Partners in Forestry Cooperative et al v. United States Forest Service
Filing
81
OPINION ; signed by Judge Robert Holmes Bell (Judge Robert Holmes Bell, kcb)
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
NORTHERN DIVISION
PARTNERS IN FORESTRY COOPERATIVE,
et al.,
Plaintiffs,
Case No. 2:12-CV-184
v.
HON. ROBERT HOLMES BELL
UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE, et al.,
Defendants.
/
OPINION
In this action for declaratory and injunctive relief, Plaintiffs allege that the United
States Forest Service’s proposed exchange of federal land for private land violates the
National Environmental Policy Act (“NEPA”), 42 U.S.C. §§ 4321-4370(d), and its
implementing regulations, 40 C.F.R. §§ 1500-1508. (ECF No. 18, Am. Compl.) This matter
is before the Court on Plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment (ECF No. 58), Plaintiffs’
motion for extension of time to file reply (ECF No. 70), and on the Federal Defendant’s
motion to strike affidavit (ECF No. 73). For the reasons that follow, Plaintiffs’ motion for
extension of time will be granted, Defendant’s motion to strike will be granted, Plaintiffs’
motion for summary judgment will be denied, and judgment will be entered in favor of
Defendants.
I.
This is a request for review under the Administrative Procedures Act (“APA”), 5
U.S.C. §§ 551-706, of a decision by the Forest Supervisor for the Ottawa National Forest
to approve the Delich Land Exchange Project (the “Project”), a project involving the
conveyance of a single 421-acre parcel of private land owned by Robert D. Delich and Lisa
Delich adjacent to the southern boundary of the Porcupine Mountains Wilderness State Park
in exchange for five1 comparatively small scattered parcels of federal land in Ontonagon
County totaling 240 acres. (DN/FONSI, AR 1889).2
In January 2010, the Forest Service issued an Environmental Assessment (“EA”) for
the Delich Land Exchange Project. (AR 1202.) In February 2011, the Acting Forest
Supervisor entered a Decision Notice and Finding of No Significant Impact (“DN/FONSI”).
(AR 1292.) An administrative appeal was taken, and the decision was reversed. (AR 1370.)
In October-November 2011, the Forest Service issued a Revised EA. (AR 1554.) In
December 2011 the Forest Supervisor issued a revised DN/FONSI, approving the Delich
Land Exchange based upon his determination that it would serve the public interest, would
further goals of the Ottawa National Forest and the U.S. Forest Service, and would have no
significant impact on the environment. (AR 1890-95.) The Forest Supervisor specifically
1
Although the initial proposal was to exchange seven federal parcels for one private
parcel, parcels 5 and 6 were removed from the exchange, and the project that was ultimately
approved by the Forest Service was for the exchange of five federal parcels.
2
The Administrative Record (“AR”) (ECF No. 54) has not been filed electronically,
but is available for review at the courthouse.
2
found that “[o]wnership consolidation of this land will reduce complexity of the land
ownership pattern, decrease land management costs, and offer additional semi-primitive,
non-motorized dispersed recreation opportunities.”
(Rev. EA 3, AR 1891.)
Five
administrative appeals were taken. (AR 1928, 1942, 1959, 2016, 2059.) On April 12, 2012,
the Regional Forester affirmed the Forest Supervisor’s DN/FONSI. (AR 1940, 1957, 2014,
2045, 2075.)
Plaintiffs are two nonprofit organizations and seven individuals who are concerned
with the public lands at issue.3 Plaintiffs filed this action against the United States Forest
Service, Robert D. Delich, and Lisa Delich, challenging the Forest Service’s approval of the
Delich Land Exchange Project (“Project”).4 Plaintiffs seek an order declaring that the Forest
Service failed to comply with NEPA and enjoining Defendants from undertaking the land
exchange unless and until the Forest Service complies with NEPA and the APA. Plaintiffs
have filed a motion for summary judgment in their favor on their claim.
II.
Before considering Plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment, the Court will address
the two procedural motions. First, Plaintiffs have moved for a one-day extension of the
3
Plaintiffs are Partners in Forestry Cooperative, Northwood Alliance, Inc., Joe Hovel,
Rod Sharka, Sherry Zoars, Steve Garske, Rich Sloat, Sid Harring and Catherine Parker.
4
Plaintiffs have named the Deliches as defendants solely for purposes of obtaining
effective injunctive relief. Because Plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment only challenges
the validity of the action taken by the Forest Service, the use of the term “Defendant” in the
singular will refer to Defendant Forest Service.
3
deadline for filing their reply brief. (ECF No. 70.) The motion is not opposed and will be
granted.
Second, Defendant’s have moved to strike Plaintiffs’ submission of an appraisal and
declaration of counsel. (ECF No. 73.) In their reply brief, Plaintiffs cited for the first time
to an appraisal (the “Appraisal”) that is not part of the Administrative Record filed by
Defendant. (Reply Br. 9-10, ECF No. 71.) Plaintiffs subsequently submitted excerpts from
the Appraisal and a declaration of counsel in support. (ECF No. 72.) Defendant has moved
to strike Plaintiffs’ submission because (1) it is untimely, (2) it violates Local Court Rule 7.1,
and (3) Plaintiffs have not met their burden to show that the Administrative Record should
be supplemented. (ECF No. 73.)
Plaintiffs filed the Appraisal seven and a half months after the deadline set in the Case
Management Order (ECF No. 30) for raising objections to the Administrative Record, and
they did not file a motion to extend the deadline or to expand the Administrative Record.
Plaintiffs’ only explanation is that they did not realize that the Appraisal was not in the
5,000+ page Administrative Record until they attempted to cite to it. (Pl. Reply at 10, n.2.)
The Court declines to address these procedural issues, and turns instead to Defendant’s third
argument, which addresses the merits of Plaintiffs’ request to supplement the Administrative
Record.
There is no dispute that the Appraisal was prepared for the Forest Service for purposes
of the Delich Land Exchange and was reviewed by individuals within the Forest Service as
4
part of the decision-making process concerning the Delich Land Exchange. The Appraisal
is referenced in the Revised Environmental Assessment prepared by Defendant.5 Defendant
nevertheless contends that the Appraisal should not be made part of the Administrative
Record because it was not considered by the Forest Supervisor when he approved the Project;
he considered the Regional Review Appraisers’ evaluations of the full Appraisal, and those
evaluations are in the Administrative Record. (AR 680-734; 1489-92.) Plaintiffs respond
that the Appraisal is part of the “whole record” that was before the Forest Service, and that
they are not seeking to supplement the Administrative Record, but rather to complete the
record to include materials that should have been there from the start.
The APA provides that in reviewing agency action, “the court shall review the whole
record or those parts of it cited by a party.” 5 U.S.C. § 706; Citizens to Preserve Overton
Park v. Volpe, 401 U.S. 402, 420 (1971) (noting that review is to be based on “the full
administrative record” that was before the agency at the time of the decision). The court’s
review is “based on the record the agency presents to the reviewing court.” Florida Power
& Light Co. v. Lorion, 470 U.S. 729, 743-44 (1985). The administrative record includes “all
materials ‘compiled’ by the agency that were ‘before the agency at the time the decision was
made.’” Sierra Club v. Slater, 120 F.3d 623, 638 (6th Cir. 1997) (quoting James Madison
Ltd. by Hecht v. Ludwig, 82 F.3d 1085, 1095 (D.C. Cir.1996)). The agency’s designation of
5
“A valuation of the properties in this exchange has been completed by a licensed and
qualified appraiser and based on that work it was concluded that this exchange meets the
requirement under the law.” (Rev. EA, AR 1568).
5
the Administrative Record is entitled to a presumption of regularity. Bar MK Ranches v.
Yuetter, 994 F.2d 735, 740 (10th Cir. 1993) (“[D]esignation of the Administrative Record,
like any established administrative procedure, is entitled to a presumption of administrative
regularity.”). “The court assumes the agency properly designated the Administrative Record
absent clear evidence to the contrary.” Id. See also United States v. Martin, 438 F.3d 621,
634 (6th Cir. 2006) (noting that agency action is entitled to a presumption of regularity that
may be overcome only by “clear evidence”).
As a general rule, judicial review of agency action is limited to a review of the
administrative record. See Camp v. Pitts, 411 U.S. 138, 142 (1973) (per curiam) (“[T]he
focal point for judicial review should be the administrative record already in existence, not
some new record made initially in the reviewing court.”). There are exceptions to this rule.
See, e.g., Esch v. Yeutter, 876 F.2d 976, 991 (D.C. Cir. 1989) (listing 8 exceptions, including
“when an agency considered evidence which it failed to include in the record.”). However,
before invoking an exception, a plaintiff is generally required to make “a strong showing of
bad faith.” Sierra Club, 120 F.3d at 638 (quoting James Madison, 82 F.3d at 1095) (internal
quotations omitted); see also Fund for Animals v. Williams, 391 F. Supp. 2d 191, 198
(D.D.C. 2005) (noting that before invoking an exception, “the plaintiff must demonstrate bad
faith or improper behavior on the part of the agency, or that, ‘the record is so bare that it
prevents effective judicial review.’”).
Plaintiffs are not challenging the valuation of the property, so the Appraisal has little
6
relevance to the issues on review. Although the Appraisal was cited in documents considered
by the Forest Supervisor, there is no requirement that the administrative record include all
underlying sources unless the report relies so heavily on the underlying sources that the
agency might fairly be said to have considered the sources merely by considering the
documents in which they were cited. Sequoia Forestkeeper v. U.S. Forest Serv., No.
