DeHaan v. Commissioner of Social Security

Filing 17

OPINION; signed by District Judge Paul L. Maloney (Judge Paul L. Maloney, cmc)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
SOUTHERN DIVISION

LISA DEHAAN,
Plaintiff,

Case No. 1:16-CV-311

v.
HON. PAUL L. MALONEY
COMMISSIONER OF SOCIAL
SECURITY,

Defendant,
/
OPINION
This is a social security action brought under 42 U.S.C. § 405(g) seeking judicial review
of a final decision of the Commissioner of the Social Security Administration (Commissioner) denying
Plaintiff’s claim for disability insurance benefits (DIB) and supplemental security income (SSI) under Titles
II and XVI of the Social Security Act. Section 405(g) limits the Court to a review of the administrative
record, and provides that if the Commissioner’s decision is supported by substantial evidence, it shall be
conclusive.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
The scope of judicial review in a social security case is limited to determining whether the
Commissioner applied the proper legal standards in making her decision and whether there exists in the
record substantial evidence supporting that decision. See Brainard v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs.,
889 F.2d 679, 681 (6th Cir. 1989). The Court may not conduct a de novo review of the case, resolve
evidentiary conflicts, or decide questions of credibility. See Garner v. Heckler, 745 F.2d 383, 387 (6th

Cir. 1984). It is the Commissioner who is charged with finding the facts relevant to an application for
disability benefits, and her findings are conclusive provided they are supported by substantial evidence.
See 42 U.S.C. § 405(g).
Substantial evidence is more than a scintilla, but less than a preponderance. See Cohen
v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 964 F.2d 524, 528 (6th Cir. 1992) (citations omitted). It is such
relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion. See Richardson
v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 401 (1971); Bogle v. Sullivan, 998 F.2d 342, 347 (6th Cir. 1993). In
determining the substantiality of the evidence, the Court must consider the evidence on the record as a
whole and take into account whatever evidence in the record fairly detracts from its weight. See
Richardson v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 735 F.2d 962, 963 (6th Cir. 1984). The substantial
evidence standard presupposes the existence of a zone within which the decision maker can properly rule
either way, without judicial interference. See Mullen v. Bowen, 800 F.2d 535, 545 (6th Cir. 1986)
(citation omitted). This standard affords to the administrative decision maker considerable latitude, and
indicates that a decision supported by substantial evidence will not be reversed simply because the evidence
would have supported a contrary decision. See Bogle, 998 F.2d at 347; Mullen, 800 F.2d at 545.
PROCEDURAL POSTURE
Plaintiff was thirty-nine years of age on the date of the ALJ’s decision. (PageID.46, 141,
151.) She obtained a college degree, and was previously employed as a cashier / customer service clerk,
shift supervisor, customer service representative, mail carrier, and delivery driver. (PageID.58, 72–73.)
Plaintiff applied for benefits on February 2, 2013, alleging that she had been disabled since October 31,
2011, due to anxiety, panic attacks, and depression. (PageID.141, 151, 241–252.) These applications
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were denied on July 17, 2013, after which time Plaintiff requested a hearing before an ALJ.
(PageID.164–176.) On November 12, 2014, Plaintiff appeared with her counsel before ALJ Michael
Condon for an administrative hearing at which time both Plaintiff and a vocational expert (VE) testified.
(PageID.66–134.) On January 30, 2015, the ALJ issued his written decision, concluding that Plaintiff was
not disabled. (PageID.46–65.) On January 20, 2016, the Appeals Council declined to review the ALJ’s
decision, making it the Commissioner’s final decision in the matter. (PageID.31–34.) Plaintiff subsequently
initiated this action under 42 U.S.C. § 405(g).
ALJ’S DECISION
The social security regulations articulate a five-step sequential process for evaluating
disability. See 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(a-f), 416.920(a-f).1 If the Commissioner can make a dispositive
finding at any point in the review, no further finding is required. See 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(a),
416.920(a). The regulations also provide that if a claimant suffers from a nonexertional impairment as well
as an exertional impairment, both are considered in determining the claimant’s residual functional capacity

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1.

