Gordon v. Bierenga et al

Filing 90

OPINION AND ORDER denying 58 Motion for Summary Judgment. Signed by District Judge Judith E. Levy. (WBar)

Case 5:18-cv-13834-JEL-RSW ECF No. 90 filed 09/09/20

PageID.2367

Page 1 of 42

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
SOUTHERN DIVISION
PR Nita Gordon, Personal
Representative of the Estate of
Antonio Gordon,
Plaintiff,
v.

Case No. 18-13834
Judith E. Levy
United States District Judge
Mag. Judge R. Steven Whalen

Keith Bierenga et al.,
Defendants.
________________________________/

OPINION AND ORDER DENYING DEFENDANT BIERENGA’S
MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT [58]
I.

INTRODUCTION
On December 11, 2018, Plaintiff brought this civil rights action

pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 based upon Defendant Royal Oak Police
Officer Keith Bierenga’s use of deadly force in an altercation with
decedent Antonino Gordon1 in the drive-through window of a White

Though the deceased’s name is listed in the caption as “Antonio,” obituaries
for Mr. Gordon confirm that his name is “Antonino.” Out of respect for the deceased,
1

Case 5:18-cv-13834-JEL-RSW ECF No. 90 filed 09/09/20

PageID.2368

Page 2 of 42

Castle restaurant. (ECF No. 1.) Plaintiff Nita Gordon, Personal
Representative of the Estate of Antonino Gordon, brought one count of
excessive force against Defendant Bierenga through 18 U.S.C. § 1983.2
Plaintiff requested medical and hospital expenses, compensation for pain
and suffering, compensation for emotional/mental distress, punitive and
exemplary damages, reasonable attorney fees, and all additional
damages permitted to Gordon’s estate pursuant to the Michigan
Wrongful Death Act. (ECF No. 1, PageID.7-8.)
On December 23, 2019, Defendant moved for summary judgment
on Plaintiff’s sole remaining claim, arguing that he is entitled to qualified
immunity from liability for the claim of excessive force. (ECF No. 58.)
Defendant also argued that the Court must deny Plaintiff’s requested
relief for emotional distress, loss of a loved one, or other collateral injuries
suffered by Gordon’s family as improperly brought under § 1983. (Id. at
PageID.627.) Plaintiff responded on February 12, 2020, and Defendant
replied on February 26, 2020. (ECF Nos. 68, 73.) On July 30, 2020, the

the Court will refer to him by the correct spelling of his name in the body of this
opinion.
2 Plaintiff also brought one count of municipal liability against Defendant City
Royal Oak for failure to supervise/train, but the Court dismissed this count in June
2019. (ECF No. 28.)

2

Case 5:18-cv-13834-JEL-RSW ECF No. 90 filed 09/09/20

PageID.2369

Page 3 of 42

Court heard oral argument on this motion through audio-visual
technology. For the following reasons, Defendant’s summary judgment
motion is DENIED. Additionally, the Court finds that Plaintiff’s § 1983
damages claim is properly articulated through the Michigan Wrongful
Death Act.
II.

CASE SUMMARY AND BACKGROUND
As a preliminary matter, many of these factual proceedings were

captured on audio-video footage from both the White Castle surveillance
system and Defendant Bierenga’s police dash camera. In cases such as
these, when a video captures the events underlying the summary
judgment motion, courts must “rely mainly on undisputed video footage
from . . . the scene.” Ashford v. Raby, 951 F.3d 798, 799 (6th Cir. 2020);
see also Lang v. City of Kalamazoo, No. 17-2199, 2018 WL 3737981, at *3
(6th Cir. Aug. 6, 2018)). On summary judgment, wherever possible,
courts must “adopt the plaintiff’s version of any facts not caught on film.”
Id. Additionally, “[t]o the extent that facts shown in videos can be
interpreted in multiple ways or if videos do not show all relevant facts,
such facts should be viewed in the light most favorable to the non-moving
party.” Latits v. Phillips, 878 F.3d 541, 547 (6th Cir. 2017).
3

Case 5:18-cv-13834-JEL-RSW ECF No. 90 filed 09/09/20

PageID.2370

Page 4 of 42

Accordingly, the facts in this opinion are taken primarily from the
video evidence, supplemented with facts from elsewhere in the record.3
A. First Traffic Stop
On April 10, 2018, Defendant Royal Oak Police Officer Keith
Bierenga pulled over decedent Antonino Gordon. (ECF No. 58-4.)
Defendant pulled over Gordon after watching Gordon’s car cut off another
car by merging quickly from the turn lane into the center lane, forcing
the car behind him to quickly slow to avoid a collision. (Id. at .44; see also
ECF No. 58-3, PageID.763.) Defendant pursued Gordon for a couple of
blocks with police lights activated before additionally activating his siren.
(Id.) After another block or so, Gordon stopped his car in the center lane
at a red light. (Id. at 1:45.) From the police dash camera, Defendant can
be seen approaching Gordon’s car and speaking through the driver’s
window. (Id. at 2:00.) Defendant testified that, through Gordon’s
partially open window, he perceived Gordon’s skin to be pale, his eyes to
be glassy, and his face to be sweating as if “under the influence of
The Court considers the audio-video recordings of the underlying facts to
essential in understanding the background of this case. The Court attempted
embed this media into the opinion, but court technology is currently unable
accommodate a mixed-media filing. In the event that the Court becomes able
include the mixed media, it will issue an amended opinion and order.
3

4

be
to
to
to

Case 5:18-cv-13834-JEL-RSW ECF No. 90 filed 09/09/20

PageID.2371

Page 5 of 42

something.” (ECF No. 58-3, PageID.770.) Defendant later testified that
he could not see or smell drugs in the car, and he did not perceive any
evidence of a firearm. (Id. at PageID.775, 778.) Defendant also testified
that, while he was speaking to Gordon, he did not inform Gordon of the
reason for the stop and he did not advise Gordon that he was under
arrest. (Id. at PageID.779.)
In the dash cam, Defendant can be seen speaking through Gordon’s
window for approximately ten seconds (the camera does not capture
audio), but then Gordon drives off as soon as the traffic light turns green.
(ECF No. 58-4, 1:50-2:02.) Immediately after Gordon drives away,
Defendant can be seen running back to his car, where he then tells
dispatch over the radio that the driver fled. (Id.; ECF No. 58-3,
PageId.786.) From the dash cam, Gordon can be seen turning from the
center lane into the left lane, and then from the left lane he makes a rapid
left turn in front of oncoming traffic into a White Castle parking lot. (Id.
at 2:02-2:04.) Defendant, who is now back in the police car, follows
Gordon into the White Castle Parking lot. (Id. at 2:15.) He circles the
parking lot once but, seeing no sign of Gordon, exits and begins driving