109CV00392, 2010 WL 2464857, at *6 (E.D. Cal. June 12, 2010). To the extent that the
Appraisal is relevant to the issues on review, much of the information from the Appraisal is
captured in other documents that are part of the Administrative Record. Plaintiffs have not
shown that the Appraisal conflicts with the Regional Review Appraisers’ evaluations, or that
it adds anything of significance to the information already contained in the Administrative
Record. There is simply no suggestion that the Forest Service skewed the record by
excluding information of great pertinence to this proceeding. See Envtl. Def. Fund, Inc. v.
Blum, 458 F. Supp. 650, 661 (D.D.C. 1978). Although the Appraisal could arguably have
been included in the Administrative Record, Plaintiffs have not demonstrated that the
Appraisal is necessary for adequate judicial review or that Defendant acted in bad faith in
excluding it. Defendant’s motion to strike will accordingly be granted.
III.
“The National Environmental Policy Act requires federal agencies to study the
environmental impacts of ‘major Federal actions significantly affecting the quality of the
human environment.’” Klein v. U.S. Dep’t of Energy, 753 F.3d 576, 580 (6th Cir. 2014)
7
(quoting 42 U.S.C. § 4332(C)). In order to comply with NEPA, agencies are required to first
prepare an “environmental assessment” in consultation with federal, state, and local agencies,
the public and other interested parties. Id. (citing 40 C.F.R. § 1501.4(b)). “Based on that
assessment, the agency decides whether the environmental effects require further study.” Id.
If no further study is required, the agency issues a “finding of no significant impact”
(“FONSI”). Id. (citing 40 C.F.R. § 1501.4(e)). If further study is required, the agency
prepares an “environmental impact statement” (“EIS”).
Id. (citing 40 C.F.R.
§ 1501.4(c)-(d)). “In reviewing challenges to NEPA compliance, we give ‘substantial
deference’ to the regulations promulgated by the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ),
the federal agency established to fill in the gaps of NEPA’s regulatory scheme.” Kentucky
Riverkeeper, Inc. v. Rowlette, 714 F.3d 402, 407 (6th Cir. 2013) (quoting Marsh v. Or.
Natural Res. Council, 490 U.S. 360, 372 (1989)).
Challenges under NEPA are reviewed pursuant to the Administrative Procedures Act
(“APA”). Sierra Club, 120 F.3d at 631. Courts review an agency’s actions pursuant to the
APA under the “arbitrary and capricious” standard.
5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A). “Through
‘searching and careful’ review, they ask whether the agency ‘adequately studied the issue and
[took] a hard look at the environmental consequences of its decision,’ not whether the agency
correctly assessed the proposal’s environmental impacts.” Klein, 753 F.3d at 580-81
(citations omitted).
“The scope of review under the ‘arbitrary and capricious’ standard is narrow and a
8
court is not to substitute its judgment for that of the agency.” Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n of
U.S., Inc. v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43 (1983). “Nevertheless, the
agency must examine the relevant data and articulate a satisfactory explanation for its action
including a ‘rational connection between the facts found and the choice made.’” Id. (quoting
Burlington Truck Lines v. United States, 371 U.S. 156, 168 (1962)). “In reviewing that
explanation, [the court] must consider whether the decision was based on a consideration of
the relevant factors and whether there has been a clear error of judgment.” Id. (internal
quotations and citations omitted). “NEPA itself does not mandate particular results, but
simply prescribes the necessary process.” Robertson v. Methow Valley Citizens Council, 490
U.S. 332, 350 (1989). This Court does not “substitute [its] judgment of the environmental
impact for the judgment of the agency, once the agency has adequately studied the issue.”
Crounse Corp. v. I.C.C., 781 F.2d 1176, 1193 (6th Cir. 1986).
IV.
Plaintiffs allege that Defendant violated NEPA in four ways: (1) by failing to prepare
an Environmental Impact Statement; (2) by failing to analyze an adequate range of
alternatives; (3) by failing to adequately disclose and analyze environmental impacts; and (4)
by failing to prepare a supplemental NEPA analysis.
A. Failure to Conduct a Full Environmental Impact Statement
“NEPA requires federal agencies to consider the environmental effects of federal
actions.” City of Riverview v. Surface Transp. Bd., 398 F.3d 434, 442 (6th Cir. 2005) (citing
9
42 U.S.C. § 4321 et seq.). “It ‘sets forth essentially procedural requirements to assess
environmental impacts of major federal actions.’” Id. (quoting Citizens Against Pellissippi
Parkway Extension, Inc. v. Mineta, 375 F.3d 412, 414 (6th Cir. 2004)). NEPA requires
federal agencies to prepare an environmental impact statement for all “major Federal actions
significantly affecting the quality of the human environment.” 42 U.S.C. § 4332(C). “To
spare agencies the hardship of conducting exhaustive review of every [] proposal’s
environmental impact, CEQ authorized agencies to first prepare a less burdensome
environmental assessment as a method for determining whether a proposal needed an
environmental impact statement.” Ky. Riverkeeper, Inc. v. Rowlette, 714 F.3d 402, 407-08
(6th Cir. 2013) (citing 40 C.F.R. § 1508.9).
