Reshare Commerce, LLC v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company et al
Filing
137
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER that, in interpreting the 641 Patent, the contested terms be construed in accordance with this Order (Written Opinion). Signed by Judge Ann D. Montgomery on 11/21/2012. (TLU)
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
DISTRICT OF MINNESOTA
Reshare Commerce, LLC,
Plaintiff,
v.
State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance
Company and American Family Mutual
Insurance Company,
MEMORANDUM
OPINION AND ORDER
Civil No. 11-2617 ADM/JJG
and Civil No. 11-2616 MJD/LIB
Defendants.
______________________________________
Reshare Commerce, LLC,
Plaintiff,
v.
The Antioch Company d/b/a Creative Memories
and subsidiaries and affiliates and
Dermalogica, Inc.,
Defendants.
______________________________________________________________________________
Steven R. Daniels, Esq., and W. Bryan Farney, Esq., Farney Daniels, LLP, Georgetown, TX;
Dwight G. Rabuse, Esq., Joshua P. Brotemarkle, Esq., and Erin E. Neils, Esq., Rabuse Law Firm,
PA, Minneapolis, MN, for Plaintiff.
R. William Beard, Jr., Esq., King & Spalding LLP, Austin, TX; Barbara Berens, Esq., Berens &
Miller, PA, Minneapolis, MN, for Defendant State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance
Company.
Robert J. Gilbertson, Esq., John W. Ursu, Esq., and Sybil L. Dunlop, Esq., Green Espel PLLP,
Minneapolis, MN, for Defendant American Family Mutual Insurance Company.
Peter R. Forrest, Esq., John M. Weyrauch, Esq., and Paul P. Kempf, Esq., Dicke, Billig & Czaja,
PLLC, Minneapolis, MN, for Defendant The Antioch Company, LLC.
Michael C. McCarthy, Esq., Maslon Edelman Borman & Brand, LLP, Minneapolis, MN; Mark
C. Nelson, Esq., