American Steamship Company v. Hallett Dock Company et al
Filing
440
MEMORANDUM OF LAW & ORDER. IT IS HEREBY ORDERED: 1. Plaintiffs' Motion in Limine to Exclude All Evidence Related to ASC's Insurance Policies, Subrogated Insurance Carriers, and Insurance Claims, Adjustment, Deductibles, and Payme nts 328 is GRANTED. 2. Plaintiffs' Motion in Limine to Exclude Evidence Contrary to Mike Podgorak's Undisputed Employment 330 is GRANTED. 3. Plaintiffs' Motion in Limine to Exclude Certain Testimony of Hallett Dock Comp any's Expert Witness Captain John Olthuis 333 is GRANTED. 4. Plaintiffs' Motion in Limine to Exclude Certain Testimony of Fraser Shipyards, Inc.'s Expert Witness Captain Robert Libby 336 is GRANTED. 5. Plaintiffs' Motion in Limine to Exclude All Evidence, Related to Fraser Shipyard's Untimely Salvage "Counterclaim" and "Defense" 340 is GRANTED. 6. Plaintiffs' Motion in Limine to Exclude the January 31, 2008 Memorandum Prep ared by Hallett Dock Company CEO Jeremy Fryberger 343 is GRANTED. 7. Plaintiffs' Motion in Limine to Exclude Evidence of the United States Coast Guard Report 347 is GRANTED. 8. Plaintiffs' Motion in Limine to Exclude Evidenc e Related to Certain of Fraser Shipyards, Inc.'s and Hallett Dock Company's Affirmative Defenses 350 is GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART as follows: the motion is granted as to Fraser's Fourth, Seventh, Eighth, Tenth, Eleventh, and Thirteenth affirmative defenses and denied as to Fraser's Ninth affirmative defense (failure to mitigate) and Hallett's failure to mitigate defense. 9. Plaintiffs' Motion in Limine to Exclude Evidence of Certain Testimony of Hal lett Dock Company's Expert Joseph Kenyon 353 is DENIED. 10. Plaintiffs' Motion in Limine to Exclude Certain Testimony of Fraser Shipyards, Inc.'s Expert John R. Dudley 375 is GRANTED. 11. Plaintiffs Motion in Limine to Exclude Hallett Dock Company's Witness, Jim Sharrow, From Testifying at Trial 414 is DENIED. 12. Fraser Shipyards' Motion in Limine 364 is DENIED. 13. Hallett Dock's Motion in Limine 389 is DENIED as follows: a. Part 1: To Preclude ASC Expert Arthur Faherty from Testifying as an Expert is DENIED; b. Part 2: To Strike ASC's Claim for Loss of Profits is DENIED; c. Part 3: To Preclude John Adler and Shawn Mulley from Testifying as Witne sses for ASC is DENIED; and d. Part 4: To Preclude Neil Kent from Testifying about the McCarthy's Approach into Hallett Dock No. 8 and the Presence of Fraser Shipyard Personnel on the Dock is DENIED. (Written Opinion). Signed by Chief Judge Michael J. Davis on 1/25/13. (GRR)
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
DISTRICT OF MINNESOTA
AMERICAN STEAMSHIP CO.,
a New York corporation, and
ARMSTRONG STEAMSHIP CO.,
a Delaware corporation,
Plaintiffs,
v.
MEMORANDUM OF LAW & ORDER
Civil File No. 09‐2628 (MJD/LIB)
HALLETT DOCK CO., a Minnesota
corporation; and FRASER SHIPYARDS,
INC., a Wisconsin corporation,
Defendants.
Brent L. Reichert, David E. Bland, Gerardo Alcazar, and Richard B. Allyn, Robins
Kaplan Miller & Ciresi LLP, Counsel for Plaintiffs.
David R. Hornig and Guerric S. D. L. Russell, Nicoletti Hornig & Sweeney, and
Scott A. Witty and John D. Kelly, Hanft Fride PA, Counsel for Defendant Hallett
Dock Co.
Christopher J. DiCicco, Edward C. Radzik, and Laura V. Block, Marshall
Dennehey Warner Coleman & Goggin, and Nicholas Ostapenko and Paul W.
Wojciak, Johnson Killen & Seiler, Counsel for Defendant Fraser Shipyards, Inc.
I.
INTRODUCTION
1
This matter is before the Court on the parties’ motions in limine. Trial is
set to begin on February 5, 2013.
A.
Brief Background
The facts of the case are laid out in detail in the Court’s March 23, 2012
Order on summary judgment. [Docket No. 315]; Am. S.S. Co. v. Hallett Dock
Co., 862 F. Supp. 2d 919 (D. Minn. 2012). Briefly, this case arises out of an
accident involving the Walter J. McCarthy, Jr. (“McCarthy”), a one thousand foot
freight ship owned and operated by Plaintiffs American Steamship Company
and Armstrong Steamship Company (collectively, “ASC”). On January 14, 2008,
the McCarthy struck underwater debris as it was entering a slip at a Superior,
Wisconsin dock owned by Defendant Hallett Dock Company (“Hallett”). ASC
had entered into a separate agreement with Defendant Fraser Shipyards, Inc.
(“Fraser”), under which Fraser would repair the McCarthy over the winter and
also provide line and anchor handling upon the McCarthy’s arrival for winter
layup. The parties dispute what was told by whom and to whom regarding the
debris in the slip. According to the McCarthy crewmembers, Fraser employees
guided the McCarthy into the slip.
B.
Generally Applicable Legal Standards
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1.
Daubert Standard
The admissibility of expert testimony is governed by Federal Rule of
Evidence 702. The proponent of the testimony has the burden to show by a
preponderance of the evidence that the testimony is admissible under Rule 702.
Lauzon v. Senco Prods., Inc., 270 F.3d 681, 686 (8th Cir. 2001). Under the Rule:
A witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill,
experience, training, or education may testify in the form of an
opinion or otherwise if:
(a) the expert’s scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge
will help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine
a fact in issue;
(b) the testimony is based on sufficient facts or data;
(c) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods;
and
(d) the expert has reliably applied the principles and methods to the
facts of the case.
Fed. R. Evid. 702.
“Under the framework developed in Daubert, trial courts must serve as
gatekeepers to insure that proffered expert testimony is both relevant and
reliable. Trial courts are given broad discretion in fulfilling this gatekeeping role
. . . .” Wagner v. Hesston Corp., 450 F.3d 756, 758 (8th Cir. 2006) (citations
omitted). The proposed testimony must be useful to the factfinder; the expert
3
witness must be qualified; and the proposed evidence must be reliable. Lauzon,
270 F.3d at 686. “[D]oubts regarding whether an expert’s testimony will be
useful should generally be resolved in favor of admissibility.” Miles v. Gen.
Motors Corp., 262 F.3d 720, 724 (8th Cir. 2001) (citation omitted).
“Gaps in an expert witness’s qualifications or knowledge generally go to
the weight of the witness’s testimony, not its admissibility.” Robinson v. GEICO
Gen. Ins. Co., 447 F.3d 1096, 1100 (8th Cir. 2006) (citation omitted).
In determining the reliability and relevance of the proffered testimony, the
Court examines factors such as
whether the theory or technique is subject to testing, whether it has
been tested, whether it has been subjected to peer review and
publication, whether there is a high known or potential rate of error
associated with it, and whether it is generally accepted within the
relevant community.
Unrein v. Timesavers, Inc., 394 F.3d 1008, 1011 (8th Cir. 2005) (citation omitted).
However, “[t]his evidentiary inquiry is meant to be flexible and fact specific, and
a court should use, adapt, or reject Daubert factors as the particular case
demands. There is no single requirement for admissibility as long as the proffer
indicates that the expert evidence is reliable and relevant.” Id. (citation omitted).
If a party believes that an expert opinion has not considered all of
the relevant facts, an objection to its admission is appropriate. Even
4
a theory that might meet certain Daubert factors, such as peer
review and publication, testing, known or potential error rate, and
general acceptance, should not be admitted if it does not apply to
the specific facts of the case.
Concord Boat Corp. v. Brunswick Corp., 207 F.3d 1039, 1056 (8th Cir. 2000)
(citations and footnote omitted). However,
[a]s a general rule, the factual basis of an expert opinion goes to the
credibility of the testimony, not the admissibility, and it is up to the
opposing party to examine the factual basis for the opinion in cross‐
examination. Only if the expert’s opinion is so fundamentally
unsupported that it can offer no assistance to the jury must such
testimony be excluded.
Bonner v. ISP Techs., Inc., 259 F.3d 924, 929‐30 (8th Cir. 2001) (citation omitted).
2.