This “less burdensome environmental
assessment” or “EA” is a “concise public document” that “[b]riefly provide[s] sufficient
evidence and analysis for determining whether to prepare an environmental impact statement
or a finding of no significant impact,” including brief discussions of the need for the
proposal, alternatives, environmental impacts, and a list of individuals and agencies
consulted. 40 C.F.R. § 1508.9. “Though less demanding than an environmental impact
statement, an environmental assessment still require[s] the authorizing agency to consider
the environmental impacts of its proposals.” Ky. Riverkeeper, 714 F.3d at 408 (citing 40
C.F.R. § 1508.9(b)). “If after preparing an environmental assessment the agency determines
that the project will have no significant environmental consequences,” as it did here, “it need
not issue an environmental impact statement and instead may issue a finding of no significant
10
impact.” Save Our Cumberland Mountains v. Kempthorne, 453 F.3d 334, 339 (6th Cir.
2006). “An agency decision, based on an EA, that no EIS is required, can be overturned only
if it is arbitrary, capricious, or an abuse of discretion.” Crounse Corp. v. I.C.C., 781 F.2d
1176, 1193 (6th Cir. 1986). “We will not ‘substitute our judgment of the environmental
impact for the judgment of the agency, once the agency has adequately studied the issue.’”
Kelley v. Selin, 42 F.3d 1501, 1518 (6th Cir. 1995) (quoting Crounse , 781 F.2d at 1193).
Plaintiffs contend that the Forest Service violated NEPA by failing to prepare an EIS
because impacts to certain resources and public controversy are “significant” within the
meaning of NEPA.
Whether environmental impacts are “significant” under NEPA and thus warrant
preparation of an EIS depends on their context and intensity. 40 C.F.R. § 1508.27. Intensity
refers to the severity of impact. 40 C.F.R. § 1508.27(b). The NEPA regulations identify ten
factors that should be considered in evaluating intensity. Each of the ten factors is addressed
in the DN/FONSI with references to those portions of the Revised EA where the issues are
addressed in more detail. (AR 1895-97.)
Plaintiffs have asserted that Defendant failed to adequately consider two of the ten
factors:
(3) Unique characteristics of the geographic area such as proximity to historic
or cultural resources, park lands, prime farmlands, wetlands, wild and scenic
rivers, or ecologically critical areas.
(4) The degree to which the effects on the quality of the human environment
are likely to be highly controversial.
11
40 C.F.R. § 1508.27(b)(3), (b)(4). “[A] project’s potential to affect one of these factors does
not require an agency to prepare an EIS. The relevant analysis is the degree to which the
proposed action affects this interest, not the fact it is affected.” Hillsdale Envt’l. Loss
Prevention, Inc. v. U.S. Army Corps of Eng’rs, 702 F.3d 1156, 1180 (10th Cir. 2012).
Plaintiffs contend that Defendant did not adequately consider unique characteristics
of the federal land being conveyed. In particular, Plaintiffs contend that “the land exchange
will trade away old-growth, hemlock, cedar stands, and related wildlife habitat; and will
remove from public ownership unique and rare geographic features, including Wildcat Falls,
Scott & Howe Creek, bluffs and ledges, and other special parts of the public lands.” (Pls.’
Br. 11-12, ECF No. 59.)
Contrary to Plaintiffs’ assertions, the record demonstrates that Defendant did take a
hard look at Plaintiffs’ concerns regarding unique characteristics of the five federal parcels
that were the subject of the exchange and did consider the degree to which the effects were
likely to be controversial. The Revised EA was prepared by an interdisciplinary team of
scientists who investigated the environmental effects of the project on plants, wildlife, water,
soil, recreation, and heritage resources. (Rev. EA 15-55, AR 1572-1612.) Defendant
acknowledged in the DN/FONSI that “many of the commenters have stated that they believe
the cedar, hemlock, and old growth components found on the federal parcels near County
Line Lake to be ‘rare’ and ‘unique’.” (DN/FONSI 7, AR 1895.) Defendant investigated
these concerns, and concluded that the impacts were not significant:
12
The Revised EA demonstrates that these resources are found throughout the
Ottawa (pp. 18-19, 21-29), and that the exchange would result in less than
0.003% 6 reduction in total acres of classified old growth found within
Management Area 2.1; the appropriate scale at which it is reasonable to assess
the effects of the exchange based on Forest Plan direction (p. 2-24).