An individual who is working and engaging in substantial gainful activity will not be found to be
“disabled” regardless of medical findings (20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(b), 416.920(b));

2.

An individual who does not have a “severe impairment” will not be found “disabled” (20 C.F.R. §§
404.1520(c), 416.920(c));

3.

If an individual is not working and is suffering from a severe impairment which meets the duration
requirement and which “meets or equals” a listed impairment in Appendix 1 of Subpart P of
Regulations No. 4, a finding of “disabled” will be made without consideration of vocational factors
(20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(d), 416.920(d));

4.

If an individual is capable of performing work he or she has done in the past, a finding of “not
disabled” must be made (20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(e), 416.920(e));

5.

If an individual’s impairment is so severe as to preclude the performance of past work, other factors
including age, education, past work experience, and residual functional capacity must be considered
to determine if other work can be performed. (20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(f), 416.920(f)).

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(RFC). See 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1545, 416.945.
Plaintiff has the burden of proving the existence and severity of limitations caused by her
impairments and that she is precluded from performing past relevant work through step four. Jones v.
Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 336 F.3d 469, 474 (6th Cir. 2003). At step five, it is the Commissioner’s burden
“to identify a significant number of jobs in the economy that accommodate the claimant’s residual functional
capacity (determined at step four) and vocational profile.” Id.
The ALJ determined Plaintiff’s claim failed at step five. At step one the ALJ found that
Plaintiff had not engaged in substantial gainful activity since her alleged disability onset date. (PageID.51.)
At step two, the ALJ found that Plaintiff suffered from the following severe impairments: (1) major
depressive disorder, recurrent, moderate; (2) generalized anxiety / panic disorder with agoraphobia; and
(3) personality disorder. (PageID.51.) At step three, the ALJ found that Plaintiff did not have an
impairment or combination of impairments that met or equaled the requirements of the Listing of
Impairments found in 20 C.F.R. Pt. 404, Subpt. P, App. 1. (PageID.52–53.) At step four, the ALJ
determined Plaintiff retained the RFC based on all the impairments to perform:
a full range of work at all exertional levels with the following nonexertional
limitations: she is limited to performing simple, routine, repetitive tasks
involving no more than simple work-related decisions; she cannot tolerate
more than occasional workplace changes which must be gradually
introduced; she requires a low-stress work environment (i.e., one that
involves no specific production quotas); and she cannot maintain contact
with the general public or more than brief, superficial contact with coworkers and supervisors.
(PageID.53.)

Continuing with the fourth step, the ALJ determined that Plaintiff was unable to perform

her past relevant work. (PageID.58.) At the fifth step, the ALJ questioned the VE to determine whether

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a significant number of jobs exist in the economy that Plaintiff could perform given her limitations. See
Richardson, 735 F.2d at 964. The VE testified that Plaintiff could perform the following work: machine
feeder (15,500 regional positions), cleaner (25,600 regional positions), and packager (7,200 regional
positions). (PageID.128–129.) Based on this record, the ALJ found that Plaintiff was capable of making
a successful adjustment to work that exists in significant numbers in the national economy. (PageID.60.)
Accordingly, the ALJ concluded that Plaintiff was not disabled from October 31, 2011,
through January 30, 2015, the date of decision. (PageID.60.)
DISCUSSION
1.

The ALJ’s Analysis of Dr. Albrecht’s Opinion Complies With the Treating
Physician Rule and the ALJ was Not Required to Adopt the Opinion at
Step Three.

On July 3, 2014, Dr. David Albrecht completed a two-page Medical Source Statement
regarding Plaintiff’s ability to complete mental work-related activities. (PageID.427–428.) Among other
things, Dr. Albrecht indicated that Plaintiff had “marked”2 limitations in the areas of understanding,
remembering, and carrying out short, simple instructions. She was also markedly limited in the ability to
make judgments on simple work-related decisions, and markedly limited in responding appropriately to
changes in a routine work setting. (PageID.427–428.) When asked for the findings that supported this
assessment, Dr. Albrecht indicated Plaintiff experiences severe depression and anxiety, and it is difficult for
her to maintain her concentration because of the severe nature of those impairments. (PageID.427.) Dr.

