Baker #182416 v. Missaukee, County of et al

Filing 246

ORDER APPROVING AND ADOPTING REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION 242 , granting Defendants' motions for summary judgment 226 , 232 ; signed by Judge Robert Holmes Bell (Judge Robert Holmes Bell, kcb)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
WESTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
SOUTHERN DIVISION

ROBERT ALLEN BAKER,
Plaintiff,
Case No. 1:09-cv-1059
v.
HON. ROBERT HOLMES BELL
COUNTY OF MISSAUKEE et al.,
Defendants.
/
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
On November 19, 2009, Plaintiff Robert Allen Baker filed a complaint pursuant to 42
U.S.C. § 1983. An amended complaint was filed on March 18, 2010. (ECF No. 29.) Plaintiff
raised claims against Missaukee County and eleven of its employees: Sheriff James
Bosscher, Lieutenant Andrea Martin, Dispatch Sergeant David DeRuiter, Detective Erik
Wien, and Corrections Officers Carole Yonkman, Eric Wickstrom, Darcy Hibblen, Stefanie
Mills, Kenneth Bigger, Julie Anderson, and Jason Behl (the “Missaukee County
Defendants”). Plaintiff also raised a claim against one non-Missaukee County Defendant,
Sotero Ureta, M.D. The Missaukee County Defendants and Ureta have both filed motions
for summary judgment. (ECF Nos. 226, 232.) Plaintiff did not respond to these motions for
summary judgment. On March 3, 2016, United States Magistrate Judge Phillip J. Green
issued a report and recommendation (“R&R”), recommending that the motions for summary

judgment be granted. (ECF No. 242.) The matter is before the Court on Plaintiff’s objections
to the R&R. (ECF No. 243.)
The Court is required to make a de novo determination of those portions of the R&R
to which specific objection has been made, and may accept, reject, or modify any or all of
the magistrate judge’s findings or recommendations. 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1); Fed. R. Civ. P.
72(b). “[A] general objection to a magistrate’s report, which fails to specify the issues of
contention, does not satisfy the requirement that an objection be filed. The objections must
be clear enough to enable the district court to discern those issues that are dispositive and
contentious.” Miller v. Currie, 50 F.3d 373, 380 (6th Cir. 1995).
II.
The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure require the Court to grant summary judgment
“if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant
is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). In evaluating a motion for
summary judgment the Court must look beyond the pleadings and assess the proof to
determine whether there is a genuine need for trial. Matushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith
Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986).
In reviewing a motion for summary judgment this Court cannot weigh the evidence,
make credibility determinations, or resolve material factual disputes. Alman v. Reed, 703
F.3d 887, 895 (6th Cir. 2013); see also Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255
(1986) (stating that on a motion for summary judgment, “[c]redibility determinations, the

2

weighing of the evidence, and the drawing of legitimate inferences from the facts are jury
functions, not those of a judge”). “[T]he district court must construe the evidence and draw
all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party.” Martin v. Cincinnati Gas & Elec.
Co., 561 F.3d 439, 443 (6th Cir. 2009) (citing Jones v. Potter, 488 F.3d 397, 403 (6th Cir.
2007)). Nevertheless, the mere existence of a scintilla of evidence in support of a nonmovant’s position is not sufficient to create a genuine issue of material fact. Liberty Lobby,
477 U.S. at 252. The proper inquiry is whether the evidence is such that a reasonable jury
could return a verdict for the non-moving party. Id.; see generally Street v. J.C. Bradford &
Co., 886 F.2d 1472, 1476-80 (6th Cir. 1989).
III.
The magistrate judge has provided a thorough summary of the facts and the Court
need not restate them here. Plaintiff has raised 26 objections to the R&R.
Objections One and Three
Plaintiff’s first and third objections relate to his failure to file a response to
Defendants’ motions for summary judgment. In February 2012, both Defendant Ureta and
the Missaukee County Defendants filed motions for summary judgment. (ECF Nos. 158,
165.) Plaintiff filed responses to both of these motions. (ECF Nos. 178, 196.) On October 29,
2013, United States Magistrate Judge Joseph G. Scoville issued an order dismissing
Defendants’ motions for summary judgment and establishing deadlines for re-filing the
motions and all related briefs. (ECF No. 224.) Plaintiff states that he did not think he had to

3

respond to Defendants’ newly-filed motions for summary judgment, and that he did not
believe “that the proceeding was ‘starting over,’ where the response requirement is crucial.”
(Objections 4, ECF No. 243.) Thus, Plaintiff asks that this Court either stay the proceedings,
grant Plaintiff an extension of time to refile responses, or consider the Plaintiff’s responses
to Defendants’ initial motions for summary judgment.
The Court will not do so. As Magistrate Judge Green noted, the Court’s October 2013
order was clear. The Court required Defendants to submit new motions for summary
judgment on or before November 26, 2013. The Court stated that “Plaintiff is authorized to
file a brief in opposition to any such motion on or before December 18, 2013.” (Order 2, ECF
No. 224.) The Court further stated:
The parties have a history of presenting their arguments in disorganized
fashion. It will not be tolerated again. No party may incorporate by reference
any argument from a brief filed before the date of this order. The court expects
the parties to file new briefs setting forth all relevant arguments and supported
only by evidence allowed by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. The parties
should not anticipate any modification of the briefing schedule or the
applicable page limits . . . .
(Id.) (emphasis added). The Court’s order informed the parties that they were expected to
“file new briefs,” and were not permitted to incorporate arguments made in “brief[s] filed
before the date of [the] order.” The Court also made clear that no modifications of the
briefing schedule would be made. The Court finds no reason to now excuse Plaintiff’s failure
to comply with the terms of the order.

4

A. Dr. Ureta
Plaintiff alleged that Dr. Ureta was deliberately indifferent to his serious medical
needs by prescribing non-narcotic pain medication for Plaintiff’s lower back problem. (Am.
Compl. ¶ 91.) The R&R concluded that “Plaintiff has presented no medical evidence
indicating that the treatment provided by Dr. Ureta was medically inappropriate, much less
rose to the level of an Eighth or Fourteenth Amendment violation.” (R&R 24.) The Court
agrees, and Plaintiff’s objections do not convince the Court otherwise.
Plaintiff’s dispute with Dr. Ureta’s medical treatment concerns the adequacy of the
treatment. When that is the case, “federal courts are generally reluctant to second guess
medical judgments and to constitutionalize claims which sound in state tort law.” Westlake
v. Lucas, 537 F.2d 857, 860 n.5 (6th Cir. 1976). When a prisoner’s allegations “simply
constitute a difference of opinion between himself and medical personnel regarding his
medical condition, he has failed to allege facts that, if proven, would rise to the level of
deliberate indifference to a serious medical need.” Further, as the magistrate judge noted,
“the treatment of chronically suffering prisoners with narcotic medication does not fit neatly
into our general Eighth Amendment test.” Baker v. Stevenson, 605 F. App’x 514, 519 (6th
Cir. 2015). “[T]he Eighth Amendment does not impose a constitutional obligation upon
prison officials to enable a prisoner’s substance abuse or addiction problem.” Id. at 518.
Plaintiff’s objections to the R&R concerning Dr. Ureta are as follows:

5

Objection Two
Plaintiff’s second objection contends that the R&R’s statement that Plaintiff “alleges
that Dr. Ureta violated his rights under the Equal Protection Clause by prescribing narcotics
for other jail inmates, but not for Plaintiff,” (R&R 3, ECF No. 242), “must be untrue, as the
plaintiff has no personal knowledge that Dr. Ureta did this.” (Objections 5.) This objection,
however, has no impact on the magistrate judge’s conclusion that Dr. Ureta was not
deliberately indifferent to Plaintiff’s medical needs.
Objection Eight
Plaintiff’s eighth objection concerns the R&R’s statement that “[t]here is no evidence
from plaintiff’s physician or from any other physician that plaintiff took methadone at a dose
and for length of time that significant withdrawal symptoms would occur.” Plaintiff notes
that his verified complaint states “that he was violently ill and that he has witnesses to those
facts.” (Objections 7.) The fact that Plaintiff was violently ill and has witnesses still does not
change the fact that there was no indication in the medical records that Dr. Ureta received
that withdrawal symptoms would likely occur, and that Dr. Ureta should be monitoring for
any signs of withdrawal. Again, Plaintiff produced no evidence in response to Defendants’
motions for summary judgment, and the Court made clear that “[n]o party may incorporate
by reference any argument from a brief filed before the date of” the October 2013 order.
Thus, Plaintiff’s objection does not impact the R&R’s finding that Dr. Ureta was not
deliberately indifferent to Plaintiff’s medical needs.

