Baytops v. Slominski et al
Filing
43
Magistrate Judge's REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION recommending GRANTING Defendant's 18 MOTION for Summary Judgment Defendant Scott Wood's Motion for Summary Judgment filed by Scott Wood, and ORDER Denying Plaintiff's 36 MOTION filed by Milton Baytops--Entered by Magistrate Judge Anthony P. Patti. (MWil)
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
SOUTHERN DIVISION
MILTON BAYTOPS,
Plaintiff,
v.
Case No. 4:20-cv-11630
District Judge Matthew F. Leitman
Magistrate Judge Anthony P. Patti
STEVE SLOMINSKI, et al.,
Defendants.
_________________________/
ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR THE COURT TO TAKE
JUDICIAL NOTICE OF PUBLIC RECORDS (ECF No. 36) AND
MAGISTRATE JUDGE’S REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION TO
GRANT DEFENDANT’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT UNDER
FED. R. CIV. P. 56(a) (ECF No. 18)
I.
RECOMMENDATION: The Court should GRANT Defendant Scott
Wood’s motion for summary judgment. (ECF No. 18.)
II.
REPORT
A.
Background
1.
Factual Background
On June 8, 2020, Plaintiff Milton Baytops, a state prisoner proceeding
without the assistance of counsel, filed a complaint in the United States District
Court for the Western District of Michigan against: Alpena County Sheriff’s
Department Detectives Steve Slominski and Lincoln Suszek1; Michigan State
Police Detective Sergeant Scott Wood; John Doe members of the Alpena County
Huron Undercover Narcotics Team (HUNT); alleged confidential informant (CI)
Wendy Macleod; and citizens Chastity Wolf, Aaron Bisonnette, and Kayla
Woodham, which was transferred to this Court on June 22, 2020. (ECF Nos. 1 &
3.) As summarized by this Court in its August 5, 2020 order:
This is a pro se civil rights case brought pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §
1983. Michigan prisoner Milton Baytops alleges that his
constitutional rights were violated when he was subjected to excessive
force by police during a raid at a residence in Alpena, Michigan in
March 2019. (See Compl., ECF No. 1, PageID.5, 7.) He also alleges
that, at trial, there was no DNA or fingerprints on the money or the
drugs found during the raid. (See id., PageID.8.) State records reveal
that Baytops was convicted of two counts of delivery/manufacture of
less than 50 grams of narcotics/cocaine and one count of conspiracy to
do the same following a jury trial in the Alpena County Circuit Court.
The state court then sentenced him to concurrent terms of 5 to 20
years imprisonment on those convictions on July 30, 2019.
* * *
He has sued the Defendants in both their official and personal
capacities. (See id.) He seeks injunctive relief, monetary damages,
and any other appropriate relief.
(ECF No. 8, PageID.20-21.)
In that same order, the Court dismissed Plaintiff’s claims against Defendants
Macleod, Wolf, Bisonnette, and Woodham because they are not state actors and,
1
The Court will use the spelling of Defendant Suszek’s name as it appears in his
answer (ECF No. 19) as opposed to on the docket.
2
thus, not subject to suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. (ECF No. 8, PageID.24.) And to
the extent Plaintiff challenged the validity of his prosecution and state criminal
proceedings, the Court dismissed those claims, citing Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S.
477, 486-87 (1994). (ECF No. 8, PageID.23-24.) Further, on April 21, 2021, the
Court denied Plaintiff’s motion for leave to file an amended complaint (ECF No.
27), by which he sought to correct errors of fact and the omission of claims, and to
add defendants to the lawsuit. (ECF No. 35.) Thus, the only remaining claim is
that for excessive force against Defendants Slominski, Suszek, Wood, and the John
Doe HUNT members. (ECF No. 8, PageID.25.)2
More specifically, Plaintiff alleges that his constitutional rights were
violated when: (1) unknown HUNT members unlawfully beat him inside of the
apartment during the raid, and left him to sit on the porch in the cold wearing no
socks, shoes, or shirt, as evidenced by bodycam footage; (2) Defendant Slominski,
et al., told the HUNT members that he could not be left outside in the cold; (3) the
HUNT members who conducted the raid were unsupervised; and (4) Defendant
Suszek, et al., sat and looked on as he bled outside in the cold. (ECF No. 1,
PageID.5-8, ¶¶ 1-5, 9, 11-12, 14.)
