus petition and a motion to stay the federal proceeding while the
state courts completed their review of her post-conviction motion. ECF Nos. 1, 2.
The sole ground for relief in her habeas petition was the claim that she raised in her
appeal of right before the Michigan Court of Appeals: that the conclusions and
opinions of the officer in charge of her case improperly invaded the province of the
jury. ECF No. 1, PageID.5. In her motion for a stay, Petitioner asked the Court to
hold her habeas petition in abeyance while she exhausted state remedies for her
claims. ECF No. 2, PageID.16.

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On September 13, 2017, the Court granted Petitioner’s motion for a stay and
closed this case for administrative purposes. See ECF No. 6. The Michigan Court
of Appeals subsequently denied Petitioner’s appeal from the trial court’s denial of
Petitioner’s post-judgment motion because Petitioner had failed to establish that the
trial court erred in denying the motion. People v. Arellano, No. 339319 (Mich. Ct.
App. Dec. 21, 2017), ECF No. 19-29, PageID.2517. Petitioner appealed that
decision to the Michigan Supreme Court, but on October 2, 2018, the Michigan
Supreme Court denied leave to appeal because Petitioner failed to establish
entitlement to relief under Michigan Court Rule 6.508(D). See People v. Arellano,
917 N.W.2d 657 (Mich. 2018) (mem.).
On October 11, 2018, Petitioner returned to this Court with a motion to lift
the stay (ECF No. 8) and an amended habeas corpus petition (ECF No. 9). The
amended petition incorporates the claim that Petitioner made in her initial petition
and raises the following additional claims: misrepresentation by appellate attorney
and misconduct by both prosecutors and the police; misrepresentation by trial
counsel and misconduct by both prosecutors and the police; and legal justification
due to provocation. ECF No. 9, PageID.207, 209–10, 212.
In an Order dated January 29, 2019, the Court (1) granted Petitioner’s motion
to lift the stay, (2) ordered the Clerk of Court to re-open this case and serve the initial
and amended petitions on the State, and (3) ordered the State to file a response to the
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petition. ECF No. 13. Respondent subsequently filed his answer in opposition to
the habeas petitions. ECF No. 18. He argues that: (1) Petitioner’s first claim is
procedurally defaulted and not cognizable on habeas review, and her derivative
claim about trial counsel is meritless; (2) the state trial court reasonably applied
Strickland to Petitioner’s claim about appellate counsel; (3) Petitioner’s claim about
trial counsel is procedurally defaulted and meritless, and the state trial court’s
rejection of the claim was a reasonable application of Strickland; and (4) Petitioner’s
assertions that she acted in self-defense and is innocent are procedurally defaulted
and not cognizable on habeas review. ECF No. 18, PageID.257–58. Petitioner did
not file a reply to Respondent’s answer. In fact, she expressly waived the right to
file a reply. See ECF No. 14, PageID.245.
III. STANDARD OF REVIEW
The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”)
requires prisoners who challenge “a matter ‘adjudicated on the merits in State court’
to show that the relevant state court ‘decision’ (1) ‘was contrary to, or involved an
unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law,’ or (2) ‘was based on
an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the
State court proceeding.’” Wilson v. Sellers, 138 S. Ct. 1188, 1191 (2018) (quoting
28 U.S.C. §§ 2254(d)(1) and (d)(2)). “[A] federal habeas court may not issue the
writ simply because that court concludes in its independent judgment that the
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relevant state-court decision applied clearly established federal law erroneously or
incorrectly. Rather, that application must also be unreasonable.” Williams v. Taylor,
529 U.S. 362, 411 (2000).
“AEDPA thus imposes a ‘highly deferential standard for evaluating statecourt rulings,’ Lindh v. Murphy, 521 U.S. 320, 333, n.7, 117 S. Ct. 2059, 138
L.Ed.2d 481 (1997), and ‘demands that state-court decisions be given the benefit of
the doubt,’ Woodford v. Visciotti, 537 U.S. 19, 24, 123 S. Ct. 357, 154 L. Ed. 2d 279
(2002) (per curiam).” Renico v. Lett, 559 U.S. 766, 773 (2010) (footnote omitted).
“A state court’s determination that a claim lacks merit precludes federal habeas relief
so long as ‘fairminded jurists could disagree’ on the correctness of the state court’s
decision.” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 101 (2011) (quoting Yarborough v.
Alvarado, 541 U.S. 652, 664 (2004)). “Only an ‘objectively unreasonable’ mistake,
. . . one ‘so lacking in justification that there was an error well understood and
comprehended in existing law beyond any possibility for fairminded disagreement,’
slips through the needle’s eye of § 2254.” Saulsberry v. Lee, 937 F.3d 644, 648 (6th
Cir.) (quoting Richter, 562 U.S. at 103), cert. denied, 140 S. Ct. 445 (2019). The
Court’s review generally is “limited to the record that was before the state court that
adjudicated the claim on the merits,” Cullen v. Pinholster, 563 U.S. 170, 181 (2011),
and the Court presumes that a state-court’s factual determinations are correct unless