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Defined as a serious limitation in which the ability to function is severely limited but not precluded.
(PageID.427.)

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Albrecht also found Plaintiff experienced several additional “moderate”3 limitations. She had moderate
limitations in the areas of interacting appropriately with the public, supervisors, and co-workers, as well as
responding appropriately to work pressures in a routine work setting. (PageID.428.) In support of this
assessment, the doctor again noted Plaintiff’s severe depression and anxiety. (PageID.428.) Dr. Albrecht
concluded by noting that Plaintiff would have difficulty concentrating and holding employment because of
her impairments. (PageID.428.) The ALJ gave this opinion only nominal weight. (PageID.57.) Plaintiff
claims the ALJ erred in doing so.
By way of background, the treating physician doctrine recognizes that medical professionals
who have a long history of caring for a claimant and her maladies generally possess significant insight into
her medical condition. See Barker v. Shalala, 40 F.3d 789, 794 (6th Cir. 1994). An ALJ must,
therefore, give controlling weight to the opinion of a treating source if: (1) the opinion is “well-supported
by medically acceptable clinical and laboratory diagnostic techniques” and (2) the opinion “is not
inconsistent with the other substantial evidence in the case record.” Gayheart v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.,
710 F.3d 365, 375–76 (6th Cir. 2013) (quoting 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527). It is undisputed that Dr. Albrecht
qualifies as a treating physician.
Such deference is appropriate, however, only where the particular opinion “is based upon
sufficient medical data.” Miller v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 1991 WL 229979, at *2 (6th Cir.
Nov. 7, 1991) (citing Shavers v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 839 F.2d 232, 235 n.1 (6th Cir.
1987)). The ALJ may reject the opinion of a treating physician where it is unsupported by the medical

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Defined as moderate limitations, but the individual is still able to function satisfactorily. (PageID.427.)