2.
Summary Judgment Motion
2
It does not appear, from a review of the docket, that the John Doe Defendants
have yet been specifically identified by Plaintiff or served.
3
On October 19, 2020, Defendant Wood filed the instant summary judgment
motion pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a), arguing that: (1) on the basis of the
allegations in the complaint, he did not use excessive force in violation of
Plaintiff’s Fourth or Fourteenth Amendment rights because he did not arrive on the
scene until after Plaintiff had been placed in a patrol car; (2) he is, thus, entitled to
qualified immunity from Plaintiff’s excessive force claim; and (3) even if he had
been involved in keeping Plaintiff outside on the porch, such conduct would not
amount to excessive force. (ECF No. 18, PageID.61-70.) In so doing, he clarifies
that he was a part of the Michigan State Police (MSP) team that investigated and
obtained the search warrant and called in the MSP Emergency Support Team
(EST) to execute the warrant. (ECF No. 18, PageID.57-58.) Further, Defendant
Wood, in his affidavit attached to the instant motion, states:
I am not a member of the EST and I did not participate in the search
warrant entry which resulted in the contact and/or arrest of the
Plaintiff. Further, [sic] I nor any member of HUNT, entered the
apartment prior to the EST completing their entry, securing the
occupants of the apartment, and advising the apartment was safe to
enter. At that time, I and HUNT members entered the apartment to
conduct an evidentiary search of the residence and interview the
remaining occupants.
(ECF No. 18-1, PageID.76, ¶ 11.)
Judge Leitman referred the case to me for all pretrial matters on October 21,
2020. (ECF No. 22.)
B.
Standard
4
Under Fed. R. Civ. P. 56, “[t]he court shall grant summary judgment if the
movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the
movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). A fact is
material if it might affect the outcome of the case under governing law. Anderson
v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). The Court “views the evidence,
all facts, and any inferences that may be drawn from the facts in the light most
favorable to the nonmoving party.” Pure Tech Sys., Inc. v. Mt. Hawley Ins. Co., 95
F. App’x 132, 135 (6th Cir. 2004).
“The moving party has the initial burden of proving that no genuine issue of
material fact exists . . . .” Stansberry v. Air Wis. Airlines Corp., 651 F.3d 482, 486
(6th Cir. 2011) (internal quotations omitted); cf. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e)(2) (providing
that if a party “fails to properly address another party’s assertion of fact,” the court
may “consider the fact undisputed for purposes of the motion”). “Once the moving
party satisfies its burden, ‘the burden shifts to the nonmoving party to set forth
specific facts showing a triable issue.’” Wrench LLC v. Taco Bell Corp., 256 F.3d
446, 453 (6th Cir. 2001) (citing Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio
Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986)).
The nonmoving party “must make an affirmative showing with proper
evidence in order to defeat the motion.” Alexander v. CareSource, 576 F.3d 551,
558 (6th Cir. 2009); see also Lee v. Metro. Gov’t of Nashville & Davidson Cty.,
5
432 F. App’x 435, 441 (6th Cir. 2011) (“The nonmovant must . . . do more than
simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts[.] . . .
[T]here must be evidence upon which a reasonable jury could return a verdict in
favor of the non-moving party to create a genuine dispute.”) (internal quotation
marks and citations omitted). “Such evidence submitted in opposition to a motion
for summary judgment must be admissible.” Alexander, 576 F.3d at 558 (internal
quotation marks and citations omitted). In other words, summary judgment is
appropriate when the motion “is properly made and supported and the nonmoving
party fails to respond with a showing sufficient to establish an essential element of
its case[.] . . .” Stansberry, 651 F.3d at 486 (citing Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477
U.S. 317, 322-23 (1986)).