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the petitioner rebuts the presumption with clear and convincing evidence. 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254(e)(1).
IV. DISCUSSION
A. The Officer in Charge
Petitioner alleges that she is entitled to a new trial because the conclusions
and opinion of the officer in charge of her criminal case invaded the province of the
jury. ECF No. 1, PageID.5. The disputed testimony occurred when the prosecutor
asked Detective Mark Pendergraff about his interviews with Petitioner.

The

prosecutor’s questions and Detective Pendergraff’s answers read as follows:
Q. [Prosecutor]. Did you feel that she was telling you the truth?
A. [Detective Pendergraff]. The whole truth about what happened that
night?
Q. Yeah?
A. No.
Q. Why is that?
A. Well, because of the evidence of the scene. Um, her claim that she
didn’t remember a lot of things—I mean, she was—her detail—her memory
was pretty detailed up to the event and then all of a sudden that memory
stops and gets spotty and then after the event, after being at Jo–Ann’s, the
memory increases a little bit. And there were some things at the scene that,
um—that I could tell by the evidence that had taken place[,] I didn’t feel that
she had been truthful about.
Q. What were the things specifically at the scene that you didn’t think she
was being truthful about?
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A. Well, one was the rifle. Um, the other was—
Q. When you say the rifle, what do you mean about the rifle?
A. Well, the—the placement of the rifle and that he had been holding it
pointing it at her. I didn’t believe that to be true especially considering that
if he had been holding the rifle—when she shot him it was right here at the
chest. She would’ve had to have walked up to him past the rifle, put the gun
to his chest, and pull the trigger.
....
. . . I didn’t believe that she didn’t remember where she’d put the gun or the
fact that she had hidden the gun. Um, just things like that during the course
of the interview.
6/5/14 Trial Tr., ECF No. 19-21, PageID.1728–30.
After a few more questions and answers, the prosecutor asked Detective
Pendergraff whether he could infer what happened at the crime scene. Detective
Pendergraff answered:
[M]y belief through – from the investigation and based on my
experience and my training is that he was sitting at his desk working on
his computer then she came down the stairs and walked up to him, put
the gun to his chest, and pulled the trigger. As a result of him being
shot I believe that the chair – he jumped. The chair flew back. He
turned, potentially knocked the items off the deck, knocked the speaker
over in to (sic) the door, and then fell face first on the floor. And then
she walked up to him, still more than a few feet away, and fired the
second round in to (sic) the back of his head. I don’t believe under the
circumstances and from what the evidence indicates that he was holding
that rifle when she came down the stairs.
Id. at PageID.1730–31.

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Later, on cross-examination, Detective Pendergraff opined that Petitioner
began to tell him some of the truth when she was confronted with the fact that
someone had found her gun. Id. at PageID.1735. On re-direct examination,
Detective Pendergraff stated that he thought Petitioner’s memory was selective and
that she had told him “[j]ust part of the truth.” Id. at PageID.1751. He also testified
that he did not believe the victim was physically abusive to Petitioner and that there
were many times during Petitioner’s various statements when she changed her story
and was not being truthful. Id. at PageID.1754, 1757.
Although Petitioner claims that Detective Pendergraff’s testimony invaded
the province of the jury, she first raised the issue during her appeal of right. The
Michigan Court of Appeals reviewed the claim for “plain error affecting substantial
rights” because Petitioner did not preserve the issue by objecting to Detective
Pendergraff’s testimony at trial.