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record, merely states a conclusion, or is contradicted by substantial medical evidence. See Cohen, 964
F.2d at 528; Miller, 1991 WL 229979 at *2 (citing Shavers, 839 F.2d at 235 n.1); Cutlip v. Sec’y of
Health & Human Servs., 25 F.3d 284, 286–87 (6th Cir. 1994).
If an ALJ accords less than controlling weight to a treating source’s opinion, the ALJ must
“give good reasons” for doing so. Gayheart, 710 F.3d at 376. Such reasons must be “supported by the
evidence in the case record, and must be sufficiently specific to make clear to any subsequent reviewers
the weight the adjudicator gave to the treating source’s medical opinion and the reasons for that weight.”
Id. This requirement “ensures that the ALJ applies the treating physician rule and permits meaningful review
of the ALJ’s application of the rule.” Id. (quoting Wilson v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 378 F.3d 541, 544
(6th Cir. 2004)). Simply stating that the physician’s opinions “are not well-supported by any objective
findings and are inconsistent with other credible evidence” is, without more, too “ambiguous” to permit
meaningful review of the ALJ’s assessment. Id. at 376–77.
If the ALJ affords less than controlling weight to a treating physician’s opinion, the ALJ
must still determine the weight to be afforded such. Id. at 376. In doing so, the ALJ must consider the
following factors: (1) length of the treatment relationship and frequency of the examination, (2) nature and
extent of the treatment relationship, (3) supportability of the opinion, (4) consistency of the opinion with the
record as a whole, (5) the specialization of the treating source, and (6) other relevant factors. Id. (citing 20
C.F.R. § 404.1527). While the ALJ is not required to explicitly discuss each of these factors, the record
must nevertheless reflect that the ALJ considered those factors relevant to his assessment. See, e.g.,
Oldham v. Astrue, 509 F.3d 1254, 1258 (10th Cir. 2007); Undheim v. Barnhart, 214 F. App’x 448,
450 (5th Cir. 2007).
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The ALJ explained he was assigning Dr. Albrecht’s opinion only nominal weight “because
[it is] extreme and not supported by his treatment records or the other psychological evidence of record
which shows that the claimant has consistently presented for medical appointments with intact abilities to
maintain concentration and interact appropriately.” (PageID.37.) This assessment is supported by
substantial evidence. For example, when examined on September 16, 2013, by Ms. Becky VassReinholtz, LMSW, Plaintiff’s thought process, including productivity, continuity, orientation, memory,
attention, concentration, judgment, reason, and insight were all within normal limits. (PageID.389.) On
January 10, 2014, Gail Merril, PA-C also found an intact thought process and judgment. While Plaintiff
had a poor short term memory, her long term memory was good. She was oriented to person, place, and
time. (PageID.401.) At a follow up on February 10, 2014, her memory was described as good, and her
concentration was described as improved. She had good insight and judgment. (PageID.403.) In April,
Plaintiff had not been taking some of her medication, but she reported the medication she was taking was
“helping a lot.” (PageID.405.) On June 26, 2014, Plaintiff told Dr. Albrecht that her depression and
anxiety were not improved with medication changes (contrary to her previous statement). Nonetheless,
she was alert, oriented to person, place and time, had good judgment and insight, and a normal mood and
affect. (PageID.433.) Dr. Albrecht made similar findings the following month. (PageID.450.)
The Court finds the ALJ correctly determined these records, including those of the opining
physician, were inconsistent with the doctor’s opinion. Clearly Plaintiff is limited by her mental impairments,
but the ALJ’s conclusion that Dr. Albrecht’s opinion enjoyed little support in the record is supported by
substantial evidence. Plaintiff’s impairments are adequately accounted for in the RFC.
Plaintiff argues, however, that the ALJ erred in assigning greater weight to the opinion of
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an non-examining consultant than to her examining physician. (PageID.692.) Plaintiff is correct that“[a]s
a general matter, an opinion from a medical source who has examined a claimant is given more weight than
that from a source who has not performed an examination.” Gayheart, 710 F.3d at 375. But it is by no
means as rigid a rule as Plaintiff apparently would prefer. Rather, an examining relationship is only one of
the factors an ALJ is to consider when weighing medical opinions. See 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1527(c),
416.927(c); see also McClean v. Colvin, No. 3:11–cv–236, 2013 WL 4507807, at *8 (M.D. Tenn.
Aug. 23, 2013) (“[R]espective examining and non-examining status [is] only one of several relevant factors
[.]”); Brooks v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 531 F. App’x 636, 642 (6th Cir. 2013) (“[I]n appropriate
circumstances, opinions from State agency medical and psychological consultants . . . may be entitled to
greater weight than the opinions of treating or examining sources.”). Consistency is another important factor:
“Generally, the more consistent an opinion is with the record as a whole, the more weight we will give to
that opinion.” 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1527(c)(4), 416.927(c)(4).
The ALJ is responsible for weighing conflicting medical opinions. See Buxton v. Halter,
246 F.3d 762, 775 (6th Cir. 2001); see also Reynolds v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 424 F. App’x 411, 414
(6th Cir. 2011) (“This court reviews the entire administrative record, but does not reconsider facts,
re-weigh the evidence, resolve conflicts in evidence, decide questions of credibility, or substitute its
judgment for that of the ALJ.”). Here, it is patent the ALJ understood the agency consultant had not
examined Plaintiff, but nonetheless noted that the opinion was consistent with the record and was based
upon the consultant’s detailed knowledge of agency regulations. (PageID.57.) The ALJ accordingly
properly evaluated the medical opinions under 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1527(c), 927(c).
Finally, in Plaintiff’s second claim of error, Plaintiff argues the ALJ erred in failing to find
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that Plaintiff did not meet the requirements of Listing 12.04 or 12.06, noting the ALJ’s statement at the
hearing that the opinion would indicate Plaintiff met a listing. (PageID.693.) This argument is merely a
rehash of Plaintiff’s first claim of error. Because the ALJ provided good reasons, supported by substantial
evidence, for assigning only nominal weight to Dr. Albrecht’s opinion, the ALJ did not err in failing to adopt
those limitations at step three. Accordingly, Plaintiff’s first and second claims of error are rejected.
2.