The fact that Plaintiff is pro se does not reduce his obligations under Rule
56. Rather, “liberal treatment of pro se pleadings does not require lenient
treatment of substantive law.” Durante v. Fairlane Town Ctr., 201 F. App’x 338,
344 (6th Cir. 2006). In addition, “[o]nce a case has progressed to the summary
judgment stage, . . . ‘the liberal pleading standards under Swierkiewicz [v. Sorema,
N.A., 534 U.S. 506, 512-13 (2002)] and [the Federal Rules] are inapplicable.’ ”
Tucker v. Union of Needletrades, Indus., & Textile Emp., 407 F.3d 784, 788 (6th
Cir. 2005) (quoting Gilmour v. Gates, McDonald & Co., 382 F.3d 1312, 1315
(11th Cir. 2004)). The Sixth Circuit has made clear that, when opposing summary
6
judgment, a party cannot rely on allegations or denials in unsworn filings and that a
party’s “status as a pro se litigant does not alter [this] duty on a summary judgment
motion.” Viergutz v. Lucent Techs., Inc., 375 F. App’x 482, 485 (6th Cir. 2010);
see also United States v. Brown, 7 F. App’x 353, 354 (6th Cir. 2001) (affirming
grant of summary judgment against a pro se plaintiff because “he failed to present
any evidence to defeat the government’s motion”).
C.
Discussion
1.
Defendant Wood’s motion for summary judgment is
unopposed
Defendant Wood filed his motion for summary judgment on October 19,
2020. (ECF No. 18.) “A respondent opposing a motion must file a response,
including a brief and supporting documents then available.” E.D. Mich. Local
Rule 7.1(c)(1). “A response to a dispositive motion must be filed within 21 days
after service of the motion.” E.D. Mich. LR 7.1(e)(1)(B). Therefore, Plaintiff’s
response would ordinarily have been due on or about Monday, November 9, 2020.
Fed. R. Civ. P. 6(a) and (d).
On October 23, 2020, I entered an order which required Plaintiff to file a
response on or before November 23, 2020. (ECF No. 24.) The Court’s order
regarding the briefing schedule was not returned as undeliverable, so it is presumed
that Plaintiff received it. To date, no response has been filed. Instead, Plaintiff has
filed what have been docketed as an affidavit of truth (ECF No. 25), exhibits (ECF
7
No. 32), and a motion for the Court to take judicial notice of public records (ECF
No. 36), none of which the Court need consider a proper response to the instant
motion.3
Nonetheless, “a district court cannot grant summary judgment in favor of a
movant simply because the adverse party has not responded.” Carver v. Bunch,
946 F.2d 451, 455 (6th Cir. 1991). “The court is required, at a minimum, to
examine the movant’s motion for summary judgment to ensure that he has
discharged that burden.” Id.
2.
The Court should grant summary judgment on Plaintiff’s
excessive force claim against Defendant Wood
a.
Excessive force
Again, Plaintiff claims excessive force, in violation of his constitutional
rights pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging that he was beaten inside the
apartment during the raid, and left to sit on the porch in the cold before being
placed in a patrol car. (ECF No. 1, PageID.5-8, ¶¶ 1-5, 9, 11-12, 14.) “Excessive
force claims . . . can be raised under the Fourth, Eighth, and Fourteenth
Amendments. Which amendment should be applied depends on the status of the
plaintiff at the time of the incident; that is, whether the plaintiff was a free citizen,
convicted prisoner, or fit in some gray area between the two.” Burgess v. Fischer,
3
The only of these filed prior or even close to November 23, 2020, the due date of
Plaintiff’s response, was the affidavit of truth. (ECF No. 25.)
8
735 F.3d 462, 472 (6th Cir. 2013). “Where . . . the excessive force claim arises in
the context of an arrest or investigatory stop of a free citizen, it is most properly
characterized as one invoking the protections of the Fourth Amendment . . . .”
Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 394 (1989). And “the Fourth Amendment
extends ‘at least through the completion of the booking procedure, which is
typically handled by jailers.’” Burgess, 735 F.3d at 474 (citation omitted). As
Plaintiff’s excessive force allegations are limited to the raid and his arrest, the
Court should review his claim under the Fourth Amendment.4
According to the Sixth Circuit:
Under the Fourth Amendment, we apply an objective reasonableness
test, looking to the reasonableness of the force in light of the totality
of the circumstances confronting the intent or motivation of the
defendants. Dunigan v. Noble, 309 F.3d 486, 493 (6th Cir. 2004); see
also Graham, 490 U.S. at 396-97, 109 S.Ct. 1865. We balance “the
nature and quality of the intrusion on [a Plaintiff’s] Fourth
Amendment interests against the countervailing governmental
interests at stake.” Ciminillo v. Streicher, 434 F.3d 461, 466-67 (6th
Cir. 2006). In so doing, three factors guide our analysis: “‘[(1)] the
severity of the crime at issue, [(2)] whether the suspect poses an
immediate threat to the safety of the officers or others, and [(3)]
whether he is actively resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest by
flight.’” Martin v. City of Broadview Heights, 712 F.3d 951, 958 (6th
Cir. 2013) (quoting Graham, 490 U.S. at 396, 109 S.Ct. 1865). These
factors are assessed from the perspective of a reasonable officer on the
scene making a split-second judgment under tense, uncertain, and
rapidly evolving circumstances without the advantage of 20/20
hindsight. Graham, 490 U.S. at 496, 109 S.Ct. 1865.