5

Case 5:18-cv-13834-JEL-RSW ECF No. 90 filed 09/09/20

PageID.2372

Page 6 of 42

through the streets immediately surrounding the White Castle. (Id. at
2:30-3:30.)
B. Second Stop and Shooting at White Castle
Defendant testified that, after losing track of Gordon, he provided
dispatch with a physical description of Gordon and a description of the
make and model of Gordon’s car.4 (ECF No. 58-3, PageID.795.)
Approximately twenty minutes later, as Defendant was driving near the
White Castle, he spotted a BMW in the White Castle drive-through that
“looked very similar to the BMW that had just fled from [him].” (Id. at
PageID.797.) Defendant pulled into the White Castle and observed
Gordon’s BMW at the drive-through line. At this time, Gordon was at the
drive-through window paying for his order and another car was parked
in line about three feet behind him. (ECF No. 5, :1.) Apparently intending
to preemptively block Gordon’s exit, Defendant pulled into the White
Castle and parked at a diagonal angle directly in front of Gordon’s BMW,

Defendant testified that, at some point, dispatch informed him that “the
registered owner of the vehicle was . . . an older gentleman who did not match the
description of the driver that I encountered . . . [and that] when dispatch ran [the
vehicle owner’s address] they found an individual who [] had the same last name [as
the vehicle owner and who had ] the approximate same age as the description of the
driver I had given and that that individual also had a handgun registered to them.”
(ECF No. 58-3, PageID.811.) The record is unclear as to when Defendant received
this information about the handgun.
4

6

Case 5:18-cv-13834-JEL-RSW ECF No. 90 filed 09/09/20

PageID.2373

Page 7 of 42

leaving a couple of feet between the two cars. (Id. at :10; ECF No. 58-7DRIVE THROUGH REGISTER (“DTR”), 6:24:56.)
Meanwhile, Gordon’s interaction with the White Castle staff—as
well as the subsequent shooting—is clearly visible in the White Castle
drive-through camera, and the following facts are taken from that
footage. At approximately 6:24 p.m., Gordon can be seen pulling into the
White Castle drive-through window. (ECF No. 58-7-DTR, 6:24:28.) The
White Castle cashier audibly welcomes Gordon and Gordon’s lips move
in response, though his voice cannot be heard on the recording. (Id. at
6:24:43.) Gordon hands money to the cashier and she opens the register
to make change. (Id. at 6:24:45-6:24:56.) During this time, Gordon
appears to be engaging normally and responsively with the cashier. (See
id.) Contrary to Defendant’s testimony, Gordon does not appear sweaty
or pale, and the Court cannot discern any “glassiness” in his eyes. Gordon
appears to be making eye contact and he waits calmly in the car while
the cashier makes change. (Id.)
A few seconds after Gordon hands money to the cashier,
Defendant’s car can be seen pulling in at an angle in front of Gordon’s
car. (Id. at 6:24:57.) Having exited his vehicle and drawn his gun
7

Case 5:18-cv-13834-JEL-RSW ECF No. 90 filed 09/09/20

PageID.2374

Page 8 of 42

offscreen, Defendant can be seen walking from the front to the passenger
side of Gordon’s car. (Id. at 6:25:05.) Gordon’s head follows Defendant’s
movements. (Id.) Defendant then can be seen walking back around the
front of Gordon’s car. He disappears offscreen but is clearly now
sandwiched between the police car and Gordon’s car. (Id.) As Defendant
walks back directly in front of Gordon’s car, Gordon looks back over his
right shoulder, puts his car in reverse, and begins to back up. (Id. at
6:25:09.) As Gordon reverses the car, Defendant steps forward into the
frame with his gun outstretched and pointing directly at Gordon. (Id. at
6:25:09.) Gordon quickly reverses his car and it jolts, still in frame, as it
backs up about three feet and bumps the car behind it. (Id. at 6:25:10.)
While Defendant is still in front of Gordon’s car, Gordon quickly pulls
forward and to the right, with wheels turned sharply toward the right.
(Id. at 6:25:10-14.) Defendant, who is in front of Gordon and to his left at
this time, moves his foot out of the way of the car and can be heard
repeatedly yelling “stop!” (Id.) The front of Gordon’s car bumps into the
back wheel of Defendant’s car in what appears to be Gordon attempting
to maneuver away from the two cars boxing him in. (Id. at 6:25:14.) As
Gordon begins to back up again to finish the three-point turn, Defendant
8

Case 5:18-cv-13834-JEL-RSW ECF No. 90 filed 09/09/20

PageID.2375

Page 9 of 42

enters the frame from the left and stands directly outside of Gordon’s
rolled-down driver window with his gun pointed at Gordon. (Id. at
6:25:17.) Though Defendant was previously in front of Gordon’s car, he is
now to the side of it and almost flush with Gordon’s driver door and
window. Gordon backs up several feet more and turns his wheels to the
right—away from the White Castle, the police car, and Defendant. (Id. at
6:25:19.) As Gordon does this, Defendant can be seen following alongside
the driver’s side of Gordon’s car. (Id.) As Gordon begins to pull forward
and away from the White Castle, Defendant yells “stop” and fires four
audible shots at the fleeing vehicle. (Id. at 6:25:18-6:25:20.) Subsequent
investigation revealed that Gordon received one gunshot wound to the
right arm, and one fatal shot to his left arm and chest. (ECF No. 58-8,
PageID.886.)
Defendant’s dash camera captures Gordon’s car driving around the
White Castle and toward the street. (ECF No. 58-6, :36.) Defendant, now
back in his own car, follows Gordon out of the White Castle and into the
street, where Gordon picks up speed in the center lane and then begins
to slow down after a few blocks. (Id. at 1:09.) As Gordon presumably
begins to lose consciousness, Gordon’s car eventually drifts toward the
9

Case 5:18-cv-13834-JEL-RSW ECF No. 90 filed 09/09/20

PageID.2376

Page 10 of 42

center lane, crosses the median, and slowly crashes into a car in the
opposite lane. (Id. at 1:20-1:30.) Gordon was subsequently transported to
Beaumont Hospital in Royal Oak, where he passed away from the
gunshot wounds.5 (ECF No. 58-8, PageID.883.)
Defendant testified that he shot Gordon “to stop [him] from hitting
and killing me or hurting me,” and that he believed he was “in direct line
of harm at the time [Bierenga] discharged [his] gun.” (ECF No. 58-3,
PageID.843.) However, in addition to video evidence, three eyewitnesses
contradict this account. David Feldman, who was a patron in the
restaurant observing the shooting, testified that, “[m]y observation was
that [Gordon] was only attempting to flee the scene. His vehicle wasn’t in
a position to cause the officer harm.” (ECF No. 68-13, PageID.1430.)
Eyewitness Linda Feldman testified that, “[i]t appeared that the driver
was trying to steer away from the officer, trying to get away . . . it doesn’t
look like [Defendant] was trying to shoot in defense.” (ECF No. 68-14,
PageID.1452.) Finally, cashier Brianna Washington testified that