(DN/FONSI 8, AR 1895-96 (footnote inserted.) The Revised EA provides that if the
exchange were to take place there would be a reduction of 61 acres that are currently
classified as old growth. (AR 1582, 1585.) The EA concluded that “given the current
amount of over 20,000 acres of classified old growth and future classifications from VMPs
[vegetation management projects] that could occur in MA [management area] 2.1, the
cumulative effect from reduction of 61 acres or less than 1% of old growth would be minor
and would not cause substantial change at the MA scale.” (AR 1586.) This conclusion takes
into consideration all factors of old growth characteristics outlined in the Forest Plan
including those features that the federal parcels lack, such as connectivity and structural
complexity. (Rev. EA 28, AR 1585.) The Forest Supervisor concluded: “Although I
recognize and understand public concerns pertaining to existing old growth stands, hemlock
and cedar, and Wildcat Falls, the public and natural resource benefits of moving forward with
the exchange clearly exceed those analyzed and disclosed for the No-Action alternative.”
(FONSI 4-5, AR 1892-93.)
Defendant also acknowledged that one of the greatest concerns expressed by the
6
The Appeal Review Officer noted that there are typographical errors related to the
reduction in old growth, but that it appears that the correct percentage is 0.3%. (AR 1997,
n.8.)
13
commenters pertained to parcel 3, which contains Wildcat Falls on Scott and Howe Creek.
This waterfall and the natural features associated with the area provide a
different environment than can be commonly seen in the project area and it is
considered a special place by generations of local residents.
(FONSI 5, AR 1893.) Defendant acknowledged that the falls have given some who visit it
“a sense of place and attachment to the area.” (FONSI 8, AR 1896.) Plaintiffs have argued
that Wildcat Falls is unique because of its proximity to the communities of Eagle River, Land
O Lakes, and Watersmeet, and because it is easily accessible. Defendant considered these
concerns. As noted in the Revised EA:
The most notable recreation experience is the opportunity to visit scenic
Wildcat Falls located in Federal parcel 3. The falls are listed on the Ottawa’s
list of waterfalls to see. There is short hike on an unmarked trail to Wildcat
Falls; this destination has appeal to many because of its location and its
features.
(Rev. EA 41-42, AR 1598-99.) Defendant understood that one of the most notable effects
of the exchange would be the “lost recreational opportunity for visiting the scenic Wildcat
Falls via short hike within parcel 3.” (Id.) Despite this loss, the Revised EA indicated that
“there are many other opportunities within the Ottawa to gain similar recreation
experiences.” (Rev. EA 44, AR 1601.) Defendant concluded that:
while the falls are appealing, they are in fact not unique in regards to their
particular form or character. The site itself is also not unique in the sense that
it has no historical significance and similar sites may be found in many places
in the Upper Peninsula.
(FONSI 8, AR 1896.)
14
Plaintiffs also contend that Defendant did not adequately consider the controversial
nature of the exchange. “‘The term “controversial” refers to cases where a substantial
dispute exists as to the size, nature, or effect of the major federal action rather than to the
existence of opposition to a use.’” Town of Cave Creek, Arizona v. F.A.A., 325 F.3d 320,
331 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (quoting Found. for N. Am. Wild Sheep v. U.S. Dep’t of Agric., 681 F.2d
1172, 1182 (9th Cir.1982)); see also Coliseum Square Ass’n, Inc. v. Jackson, 465 F.3d 215,
234 (5th Cir. 2006) (noting that “controversial” is usually taken to mean more than some
public opposition to a particular use); Ind. Forest Alliance, Inc. v. U.S. Forest Serv., 325 F.3d
851, 858 (7th Cir. 2003) (noting that the controversy factor “considers whether there is a
substantial dispute about the size, nature or effect of an action in the relevant community”).
Defendant concluded that, while the project would not be acceptable to all people, the effects
of the proposal were reasonably predictable and were not likely to be highly controversial in
view of the fact that the best available science had been used in analyzing the physical,
biological, and social issues. (FONSI 8, AR 1896.)
This Court’s role is not to substitute its judgment for that of the Forest Service. See
Kelley, 42 F.3d at 1518. The Administrative Record reflects that Defendant listened to the
public comments, studied the issues, and arrived at a reasonable determination that the
characteristics of the federal parcels were not unique, that the land exchange was not likely
to be highly controversial, and that the land exchange would not have a significant effect on
the environment. There is no substantial dispute about the size, nature or effect of the
15
exchange on the relevant community. The effects were examined and understood. Although
Plaintiffs disagree with Defendant’s decision not to conduct a full EIS, Plaintiffs have not
convinced the Court that Defendant’s determination that the project will have no significant
environmental consequences, and that it need not issue an EIS, was arbitrary or capricious.