4
Defendant Wood addresses Plaintiff’s claim under the Fourth and Fourteenth
Amendments in his summary judgment motion, but as explained in detail below,
the distinction should not affect the Court’s ultimate disposition.
9
Burgess, 735 F.3d at 472-73.
b.
Plaintiff has failed to meet his burden of
demonstrating a genuine issue of material fact with
regard to Defendant Wood’s personal involvement in
any of the alleged excessive force
Defendant Wood first asserts entitlement to summary judgment on
Plaintiff’s claim against him because he did not arrive on the scene until after any
of the alleged excessive force occurred. (ECF No. 18, PageID.61-70.) For the
reasons that follow, I agree.
“‘Section 1983 provides a cause of action against any person who, under
color of state law, deprives an individual of any right, privilege, or immunity
secured by the Constitution and federal law.’” Regets v. City of Plymouth, 568 F.
App’x 380, 386 (6th Cir. 2014) (quoting McKnight v. Rees, 88 F.3d 417, 419 (6th
Cir. 1996)). However, § 1983 does not “permit individuals to sue state actors in
the abstract; it requires them to connect alleged constitutional violations of the
individuals’ rights to state conduct.” Thomas v. Nationwide Children’s Hosp., 882
F.3d 608, 614 (6th Cir. 2018). In other words, a plaintiff must demonstrate that the
individual defendant was personally involved in the activity forming the basis of
the complaint. Rizzo v. Goode, 423 U.S. 362, 372 (1976); Bellamy v. Bradley, 729
F.2d 416, 421 (6th Cir. 1984). See also Robertson v. Lucas, 753 F.3d 606, 618
(6th Cir. 2014) (“The proper defendants in an action under § 1983 or Bivens are the
10
law enforcement officers who were personally involved in the incident alleged to
have resulted in a violation of the plaintiff’s civil rights.”). In the excessive force
context specifically, a plaintiff must prove that the officer “‘(1) actively
participated in the use of excessive force, (2) supervised the officer who used
excessive force, or (3) owed the victim a duty of protection against the use of
excessive force.’” Binay v. Bettendorf, 601 F.3d 640, 650 (6th Cir. 2010) (quoting
Turner v. Scott, 119 F.3d 425, 429 (6th Cir. 1997)).
Even viewing the evidence presented in a light most favorable to Plaintiff,
he has failed to meet his burden of demonstrating a genuine issue of material fact
with regard to Defendant Wood’s liability for any alleged excessive force. In
support of his summary judgment motion, Defendant Wood has attached an
affidavit in which he denies any personal physical involvement in the apartment
raid or the placement of Plaintiff on the porch, stating:
I am not a member of the EST and I did not participate in the search
warrant entry which resulted in the contact and/or arrest of the
Plaintiff. Further, [sic]5 I nor any member of HUNT, entered the
apartment prior to the EST completing their entry, securing the
occupants of the apartment, and advising the apartment was safe to
enter. At that time, I and HUNT members entered the apartment to
conduct an evidentiary search of the residence and interview the
remaining occupants.
5
It is obvious from everything that immediately follows within the affidavit that
the word neither was inadvertently left out of this sentence, due to a scrivener’s
error. But the remainder of the affidavit provides clear evidence, and renders this
error inconsequential.
11
The first time I observed the Plaintiff was from across the road, sitting
in my undercover vehicle, when the EST brought Plaintiff out of the
apartment, handcuffed, and walked him to a patrol car. I then made
my way across the road to the scene.
When I and members of HUNT arrived at the scene to conduct an
evidentiary search of the apartment, Plaintiff had already been secured
in a patrol car where Plaintiff remained until Plaintiff was transported
to the Alpena County Jail by a uniformed Michigan State Police
Trooper.
At no time during the execution of this search warrant did I or any
member of HUNT have any contact physically or verbally with
Plaintiff, nor did I or any member of HUNT use any physical force
against Plaintiff.
(Exhibit A, ECF No. 18-1, PageID.76-77, ¶¶ 11-14.) Further, the incident reports
he attached corroborate these statements. According to the original incident report,
Defendant Wood conducted surveillance during the controlled buy on March 4,
2019, the day before execution of the search warrant (ECF No. 18-1, PageID.83),
but he was not listed in the EST incident report as one of the members who
executed the search warrant (ECF No. 18-1, PageID.110).
And Plaintiff has neither formally responded to the instant motion, nor
presented evidence in his other three filings mentioned above to contradict the
record established by Defendant Wood and demonstrate a genuine issue of material
fact as to whether Defendant Wood actively participated in the use of excessive
force. In fact, in the sworn filing Plaintiff has docketed as an affidavit of truth,
which appears to contain statements in support of his complaint, he repeatedly
12
admits that Defendant Wood did not physically arrest him, and was only present
when he was already in the patrol car. (ECF No. 25, PageID.145-148, ¶¶ 2-5, 912.) And he makes no specific, substantive allegations against Defendant Wood in
his complaint. Thus, Plaintiff has failed to establish a genuine issue with regard to
Defendant Wood’s active participation in the alleged use of excessive force.
The same is true to the extent, if any, Plaintiff alleges that Defendant Wood
owed him a duty of protection against the use of excessive force. “‘As a general
rule, mere presence at the scene of a search, without a showing of direct
responsibility for the action, will not subject an officer to liability.’” Burley v.
Gagacki, 729 F.3d 610, 620 (6th Cir. 2013) (quoting Ghandi v. Police Dep’t of
Detroit, 747 F.2d 338, 352 (6th Cir. 1984). However, a “‘police officer who fails
to act to prevent the use of excessive force may still be held liable where (1) the
officer observed or had reason to know that excessive force would be or was being
used, and (2) the officer had both the opportunity and the means to prevent the
harm from occurring.’” Burley, 729 F.3d at 620 (internal quotations and citations
omitted).
In his complaint, Plaintiff alleges that Defendant Suszek, “et al.,” looked on
as he was bleeding and left to sit in the cold. (ECF No. 1, PageID.5, ¶ 4.)
Although in viewing the DVD dashcam video attached to and referenced in the
instant motion it is unclear to me exactly when Defendant Wood arrives on the
13
scene, Defendant Wood states in his affidavit that although he made his way to the
scene of the search upon observing Plaintiff from across the road in his undercover
vehicle when EST brought Plaintiff out of the apartment and to a patrol car (ECF
No. 18-1, PageID.76, ¶ 12), he did not arrive on the scene until Plaintiff had
already been secured in the patrol car (ECF No. 18-1, PageID.77, ¶¶ 13, 15).6
From this evidence, the Court could conclude that Defendant Wood satisfied his
initial burden of proving the lack of a genuine factual dispute with regard to
whether he had the opportunity and the means to prevent the alleged harm from
occurring. See Stansberry, 651 F.3d at 486. And Plaintiff presents no evidence to
the contrary. Indeed, in his affidavit of truth, Plaintiff states only that Defendant
Wood supervised and/or initiated the raid (ECF No. 25, PageID.144-148, ¶¶ 2-5, 912), not that he observed or had reason to know of the excessive force, or the
opportunity to prevent its occurrence.
Finally, Plaintiff has failed to meet his burden of establishing a genuine issue
of material fact with respect to Defendant Wood’s liability under § 1983 based on
6
Moreover, as Defendant Wood asserts in his summary judgment motion (ECF
No. 18, PageID.66), the dashcam video shows Plaintiff on the porch, without a
shirt on, for approximately 70 seconds before officers walk him to a patrol car
(Exhibit B, ECF No. 26, 7:10-8:20), which does not seem unreasonable in light of
the totality of the circumstances. Burgess, 735 F.3d at 472-73. The raid itself
inside the residence is not a part of the video.
14
supervision of any officer who allegedly used excessive force. In fact, he does not
even plead supervisory liability, merely alleging that:
Lincoln Suszok, et al., as detectives was also waiting outside was just
looking on as I was bleeding from being beating from the hands of the
Alpena County Hunt-team members had laid hands on me and left me
to sit on porch in cold. (EMS) was called, all agents had (body cams)
on and their agents was unsupervised when [entering] the apartment
home they had prior plainted [sic] a ‘CI’ whom was visiting the home
who also was a user and unsupervised agent.
(ECF No. 1, PageID.5, ¶ 4 (emphases added).) However, “‘Section 1983 liability
will not be imposed solely upon the basis of respondeat superior.’” Taylor v.
Mich. Dep’t of Corrections, 69 F.3d 76, 81 (6th Cir. 1995) (quoting Bellamy v.
Bradley, 729 F.2d 416, 421 (6th Cir. 1984), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 845 (1984)).
“In order to establish personal liability for a failure to train and supervise ‘[t]here
must be a showing that the supervisor encouraged the specific incident of
misconduct or in some other way directly participated in it. At a minimum, a §
1983 plaintiff must show that a supervisory official at least implicitly authorized,
approved or knowingly acquiesced in the unconstitutional conduct of the offending
subordinate.’” Coley v. Lucas Cty., Ohio, 799 F.3d 530, 542 (6th Cir. 2015)
(quoting Taylor, 69 F.3d at 81 (emphasis in original)).
Furthermore, pleading the fault of the various law enforcement agents en
masse (“all agents” and “et al.”) is problematic for other reasons. As the Sixth
Circuit recently noted, the Supreme Court has instructed that “public officials be
15
held accountable for their own actions, but not the actions of others.” Jones v. City
of Elyria, Ohio, 947 F.3d 905, 913 (6th Cir. 2020) (citing Ghandi, 747 F.2d at
352). Addressing qualified immunity as to three defendant police officers, the
Sixth Circuit explained: “[W]e do not lump together each of the relevant
government actors. Rather, we assess each actor's liability on an individual basis.”
Jones, 947 F.3d at 913. See also Kellom v. Quinn, 381 F.Supp.3d 800, 817 (E.D.
Mich. 2019) (Cox, J.) (in addressing qualified immunity as to an ICE Agent and
two Detroit Police Department Officers, “[e]ach defendant's liability must be
assessed individually based on his [or her] own actions”) (quoting Binay, 601 F.3d
at 650).
In his supporting affidavit, Defendant Wood attests that he did not enter the
apartment or have any physical or verbal contact with Plaintiff during the
execution of the search warrant, did not arrive on the scene until after Plaintiff had
been placed in a patrol car, and “was not involved in the decision to place Plaintiff
on the porch after he was brought out of the house” (ECF No. 18-1, PageID.76-77,
¶¶ 11, 13-15), from which one could infer that he did not, implicitly or otherwise,
authorize, approve of, or knowingly acquiesce in the alleged excessive force. And
Plaintiff’s allegation in the complaint that Suszek, et al., looked on as he sat
bleeding outside in the cold (ECF No. 1, PageID.5, ¶ 4), does not satisfy his burden
of establishing a genuine issue of material fact otherwise, especially when
16
considered in combination with his admission that Defendant Wood did not
physically arrest him, and was only present when he was already in the patrol car
(ECF No. 25, PageID.145-148, ¶¶ 2-5, 9-12).
Accordingly, the Court should find that Plaintiff has failed to demonstrate a
genuine issue of material fact regarding Defendant Wood’s direct participation in,
supervision of, or failure to protect against, Binay, 601 F.3d at 650, any alleged
excessive force, and grant him summary judgment on that claim.
c.
Qualified immunity
Defendant Wood also asserts that, as he was not personally involved in
arresting Plaintiff or placing Plaintiff on the front porch, he is entitled to qualified
immunity from Plaintiff’s excessive force claim and, thus, summary judgment.
(ECF No. 18, PageID.67-70.) Section 1983 claims are subject to the affirmative
defense of qualified immunity. Regets, 568 F. App’x at 386. The doctrine of
qualified immunity shields government officials performing discretionary
functions from liability for civil damages “insofar as their conduct does not violate
clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person
would have known.” Stoudemire v. Mich. Dep’t of Corrections, 705 F.3d 560, 567
(6th Cir. 2013) (quotation marks and citations omitted). “In resolving a
government official’s qualified immunity claims, we look to whether (1) the facts
that the plaintiff has alleged or shown establish the violation of a constitutional
17
right, and (2) the right at issue was ‘clearly established’ at the time of the alleged
misconduct.” Id. “A defendant bears the initial burden of putting forth facts that
suggest that he was acting within the scope of his discretionary authority.” Id. at
568. But ultimately, “the burden of proof is on the plaintiff to show that the
defendants are not entitled to qualified immunity.” Id. (quotation marks and
citation omitted).