6

Objection Nine
Plaintiff’s ninth objection concerns the R&R’s statement that “[t]here is no evidence
that plaintiff or any member of his family made any attempt to obtain the [medical] records
and provide them to jail officials.” (R&R 14.) Plaintiff states that he signed a release for his
medical records within 24 hours of arrival at MCJ. Regardless, Dr. Ureta has provided a
sworn affidavit stating that he “did not receive Mr. Baker’s records from Grayling Family
Practice/Dr. Michael Burkley until January 3, 2008, when they were faxed to my office.”
(Ureta Aff. ¶ 9.) The fact that Grayling Family Practice or Burkley may have delayed sending
medical records to Ureta does not demonstrate deliberate indifference on Ureta’s behalf.
Objections Eleven and Twelve
Plaintiff’s next objections state that “it is absolutely untrue that Dr. Ureta did not
know the plaintiff was in jail until January 3, 2008,” that Dr. Ureta knew Plaintiff had been
taking methadone and was likely experiencing withdrawal symptoms, and that Dr. Ureta
could not possibly have determined that a medical examination was not necessary without
speaking to Plaintiff first.
The Court finds these objections unpersuasive. The R&R does not state that Dr. Ureta
was not aware of Plaintiff’s presence until January 3, 2008; it states that “Dr. Ureta first
became aware of plaintiff’s medical condition on January 3, 2008.” (R&R 16.) This is
consistent with Dr. Ureta’s affidavit. Plaintiff’s statement that Dr. Ureta knew Plaintiff had
been taking methadone does not lead to the conclusion that Dr. Ureta knew Plaintiff was

7

likely experiencing withdrawal symptoms. As the magistrate judge previously stated, “[t]here
is no evidence from plaintiff’s physician or from any other physician that plaintiff took
methadone at a dose and for length of time that significant withdrawal symptoms would
occur.” (R&R 13.) Moreover, the Court is reluctant to second guess Dr. Ureta’s
determination, upon reviewing Plaintiff’s medical records, that a medical examination was
not necessary. Westlake, 537 F.2d at 860 n.5. And even if it were, Dr. Ureta has stated that
“[a]n examination of Mr. Baker for chronic back pain condition or symptoms would not have
changed or altered the medical therapy received.” (Ureta Aff. ¶ 18.)
Objections Thirteen, Fourteen, and Fifteen
Plaintiff’s next objections contend that Dr. Ureta’s reliance on prison officials to make
medical determinations and judgments, rather than personally examining Plaintiff to
determine the proper course of treatment, amounted to deliberate indifference to Plaintiff’s
medical needs. Plaintiff also contends that Dr. Ureta prescribed Flexeril without inquiring
as to whether Plaintiff was allergic to the drug. Plaintiff contends that Dr. Ureta’s statement
in his affidavit that he “never refused to see, examine, or treat” Plaintiff is false.
The Court is not persuaded. Plaintiff was “under observation from the corrections
officers who could advise [Dr. Ureta] of any changes in [Plaintiff’s] conditions or
symptoms.” (Ureta Aff. ¶ 16.) Dr. Ureta’s reliance on corrections officers to inform him of
any changes in Plaintiff’s conditions or symptoms does not amount to deliberate indifference.
Further, evidence in the record indicates that prior to arriving at MCJ, Plaintiff was treated