People v. Arellano¸ No. 322886, 2015 WL

7370072, at *13 (Mich. Ct. App. Nov. 19, 2015) (unpublished). Respondent,
therefore, argues that the claim is procedurally defaulted.1

1

Respondent argues that Petitioner’s first claim is procedurally defaulted for an
additional reason, namely, that she did not raise the claim in the Michigan Supreme
Court. ECF No. 18, PageID.280–81. The Court need not address this argument or
Respondent’s other arguments about Petitioner’s first claim because Respondent’s
first procedural-default argument is dispositive of the issue.
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1. Procedural Default
The doctrine of procedural default generally precludes a federal court from
reviewing the merits of a state prisoner’s claims when the state court declined to hear
the claims due to the prisoner’s failure to abide by a state procedural rule. Martinez
v. Ryan, 566 U.S. 1, 9 (2012). Stated differently, “[w]hen a state court refuses to
consider a habeas claim ‘due to a state procedural rule that prevents the state courts
from reaching the merits of the petitioner’s claim, that claim is procedurally
defaulted and may not be considered by the federal court on habeas review.’”
Kissner v. Palmer, 826 F.3d 898, 904 (6th Cir. 2016) (quoting Seymour v. Walker,
224 F.3d 542, 549-50 (6th Cir. 2000) (citing Wainwright v. Sykes, 433 U.S. 73, 80,
84-87 (1977)). Moreover,
[a] petitioner may avoid this procedural default only by showing that
there was cause for the default and prejudice resulting from the default,
or that a miscarriage of justice will result from enforcing the procedural
default in the petitioner’s case. See Sykes, 433 U.S. at 87, 90-91, 97 S.
Ct. 2497. In order to establish cause, a habeas corpus petitioner must
show that “some objective factor external to the defense” prevented the
petitioner’s compliance with a state procedural rule. Murray v. Carrier,
477 U.S. 478, 488, 106 S. Ct. 2639, 91 L.Ed 2d 397 (1986).
Id.
In this Circuit, “[a] habeas petitioner’s claim will be deemed procedurally
defaulted if each of the following four factors is met: (1) the petitioner failed to
comply with a state procedural rule; (2) the state courts enforced the rule; (3) the
state procedural rule is an adequate and independent state ground for denying review
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of a federal constitutional claim; and (4) the petitioner has not shown cause and
prejudice excusing the default.” Henderson v. Palmer, 730 F.3d 554, 560 (6th Cir.
2013) (citing Jalowiec v. Bradshaw, 657 F.3d 293, 302 (6th Cir. 2011)). To
determine whether a state procedural rule was applied to bar a habeas claim, courts
look “to the last reasoned state court decision disposing of the claim.” Id. (citing
Guilmette v. Howes, 624 F.3d 286, 291 (6th Cir. 2010) (en banc)).
2. Application of the Doctrine
The first three procedural-default factors are resolved here. First, there is a
relevant state procedural rule: Michigan’s contemporaneous-objection or issuepreservation rule, which requires a defendant “to properly preserve an issue for
appeal” by “‘rais[ing] objections at a time when the trial court has an opportunity to
correct the error.’” People v. Pipes, 715 N.W.2d 290, 296–97 (Mich. 2006) (quoting
People v. Grant, 520 N.W.2d 123, 130 (Mich. 1994)). Petitioner violated this rule
by failing to object at trial to Detective Pendergraff’s opinion about her truthfulness.
Second, the Michigan Court of Appeals was the last state court to issue a
reasoned decision on Petitioner’s claim, and it reviewed the claim for “plain error.”
A state appellate court’s “plain error” review is considered enforcement of a
procedural default. Hinkle v. Randle, 271 F.3d 239, 244 (6th Cir. 2001). Third, the
state procedural rule is an adequate and independent state ground for denying review

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of a federal constitutional claim, because it is both well-established and normally
enforced. Taylor v. McKee, 649 F.3d 446, 450–51 (6th Cir. 2011).
a. Cause and Prejudice
The remaining question is whether Petitioner has shown “cause” for her
procedural default and resulting prejudice. She alleged in state court that her trial
attorney was ineffective for failing to object to Detective Pendergraff’s testimony.
Constitutionally ineffective assistance of counsel can be cause for a
procedural default. Murray v. Carrier, 477 U.S. 478, 488 (1986); Hodges v. Colson,
727 F.3d 517, 530 (6th Cir. 2013). The Michigan Court of Appeals, however,
determined that Petitioner’s trial counsel was not ineffective, and to prevail on a
claim about trial counsel, Petitioner must show that “counsel’s performance was
deficient” and “that the deficient performance prejudiced the defense.” Strickland
v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). Petitioner has failed to satisfy this
standard for the following reasons.
To begin, the Court takes notice that Detective Pendergraff did not testify that,
in his opinion, Petitioner was guilty. The Michigan Court of Appeals, moreover,
determined that Detective Pendergraff’s disputed remarks were proper under the
Michigan Rules of Evidence. The Court of Appeals gave the following reasons for
this conclusion: (1) Pendergraff’s statements regarding the veracity of Petitioner’s
story were based on evidence at the crime scene and Petitioner’s changing story
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about what occurred; (2) the testimony about how a rifle is held was (a) a proper
reference to the statements of a party opponent, (b) based on Pendergraff’s rational
perception of the evidence and how an individual intending to shoot would hold a
rifle, and (c) helpful in determining a fact at issue, namely, whether Petitioner had
acted in self-defense; (3) Pendergraff’s testimony explained his investigation; (4) his
opinion was related to his perception of the crime scene and the description that
Petitioner gave; and (5) his reference to Petitioner as the shooter was permissible
because Petitioner admitted shooting the victim. People v. Arellano¸ No. 322886,
2015 WL 7370072, at *3–4 (Mich. Ct. App. Nov. 19, 2015) (unpublished).
This Court is bound by the state court’s conclusion that Detective
Pendergraff’s testimony was admissible under state law, Bradshaw v. Richey, 546
U.S. 74, 76 (2005), and because the testimony was admissible, an objection would
have lacked merit.