As Plaintiff has failed to demonstrate a genuine issue of material fact
regarding whether Defendant Wood committed any constitutional harm against
him, described in detail above, the Court should conclude that Defendant Wood is
entitled to qualified immunity. Plaintiff has not demonstrated the “violation of a
constitutional right” by this particular officer. Id. at 567.
3.
Plaintiff’s motion for the Court to take judicial notice of
public records (ECF No. 36)
In ECF No. 36, Plaintiff requests that the Court accord him liberal treatment
as a pro se plaintiff, take judicial notice of police records, public newspaper
references, and official government statements, and provide him the opportunity to
prove his claims (ECF No. 36, PageID.384-385), attaching to his motion the
Michigan State Police policy regarding body cameras, a portion of a court
transcript with redactions, and a Michigan State Police incident report with
redactions (ECF No. 36, PageID.387-404). As the Court considers this an
improper filing of discovery material under Fed. R. Civ. P. 5(d) and E.D. Mich. LR
18
26.2 (“[a] party or other person may not file discovery material” except in limited
circumstances) and the information is not clearly linked to a pleading, motion,
brief or response, the motion is DENIED. Plaintiff is advised that any further
attempts to file discovery requests will be stricken from the Court’s docket.
Records may not simply be plowed into the Court’s docket as freestanding
exhibits; they must normally be attached to a pleading, motion or brief, in support
of the same, and explain how they support it. Fed. R. Civ. P. 10(c); E.D. Mich. LR
5.1(d). It is not left for the Court to figure this out. In any case, Plaintiff does not
enlighten the Court as to how these items would establish a material fact question
as to Defendant Wood. To the extent that Plaintiff wants to be assured that the
Court considered bodycam footage and police reports, he can rest assured that it
did, as each was cited within and attached to Defendant Wood’s summary
judgment motion and discussed above. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1)(A). See also Fed.
R. Civ. P. 56(c)(3) (“The court need consider only the cited materials, but it may
consider other materials in the record.”) (emphasis added).
D.
Conclusion
The Court should GRANT Defendant Wood’s motion for summary
judgment. (ECF No. 18.)
In addition, Plaintiff’s motion for the Court to take judicial notice of public
records (ECF No. 36) is DENIED.
19
III.
PROCEDURE ON OBJECTIONS
A.
Report and Recommendation
The parties to this action may object to and seek review of this Report and
Recommendation, but are required to file any objections within 14 days of service,
as provided for in Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 72(b)(2) and Local Rule
72.1(d). Failure to file specific objections constitutes a waiver of any further right
of appeal. Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S. 140 (1985); Howard v. Sec’y of Health &
Hum. Servs., 932 F.2d 505 (6th Cir. 1991). Filing objections that raise some issues
but fail to raise others with specificity will not preserve all the objections a party
might have to this Report and Recommendation. Willis v. Sec’y of Health & Hum.
Servs., 931 F.2d 390, 401 (6th Cir. 1991); Smith v. Detroit Fed’n of Tchr’s, Loc.
231, 829 F.2d 1370, 1373 (6th Cir. 1987). Pursuant to Local Rule 72.1(d)(2), any
objections must be served on this Magistrate Judge.
Any objections must be labeled as “Objection No. 1,” and “Objection No.
2,” etc. Any objection must recite precisely the provision of this Report and
Recommendation to which it pertains. Not later than 14 days after service of an
objection, the opposing party may file a concise response proportionate to the
objections in length and complexity. Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b)(2); E.D. Mich. LR
72.1(d). The response must specifically address each issue raised in the objections,
in the same order, and labeled as “Response to Objection No. 1,” “Response to
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Objection No. 2,” etc. If the Court determines that any objections are without
merit, it may rule without awaiting the response.
B.
Order
The attention of the parties is drawn to Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(a), which provides
a period of fourteen (14) days after being served with a copy of this order within
which to file objections for consideration by the district judge under 28 U.S.C. §
636(b)(1).
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Dated: May 26, 2021
__________________
Anthony P. Patti
UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
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