B. Failure to Adequately Disclose and Analyze Environmental Impacts
Plaintiffs contend that the EA fails to adequately analyze the direct, indirect, and
cumulative effects of the land exchange on various parts of the environment, including
Wildcat Falls, perennial streams, old growth hemlock and other native species, and
recreational interests.
NEPA regulations require EAs to include “brief discussions of . . . the environmental
impacts of the proposed action and alternatives.” 40 C.F.R. § 1508.9(b). Impacts include
direct, indirect, and cumulative impacts. 40 C.F.R. §§ 1508.7, 1508.8. There is no dispute
that Chapter 3 of the Revised EA includes discussions on the direct, indirect, and cumulative
environmental impacts of the proposed exchange on Wildcat Falls, perennial streams, old
growth hemlock and other native species, and recreational interests. (Rev. EA 15-54; AR
1572-1611.) The discussion of environmental consequences in the Revised EA is supported
by dozens of investigations, surveys, evaluations, reports, photographs, and maps submitted
by specialists in the various resource areas, (Docs. for Original EA, AR 377-1141; Docs. for
Rev. EA, AR 1436-1531), and by extensive references to the relevant literature consulted
(AR 2173-4997). Defendant also responded to public comments, which involved further
16
consideration of the Project’s impacts. (Resp. to Original EA, AR 1261-90; Resp. to Rev.
EA, AR 1554-1632.)
Plaintiffs have not challenged the information considered by Defendant. Instead, they
contend that more analysis was required, and they challenge the conclusions Defendant has
reached. Although Plaintiffs dispute the weight Defendant accorded certain information and
the conclusions Defendant drew from that information, it is not this Court’s role to
secondguess the correctness of Defendant’s decisions. See Klein, 753 F.3d at 580-81. The
Court is satisfied that Defendant adequately studied the issues and took a hard look at the
environmental consequences of its decision. Plaintiffs have not persuaded the Court that
Defendant’s analysis of the environmental impacts was arbitrary or capricious.
C. Failure to Analyze an Adequate Range of Alternatives
Plaintiffs contend that Defendant violated NEPA by failing to analyze a reasonable
range of alternatives. The Revised EA only addressed in detail two alternatives: the
proposed exchange, and the “no-action” alternative. Plaintiffs contend that other feasible
alternatives had been suggested, including purchasing the private parcels outright, or
withholding three parcels from the exchange.
NEPA requires agencies to “study, develop, and describe appropriate alternatives to
recommended courses of action in any proposal which involves unresolved conflicts
concerning alternative uses of available resources.”
42 U.S.C. § 4332(2)(E).
The
implementing regulations require agencies to “[r]igorously explore and objectively evaluate
17
all reasonable alternatives, and for alternatives which were eliminated from detailed study,
briefly discuss the reasons for their having been eliminated.” 40 C.F.R. § 1502.14(a).
“[T]he range of alternatives that must be discussed under [NEPA] is a matter within
an agency’s discretion. In exercising that discretion, the agency should consider the purpose
of the project, and the environmental consequences of the project.” Save Our Cumberland
Mountains v. Kempthorne, 453 F.3d 334, 342 (6th Cir. 2006) (internal quotations and
citations omitted). The stated goal of a project necessarily dictates the range of reasonable
alternatives. City of Carmel-By-The-Sea v. U.S. Dep’t of Transp., 123 F.3d 1142, 1155 (9th
Cir. 1997). NEPA does not require an agency to pursue alternatives that “present unique
problems, or are impractical or infeasible.” Latin Americans for Soc. & Econ. Dev. v. Adm’r
of Fed. Highway Admin., 756 F.3d 447, 470 (6th Cir. 2014); see also Citizens Against
Burlington, Inc. v. Busey, 938 F.2d 190, 195 (D.C. Cir. 1991) (“CEQ regulations oblige
agencies to discuss only alternatives that are feasible, or (much the same thing) reasonable.”).
When an agency prepares an EA as opposed to an EIS, it has “fewer reasons” to consider
alternatives because it has already determined that the proposed project will have minimal
environmental consequences. Save Our Cumberland Mtns., 453 F.3d at 342.
Although Defendant only addressed two alternatives, it noted that other alternatives
had been eliminated because they were not viable. Excluding federal parcels 1, 2 and 3 from
the exchange was eliminated because it would not achieve the goal of consolidating NFS
land and concentrating resource management efforts in more effective blocks.