Gordon’s toxicology report indicated that he had a BAC of .27 at the time of
death and had cannabinoids in his system. (ECF No. 58-8, PageID.892.) This specific
lab information would not have been apparent to Defendant, however, at the time of
the shooting.
5

10

Case 5:18-cv-13834-JEL-RSW ECF No. 90 filed 09/09/20

PageID.2377

Page 11 of 42

Gordon “was trying to escape . . . he was trying to leave. [He]e was
backing up and trying to get out.” (ECF No. 68-17, PageID.1527.)
III. LAW AND ANALYSIS
A. Summary Judgment Standard
Summary judgment is proper when “the movant shows that there
is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled
to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). The Court may not
grant summary judgment if “the evidence is such that a reasonable jury
could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Anderson v. Liberty
Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). While it is Defendant’s burden to
identify those portions of the pleadings “which [he] believes demonstrate
the absence of a genuine issue of material fact,” the burden then shifts to
Plaintiff to “set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue
for trial,” even “go[ing] beyond the pleadings” if necessary. Pearce v.
Faurecia Exhaust Sys., 529 Fed. Appx. 454, 457 (6th Cir. 2013) (citing
Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986)). The Court “views the
evidence, all facts, and any inferences that may be drawn from the facts
in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” Pure Tech Sys., Inc.

11

Case 5:18-cv-13834-JEL-RSW ECF No. 90 filed 09/09/20

PageID.2378

Page 12 of 42

v. Mt. Hawley Ins. Co., 95 F. App’x 132, 135 (6th Cir. 2004) (citing
Skousen v. Brighton High Sch., 305 F.3d 520, 526 (6th Cir. 2002)).
Finally, a court in this circuit has noted that “[d]eadly force cases
pose a particularly difficult problem . . . because the officer defendant is
often the only surviving eyewitness, and the judge must ensure that the
officer is not taking advantage of the fact that the witness most likely to
contradict his story—the person shot dead—is unable to testify.” Eibel v.
Melton, 904 F. Supp. 2d 785, 805 (M.D. Tenn. Oct. 23, 2012) (quoting
Scott v. Henrich, 49 F.3d 912, 915 (9th Cir. 1994)). Thus, “the court may
not simply accept what may be a self-serving account by the police officer,
but must look at the circumstantial evidence that, if believed, would tend
to discredit the police officer’s story.” Id. (citing Jefferson v. Lewis, 594
F.3d 454, 462 (6th Cir. 2010)).
B. Qualified Immunity Standard
Qualified immunity protects government officials “from liability
where [they] reasonably misjudged the legal standard.” Ashford, 951
F.3d at 801 (quoting Weinmann v. McClone, 787 F.3d 444, 340 (7th Cir.
2015)). Courts analyze whether officers are entitled to qualified
immunity using two steps: 1) whether the defendant violated a
12

Case 5:18-cv-13834-JEL-RSW ECF No. 90 filed 09/09/20

PageID.2379

Page 13 of 42

constitutional right; and 2) whether that constitutional right was clearly
established at the time of the alleged violation. Wright v. City of Euclid,
Ohio, 962 F.3d 852, 864 (6th Cir. 2020).
“For this [second] prong of the qualified immunity analysis, [courts]
are not to define clearly established law at a high level of generality.” Id.
at 869, citing Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 563 U.S. 731, 742 (2011). However,
courts must still examine “whether the contours of the plaintiff’s
constitutional rights were sufficiently defined to give a reasonable officer
fair warning that the conduct at issue was unconstitutional.” Id. at 869
(citing Brown v. Chapman, 814 F.3d 447, 461 (6th Cir. 2016)). “Fair
warning” does not mean that “an official action is protected by qualified
immunity unless the very action in question has previously been held
unlawful, but it is to say that in light of pre-existing law the unlawfulness
must be apparent.” Id.
When, as here, a government official raises the defense of qualified
immunity, the plaintiff has the burden of demonstrating that the
defendant is not entitled to that defense. Livermore v. Lubelan, 476 F.3d
397, 403 (6th Cir. 2007).

13

Case 5:18-cv-13834-JEL-RSW ECF No. 90 filed 09/09/20

PageID.2380

Page 14 of 42

1. Qualified Immunity as Applied to Excessive Force
Under the Fourth Amendment, “[w]hen making an arrest or
investigatory stop, the police have ‘the right to use some degree of
physical coercion or threat thereof to effect it.’” Wright, 962 F.3d at 865
(quoting Graham v. Connor, 590 U.S. 386, 396 (1989)). However,
individuals are still entitled to the Fourth Amendment’s protection
against unreasonable searches and seizures. Claims of excessive force are
therefore analyzed under the Fourth Amendment’s “reasonableness”
standard. Graham, 490 U.S. at 396. To determine whether the force was
unconstitutionally excessive, courts make an “objective” inquiry,
“considered from the perspective of a hypothetical reasonable officer in
the defendant’s position and with his knowledge at the time, but without
regard to the actual defendant’s subjective intent when taking his
actions.” Latits, 878 F.3d at 547. This inquiry evaluates “reasonableness
at the moment of the use of force, as judged from the perspective of a
reasonable officer on the scene, rather than with the 20/20 vision of
hindsight.” Wright, 962 F.3d at 865 (quoting Goodwin v. City of
Painesville, 781 F.3d 314, 321 (6th Cir. 2015)) (emphasis added).

14

Case 5:18-cv-13834-JEL-RSW ECF No. 90 filed 09/09/20

PageID.2381

Page 15 of 42

When reviewing excessive force cases, the Sixth Circuit considers
three non-exclusive factors—the “Graham factors”—to be considered
under “the totality of the circumstances”:
1) The severity of the crime at issue;
2) Whether the suspect poses an immediate threat to the safety of
the officers or others; and
3) Whether he is actively resisting arrest or attempting to evade
arrest by flight.
Wright, 962 F.3d. at 865.
2. Deadly Force to Prevent Fleeing Suspects
Deadly force is a “seizure” within the meaning of the Fourth
Amendment and is subject to the reasonableness analysis set forth above.
Bullock v. City of Detroit, No. 19-1287, 2020 WL 2500640, at *6 (6th Cir.
2020). “As a general rule, the Fourth Amendment prohibits the use of
deadly force to prevent the escape of fleeing suspects unless the officer
has probable cause to believe that the suspect poses a threat of serious
physical harm, either to the officer or to others.” Latits, 878 F.3d at 547
(quoting Tennessee v. Garner, 471 U.S. 1 (1985)). “Of the three nonexclusive factors listed in Graham, the threat factor is a minimum