“Omitting meritless arguments is neither professionally

unreasonable nor prejudicial.” Coley v. Bagley, 706 F.3d 741, 752 (6th Cir. 2013)
(citations omitted).

Therefore, trial counsel’s failure to object to Detective

Pendergraff’s remarks on her truthfulness did not amount to ineffective assistance,
and Petitioner has not shown “cause” for her procedural default.
Petitioner also has not shown that she was prejudiced by the alleged error.
As the Michigan Court of Appeals pointed out, substantial other evidence linked
Petitioner to the crime, and Detective Pendergraff’s testimony likely was not
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outcome determinative, even if portions of his testimony were admitted erroneously.
Arellano, 2015 WL 7370072, at *4.
b. Miscarriage of Justice
In the absence of “cause and prejudice,” a habeas petitioner may pursue a
procedurally defaulted claim if she can demonstrate that failure to consider her claim
“will result in a fundamental miscarriage of justice.” Coleman v. Thompson, 501
U.S. 722, 750 (1991). “A fundamental miscarriage of justice results from the
conviction of one who is ‘actually innocent.’” Lundgren v. Mitchell, 440 F.3d 754,
764 (6th Cir. 2006) (citing Murray v. Carrier, 477 U.S. 478, 496 (1986)). “To be
credible, [a claim of actual innocence] requires [the] petitioner to support [her]
allegations of constitutional error with new reliable evidence – whether it be
exculpatory scientific evidence, trustworthy eyewitness accounts, or critical physical
evidence – that was not presented at trial.” Schlup v. Delo, 513 U.S. 298, 324 (1995).
Petitioner has not presented the Court with any new evidence of actual
innocence, and the evidence against her at trial was strong. A miscarriage of justice,
therefore, will not occur as a result of the Court’s failure to address the substantive
merits of Petitioner’s claim about Detective Pendergraff’s testimony. The claim is
procedurally defaulted. The derivative claim about trial counsel does not warrant
habeas relief because the state appellate court’s conclusion—that trial counsel was

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not ineffective for failing to make a meritless objection–is not contrary to, or an
unreasonable application of, Strickland.
B. Trial Counsel, the Prosecutors, and Police
The Court next addresses Petitioner’s claim that she was “misrepresented” by
trial counsel, and that the two prosecutors on her case and the police engaged in
misconduct. Petitioner’s supporting facts read as follows:
[M]isrepresentation as PAID trial counsel AIDED state’s manufactured
murder scenario DESPITE knowing all that’s in [the] amended Habeas!
No experts called – blood expert would have certainly showed my left
knee imprint (see exhibit AA) along with NO blood or ballistic
evidence proves State manufactured murder scenario! He NEVER
objected to one misconduct by prosecution or police! Their
BALLISTIC expert testified BULLETS were NOT from my gun,
PLANTED casings were. I shot in SELF-DEFENSE!
ECF No. 9, PageID.210 (emphases in original).
Respondent argues that Petitioner’s claim is procedurally defaulted because
the state trial court concluded on post-conviction review that Petitioner could have
raised her claim about trial counsel on appeal and that she failed to demonstrate
“good cause” for failing to do so. However, Petitioner did raise claims about trial
counsel, the prosecutors, and the police in the Michigan Supreme Court on direct
review. And even though “[f]ederal habeas courts generally refuse to hear claims
‘defaulted . . . in state court pursuant to an independent and adequate state procedural
rule,’” Johnson v. Lee, 136 S. Ct. 1802, 1803–04 (2016) (quoting Coleman v.
Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 750 (1991)), a procedural default ordinarily “‘is not a
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jurisdictional matter,’” id. at 1806 (quoting Trest v. Cain, 522 U.S. 87, 89 (1997)).
In the interest of judicial economy, a federal court may bypass a procedural-default
question when the merits of the claim are easily resolvable against the habeas
petitioner. Lambrix v. Singletary, 520 U.S. 518, 525 (1997). The Court proceeds to
address Petitioner’s claim on the merits because that is the more efficient approach.
1. Clearly Established Federal Law
To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel, a habeas
petitioner must show that trial “counsel’s performance was deficient” and “that the
deficient performance prejudiced the defense.” Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S.
668, 687 (1984). The deficient-performance prong “requires showing that counsel
made errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as the ‘counsel’ guaranteed
the defendant by the Sixth Amendment.” Id. Petitioner “must show that counsel’s
representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.” Id. at 688.
The “prejudice” prong “requires showing that counsel’s errors were so serious
as to deprive the defendant of a fair trial, a trial whose result is reliable.” Id. at 687.
Petitioner must demonstrate “a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s
unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A
reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the
outcome.” Id. at 694.

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“The standards created by Strickland and § 2254(d) are both ‘highly
deferential,’ and when the two apply in tandem, review is ‘doubly’ so.” Harrington
v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 105 (2011) (internal and end citations omitted). “When
§ 2254(d) applies, the question is not whether counsel’s actions were reasonable.
The question is whether there is any reasonable argument that counsel satisfied
Strickland’s deferential standard.” Id.
2. Application
a. Manufactured Evidence
Petitioner alleges that the State “manufactured [the] murder scenario.” As
“proof” of this, Petitioner alleges that no blood or ballistic evidence proved the
State’s theory and that trial counsel aided the State’s manufactured theory about the
murder.
The record belies Petitioner’s assertions. A lay person happened to find the
handgun in a wooded area near Jo-Ann Fabrics two days after the crime and then
called the police. 5/30/14 Trial Tr., ECF No. 19-18, PageID.1207–10. The officer
who responded to the call collected the gun and later learned that it was registered
to Petitioner. Id. at PageID.1211–12, 1217. The gun was a 380 caliber, and
Detective Pendergraff knew from his visit to the crime scene two days earlier that
the casings at the crime scene were the same caliber. Id. at PageID.1222. An expert
witness on firearms identification determined that the casings were fired from the
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handgun and that they could not have been fired from the victim’s rifle. Id. at
PageID.1408–09, 1411.
An expert in DNA analysis testified that the major DNA donor in the swab
from the muzzle of the handgun was the victim. 6/3/14 Trial Tr., ECF No. 19-19,
PageID.1471. The major DNA type on the holster and on the waist and back of the
blue jeans matched Petitioner. Id. at PageID.1472–73, 1476. The major DNA type
on the blood stain from the knee of the jeans matched the victim, and Petitioner could
not be excluded as the donor of one of the minor types on the stain. Id. at
PageID.1474–76.
There is nothing in the record to suggest that the prosecution manufactured
the blood and ballistics evidence or planted any evidence. There also is no merit in
Petitioner’s claim that trial counsel aided the State in manufacturing evidence or in
presenting its case. As the state trial court pointed out in its decision on postconviction review,
[t]rial counsel presented his theory of self-defense in his opening
argument. (Tr 1, 205.) He then presented a variety of witnesses in
support of his theory, including Defendant’s son, Defendant herself,
Defendant’s medical professionals who witnessed her abuse, and an
expert who testified about domestic abuse. (Tr VI; Tr VII.) Then, trial
counsel argued for and received a self-defense jury instruction. (Tr VII,
198.) Then, defense counsel presented a coherent closing argument
about why Defendant had to kill her husband, albeit he did not use the
word “self-defense.” (Tr VII,151-173.) Rather, he thoroughly
explained how Defendant had been abused at the hands of the victim,
and how that led to a defensive posture in her mind that if she did not
kill him that he would have killed her.
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ECF No. 19-27, PageID.2301–02.
Trial counsel also convinced the trial court to instruct the jury on voluntary
manslaughter, despite the prosecutor’s objection to the proposed instruction. 6/5/14
Trial Tr., ECF No. 19-21, PageID.1876–80. Accordingly, the Court concludes that
trial counsel did not aid the State in presenting its case against Petitioner.
b. Failure to Call Expert Witnesses
Petitioner also contends that trial counsel failed to call expert witnesses. This
argument also is belied by the record. Trial counsel called an expert witness on
domestic violence to support the defense theory that the victim abused Petitioner and
that Petitioner shot the victim in self-defense. 6/6/14 Trial Tr., ECF No. 19-22,
PageID.1901–86 (testimony of Dr. Lewis Okun). Although Dr. Okun was not
permitted to opine whether Petitioner was a battered woman, whether the victim was
a batterer, or whether Petitioner was a truthful person, id. at PageID.1884–85, trial
counsel elicited Dr. Okun’s testimony that Petitioner had a clear and coherent history
of suffering from domestic violence “with no obvious . . . flaws or manufactured
areas,” id. at PageID.1905. Dr. Okun supported his conclusions with specific
examples from his four-hour interview with Petitioner, id. at PageID.1905–06, and
he explained at least one concept—dissociative amnesia—that Petitioner claims trial
counsel should have raised as a defense. Id. at PageID.1908–09.

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Petitioner herself testified in support of the self-defense theory. 6/5/14 Trial
Tr., ECF No. 19-21, PageID.1733–1874.

Although she argued during post-

conviction proceedings in state court that she had two additional experts who could
have testified about Battered Spouse Syndrome, trial counsel could have concluded
that more expert testimony on the topic would have been cumulative and not worth
the additional expense. “Counsel was entitled to formulate a strategy that was
reasonable at the time and to balance limited resources in accord with effective trial
tactics and strategies.” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 107 (citation omitted).
Petitioner also implies that trial counsel should have called an expert witness
on blood splatter. However, Petitioner admitted to shooting the victim, and a blood
splatter expert would not have aided her in presenting a self-defense theory.
Moreover, the Court “must presume that decisions of what evidence to present and
whether to call or question witnesses are matters of trial strategy.” Cathron v. Jones,
77 F. App’x 835, 841 (6th Cir. 2003) (citing Hutchison v. Bell, 303 F.3d 720, 749
(6th Cir. 2002)). The Court thus concludes that trial counsel was not ineffective for
failing to call additional expert witnesses.
c. Failure to Object to Alleged Misconduct
Petitioner also contends that trial counsel failed to object to misconduct by the
prosecution and the police. The Court has already determined that trial counsel was

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not ineffective for failing to object to Detective Pendergraff’s testimony about
Petitioner’s truthfulness.
Petitioner, however, argued in state court that the prosecution staged the
courtroom, misrepresented the facts, asserted facts not in evidence, altered the crime
scene photos, tainted the testimony of two witnesses, twisted and suppressed the
truth, and compromised the crime scene. Although one of the prosecutors apparently
tried to re-enact the shooting during her closing argument, see 6/6/14 Trial Tr., ECF
No. 19-22, PageID.2017–18, this was not improper. See Pickens v. Gibson, 206 F.3d
988, 1000 (10th Cir. 2000) (concluding that the prosecutor’s comments and use of
the murder weapon during closing arguments to demonstrate the shooting of the
victims did not render the petitioner’s trial fundamentally unfair, given the entire
record and the context in which the comments were made).
Petitioner’s other assertions about the prosecutors’ presentation of the case are
likewise meritless. The witnesses generally corroborated each other’s testimony,
and the scientific evidence was presented persuasively by competent expert
witnesses. The record does not support Petitioner’s claim that the prosecution
manufactured evidence against her, tampered with the evidence, or misrepresented
the truth.
In a final argument about the prosecutors, Petitioner contends that one of the
prosecutors called her a liar, a murderer, and an adulterer. The prosecutor did say
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during closing arguments that Petitioner murdered her husband, lied repeatedly, and
had affairs with multiple men. 6/6/14 Trial Tr., ECF No. 19-22, PageID.2008–11,
2030, 2032. The Court finds that these comments were not improper, however,
because they were driven by the evidence, as opposed to the prosecutor’s personal
opinion of Petitioner. Stermer v. Warren, 959 F.3d 704, 727–28 (6th Cir. 2020).
Trial counsel, therefore, was not ineffective for failing to object to the prosecutor’s
comments during closing arguments.
The Court also finds that these remarks were harmless because Petitioner
herself admitted that she had intimate relationships with men while she was married
to the victim, 6/5/14 Trial Tr., ECF No. 19-21, PageID.1794; that she lied a lot to
one of her male acquaintances, id. at PageID.1797–98; and that she must have shot
the victim, id. at 1845. The trial court, moreover, instructed the jury that the lawyers’
arguments were not evidence and that the jury should decide the case only on the
admissible evidence. 6/6/14 Trial Tr., ECF No. 19-22, PageID.2068, 2070.
3. Conclusion on Petitioner’s claim about Trial Counsel
Trial counsel arguably satisfied Strickland’s deferential standard. Even if
counsel’s performance were deficient, the evidence against Petitioner was
substantial, and there is not a reasonable probability that the result of the trial would
have been different if counsel had produced more expert witnesses or made
additional objections. Moreover, the state trial court concluded that “trial counsel
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was effective.” ECF No. 19-27, PageID.2306. This conclusion was not contrary to,
or an unreasonable application of, Strickland. Petitioner, therefore, is not entitled to
relief on her claim about trial counsel.
C. Appellate Counsel and the Prosecution
Petitioner alleges that she was “misrepresented” by her appellate attorney
because counsel made 213 errors in his appellate brief and raised only one claim
about a comment that the lead detective (Mark Pendergraff) made during trial.
According to Petitioner, there were other grounds for appealing, such as arguing that
Detective Pendergraff planted the bullet casings, manufactured the murder scenario,
and suppressed a vast amount of evidence. ECF No. 9, PageID.209.
Petitioner raised a claim about appellate counsel in her motion for relief from
judgment. Her claim was based on appellate counsel’s failure to raise a claim about
trial counsel. The state trial court concluded that, because Petitioner failed to
establish that trial counsel’s performance was deficient, appellate counsel was not
ineffective for failing to raise a claim about trial counsel.

ECF No. 19-27,

PageID.2299–2300, 2307.
The proper standard for evaluating a claim about appellate counsel is the
standard enunciated in Strickland. See Smith v. Robbins, 528 U.S. 259, 285 (2000).
To prevail on her claim, Petitioner must demonstrate (1) that appellate counsel acted
unreasonably in failing to discover and raise non-frivolous issues on appeal, and (2)
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there is a reasonable probability that she would have prevailed on appeal if her
attorney had raised the issues. Id. (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 466,
687–91, 694 (1984)); see also Pollini v. Robey. __ F.3d __, __, No. 19-5131, 2020
WL 6938282, at *4 (6th Cir. Nov. 25, 2020) (stating that, “to prevail on a Stricklandbased ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claim, [the petitioner] must satisfy
two prongs: (1) that his appellate counsel was deficient, and (2) that the deficiency
prejudiced him.”).
Here, Petitioner blames her attorney for raising only one claim on appeal, but
it was not a frivolous claim. Petitioner herself raised the claim in her habeas petition.
Furthermore, an appellate attorney is not required to raise every non-frivolous claim
requested by his or her client if the attorney decides, as a matter of professional
judgment, not to raise the claim. Jones v. Barnes, 463 U.S. 745, 751 (1983). In fact,
the process of “ ‘winnowing out weaker arguments on appeal’ ” is “the
hallmark of effective appellate advocacy.” Smith v. Murray, 477 U.S.
527, 536, 106 S.Ct. 2661, 91 L.Ed.2d 434 (1986) (quoting Barnes, 463
U.S. at 751-52, 103 S.Ct. 3308). “Generally, only when ignored issues
are clearly stronger than those presented, will the presumption of
effective assistance of counsel be overcome.” Gray v. Greer, 800 F.2d
644, 646 (7th Cir. 1986).
Monzo v. Edwards, 281 F.3d 568, 579 (6th Cir. 2002).
Petitioner’s claims about trial counsel, misconduct by the prosecution and
police, and legal justification lack merit and are not clearly stronger than the claim
that appellate counsel raised in the appeal of right. Thus, appellate counsel was not

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ineffective for failing to raise those issues on appeal. “[B]y definition, appellate
counsel cannot be ineffective for a failure to raise an issue that lacks merit.” Greer
v. Mitchell, 264 F.3d 663, 676 (6th Cir. 2001).
As for Petitioner’s claim about appellate counsel, “it would be unreasonable
to expect counsel to raise an ineffective assistance claim against himself.”
Fautenberry v. Mitchell, 515 F.3d 614, 640 (6th Cir. 2008). The record, moreover,
shows that appellate counsel offered to help Petitioner file a pro se supplemental
brief on appeal if she drafted the brief. ECF No. 19-27, PageID.2296–97. Petitioner
could have raised additional claims in a pro se supplemental brief and apparently
chose not to do so.
For the foregoing reasons, the state trial court’s conclusion that appellate
counsel was not ineffective is not contrary to, or an unreasonable application of,
Supreme Court precedent. Petitioner, therefore, has no right to relief on her claim
about appellate counsel.
D. Legal Justification, the Blood, and Ballistic Evidence
Petitioner’s fourth and final claim and the supporting facts read as follows:
Legally justified due to provocation!!!
All blood and ballistic evidence EXONERATES me! Not one piece of
it backs State & Police manufactured murder scenario! What they all
did was deliberate and in full malice against me! They KNEW the truth
and chose to SUPPRESS it, thinking no one will know, especially since
BOTH my attorneys covered for their gross misconduct!
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ECF No. 9, PageID.212 (emphases in original).
Contrary to Petitioner’s allegations, the blood and ballistic evidence did not
exonerate her. As explained supra, the blood on Petitioner’s jeans contained the
victim’s DNA, and the casings found at the crime scene were fired from her gun.
There was additional evidence suggesting that the shooting was not justified.
The medical examiner testified that the victim’s chest wound was a contact wound,
6/3/14 Trial Tr., ECF No. 19-19, PageID.1528; that the chest wound occurred before
the gunshot to the back of the victim’s head, id. at PageID.1540, 1542; and that either
wound by itself could have caused the victim’s death, id. at PageID.1540–41. The
jury could have inferred from this evidence that Petitioner was able to stand very
close to the victim before the shooting and, therefore, the victim could not have been
pointing his rifle at Petitioner before the shooting. The jury also could have inferred
that Petitioner did not shoot in self-defense and that she did premediate and
deliberate the shooting.
The contention that the prosecution suppressed the truth lacks merit because
Petitioner conceded at trial that she must have shot the victim one time because she
remembered reaching in her purse for her gun. 6/5/14 Trial Tr., ECF No. 19-21,
PageID.1845–46. Although she could not remember whether she shot the victim a
second time, she did not deny shooting him a second time. See id.

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To the extent Petitioner is raising an independent claim that she is innocent of
the crimes for which she was convicted, her claim lacks merit because actualinnocence claims are not a basis “for federal habeas relief absent an independent
constitutional violation occurring in the underlying state criminal proceeding.”
Herrera v. Collins, 506 U.S. 390, 400 (1993); see also Cress v. Palmer, 484 F.3d
844, 854 (6th Cir. 2007) (noting that a free-standing claim of actual innocence, when
not coupled with allegations of constitutional error at trial, is not cognizable on
habeas review). “This rule is grounded in the principle that federal habeas courts sit
to ensure that individuals are not imprisoned in violation of the Constitution – not to
correct errors of fact.” Herrera, 506 U.S. at 400.
Petitioner has not persuaded the Court that a constitutional error occurred in
the underlying criminal proceeding. Furthermore, “[a]ctual innocence means factual
innocence, not mere legal insufficiency,” Bousley v. United States, 523 U.S. 614,
615 (1998), and the contention that Petitioner is not guilty of first-degree murder
because she acted in self-defense is one of legal innocence, not factual innocence.
See Beavers v. Saffle, 216 F.3d 918, 923 (10th Cir. 2000). Petitioner has not stated
a viable claim of actual innocence, and she is not entitled to relief on her claim that
the evidence exonerated her or that her conduct was legally justified.

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IV. CONCLUSION AND ORDER
Petitioner’s first claim is procedurally defaulted, and her other claims lack
substantive merit because they are not supported by the record or are not a basis for
granting habeas corpus relief. In addition, the state courts’ rejection of Petitioner’s
claims was not so lacking in justification that there was an error beyond any
possibility for fairminded disagreement.
Based upon the foregoing, the Court HEREBY DENIES the Habeas Petition
[#1] and Amended Habeas Petition [#9] for a writ of habeas corpus.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that a certificate of appealability is DENIED.
Reasonable jurists could not disagree with the Court’s resolution of Petitioner’s
claims; nor could reasonable jurists conclude that the issues deserve encouragement
to proceed further. Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 327 (2003) (citing Slack v.
McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000)).
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that leave to appeal in forma pauperis is
GRANTED. The Court concludes that an appeal could be taken in good faith. 28
U.S.C. §1915(a)(3).
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Dated: December 9, 2020
/s/Gershwin A. Drain
GERSHWIN A. DRAIN
United States District Judge

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CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
A Copy of this Order was served on Diane Arellano, No. 936484, Women’s Huron
Valley Correctional Facility, 3201 Bemis Road, Ypsilanti, Michigan 48197 on
December 9, 2020, by electronic and/or ordinary mail.
/s/ Teresa McGovern
Deputy Clerk

31