The ALJ Complied with SSR 96–7p.

Plaintiff argues that the ALJ “erred by denying Plaintiff benefits because she was too poor
to obtain medical treatment.” (PageID.694.) This claim turns on the ALJ’s factual finding regarding the
credibility of Plaintiff’s subjective complaints. Credibility determinations concerning a claimant’s subjective
complaints are peculiarly within the province of the ALJ. See Gooch v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs,
833 F.2d 589, 592 (6th Cir.1987). The court does not make its own credibility determinations. See
Walters v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 127 F.3d 525, 528 (6th Cir. 1997). The court’s “review of a decision
of the Commissioner of Social Security, made through an administrative law judge, is extremely
circumscribed.” Kuhn v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 124 F. App’x 943, 945 (6th Cir. 2005). The
Commissioner’s determination regarding the credibility of a claimant’s subjective complaints is reviewed
under the “substantial evidence” standard. This is a “highly deferential standard of review.” Ulman v.
Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 693 F.3d 709, 714 (6th Cir. 2012). “Claimants challenging the ALJ’s credibility
determination face an uphill battle.” Daniels v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 152 F. App’x 485, 488 (6th Cir.
2005). “Upon review, [the court must] accord to the ALJ’s determinations of credibility great weight and
deference particularly since the ALJ has the opportunity, which [the court] d[oes] not, of observing a
witness’s demeanor while testifying.” Jones, 336 F.3d at 476. “The ALJ’s findings as to a claimant’s
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credibility are entitled to deference, because of the ALJ’s unique opportunity to observe the claimant and
judge her subjective complaints.” Buxton, 246 F.3d at 773; accord White v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 572
F.3d 272, 287 (6th Cir. 2009); Casey v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 987 F.2d 1230, 1234 (6th
Cir. 1993).
Plaintiff asserts the ALJ erred by failing to consider her inability to afford additional medical
treatment. (PageID.694.) SSR 96–7p provides that “the adjudicator must not draw any inferences about
an individual’s symptoms and their functional effects from a failure to seek or pursue regular medical
treatment without first considering any explanations that the individual may provide, or other information
in the case record, that may explain infrequent or irregular medical visits or failure to seek medical
treatment.” This includes the individual’s inability to afford treatment. SSR 96–7p, 1996 WL 374186, at
*7–8 (S.S.A. July 2, 1996). The subject of Plaintiff’s ability to obtain treatment was squarely before the
ALJ during the administrative hearing. Indeed, as Plaintiff notes, she testified at several points that she was
unable to obtain various treatments due to a lack of insurance. (PageID.90, 98.) But the ALJ engaged
in an extensive discussion with Plaintiff regarding why she did not obtain additional treatment, such as
hospitalization. Ultimately, Plaintiff admitted that hospitalization, even partial, just hadn’t been explored
either by her or her physicians. (PageID.98.) The ALJ acknowledged that “finances are a big issue on
these things” but noted that many facilities see those with no fiscal means. (PageID.126.) This, along with
the fact that the ALJ noted he considered all symptoms according to the requirements of, among other
things, SSR 96–7p, indicates the ALJ was well aware of, and indeed complied with, his obligation under

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the ruling.4 (PageID.53.) The Court finds no compelling reason to disturb the ALJ’s determination. See
Smith v. Halter, 307 F.3d 377, 379 (6th Cir. 2001).
3.

The ALJ’s Step Five Determination is Supported by Substantial Evidence.