8

with Flexeril, and did not complain of an allergy. (Medical Records, ECF No. 227-2,
PageID.2425, 242.) Moreover, Plaintiff had completed a health screen where he indicated
that he had no drug allergies. (ECF No. 232-3, PageID.2632.) Lastly, while Plaintiff argues
that it “is an established and undisputed fact that for ten months the Dr. did not ever see or
examine the plaintiff,” this does not contradict Dr. Ureta’s statement that he “never refused
to see, examine, or treat” Plaintiff, (Ureta Aff. ¶ 20), and does not suggest that Dr. Ureta was
deliberately indifferent to Plaintiff’s medical needs.
Objection Sixteen
Plaintiff’s next objection concerns the R&R’s determination that “the dispute is over
the adequacy of the treatment” provided by Dr. Ureta. Plaintiff states that “Dr. Ureta refused
or failed to ever once consult with or examine the plaintiff about his spine or pain.”
(Objections 9.) The Court disagrees. There is no dispute that Dr. Ureta provided some
medical attention to Plaintiff. Indeed, Ureta prescribed Plaintiff with prescriptions for
Ultram, Flexeril, and a second mattress. While Plaintiff may not have been satisfied with this
medical treatment, as the magistrate judge noted, “[w]here a prisoner has received some
medical attention and the dispute is over the adequacy of the treatment, ‘federal courts are
generally reluctant to second-guess medical judgments and to constitutionalize claims which
sound in state tort law.’” Baker, 605 F. App’x at 518 (quoting Westlake, 537 F.2d at 860 n.5).
The Court is reluctant to do so here.

9

Objection Seventeen
The R&R found the Sixth Circuit’s recent decision in Baker v. Stevenson
“instructive.” Plaintiff notes that there are factual distinctions between this case and Baker.
Plaintiff states that in Baker, the plaintiff “received non-narcotic medications after the
narcotics were stopped. He was not forced to go through unmonitored withdrawals. He was
seen, examined, and the medical professionals made a deliberate effort to provide adequate
and effective non-narcotic medications. None of this occurred in the instant case.”
(Objections 10.)
The Court finds no error in the R&R’s reliance on Baker. Baker discusses the “Eighth
Amendment as applied to incarcerated substance abusers.” 605 F. App’x at 518-19. Baker
stated that “‘[w]here the question is one of administering a highly addictive drug on a
continuing basis in the prison setting, the prison staff should have some discretion.’” Id.
(quoting French v. Daviess Cnty., Ky., 376 F. App’x 519, 522 (6th Cir. 2010). While
“[c]ourts have found withdrawal symptoms to qualify as a serious medical need,” French,
376 F. App’x at 522, as mentioned above, Plaintiff has failed to present medical evidence in
response to Defendants’ motions for summary judgment that he exhibited these symptoms
and, importantly, has also failed to present evidence showing that Dr. Ureta was aware that
Plaintiff was going through withdrawals, yet consciously disregarded that risk. Moreover,
other courts to consider the matter have found that “[t]he disagreement concerning the use
of narcotic pain medication is insufficient to state a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983.” See

10

Huard v. Essex Cnty. Corr. Ctr., No. Civ.A.08-120S, 2009 WL 1886050, at *3 (D.N.H. May
21, 2009); see also Baez v. I.N.S., No. 06-30112, 2007 WL 2438311, at *2 (5th Cir. Aug. 22,
2007) (“The physicians’ prescription of Ultram for Baez’s pain was reasonable given the
OPP policy that narcotics could not be prescribed, and the physicians increased the dosage
when Baez complained that the medication was not effective.”); Steele v. Weber, No. CIV
06-4001, 2006 WL 3544719, at *7 (D.S.D. Dec. 8, 2006).
Thus, the Court agrees with the R&R that “Plaintiff has presented no medical
evidence indicating that the treatment provided by Dr. Ureta was medically inappropriate,
much less rose to the level of an Eighth or Fourteenth Amendment violation.”
Objection Twenty Four
Plaintiff’s last objection pertaining to Dr. Ureta alleges that the magistrate judge erred
in concluding that Dr. Ureta did not violate Plaintiff’s rights under the Equal Protection
Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Plaintiff states that Dr. Ureta “intentionally did not
see, examine, or consult with the plaintiff on any of his weekly visits to MCJ for ten months,
while he did see, examine and consult with all other prisoners similarly situated.” (Objections
13.) Plaintiff has failed, however, to identify any similarly situated prisoners who were
intentionally treated differently and, thus, his claim fails.