Disclosure of Lay Witness and Expert Witness Testimony
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(a)(1)(A)(i) requires a party to provide to
the other parties: “the name and, if known, the address and telephone number of
each individual likely to have discoverable information – along with the subjects
of that information – that the disclosing party may use to support its claims or
defenses, unless the use would be solely for impeachment.” Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 26(a)(2)(B) requires that a party provide a “complete statement of all
opinions the [expert] witness will express and the basis and reasons for them” in
an expert report. Rule 37 states that a party who fails to provide information or
5
identify witnesses as required under Rule 26(a) “is not allowed to use that
information or witness to supply evidence . . . at trial, unless the failure was
substantially justified or is harmless.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(c)(1). In this case,
discovery closed on May 6, 2011. [Docket No. 84]
II.
Plaintiffs’ Motions in Limine
A.
[328] Plaintiffs’ Motion in Limine to Exclude All Evidence Related
to ASC’s Insurance Policies, Subrogated Insurance Carriers, and
Insurance Claims, Adjustment, Deductibles, and Payments
The Court grants Plaintiffs’ motion. Evidence relating to ASC’s insurance
policies, subrogated insurance carriers, insurance claims, insurance adjustment,
insurance deductibles, and insurance payments is not relevant to the issues to be
tried. Such evidence would shift the jury’s focus to ASC’s perceived
compensation with insurance funds and the danger of unfair prejudice would
substantially outweigh any probative value. See Fed. R. Evid. 403. Moreover,
Fraser does not oppose Plaintiffs’ motion except to the extent that Fraser seeks to
establish the value of the McCarthy for purposes of Fraser’s equitable
recoupment defense on account of its salvage efforts. Because the Court is
disallowing Fraser’s salvage recoupment claim, Fraser has no basis for seeking to
admit this evidence.
6
B.
[330] Plaintiffs’ Motion in Limine to Exclude Evidence Contrary to
Mike Podgorak’s Undisputed Employment
The Court grants Plaintiffs’ motion. Fraser does not oppose Plaintiffs’
motion to exclude all evidence from trial that would suggest that Mike Podgorak
is employed by anyone other than now‐dismissed Defendant Chris Jensen & Son
Co., Inc. (“CJS”).
C.
[333] Plaintiffs’ Motion in Limine to Exclude Certain Testimony of
Hallett Dock Company’s Expert Witness Captain John Olthuis
The Court grants Plaintiffs’ motion to exclude four areas of testimony from
Hallett’s expert witness Captain John Olthuis, thereby limiting his opinions to
those provided in his expert report. The four areas Plaintiffs seek to exclude are:
1) the reasonableness of Ken Gliwa’s actions or Plaintiffs’ actions as owner,
license holder, or operator of the McCarthy; 2) the reasonableness of Hallett’s
conduct leading up to the holing and flooding of the McCarthy; 3) the
reasonableness of the conduct of RJS Construction, LLC (“RJS”), CJS, and Reuben
Johnson & Son, Inc. (“Reuben Johnson”); and 4) the contractual terms and
agreements between Hallett and Plaintiffs. Olthuis did not opine on these
subjects in his expert report and testified that he has no opinions on them.
Hallett does not argue in favor of admission of such testimony.
7
The Court further denies Hallett’s wholly inappropriate request for Rule
11 sanctions based on the alleged frivolousness of Plaintiffs’ motion. Hallett’s
motion does not comply with the basic requirements of Rule 11. It was not filed
as a separate motion, and there was no safe harbor during which Plaintiffs could
have withdrawn the disputed motion in limine before Hallett filed the Rule 11
motion. Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(c)(2); Gordon v. Unifund CCR Partners, 345 F.3d 1028,
1029‐30 (8th Cir. 2003). Such blatantly improper motions will not be tolerated in
the future and will likely result in swift sanctions from this Court.
The Court further denies Plaintiffs’ attempt to escalate the firefight by
requesting an award of their own attorneys’ fees expended in responding to the
improper Rule 11 motion. The parties appear to agree that Olthuis should not
testify on the disputed subjects. Counsel could have avoided this escalating
motion practice by professionally communicating directly with one another.
Counsel are directed to do so in the future.
D.