15

Case 5:18-cv-13834-JEL-RSW ECF No. 90 filed 09/09/20

PageID.2382

Page 16 of 42

requirement for the use of deadly force.” Id. at 548 (internal quotations
omitted). As the Sixth Circuit recently explained, it
has developed “a consistent framework in assessing deadlyforce claims involving vehicular flight.” Cass v. City of Dayton,
770 F.3d 363, 375 (6th Cir. 2014). The “critical question” is
whether the officer had objective “reason to believe that the
[fleeing] car presents an imminent danger” to “officers and
members of the public in the area.” Id. (quoting Smith v. Cupp,
430 F.3d 766, 775 (6th Cir. 2005)). Deadly force is justified
against “a driver who objectively appears ready to drive into
an officer or bystander with his car,” but generally not “once
the car moves away, leaving the officer and bystanders in a
position of safety,” unless “the officer’s prior interactions with
the driver suggest that the driver will continue to endanger
others with his car.” Id. (citations omitted). The Sixth Circuit
has found deadly force justified by prior interactions
demonstrating continuing dangerousness only when the
“suspect demonstrated multiple times that he was willing to
injure an officer that got in the way of escape or was willing
to persist in extremely reckless behavior that threatened the
lives of all those around.” Cupp, 430 F.3d at 775.
Latits, 878 F.3d at 548 (emphasis added).
The Sixth Circuit has reiterated many times that, “[a]lthough the
fact that a situation unfolds quickly does not, by itself, permit officers to
use deadly force, we must afford a built-in measurement of deference to
an officer’s on-the-spot judgment.” Id. (citing Smith v. Cupp, 430 F.3d
766, 775 (6th Cir. 2005). Additionally, officers are not constitutionally
16

Case 5:18-cv-13834-JEL-RSW ECF No. 90 filed 09/09/20

PageID.2383

Page 17 of 42

required to use the “least intrusive means available” to effectuate a
lawful seizure: the only requirement is that the chosen force be itself
reasonable under the totality of the circumstances. Davenport v. Causey,
521 F.3d 544, 552 (6th Cir. 2008). Accordingly, it is irrelevant in this case
whether Defendant could or should have chosen to use less force against
Gordon; rather, the only question is whether the Fourth Amendment
permitted lethal force at the time that Defendant shot. See id.
Both parties agree that Latits v. Phillips—a 2017 Sixth Circuit case
which involved the use of deadly force after a high-speed vehicular police
chase—is relevant, binding precedent that informs the qualified
immunity analysis. The Court agrees and concludes that Latits decides
this case. Because the Latits facts and legal findings are critical to
resolution of this case, the Court summarizes them below.
3. Latits v. Phillips, 878 F.3d 541 (6th Cir. 2017)
In Latits, Officer Jaklic stopped Plaintiff Latits’ vehicle for making
an illegal turn into a neighborhood. 878 F.3d 541, 544 (6th Cir. 2017).
When Officer Jaklic pulled over Latits, he saw “one or more bags that he
suspected to contain marijuana and a pill bottle, all of which Latits
17

Case 5:18-cv-13834-JEL-RSW ECF No. 90 filed 09/09/20

PageID.2384

Page 18 of 42

attempted to move under the passenger seat.” Id. After ignoring Officer
Jaklic’s instructions to exit the car, Latits drove away. Officer Jaklic
pursued him in his vehicle. Id. After Officer Jaklic followed Latits into an
empty parking lot and drove into the path of Latits’ car, Latits steered
away from the officer in what the Sixth Circuit determined was an
attempt “to avoid colliding.” Id. Nevertheless, Officer Jaklic broadcast
that Latits had “tried to ram [his] vehicle.” Id. at 545.
Two additional officers responded to the call, and the three officers
pursued Latits by car as Latits drove out of the parking lot and down a
highway at sixty miles an hour. Id. Through a series of quick turns, one
of the officers accidentally collided twice with the back of Latits’ car. Id.
Latits lost control of his car and swerved across the highway, though no
pedestrians or other cars were visible on the highway during this chase.
Id. Another officer intentionally rammed the back of Latits’ car, causing
Latits to spin out and stop on the grass next to the highway. Id. at 546.
As Latits regained control of his car and began to drive forward,
apparently intending to continue fleeing, Officer Phillips jumped out of
his car and ran on foot toward Latits from behind, ultimately running up
beside Latits’ front passenger-side door. Id. Simultaneously, Officer
18

Case 5:18-cv-13834-JEL-RSW ECF No. 90 filed 09/09/20

PageID.2385

Page 19 of 42

Jaklic pulled up in front of Latits’ car, apparently trying to block him,
and the two cars “had a very low-speed head-on collision.” Id. Latits then
attempted to back his car away from Officer Jaklic’s. From the front
passenger-side door, Officer Phillips fired seven shots at Latits, three of
which hit and ultimately killed him. Id. Video footage showed that, when
Officer Phillips shot Latits, he “could see that no one was in Latits’ direct
path.” Id.
When considering qualified immunity as applied to Latits’ case, the
Sixth Circuit held that a reasonable jury could find that, “because Officer
Phillips fired after Latits’ car had passed the point where it could harm
him, Phillips had time to realize he was no longer in immediate danger.
The evidence also shows that Officer Phillips could see that no other
officers or other persons were in Latits’ path.” Id. The court cited several
other cases in concluding that “deadly force [is] objectively unreasonable
when the officer [is] to the side of the moving car or the car had already
passed by him—taking the officer out of harm’s way—when the officer
shot the driver.” Id.
When evaluating whether Phillips and Latits’ prior interactions
justified the shooting, the Court took into consideration: 1) it was
19

Case 5:18-cv-13834-JEL-RSW ECF No. 90 filed 09/09/20

PageID.2386

Page 20 of 42

“undisputed that Latits was fleeing to avoid arrest”; 2) Officer Phillips
knew from Officer Jaklic’s broadcast that Latits was “originally
suspected of possessing narcotics—not a violent crime”; 3) Officer Phillips
could see that Latits did not try to ram Officer Jaklic’s car; 4) Latits fled
at “no more than sixty miles per hour down an almost entirely empty tenlane divided highway at night”; 5) Latits had shown “no intent to injure
the officers”; and 6) “[t]hough Latits did briefly lose control and swerve
after [an officer] hit him twice, [] there were no members of the public
nearby to be endangered and Latits appeared to regain control of his car.”
Id. at 549. Ultimately, the Court concluded that “[p]ermitting Latits to
continue to flee instead of shooting him would not have put the public in
imminent danger” because Latits drove “at a maximum of sixty miles” on
a “large, effectively empty highway” and because he had
shown no intention or willingness to drive recklessly through
residential neighborhoods. Altogether, Latits’ conduct prior to
being shot, when viewed in the light most favorable to the
Plaintiff, showed a persistent intent to flee but not an intent
to injure, and never placed the public or the officers at
imminent risk.