18
(Rev. EA
12, AR 1569; DN/FONSI 4-5, AR 1892-93; Resp. to Comments 8-9, AR 1737-38.) There
is evidence in the record that exchanging parcels 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7 was the only configuration
acceptable to Mr. Delich. (Tx. Contact Record, AR. 1432.) The Deliches sought the federal
parcels, in part, for selective timber management, and Parcel 2 contains the most valuable
timber. (AR 1568; AR 688.) Defendant concluded that “the option of dropping parcels 1,
2 and/or 3, would have resulted in a failed exchange agreement and the failure to meet the
purpose and need of the project identified on page 3 of the Revised EA.” (DN/FONSI 5, AR
1893.)
The other alternative of purchasing the 421 acres was eliminated because the
landowners (the Deliches) were only interested in pursuing an exchange of lands; they were
not interested in selling the parcels. (Rev. EA 13, AR 1570; DN/FONSI 5, AR 1893.) It was
also eliminated because current levels of appropriated funding for acquisitions would prevent
the purchase from occurring. (Id.)
NEPA does not dictate the nature of the alternatives that must be considered; what
alternatives will be considered is a determination for the agency to make. Latin Americans,
756 F.3d at 472. The fact that Defendant considered only two alternatives does not establish
a NEPA violation as NEPA does not contain a requirement concerning the number of
alternatives that must be considered. Here, the only two alternatives identified by Plaintiffs
that were not considered were found by Defendant not to be viable. There is nothing in the
record to suggest that Defendant’s determination that these alternatives were not viable was
19
unreasonable, arbitrary, or capricious.
Plaintiffs contend that if the two eliminated alternatives do not meet the asserted
purpose and need of the proposal, then Defendant violated NEPA by defining the purpose
and need for the project too narrowly.
In support of this argument, Plaintiffs cite
Muckleshoot Indian Tribe v. U.S.Forest Service, 177 F.3d 800 (9th Cir. 1999), where the
Ninth Circuit held that the Forest Service failed to consider an adequate range of alternatives
when it approved the exchange of Forest Service property with significant historic features
for private land without considering the alternative of purchasing the property. The Forest
Service asserted that because the purpose of the transaction was to carry out an “exchange”
and not a purchase, it was not required to consider the alternative of purchasing the property.
Id. at 814. The Ninth Circuit rejected the Forest Service’s assertion that an exchange of lands
for federal monies would be inconsistent with the stated purpose of the proposal. “Were we
to construe the statement of purpose as limiting the transaction to land-for-land exchanges,
it would certainly be too narrow to meet the standards for an appropriate statement of
purpose as articulated in City of Carmel, 123 F.3d at 1155.” Id. at 814 n.7.
Plaintiffs’ reliance on Muckleshoot is misplaced.
First, the purpose and need
identified by Defendant was not limited to exchanges. The FONSI provides that the overall
purpose and need for the project is “to adjust landownership” pursuant to the Forest Plan goal
“to facilitate restoration, protection and management of resources; and to provide recreation
opportunities.” (DN/FONSI 2, AR 1890.) The stated goal is essential to consolidate land
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ownership for more efficient and effective land management. (Rev. EA 3, AR 1560.) The
stated purpose is adjustment of landownership, not necessarily a land exchange. Second,
Defendant did not reject the purchase option because it was inconsistent with the purpose of
carrying out an exchange, but because it would not have been approved by the landowners.
Defendant could not achieve its goal of consolidating Federal Forest lands except by an
exchange. In other words, purchase was not a viable option for achieving the goal of
consolidating forest property. By contrast, in Muckleshoot there was no suggestion that the
landowners would not have accepted a purchase option. The Forest Service in Muckleshoot
simply asserted that it was not required to consider the purchase alternative because it was
inconsistent with the purpose of the transaction. 177 F.3d at 814.
Plaintiffs also contend that Defendant’s purpose and need was unreasonably narrow
because it restricted the proposed action to the one alternative that fulfilled the private
landowner’s needs. Plaintiffs direct the Court’s attention to the Ninth Circuit’s observation
that “[r]equiring agencies to consider private objectives . . . is a far cry from mandating that
those private interests define the scope of the proposed project.”
National Parks &
Conservation Ass’n v. Bureau of Land Mgmt., 606 F.3d 1058, 1070 (9th Cir. 2009).
The record does not support Plaintiffs’ argument that the Deliches’ interests defined
the scope of the proposed project. Defendant’s stated purpose for the project was to
consolidate Forest Service lands for more efficient management of resources and to provide
recreation opportunities. The fact that Defendant could only obtain the Deliche property that
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was contiguous to the Federal Forest property if the Deliches agreed to the parcels to be
exchanged does not mean that the Deliches’ interests improperly defined the scope of the
project. The purpose and needs in this case differ materially from those considered in
National Parks, where the federal agency did not dispute that the majority of the stated
purposes for the project responded to the private party’s goals, not to those of the federal
agency. 606 F.3d at 1070.
Plaintiffs have not shown that there were feasible alternatives that were not considered
by the agency, nor have they shown that Defendant’s statement of the needs and purpose was
defined too narrowly.