[336] Plaintiffs’ Motion in Limine to Exclude Certain Testimony of
Fraser Shipyards, Inc.’s Expert Witness Captain Robert Libby
The Court grants Plaintiffs’ motion to exclude the following opinion
testimony from Fraser expert Captain Robert Libby because he did not opine on
these subjects in his expert report and testified that he did not and cannot offer
8
an opinion on them: 1) the reasonableness or unreasonableness of RJS’s, CJS’s,
and Reuben Johnson’s conduct leading up to the holing of the McCarthy; 2) the
contractual agreements between Fraser and ASC; or 3) the reasonableness of
ASC’s damages. Fraser agrees that Libby will not testify on those issues.
E.
[340] Plaintiffs’ Motion in Limine to Exclude All Evidence, Related
to Fraser Shipyard’s Untimely Salvage “Counterclaim” and
“Defense” and [364] Fraser Shipyards’ Motion in Limine
The Court grants Plaintiffs’ motion to prevent Fraser from introducing all
evidence related to a salvage counterclaim or salvage affirmative defense and
denies Fraser’s motion for an order of salvage recoupment as a matter of law or a
jury instruction on the same. At the outset, the Court notes that it has not
previously ruled on the viability of Fraser’s recoupment claim. In its summary
judgment Order, the Court explicitly stated that it did not need to address the
salvage claim. Am. S.S. Co. v. Hallett Dock Co., 862 F. Supp. 2d 919, 931 (D.
Minn. 2012).
1.
Waiver of the Salvage Defense
Fraser failed to plead salvage as an affirmative defense in its Answer, and,
therefore, waived the defense. Fraser did not allege salvage as a counterclaim. It
did not seek to amend its pleadings to add a salvage counterclaim or defense.
9
Discovery closed on May 6, 2011. [Docket No. 84] On July 25, 2011, in its
Opposition to ASC’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment Against All
Defendants, Fraser asserted for the first time that it “is entitled, as a set off to any
damages which plaintiffs seek, to an award for marine salvage.” ([Docket No.
229] Opposition at 2.)
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(c) requires that all affirmative defenses
must be asserted in the responsive pleading. However, Fraser failed to raise
salvage until its opposition to summary judgment, after discovery had closed.
Fraser has waived the affirmative defense of salvage. See Sherman v. Winco
Fireworks, Inc., 532 F.3d 709, 715 (8th Cir. 2008) (“Generally, failure to plead an
affirmative defense results in the waiver of that defense. However, when an
affirmative defense is raised in the trial court in a manner that does not result in
unfair surprise, technical failure to comply with Rule 8(c) is not fatal.”) (citations
omitted). See also The Camanche, 75 U.S. 448, 477 (1869) (“Defen[s]es in salvage
suits, as well as in other suits in admiralty, must be set up in the answer;” and
the failure to include a defense in an answer is “sufficient to show that [the
defense] cannot be sustained.”). By raising maritime salvage after the close of
discovery, Fraser created an unfair surprise, preventing Plaintiffs from
10
conducting any discovery on this theory which, potentially, could entirely wipe
out Plaintiffs’ damages claim. Fraser’s claim that it did not know about the
salvage defense until May 2011, is specious. Fraser knew that it immediately
provided repairs to the McCarthy after it was holed. It specifically invoiced ACS
for those salvage repairs in March 2008.
2.
Merits of the Salvage Claim
Even if Fraser had not waived it salvage claim, the Court would grant
Plaintiffs’ motion.
“The admiralty and maritime law of salvage rewards the voluntary salvor
for his successful rescue of life or property imperiled at sea.” Ocean Servs.
Towing & Salvage, Inc. v. Brown, 810 F. Supp. 1258, 1262 (S.D. Fla. 1993) (citing
Mason v. The Blaireau, 6 U.S. 240 (1804)). “The award on an action for salvage—
unknown for land activities—is not one of quantum meruit as compensation for
work performed, but is a bounty historically given in the interests of public
policy, to encourage the humanitarian rescue of life and property at sea, and to
promote maritime commerce.” Id. (citing, e.g., The Blackwall, 77 U.S. 1 (1869)).
In order to succeed on a salvage claim, a plaintiff must prove: “1. A marine peril.
2. Service voluntarily rendered when not required as an existing duty or from a
11
special contract. 3. Success in whole or in part, or that the service rendered
contributed to such success.” The Sabine, 101 U.S. 384, 384 (1879). Most
significantly, “persons who have contributed to place property in danger cannot
be allowed to claim reward for rescuing it from the consequences of their own
wrongful acts.” The Clarita, 90 U.S. 1, 18‐19 (1874).