20

Case 5:18-cv-13834-JEL-RSW ECF No. 90 filed 09/09/20

PageID.2387

Page 21 of 42

Id. Even with deference to the officers’ right to make quick decisions in
a “tense, uncertain, and rapidly evolving situation,” the court found that
Officer Phillips’ use of deadly force was unreasonable. Id.
C. Application
Defendant is not entitled to qualified immunity for his use of deadly
force against Gordon. Defendant argues that the rapidly evolving events
in this case render the application of qualified immunity, at worst for
him, a legal gray area. And “when the Court is in a legal gray area, the
proper course is to grant summary judgment to the officers, even if the
court would hold the officers’ conduct unconstitutional in hindsight.”
Stevens-Rucker v. City of Columbus, Ohio, 739 Fed. Appx. 834, 841 (6th
Cir. 2018) (citing Rudlaff v. Gillispie, 791 F.3d 638, 644 (6th Cir. 2015)).
However, the events clearly captured on video were not so gray as
to warrant granting Defendant the broad deference of qualified
immunity. Though Defendant was on high alert at the time of the
shooting and had just witnessed Gordon driving recklessly, under
Plaintiff’s version of the facts, it is not clear that Gordon “demonstrated
multiple times that he was willing to injure an officer that got in the way
21

Case 5:18-cv-13834-JEL-RSW ECF No. 90 filed 09/09/20

PageID.2388

Page 22 of 42

of escape,” or that Gordon’s driving was so “extremely reckless” that it
“threatened the lives of [] those around.” See Latits, 878 F.3d at 548
(quoting Cupp, 430 F.3d at 775). To the contrary, when viewed in the
light most favorable to Plaintiff, Gordon’s actions evinced an objective
intent to flee rather than injure, as Defendant fired only after Gordon
began to “move[] away, leaving the officer and bystanders in a position of
safety.” See id.
Drawing all factual inferences in Plaintiff’s favor, the Court
concludes that objective video evidence and three eyewitness accounts
demonstrate that neither Defendant, nor any bystander, was in
imminent or serious danger at the time of the shooting. Accordingly,
Defendant Bierenga is not entitled to qualified immunity because
Defendant’s use of force violated Gordon’s Fourth Amendment right
against unreasonable seizures—a right that was clearly established in
the Sixth Circuit through Latits.6

Plaintiff also argues that the unconstitutionality of Defendant’s actions was
clearly established in four other cases: Smith v. Cupp, 430 F.3d 775 (6th Cir. 2005);
Sigley v. City of Parma Heights, 437 F.3d 537 (6th Cir. 2006); Kirby v. Duna, 530 F.3d
475, 482 (6th Cir. 2008); and Hermiz v. City of Southfield, 484 Fed. Appx. 13 (6th Cir.
2012). Because the Court finds that the unconstitutionality was clearly established
under Latits, the Court need not consider these other cases.
6

22

Case 5:18-cv-13834-JEL-RSW ECF No. 90 filed 09/09/20

PageID.2389

Page 23 of 42

1. Defendant Bierenga Violated Gordon’s Fourth Amendment
Rights
To determine the reasonableness of use of force, the Graham test
requires the Court consider whether the amount of force was objectively
reasonable under the totality of the circumstances by analyzing: 1)
whether the suspect is actively resisting arrest or attempting to evade
arrest by flight; 2) whether the suspect posed an immediate threat to the
safety of the officers or others; and 3) the severity of the crime at issue.
Latits, 878 F.3d at 547 (citing Graham, 490 U.S. at 396.) Because the
Fourth Amendment generally “prohibits the use of deadly force to
prevent the escape of fleeing suspects unless the officer has probable
cause to believe that the suspect poses a threat of serious physical harm,
either to the officers or to others . . . the threat factor is a minimum
requirement [in the Graham test] for the use of deadly force.” Id. at 54748 (citing Tennessee v. Garner, 471 U.S. 1, 1 (1985) and Mullins, 805 F.3d
at 766).
For the reasons below, the Court finds that Defendant cannot
prevail on his qualified immunity argument at the summary judgment
stage because, under Plaintiff’s version of the facts, Defendant violated
Gordon’s Fourth Amendment rights against unreasonable seizure
23

Case 5:18-cv-13834-JEL-RSW ECF No. 90 filed 09/09/20

PageID.2390

Page 24 of 42

through deadly force. Though Defendant observed Gordon behaving in a
reckless way that created some potential for danger to the community, it
is clear when viewing the facts in the light most favorable to Plaintiff
that this danger did not rise to the level of “serious” and “immediate” that
is a requisite for deadly force. Additionally, Gordon’s underlying traffic
infractions and flight from police did not justify seizure through deadly
force under the totality of the circumstances. Finally, Defendant violated
clear precedent warning against shooting fleeing suspects who no longer
pose an immediate danger to the police officer or the surrounding
community.
i.

Whether Gordon was actively resisting arrest or attempting to
evade arrest and whether Gordon posed a threat of serious and
immediate physical harm

The Court will consider together the first two Graham factors:
whether Gordon was actively resisting arrest and whether Gordon posed
a threat of serious and physical harm. As to the first factor, while a
suspect’s flight increases the reasonableness of force in “typical”
excessive force cases, deadly force cases are treated differently. “As a
general rule, the Fourth Amendment prohibits the use of deadly force to
prevent the escape of fleeing suspects unless the officer has probable
24

Case 5:18-cv-13834-JEL-RSW ECF No. 90 filed 09/09/20

PageID.2391

Page 25 of 42

cause to believe that the suspect poses a threat of serious physical harm,
either to the officer or to others.” Latits, 878 F.3d at 547 (quoting
Tennessee v. Garner, 471 U.S. 1 (1985)). Thus, in deadly force flight cases,
the arrest evasion Graham factor is inextricably interrelated with the
“serious and imminent threat” inquiry. (See id. at 549 (“Because it is
undisputed that Latits was fleeing to avoid arrest, we turn to the Graham
factor that analyzes the severity of the crime at issue”).)
As to the second factor, deadly force analysis includes a “minimum
requirement” that Defendant have probable cause to believe that Gordon
posed a threat of “serious” harm to himself or to the public. Latits, 878
F.3d at 547-48. Additionally, the general excessive force test requires an
evaluation of whether the officer reasonably believed that the victim
posed a threat of imminent harm to himself or the public. Id. Thus, the
compounded question in this deadly force case is whether, when viewing
the facts in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, Gordon posed a threat of
serious and imminent harm to anyone at the time that he was shot. See
id. For the reasons below, Defendant has not made this showing.
Defendant argues that he had:

25

Case 5:18-cv-13834-JEL-RSW ECF No. 90 filed 09/09/20

PageID.2392

Page 26 of 42

objective reason to believe that the fleeing BMW presented an
imminent danger to himself, other officers, and members of
the public in the area [because Gordon] objectively appeared
ready to drive into an officer or bystander with his car and
because he had already done so by hitting the car behind him
in the drive-thru and Ofc. Bierenga’s vehicle. Moreover,
[Gordon’s] reckless flight across busy rush-hour traffic and
driving the wrong way through a parking lot further
demonstrated his readiness . . . Gordon demonstrated
multiple times that he was willing to injure an officer that got
in the way of escape and was willing to persist in extremely
reckless behavior that threatened the lives of all those
around.
(ECF No. 58, PageID.625-626.)
While it is true that Gordon drove recklessly in a prior interaction
with Defendant, it is not clear that Gordon demonstrated that he was
“willing to injure an officer.” When considering whether a reasonable
officer could believe that Gordon’s behavior demonstrated a serious
threat to officers or bystanders, the Court must consider Defendant’s
prior interactions with Gordon. Latits, 878 F.3d at 549. In this case,
Defendant Bierenga observed Gordon 1) appear pale and sweaty while
ignoring police instructions; 2) cut off a car ahead of him; 3) drive away
from Defendant during the first stop; 4) swerve quickly in front of
oncoming traffic when turning left into the White Castle; 5) bump into
26