11

B. The Missaukee County Defendants
Objection Four
The R&R recommended granting summary judgment to several of the Missaukee
County Defendants on the ground that they are entitled to qualified immunity. The R&R
noted that Plaintiff did not satisfy his burden of showing that Defendants violated clearly
established law. Plaintiff’s fourth objection argues that, because Defendants’ Rule 12(b)(6)
and 12(c) motions were denied, there is no dispute that the alleged constitutional or statutory
rights that were violated “were clearly established at that time.” (Objections 6.) Contrary to
Plaintiff’s assertion, however, a finding that a claim survives a motion to dismiss is
distinguishable from a finding on a motion for summary judgment that Defendants are
entitled to qualified immunity. Accordingly, this objection is meritless.
Objection Six
Plaintiff’s sixth objection contends that Lieutenant Andrea Martin refused to fill
Plaintiff’s medical prescriptions and did not contact Plaintiff’s treating physician about an
alternative. Plaintiff does not identify how the magistrate judge erred. Thus, the objection is
meritless. Miller, 50 F.3d at 380 (noting that the objections must identify the issues of
contention).
Objection Eighteen
Plaintiff’s eighteenth objection concerns the R&R’s conclusion that Defendant Martin
is entitled to qualified immunity. The R&R further recommended that “no reasonable trier

12

of fact could find in plaintiff’s favor on the subjective component of these claims against
defendant Martin.” (R&R 27.) The magistrate judge correctly noted that Plaintiff’s failure
to file a response to the motions for summary judgment led to Plaintiff’s failure to satisfy his
burden of showing that Defendant Martin is not entitled to qualified immunity.
Moreover, while Plaintiff complains that Martin’s actions caused a six week delay in
his dental treatment, the Sixth Circuit has stated that “‘[a]n inmate who complains that delay
in medical treatment rose to a constitutional violation must place verifying medical evidence
in the record to establish the detrimental effect of the delay in medical treatment to succeed.”
Napier v. Madison Cnty., Ky., 238 F.3d 739, 742 (6th Cir. 2001) (quoting Hill v. Dekalb
Reg’l Youth Detention Ctr., 40 F.3d 1176, 1188 (11th Cir. 1994)). Plaintiff has failed to do
so.
Objection Nineteen
Next, Plaintiff contends that Sergeant DeRuiter “was shown the broken and abscessed
tooth, he discussed the need for urgent treatment with Martin several times, and refused to
take action.” (Objections 12.) As the R&R stated, when Plaintiff was examined by the EMTs,
they determined that his medical condition did not warrant transportation to the hospital.
Plaintiff eventually did see a dentist. While Plaintiff may allege that DeRuiter’s actions
delayed his ability to receive dental treatment, again, Plaintiff failed to place verifying
medical evidence in the record to establish the detrimental effect of the delay in medical
treatment. The Court agrees with the R&R that “Defendant DeRuiter and other members of

13

the jail’s custody staff were entitled to rely on the judgment of medical professionals
regarding the appropriate course of medical and dental treatment.” (R&R 27.)
Objection Twenty
Plaintiff’s twentieth objection contends that Defendant Bosscher “did knowingly
acquiesce in the unconstitutional conduct of the offending actors and such was the proximate
cause of Plaintiff’s harm.” Plaintiff has provided no evidence that Bosscher knowingly
acquiesced in unconstitutional conduct, and his complaint does not allege otherwise.
Objection Twenty One
Plaintiff’s next objection contends that he “believes that there is sufficient evidence
to deny all defendants summary judgment and qualified immunity.” “[A] general objection
to a magistrate’s report, which fails to specify the issues of contention, does not satisfy the
requirement that an objection be filed.” Miller, 50 F.3d at 380. This general objection will
not be considered.
Objection Twenty Two
Plaintiff argues that the R&R improperly concludes that Plaintiff’s jail cell
assignments and security classification did not violate his constitutional rights. Plaintiff
contends that the “evidence shows that there was no due process and the placements were
for punishment.” (Objections 12.) Again, Plaintiff produced no evidence in response to
Defendants’ motions for summary judgment, and the Court made clear that “[n]o party may
incorporate by reference any argument from a brief filed before the date of” the October

14

2013 order. Moreover, the Court agrees with the R&R that, under Sandin v. Conner, 515 U.S.
472, 484 (1995), “Plaintiff did not have any protected liberty or property interest in his cell
assignment or security classification.” (R&R 30.)
Objection Twenty Three
Plaintiff’s next objection concerns his First Amendment retaliation claim. Plaintiff’s
complaint alleged that Plaintiff was moved from general population to isolation cells
“without cause or penological purpose, on two separate occasions. On both occasions
Plaintiff had just written the Court complaining of counsel’s lack of representation and
sought relief.” (Am. Compl. ¶ 102.) The Court agrees with the R&R’s conclusion that
Plaintiff has failed to establish the necessary causal relationship between his complaints to
the Court and his transfer to isolation cells to support a retaliation claim. While Plaintiff
alleges that the events occurred close in time to one another, “often evidence in addition to
temporal proximity is required to permit the inference” of a causal relationship. Holzemer
v. City of Memphis, 621 F.3d 512, 526 (6th Cir. 2010). No such evidence exists here.
Objection Twenty Five
Plaintiff objects to the R&R’s conclusion that Defendant Martin did not violate
Plaintiff’s rights under the Equal Protection Clause. Again, Plaintiff fails to identify any
Plaintiff who was similarly situated in all relevant aspects, yet was treated differently.

15

Objection Twenty Six
Lastly, Plaintiff objects to the R&R’s conclusion that the County of Missaukee should
not be liable for the imposition of a policy or custom that caused a violation of Plaintiff’s
constitutional rights. Because Plaintiff has not shown a violation of his constitutional rights,
his claim fails. See, e.g., Watkins v. City of Battle Creek, 273 F.3d 682, 687 (6th Cir. 2001)
(“If no constitutional violation by the individual defendants is established, the
[governmental] defendant[] cannot be held liable under § 1983.”); Napier, 238 F.3d at 743
(“Because the analysis concludes that [the plaintiff] cannot show that he suffered an
underlying constitutional violation, his claims against Madison County must also fail.”).
Moreover, even if Plaintiff had shown a violation of his constitutional rights, Plaintiff has
failed to show or allege an “affirmative link between the policy and the particular
constitutional violation alleged.” City of Oklahoma City v. Tuttle, 471 U.S. 808, 823 (1985).
Thus, his claim fails.
C. Miscellaneous Objections
Plaintiff’s fifth objection states that it is common knowledge that methadone is a
highly addictive medication and that Plaintiff never attempted to deceive anyone about his
past misuse of methadone.
Plaintiff’s seventh objection “objects that Judge Green makes a number of statements
that are untrue and can only confuse the record.” (Objections 7.)
Plaintiff’s tenth objection states that “Judge Green fails to state that the defendants

16

refused to take the plaintiff to the dentist for six weeks while the tooth area abscessed and
burst repeatedly, that the plaintiff was in severe pain the entire time, and that the defendants
have not justified the delay.”
Even assuming that these objections are valid, Plaintiff fails to state how the
objections would change the magistrate judge’s determination or entitle Plaintiff to any sort
of relief. Plaintiff has failed to identify the claims that these objections pertain to and the
individual Defendants who are liable.
IV.
The Court must next decide whether an appeal of this action would be in good faith
within the meaning of 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(3). See McGore v. Wrigglesworth, 114 F.3d 601,
611 (6th Cir. 1997). For the same reasons the Court dismisses the action, the Court discerns
no good-faith basis for an appeal. Should Plaintiff appeal this decision, the Court will assess
the $505.00 appellate filing fee pursuant to § 1915(b)(1), see McGore, 114 F.3d at 610-11,
unless Plaintiff is barred from proceeding in forma pauperis, e.g., by the “three-strikes” rule
of § 1915(g). If he is barred, he will be required to pay the $505.00 appellate filing fee in one
lump sum.

17

V.
Accordingly,
IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that the Magistrate Judge’s March 3, 2016 Report and
Recommendation (ECF No. 242) is APPROVED and ADOPTED as the Opinion of this
Court.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Plaintiff’s objections to the R&R are
OVERRULED.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendants’ motions for summary judgment
(ECF Nos. 226, 232) are GRANTED.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that an appeal of this action would not be in good
faith.
Judgment will enter consistent with this opinion and order.

Dated: March 31, 2016

/s/ Robert Holmes Bell
ROBERT HOLMES BELL
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

18