Here, Fraser only asserts salvage as a recoupment or set off – not as an
affirmative means of recovery, which would run afoul of the statute of
limitations. Thus, salvage is only asserted as a defense to reduce any damages
owed by Fraser to ACS. So, the salvage issue is not relevant if the jury finds that
Fraser is not liable for damages to ACS because there would be no damages to
reduce. On the other hand, if the jury finds that Fraser is liable for damages to
ACS in some way because Fraser contributed to the holing, then Fraser cannot
collect a salvage award because it contributed to creating the peril from which it
rescued ACS. See, e.g., The Clarita, 90 U.S. at 18‐19; The Pine Forest, 129 F. 700,
704 (1st Cir. 1904) (holding that “under all the authorities and on principle, a
towage contract cannot be converted under the admiralty law into a salvage
service under conditions brought about by the fault of the tug”); The Homely, 12
F. Cas. 454, 454 (E.D.N.Y. 1876) (“I am unwilling to permit that a tug employed to
12
tow a vessel into the port should, through want of care, tow the vessel upon the
Romer Shoal and then receive salvage compensation for towing her off.”). Thus,
whether or not the jury finds Fraser at fault, salvage would not apply.
F.
[343] Plaintiffs’ Motion in Limine to Exclude the January 31, 2008
Memorandum Prepared by Hallett Dock Company CEO Jeremy
Fryberger
The Court grants Plaintiffs’ motion to exclude the January 31, 2008
memorandum prepared by Hallett CEO Jeremy Fryberger for the Hallett Board
of Directors. The document is inadmissible hearsay and is not based on
Fryberger’s personal knowledge. It does not fall under the business record
exception because it was not made in regularly conducted business activities and
it inherently lacks trustworthiness. See F.R.E. 803(6). Moreover, Hallett does not
offer any argument in favor of admission of the memorandum.
The Court further denies Hallett’s wholly inappropriate request for Rule
11 sanctions based on the alleged frivolousness of Plaintiffs’ motion. Hallett’s
motion does not comply with the basic requirements of Rule 11. It was not filed
as a separate motion, and there was no safe harbor during which Plaintiffs could
have withdrawn the disputed motion in limine before Hallett filed the Rule 11
motion. Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(c)(2); Gordon v. Unifund CCR Partners, 345 F.3d 1028,
13
1029‐30 (8th Cir. 2003). Such blatantly improper motions will not be tolerated in
the future and will likely result in swift sanctions from this Court.
The Court further denies Plaintiffs’ attempt to escalate the firefight by
requesting an award of their own attorneys’ fees in responding to the improper
Rule 11 motion. The parties appear to agree that the memorandum should not
be admitted. Counsel could have avoided this escalating motion practice by
professionally communicating directly with one another. Counsel are directed to
do so in the future.
G.
[347] Plaintiffs’ Motion in Limine to Exclude Evidence of the
United States Coast Guard Report
The Court grants Plaintiffs’ motion to exclude the U.S. Coast Guard Report
of Investigation into the Circumstances Surrounding the Incident Involving M/V
Walter J. McCarthy Jr. Grounding on 01/14/2008 (“Coast Guard Report”). By
statute, Congress has prohibited admission of any Coast Guard report in a
private civil action:
Notwithstanding any other provision of law, no part of a report of a
marine casualty investigation conducted under section 6301 of this
title, including findings of fact, opinions, recommendations,
deliberations, or conclusions, shall be admissible as evidence or
subject to discovery in any civil or administrative proceedings, other
than an administrative proceeding initiated by the United States.
46 U.S.C. § 6308(a).
14
The Court further holds that the portion of any expert opinion that relies
on or is substantially based on the Coast Guard Report is inadmissible, although
the rest of the expert opinion is still admissible. See, e.g., United States v. Egan
Marine Corp., 808 F. Supp. 2d 1065, 1074 (N.D. Ill. 2011). The Coast Guard
Report itself may not be used to refresh a witness’s recollection or for
impeachment. Use of the Report to refresh a witness’s recollection could lead to
an attempt to introduce the Report by the opposing party. Fed. R. Evid. 612. Use
of the Report as extrinsic evidence of a prior inconsistent statement for
impeachment could lead to an attempt by the opposing party to examine the
witness about the details of the Report. Fed. R. Evid. 613. Congress clearly
provided that, “[n]otwithstanding any other provision of law, no part of a [Coast
Guard] report” shall be admissible in a civil trial. The parties are not permitted
to make an end‐run around the statute.