Case 5:18-cv-13834-JEL-RSW ECF No. 90 filed 09/09/20

PageID.2393

Page 27 of 42

the car behind him while trying to back away from Defendant and his
gun; 6) bump into Defendant’s car while attempting to flee at the White
Castle; and 7) attempt to drive away from Defendant and the White
Castle. While it is true that Gordon drove recklessly when he sped in
front of oncoming traffic and when he executed the three-point turn with
Defendant sandwiched in between the police cruiser and the BMW, the
question is whether these acts, in conjunction with Gordon’s prior actions
and with all reasonable facts and inferences weighed in Plaintiff’s favor,
indicated a threat of serious and imminent physical harm such that
deadly force was justified. The answer to this question is no.
Latits addressed similar concerns. With regard to Gordon bumping
the car behind him and in front of him at the White Castle, it is apparent
from the video—as well as from three eyewitnesses—that Gordon was
not attempting to attack, but was instead attempting to escape
confinement by executing a common three-point turn. When “the video
permits the reasonable interpretation that [a] collision was accidental,
[there] is less justification for deadly force.” Id. at 549. Additionally,
“[w]hether a fleeing suspect showed objective intent to injure officers is
relevant to whether the suspect presented sufficient danger to justify
27

Case 5:18-cv-13834-JEL-RSW ECF No. 90 filed 09/09/20

PageID.2394

Page 28 of 42

deadly force.” Id. at 550. Accordingly, while the Court must give
deference to Defendant’s split-second decisions in the “rapidly-evolving”
situation wherein he shot soon after the collisions took place, “the fact
that this was a rapidly evolving situation does not, by itself, permit him
to use deadly force.” Id. at 551 (citing Cupp, 430 F.3d at 775.) Indeed, the
Latits court noted that “the short time between the collision with an
officer’s vehicle and the shooting does not, by itself, justify deadly force .
. . it [is] unreasonable for the officer to shoot at the driver two seconds
after the officer had contact with the driver’s car, even though the officer
subjectively believed the driver had just targeted and assaulted him with
his car.” Id. (citing Godawa v. Byrd, 798 F.3d 457, 466 (6th Cir. 2015)).
In this case, there was about three seconds’ pause in between
Gordon bumping Defendant’s car and the subsequent shooting. (See ECF
No. 58-7-DTR, 6:25:15 (the first pull forward); 6:25:18 (the first shot).)
The Court must credit the fact that Defendant observed Gordon’s prior
traffic infractions, including watching Gordon speed away from him and
then execute a quick left in front of oncoming traffic. This behavior was
certainly risky and would increase a reasonable officer’s agitation.
However, as with the underlying crimes in Latits—making an illegal
28

Case 5:18-cv-13834-JEL-RSW ECF No. 90 filed 09/09/20

PageID.2395

Page 29 of 42

turn, fleeing from officers, ignoring officer instructions, and (unlike here)
the possession of narcotics—none of Gordon’s prior actions had been
violent, and the traffic infractions were mere misdemeanors. Having seen
clear video footage of both underlying traffic infractions, the Court agrees
with Defendant that such driving behavior warranted ticketing and
posed a moderate risk to other drivers in the city traffic. However, cutting
off other cars and executing careless left turns do not rise to the level of
excessive risk under Sixth Circuit precedent. Indeed, the Sixth Circuit
has discounted far more dangerous driving behavior when conducting an
excessive force risk assessment. (See id. at 549 (finding insufficient
justification for deadly force when Latits led three police cars through a
60-mph chase and had “briefly los[t] control” of his car).)
Finally, the Court must consider Defendant’s testimony that he
observed Gordon appearing pale and sweaty, as if “under the influence of
something.” (ECF No. 58-3, PageID.770.) The Court would afford more
weight to this assessment if Defendant’s deposition were the only
evidence of Gordon’s condition. However, approximately twenty minutes
after Defendant allegedly made this observation, the White Castle
surveillance system clearly captured an interaction between Gordon and
29

Case 5:18-cv-13834-JEL-RSW ECF No. 90 filed 09/09/20

PageID.2396

Page 30 of 42

the White Castle cashier. To an objective observer, Gordon appears to be
interacting normally. His face is neither pale nor sweaty, and his eyes do
not appear to be glossy. He is responsive and maintains eye contact. The
Court is mindful of its obligation to “rely mainly on undisputed video
footage from . . . the scene.” Ashford, 951 F.3d at 799. The Court is also
mindful that, in lethal force cases, “the court may not simply accept what
may be a self-serving account by the police officer, but must look at the
circumstantial evidence that, if believed, would tend to discredit the
police officer’s story.” See Eibel, 904 F. Supp. at 805. To this point, the
Court notes that, though Defendant testified as to the alleged
paleness/sweatiness observation in subsequent officer interviews and in
his deposition, he did not report it contemporaneously to dispatch. The
record reflects Defendant reporting only his encounter, the infractions,
the make/model of Gordon’s car, and Defendant’s intent to pursue. (See,
e.g. ECF Nos. 58-2, PageID.666; 58-3, PageID.766.)
While it is theoretically possible that Gordon’s appearance and
condition could have shaped up in the twenty minutes between
Defendant’s subjective observation and the objective video footage, the
Court is unwilling to make that leap in the face of countervailing
30

Case 5:18-cv-13834-JEL-RSW ECF No. 90 filed 09/09/20

PageID.2397

Page 31 of 42

evidence. The clear video footage, coupled with Defendant’s testimony
that he neither smelled nor saw alcohol or narcotics in Gordon’s car and
Defendant’s failure to report a suspected intoxicated driver, casts
sufficient doubt on Defendant’s self-serving observation that Gordon may
have been under the influence at the time of the shooting. The Court will
accordingly not consider this observation to be an aggravating factor in
this analysis.7
Accordingly, taking all of the above factors into consideration—
giving deference to Defendant’s split-second judgments but viewing the
facts in the light most favorable to Plaintiff—the Court cannot conclude
that a reasonable officer would have perceived a “serious” or “imminent”
threat from Gordon’s behavior. Defendant’s strongest argument is that,
prior to pulling away from the White Castle, Gordon at one point drove
his car forward and to the right of Defendant. (See ECF No. 58-7-DTR,
6:25:10-14.) Though it is clear from the video footage that Gordon was
executing a three-point turn in order to get out of the box in which