D. Failure to Prepare a Supplemental NEPA Analysis
Plaintiffs contend that Defendant also violated NEPA by failing to consider new
circumstances that arose after it prepared the EA.
The NEPA regulations require agencies to prepare supplements to their environmental
impact statements if there are “significant new circumstances or information relevant to
environmental concerns and bearing on the proposed action or its impacts.” 40 C.F.R.
§ 1502.9(c)(1).
Plaintiffs contend that two new circumstances triggered the duty to
supplement the EA: (1) plans for moving the North Country Scenic Trail further north; and
(2) the sighting of possible lynx tracks in the vicinity of Wildcat Falls.
The Revised EA provided that one of the recreational benefits of the proposal was that
acquisition of the Delich parcel would provide protection for that portion of the North
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Country Scenic Trail (“NCST”) that was adjacent to the Delich property. (Rev. EA 43, AR
1600.) Defendant subsequently learned of plans to move the NCST away from the Delich
property and onto other National Forest lands. (SIR re NCST Relocation, AR 2166.)
Defendant prepared a Supplemental Information Report (“SIR”), a formal instrument for
documenting whether new information is sufficiently significant to require a Supplemental
Impact Statement. See Friends of the Clearwater v. Dombeck, 222 F.3d 552, 555 (9th Cir.
2000). In the SIR, Defendant documented the interdisciplinary team’s review of the new
NCST information, and concluded that a supplement or revision of the Revised EA was not
necessary because protection of the NCST trail was only one of several factors documented
in the purpose and need statement for the land exchange, and because it was probable that
a recreation trail (with or without NCST designation) would still remain at its current
location on the boundary of the Deliches’ parcel for the foreseeable future. (SIR 4, AR
2169.) Defendant concluded that relocation of the trail does not present a seriously different
picture with regard to the significance of environmental effects. (Id.)
After the Revised EA and DN/FONSI were prepared, Defendant also received a report
that large, unidentified felid (cat) tracks had been observed by the public in the vicinity of
Wildcat Falls that could have been made by a mountain lion or Canada lynx. The Revised
EA and DN/FONSI had concluded that the project would have no effect on any federally
listed threatened or endangered species including the Canada lynx. (Rev. EA 43, AR 1600;
DN/FONSI, 10, AR 1898.) Accordingly, the possible presence of lynx in the project area
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presented new information. Forest staff biologists investigated the unidentified tracks
through additional tracking, trail cameras, and hair snares. (SIR re Felid Tracks 2, AR 2156.)
No additional tracks or other evidence of the presence of a large cat was found in the area.
(Id. at 2157.) Defendant also sent photographs of the tracks to biologists in the area, but
there was no consensus among the experts regarding the species of cat that had made the
tracks. (Id.) Even if the tracks were made by lynx, there was no further evidence that the
animal was still in the area. The Revised EA took into consideration that lynx, a very rare
species that has not been sited on the Forest for nearly 50 years, may on occasion pass
through the Forest, dispersing from their current range. (Id.). Because the possibility that
a lynx had passed through the area was consistent with the information contained in the
Revised EA and the DN/FONSI, Defendant determined that the tracks did not present a
seriously different picture with regard to the environmental effects of the project, and did not
require supplementation of the Revised EA. (Id.)
Upon review, the Court is satisfied that Defendant took a hard look at the new
information regarding the potential relocation of the NCST trail and the possible lynx tracks,
and that its conclusion that they did not constitute “significant” new circumstances was not
arbitrary or capricious.
V-.
After conducting a searching and careful review of the record, the Court concludes
that Defendant did not act arbitrarily or capriciously in approving the Delich Land Exchange
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Project. The record makes clear that Defendant adequately studied the proposal and took a
hard look at the environmental consequences of its decision. Accordingly, Plaintiffs’ motion
for summary judgment will be denied.
The parties indicated in their Joint Status Report that they anticipated that this case
would be decided based on cross-motions for summary judgment. (Status Rpt. ¶ 4.12, ECF
No.28.) Defendants did not file a motion for summary judgment, but did request judgment
in their favor in response to Plaintiffs’ motion. When sufficient notice and an opportunity
to respond has been given, the Court may enter summary judgment for the non-movant. Fed.
R. Civ. P. 56(f)(1). The Court is satisfied that Plaintiffs have had sufficient notice and
opportunity to respond to Defendants’ request for summary judgment. The Court is also
satisfied that entry of judgment for Defendants does not raise any issues that were not raised
by Plaintiffs’ motion. Defendants are entitled to summary judgment for the same reasons that
Plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment is being denied.
An order and judgment consistent with this opinion will be entered.
Dated: September 9, 2014
/s/ Robert Holmes Bell
ROBERT HOLMES BELL
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
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