Finally, in Hallett’s response, it briefly raises the issue of certain witness
statements obtained by the Coast Guard. Those statements are not the subject of
the current motion, and the Court does not have enough information to make a
ruling on their admissibility at this time based solely on Hallett’s brief
discussion. The Court reserves ruling on this issue.
15
H.
[350] Plaintiffs’ Motion in Limine to Exclude Evidence Related to
Certain of Fraser Shipyards, Inc.’s and Hallett Dock Company’s
Affirmative Defenses
The Court grants in part and denies in part Plaintiffs’ motion. The Court
grants Plaintiffs’ motion to exclude all evidence related to the following
affirmative defenses by Fraser: Fourth (statute of frauds); Seventh (failure to join
tugboat operators); Eighth (ASC is not the real party in interest); Tenth (laches);
Eleventh (contract modification and accord and satisfaction); and Thirteenth
(acted as a wharfinger and acted as an agent in distress), because Fraser has
agreed to withdraw these affirmative defenses.
The Court denies Plaintiffs’ motion to exclude evidence related to Fraser’s
Ninth affirmative defense (failure to mitigate) and Hallett’s affirmative defense
of failure to mitigate contained in Paragraph 57 of Hallett’s Answer. First,
Defendants’ allegations of failure to mitigate relate, in part, to an allegation of a
failure to mitigate damages by not using the rest of the ASC fleet to take on the
McCarthy’s cargo. This issue is not addressed in the cited testimony of either
Gene Walroos or Mike Peterson. Second, when the full portion of Peterson’s
testimony is reviewed, it is clear that he is testifying that he believes that Fraser
did an efficient job in its performance of the repairs, but that ACS hindered that
16
effort. His testimony supports Fraser’s defense. Third, Hallett is not bound by
Fraser witnesses regarding their opinion of the efficiency of the repairs.
I.
[353] Plaintiffs’ Motion in Limine to Exclude Evidence of Certain
Testimony of Hallett Dock Company’s Expert Joseph Kenyon
The Court denies Plaintiffs’ motion to exclude the testimony of Hallett’s
damages expert Joseph Kenyon. Plaintiffs, not Defendants, have the burden to
prove their damages. Kenyon was hired to analyze the lost profits damage
calculation prepared by Plaintiffs’ expert, Gary Turnquist, and to explain his
opinion that Turnquist’s analysis is flawed, which, in turn, forms the basis for
Defendants’ argument that Plaintiffs have not met their burden to prove their
damages. Thus, Kenyon is not obligated to provide his own specific number for
Plaintiffs’ damages. The thrust of his analysis and opinion is that there is not
enough information to prove a specific damages number and that it is likely that
there are no or very little damages. Plaintiffs’ claim that Kenyon testified that he
did not know the answers to Plaintiffs’ basic deposition questions is based on
out‐of‐context quotations. Any weaknesses in Kenyon’s analysis can be
addressed on cross examination.
J.
[375] Plaintiffs’ Motion in Limine to Exclude Certain Testimony of
Fraser Shipyards, Inc.’s Expert John R. Dudley
17
The Court grants Plaintiffs’ motion to exclude portions of the testimony of
Fraser’s expert Captain John R. Dudley. Dudley admittedly has no knowledge of
Great Lakes norms; his knowledge and experience are limited to ocean norms.
Thus, the Court excludes Dudley’s testimony regarding the International Safety
Management Code, safe berth clauses, and the Under‐Keel Clearance standard.
Additionally, the Court excludes any testimony by Dudley regarding 1) the
reasonableness of Fraser’s, RJS’s, CJS’s, and Reuben Johnson’s conduct leading
up to the holing of the McCarthy; 2) the contractual agreements between Fraser
and ASC; and 3) the reasonableness of ASC’s damages, because these areas were
not covered by Dudley’s expert report, and Fraser does not advocate for their
admission.
K.
[414] Motion in Limine to Exclude Hallett Dock Companyʹs
Witness, Jim Sharrow, From Testifying at Trial
The Court denies Plaintiffs’ motion to exclude Hallett proposed witness
Jim Sharrow, the facilities manager of the Seaway Port Authority in Duluth. His
testimony is not irrelevant. Technically, Hallett properly updated its Rule 26(a)
to disclose Sharrow within the discovery period. Although it appears less than
forthright that Hallett supplemented its disclosures to identify Sharrow on the
very last day of discovery, that incident was almost two years ago. Plaintiffs
18
could have easily made a motion to reopen discovery if they wanted to depose
Sharrow. Waiting almost two years to protest that, indeed, they wish they had
deposed him belies their claim of prejudice.