Nor it is it relevant to this analysis that Gordon’s autopsy revealed the
presence of alcohol and narcotics in his bloodstream, as the Court may only consider
what was apparent to a reasonable officer in Defendant’s position. Latits, 878 F.3d at
547.
7

31

Case 5:18-cv-13834-JEL-RSW ECF No. 90 filed 09/09/20

PageID.2398

Page 32 of 42

Defendant had trapped him, such a quick motion would have
understandably placed Defendant on high alert. If Defendant had shot
Gordon at this high-stakes moment, this case would be much closer to
the “gray legal area” in which the Court must afford officers broad
deference under qualified immunity. See Stevens-Rucker v. City of
Columbus, 739 Fed. Appx. at 841.
But Defendant did not shoot at this high-stakes moment. He
instead shot about three seconds later, after he had charged forward to
the safety of Gordon’s driver-side window and Gordon had begun to drive
away from Defendant and the White Castle. Citing Mullins v. Cyranek,
Defendant argues that the Court should defer to the heat of the moment,
in recognition that officers sometimes “d[o] not have a chance to realize
that a potentially dangerous situation ha[s] evolved into a safe one,” and
that officers may use deadly force within a few seconds of “reasonably
perceiving a sufficient danger . . . even if in hindsight the facts show that
the persons threatened could have escaped unharmed.” Mullins, 805 F.3d
at 766. However, Defendant’s argument and caselaw were rejected by the
Latits court for the same reason that the undersigned rejects them now:

32

Case 5:18-cv-13834-JEL-RSW ECF No. 90 filed 09/09/20

PageID.2399

Page 33 of 42

We must undertake an objective analysis, viewing the
evidence in the light most favorable to [the defendant] . . .
Mullins [] is distinguishable. There officers were engaged in
physical, hand-to-hand confrontations with a suspect who
moments before being shot had held a gun or knife. Here, [the
officer]’s life was never in imminent danger, and, under the
objective analysis of Latits’s slow collision with [the officer]’s
car, no other [] life was endangered in the moments before [the
officer] fired. Furthermore, the short time between the
collision with an officer’s vehicle and the shooting does not, by
itself, justify deadly force. [We previously] held that it was
unreasonable for [an] officer to shoot at the driver two seconds
after the officer had contact with the driver’s car, even though
the officer subjectively believed the driver had just targeted
and assaulted him with his car.
Latits, 878 F.3d at 550-51. The case to which Latits refers is
Godawa v. Byrd, in which the Sixth Circuit recognized that qualified
immunity was inappropriate on summary judgment when, under facts
similar to this case, video evidence showed a delay of “less than two
seconds” between an officer’s perception that he had been intentionally
rammed by a vehicle and his subsequent shooting of the driver. See
Godawa, 798 F.3d at 466 (“Defendant was not in front of the car, but
instead was positioned near the rear passenger side, at the time that he
fired his weapon. From that position, Defendant would have had no
reason to fear being struck by the car as it continued to advance.
33

Case 5:18-cv-13834-JEL-RSW ECF No. 90 filed 09/09/20

PageID.2400

Page 34 of 42

Defendant emphasizes how fast the events transpired, noting that he had
‘less than two seconds to process being physically assaulted by a vehicle.’
Under Plaintiff’s version of the facts, however, Defendant was not in
danger.”)
As in Latits and Godawa, the objective video evidence in this case
demonstrates that Defendant’s life was similarly never in imminent
danger, though his deposition testimony suggests that he subjectively
believed otherwise. Moreover, less than a second after he believed himself
to have been attacked, Defendant moved himself to a position of objective
safety by running alongside Gordon’s driver-side window. If Defendant
had stayed toward the front of the car rather than moving alongside it,
the Court would be more likely to find that a reasonable officer could have
feared being run over by another forward motion. But the precedent does
not support extending such credit to an officer who moves to safety and
then shoots a fleeing suspect.
Accordingly, when viewed in the light most favorable to Plaintiff,
no reasonable officer could conclude that Gordon’s driving created a
“serious” or “imminent” threat of danger to the public. While it would be
reasonable for an officer to assume that Gordon’s prior conduct presented
34

Case 5:18-cv-13834-JEL-RSW ECF No. 90 filed 09/09/20

PageID.2401

Page 35 of 42

some risk to the general public, in that he was clearly willing to quickly
swerve in traffic in order to escape Defendant, such conduct does not rise
to the level of a “serious” or “imminent” threat justifying deadly force.
Additionally, the objective evidence demonstrates that Plaintiff’s actions
“showed a persistent intent to flee but not an intent to injure,” id. at 550,
which further weakens any justification for deadly force. See id.
The Court therefore finds that Defendant has not satisfied the
“minimum requirement” for demonstrating justification for deadly force.
While it is therefore unnecessary to reach the remaining Graham factor,
the final factor also supports denial of Defendant’s motion.
ii.

The severity of the underlying crime(s)

The Court must also analyze “the severity of the crime at issue,”
considered “from the perspective of a hypothetical reasonable officer in
the defendant’s position and with his knowledge at the time, but without
regard to the actual defendant’s subjective intent when taking his
actions.” Latits, 878 F.3d at 547. Because a reasonable officer could not
have believed that Gordon committed anything other than the non-

35

Case 5:18-cv-13834-JEL-RSW ECF No. 90 filed 09/09/20

PageID.2402

Page 36 of 42

violent offenses of traffic infractions, reckless driving, and fleeing an
officer, this factor also weighs in favor of Gordon.
Defendant summarily argues that the severity of Gordon’s
underlying crimes supported lethal force because “Mr. Gordon was guilty
of multiple dangerous misdemeanors and felonies when Ofc. Bierenga
fired, from driving while intoxicated to fleeing and eluding, resisting and
obstructing, malicious destruction of police property, assault with the
attempt to murder, reckless driving.” (ECF No. 58, PageID.625.)
However, this argument is unsupported by the record. In Latits, the
Court considered the fact that Latits was originally suspected of
possessing narcotics, though the Court cautioned that this was “not a
violent crime.” Latits, 878 F.3d at 549. The Court also disagreed with the
government that Latits’ car collisions constituted “crimes”: “The videos
additionally reveal that Latits did not commit felonious assault, which is
also relevant to the Graham factor addressing the severity of the crime.”
Id. at 550.
At

most,

Defendant

witnessed

Gordon

committing

two

misdemeanors and a felony. The traffic infractions were reckless driving
and—for lack of a better legal phrase—cutting someone off. Both of these
36