An ALJ’s finding that a claimant possesses the capacity to perform substantial gainful
activity that exists in the national economy must be supported by substantial evidence that the claimant has
the vocational qualifications to perform specific jobs. Varley v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 820
F.2d 777, 779 (6th Cir. 1987). This evidence may be produced through the testimony of a VE in response
to a hypothetical question which accurately portrays the claimant’s physical and mental limitations. See
Webb v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 368 F.3d 629, 632 (6th Cir. 2004); Varley, 820 F.2d at 779. However,
a hypothetical question need only include those limitations which the ALJ accepts as credible. See Blacha
v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 927 F.2d 228, 231 (6th Cir. 1990); see also Stanley v. Sec’y of
Health & Human Servs., 39 F.3d 115, 118 (6th Cir. 1994) (“the ALJ is not obliged to incorporate
unsubstantiated complaints into his hypotheticals”).
The pertinent regulation, 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1566(d) (e), 416.966(d) (e), provides that
while the agency can take administrative notice of reliable job information available from various
publications (including the DOT), it can also use the services of a vocational expert or other specialist “[i]f
the issue in determining whether you are disabled is whether your work skills can be used in other work
and the specific occupations in which they can be used.” The social security regulations do not require the
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Plaintiff’s argument also references SSR 82–59. (PageID.694.) This ruling only applies in cases where the ALJ
makes a finding that the claimant is disabled and so is inapplicable here. “A precondition to the applicability of SSR
82–59 is that the ALJ determine that the plaintiff was disabled. The ALJ did not determine that the claimant was disabled.
Therefore, SSR 82–59 is inapposite to the facts of this case.” Williams v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 3:13 CV 1276, 2014 WL
1406433, at *13 (N.D. Ohio Apr. 10, 2014) (collecting cases); Hatcher v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 12–cv–13831, 2013 WL
5291622, at * 6 (E.D. Mich. Sept. 19, 2013).

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Commissioner or the VE to rely on classifications in a particular source, such as the DOT. Conn v. Sec’y
of Health & Human Servs., 51 F.3d 607, 610 (6th Cir. 1995). In this case, the ALJ chose to use the
services of a VE to determine whether Plaintiff could perform other work in the national economy. In
reaching this determination, the VE relied on her personal experience and other sources such as the DOT
as well as the State of Michigan Department of Labor Statistics. (PageID.131.) After questioning by
Plaintiff’s counsel, the VE testified her testimony was consistent with the DOT. (PageID.132.)
Plaintiff argues that the VE provided “raw numbers” that did not relate to the representative
occupations. (PageID.698.) She claims the ALJ committed the same error that was present in Boston
v. Colvin, No. 4:14-CV-206-D, 2016 WL 721563, at *12 (E.D.N.C. Feb. 2, 2016), report and
recommendation adopted, No. 4:14-CV-206-D, 2016 WL 738762 (E.D.N.C. Feb. 23, 2016). The
Court disagrees. There is nothing from the transcript of the hearing that demonstrates the VE merely
provided numbers from a larger category as reflecting numbers for the DOT. To the contrary the ALJ
testified that she would “break” the numbers down. (PageID.132.)
Moreover, while Plaintiff’s counsel examined the VE, he did not ultimately object to the
VE’s testimony at the hearing and thus failed to preserve this issue for appeal. “This Court will not review
the ALJ’s decision with respect to issues not properly raised at the administrative level.” Maple v. Apfel,
14 F. App’x 525, 537 (6th Cir. 2001). “The Sixth Circuit, along with other courts across the country, have
generally recognized that a claimant’s failure to object to testimony offered by a vocational expert, at the
time of the administrative proceeding, waives the claimant’s right to raise such issues in the district court.”
Harris v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 1:11-cv-1290, 2012 WL 4434078 at *3 (N.D. Ohio Sept. 24,
2012) (citing Hammond v. Chater, No. 96-3755, 1997 WL 338719 at *3 (6th Cir. June 18, 1997))
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(finding the plaintiff’s failure to raise objections to the VE’s testimony waived the argument on appeal); cf.
Helton v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 99-5736, 2000 WL 658056 at *2 (6th Cir. May 9, 2000)
(claimant’s failure to dispute the VE’s competency at the administrative hearing forfeits the issue for
purposes of judicial review).
CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth herein, the Commissioner’s decision is supported by substantial
evidence and therefore will be AFFIRMED.
A separate judgment shall issue.

Dated: January 6, 2017

/s/ Paul L. Maloney
PAUL L. MALONEY
United States District Judge

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