III.
[364] Fraser Shipyards’ Motion in Limine
For the reasons previously explained, the Court denies Fraser’s motion for
an order for equitable recoupment, or, in the alternative, a jury instruction on the
issue of equitable recoupment for its salvage efforts.
IV.
Hallett Dock’s Motions in Limine
A.
[389] Hallett Dock’s Motion in Limine (1) Preclude ASC Expert
Arthur Faherty from Testifying as an Expert
The Court denies Hallett’s motion to preclude ASC expert Arthur Faherty
from testifying as an expert. Faherty has been designated by ASC to testify about
the duties and responsibilities of Hallett, as the wharfinger, and Fraser, as the
shipyard, for the docking of the McCarthy for winter layup in January 2008.
Faherty meets the minimum qualifications required to provide expert testimony
in these areas. For two years, he owned a shipyard with three dry docks and one
700 foot lay berth, and he was involved in berthing ships at his dock, even if the
vast majority were MARAD vessels. His lack of extensive experience as a
wharfinger can be explored on cross examination.
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The Court further concludes that Faherty’s testimony is useful. The fact
that he relied on his personal experience, and not statutes or treatises, is of no
consequence – Hallett does not any identify any statute or treatise upon which
Faherty should have relied. Hallett’s own expert, Captain John Olthuis, testified
that he relied on his own experience and not statutes when forming his opinion.
Faherty can be cross examined with respect to the issue of his opinion that a
reasonable captain would or would not have proceeded if he had been told of the
debris.
B.
[389] Hallett Dock’s Motion in Limine (2) Strike ASC’s Claim for
Loss of Profits
The Court denies Hallett’s motion to strike ASC’s claim for lost profits.
ASC has made a claim for loss of profits for the period of time when the
McCarthy was out of service following the opening of the locks on the Great
Lakes. Hallett claims that the only direct evidence of a loss of profits are alleged
emails that ASC received from its client Seaway Marine Transport (“Seaway
Marine”) in which Seaway Marine complained that it wanted ASC to transport
more cargo than ASC was able to do without the McCarthy. ASC’s Assistant
Vice President and Traffic Manager, Charlie Dean, testified that most of the
communications with Seaway Marine, in which it requested that ASC transport
20
more coal, were by telephone, but if there were email communications he did not
have them in his possession because they were auto‐deleted. Hallett requests
spoliation sanctions based on the possible auto‐deletion of emails from Seaway
Marine.
The Court declines to impose any sanction. First, the evidence before the
Court is that, if any emails existed, they were destroyed based on a routine
document retention policy before litigation commenced, and there is no showing
whatsoever of bad faith or an intent to suppress the truth. See Stevenson v.
Union Pac. R.R. Co., 354 F.3d 739, 746‐47 (8th Cir. 2004) (holding that use of an
adverse inference instruction based on “prelitigation destruction of evidence
through a routine document retention policy” requires “some indication of an
intent to destroy the evidence for the purpose of obstructing or suppressing the
truth”).
Second, it is not clear that any relevant documents were destroyed because
the testimony is that Seaway Marine’s requests for shipping were generally made
over the telephone, not on email. Plaintiffs rely on testimony from Dean and
Mark Pietrocarlo, not the alleged existence of emails from Seaway Marine, to
calculate their lost profits. Nor does Plaintiffs’ expert, Gary Turnquist, rely on
21
such emails. As Dean testified, most of his communications with Seaway Marine
were telephone calls rather than emails. None of the testimony cited by Hallett
shows that the emails involved contained relevant information.
Third, if emails showing that Seaway Marine requested more shipping
than ASC could provide did exist, then they would be helpful to Plaintiffs’ claim,
not to Hallett’s defense, so the fact that they do not exist for trial already
prejudices Plaintiffs – there is no documentary proof to bolster their claim – not
Hallett.
C.
[389] Hallett Dock’s Motion in Limine (3) Preclude John Adler and
Shawn Mulley from Testifying as Witnesses for ASC
The Court denies Hallett’s motion to exclude John Adler, an investigator
with Robins, Kaplan, Miller & Ciresi who was present at several inspections of
Hallett Dock No. 8 and the McCarthy. Plaintiffs should have disclosed Adler in
their Rule 26(a) disclosures. However, his name and role as investigator have
been known to defense counsel since May 9, 2008, before this lawsuit was filed.