Case 5:18-cv-13834-JEL-RSW ECF No. 90 filed 09/09/20

PageID.2403

Page 37 of 42

offenses are misdemeanors in the state of Michigan. M.C.L. § 257.626.
Reckless driving does not become a felony in Michigan unless someone
gets hurt, and Gordon did not injure anybody. Id. Defendant also
witnessed Gordon fleeing from and refusing to obey the lawful order of a
police officer, which is a felony. M.C.L. § 750.749a. As previously
discussed, the Court will not credit Defendant’s testimony suggesting an
additional known charge of driving under the influence because it is
contradicted by clear video evidence.
As to the charges of “malicious destruction of police property” and
“assault with the attempt to murder,” these charges are like those in
Latits in that they are blatantly contradicted by the video, which does not
demonstrate a mens rea requisite to malicious destruction or assault.
Ultimately, in considering Gordon’s underlying offenses, the Court
is left with two traffic misdemeanors and felonious fleeing from police.
These offenses are less serious than the combined traffic, narcotics, and
police-ignoring offenses considered in Latits, and the Latits court
dismissed them in less than a full sentence: “not a violent crime.” Latits,
878 F.3d at 549. Accordingly, because all the crimes that Defendant

37

Case 5:18-cv-13834-JEL-RSW ECF No. 90 filed 09/09/20

PageID.2404

Page 38 of 42

observed were non-violent, Latits counsels that this factor weighs heavily
against the reasonableness of deadly force.
2. Defendant Bierenga violated clearly established law
“Once, qualified immunity protected officers who acted in good
faith. The doctrine now protects all officers, no matter how egregious
their conduct, if the law broke was not ‘clearly established.’” Jamison v.
McClendon, No. 16-595, 2020 WL 4497723, at *13 (S.D. Miss. Aug. 4,
2020). Clearly established law “does not require a case directly on point.”
Latits, 878 F.3d at 552 (quoting White v. Pauly, 137 S. Ct. 548, 551-52
(2017)). However, as discussed extensively in the previous section, Latits
is directly on point and held that that a police officer’s fatal shooting of a
fleeing driver—after observing traffic and non-violent narcotic crimes
and after several collisions with police vehicles where it was clear that
the suspect was fleeing and had no intent to injure—“was objectively
unreasonable and in violation of Latits’ constitutional rights.” 878 F.3d
at 552. For the reasons previously and extensively stated, the Court finds
that the facts in this case are similar enough to those in Latits that
Defendant was on notice that his conduct was unlawful. Defendant’s
violation is therefore clearly established under Latits alone.
38

Case 5:18-cv-13834-JEL-RSW ECF No. 90 filed 09/09/20

PageID.2405

Page 39 of 42

Defendant highlights two Supreme Court cases, Plumhoff and
Mullenix, as helpful precedent in his favor. Both cases involve a grant of
qualified immunity in high-speed chases. Plumhoff involved a 100-mph
highway chase during which the suspect “passed more than two dozen
other vehicles, several of which were forced to alter course.” Plumhoff v.
Rickard, 572 U.S. 765, 776 (2014). Mullenix involved an intoxicated
driver who engaged in a “high-speed vehicular flight” and who “twice
during his flight had threatened to shoot police officers.” Mullenix v.
Luna, 136 S. Ct. 405, 309 (2015). The Supreme Court gave the officers in
these cases great deference based on the officers’ reasonable beliefs about
the danger posed by the fleeing suspects based on their prior interactions.
See id. However, these cases involved vehicular chases under much more
reckless circumstances than did Gordon’s, and they involved actions on
the part of the decedents that were far more overt and threatening than
anything Gordon did in December 2018. See Plumhoff, 572 U.S. at 769770 (decedent sped away at more than 100 mph before colliding into two
police vehicles); Mullenix, 136 S.Ct. at 309 (decedent was intoxicated,
sped away between 85 and 110mph, and twice threatened to shoot police
officers if they did not abandon their pursuit).
39

Case 5:18-cv-13834-JEL-RSW ECF No. 90 filed 09/09/20

PageID.2406

Page 40 of 42

For these reasons, the Court finds that Plumhoff and Mullenix can
both be distinguished and are therefore not helpful to deciding this case.
Defendant’s use of deadly force violated Plaintiff’s right to be free from
excessive force during his vehicular flight, and this right was clearly
established through the Sixth Circuit’s 2017 decision Latits v. Phillips.
D. Wrongful Death Limitations
Defendant also argues that the Court must deny Plaintiff’s
requested relief for emotional distress, loss of a loved one, or other
collateral injuries suffered by Gordon’s family. (ECF No. 58, PageID.627.)
However, for the reasons below, Defendant’s caselaw is outdated and
Plaintiff’s damage claims may proceed as articulated through the
Michigan Wrongful Death Act.
Relying on Jaco v. Bloechle and Claybrook v. Birchwell, Defendant
argues that § 1983 “is a personal action cognizable only by the party
whose civil rights had been violated . . . no cause of action may lie under
section 1983 for emotional distress, loss of a loved one, or any other
consequent collateral inquiries allegedly suffered personally by the

40

Case 5:18-cv-13834-JEL-RSW ECF No. 90 filed 09/09/20

PageID.2407

Page 41 of 42

victim’s family members.” (Id., quoting Claybrook v. Birchwell, 199 F.3d
350, 357 (6th Cir. 2000).)
However, Defendant’s cases have since been reconstrued by the
Sixth Circuit. While it is true that § 1983 does not contain its own cause
of action for familial and hedonic damages, Plaintiff correctly points out
that the Sixth Circuit has allowed such claims to go forward where, as
here, a plaintiff ties her § 1983 claims to the Michigan Wrongful Death
Act. Frontier Ins. Co. v. Blaty, 454 F.3d 590, 601 (6th Cir. 2006) (“To the
extent that damages stemming from the death itself might be needed to
fulfill the deterrent purpose of section 1983 (there being no compensation
from the death as such), we see no reason to think that damages for
injuries suffered before death would not be sufficient in most cases.
Michigan’s wrongful death act, to repeat, authorizes an award of
damages for survivors’ losses of support, society, and companionship.”)
Plaintiff brings one claim under § 1983 and requests “all damages
permitted to the deceased’s estate pursuant to the Michigan Wrongful
Death Act.” (ECF No. 1, PageID.7.) The Michigan Wrongful Death Act
applies to damages claims brought by a personal representative where
“the death of a person . . . shall be caused by wrongful act, neglect, or
41

Case 5:18-cv-13834-JEL-RSW ECF No. 90 filed 09/09/20

PageID.2408

Page 42 of 42

fault of another” and where, “if death had not ensued, [] the party injured
[could have] maintain[ed] an action and recover damages.” M.C.L. §
600.2922(1).
Plaintiff’s damages claim under § 1983 are properly articulated
through Michigan’s Wrongful Death Act. Accordingly, Plaintiff’s claim
may proceed.
IV.

CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth above, the Court DENIES Defendant
Bierenga’s motion for summary judgment.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Dated: September 9, 2020
Ann Arbor, Michigan

s/Judith E. Levy
JUDITH E. LEVY
United States District Judge

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
The undersigned certifies that the foregoing document was served upon
counsel of record and any unrepresented parties via the Court s ECF System to their
respective email or First Class U.S. mail addresses disclosed on the Notice of
Electronic Filing on September 9, 2020.
s/William Barkholz
WILLIAM BARKHOLZ
Case Manager

42