Additionally, he is only being called to authenticate documents, such as
photographs and an invoice, which were produced to Defendants in a timely
manner. There is no unfair surprise to Defendants.
22
The Court denies Hallett’s motion to exclude Shawn Mulley as moot
because Plaintiffs have now withdrawn him as a witness.
D.
[389] Hallett Dock’s Motion in Limine (4) Preclude Neil Kent from
Testifying about the McCarthy’s Approach into Hallett Dock No. 8
and the Presence of Fraser Shipyard Personnel on the Dock
The Court denies Hallett’s motion to preclude ASC from calling Neil Kent
as a witness to testify about the McCarthy’s approach into Hallett Dock No. 8
and the presence of Fraser personnel on the dock. ASC identified Kent in its
Rule 26(a) disclosures and stated that his area of knowledge was “photographs.”
Having Kent testify about taking the photographs, whether they are accurate,
and what he saw as he took them does not stray outside the bounds of the
disclosure or unfairly surprise Defendants.
Accordingly, based upon the files, records, and proceedings herein, IT IS
HEREBY ORDERED:
1.
2.
Plaintiffs’ Motion in Limine to Exclude All Evidence Related
to ASC’s Insurance Policies, Subrogated Insurance Carriers,
and Insurance Claims, Adjustment, Deductibles, and
Payments [Docket No. 328] is GRANTED.
Plaintiffs’ Motion in Limine to Exclude Evidence Contrary to
Mike Podgorak’s Undisputed Employment [Docket No. 330]
is GRANTED.
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3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Plaintiffs’ Motion in Limine to Exclude Certain Testimony of
Hallett Dock Company’s Expert Witness Captain John Olthuis
[Docket No. 333] is GRANTED.
Plaintiffs’ Motion in Limine to Exclude Certain Testimony of
Fraser Shipyards, Inc.’s Expert Witness Captain Robert Libby
[Docket No. 336] is GRANTED.
Plaintiffs’ Motion in Limine to Exclude All Evidence, Related
to Fraser Shipyard’s Untimely Salvage “Counterclaim” and
“Defense” [Docket No. 340] is GRANTED.
Plaintiffs’ Motion in Limine to Exclude the January 31, 2008
Memorandum Prepared by Hallett Dock Company CEO
Jeremy Fryberger [Docket No. 343] is GRANTED.
Plaintiffs’ Motion in Limine to Exclude Evidence of the United
States Coast Guard Report [Docket No. 347] is GRANTED.
Plaintiffs’ Motion in Limine to Exclude Evidence Related to
Certain of Fraser Shipyards, Inc.’s and Hallett Dock
Company’s Affirmative Defenses [Docket No. 350] is
GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART as follows: the
motion is granted as to Fraser’s Fourth, Seventh, Eighth,
Tenth, Eleventh, and Thirteenth affirmative defenses and
denied as to Fraser’s Ninth affirmative defense (failure to
mitigate) and Hallett’s failure to mitigate defense.
Plaintiffs’ Motion in Limine to Exclude Evidence of Certain
Testimony of Hallett Dock Company’s Expert Joseph Kenyon
[Docket No. 353] is DENIED.
Plaintiffs’ Motion in Limine to Exclude Certain Testimony of
Fraser Shipyards, Inc.’s Expert John R. Dudley [Docket No.
375] is GRANTED.
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11.
12.
13.
Plaintiffs’ Motion in Limine to Exclude Hallett Dock
Company’s Witness, Jim Sharrow, From Testifying at Trial
[Docket No. 414] is DENIED.
Fraser Shipyards’ Motion in Limine [Docket No. 364] is
DENIED.
Hallett Dock’s Motion in Limine [Docket No. 389] is DENIED
as follows:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Part 1: To Preclude ASC Expert Arthur Faherty from
Testifying as an Expert is DENIED;
Part 2: To Strike ASC’s Claim for Loss of Profits is
DENIED;
Part 3: To Preclude John Adler and Shawn Mulley from
Testifying as Witnesses for ASC is DENIED; and
Part 4: To Preclude Neil Kent from Testifying about the
McCarthy’s Approach into Hallett Dock No. 8 and the
Presence of Fraser Shipyard Personnel on the Dock is
DENIED.
Dated: January 25, 2013
s/ Michael J. Davis
Michael J. Davis
Chief Judge
United States District Court
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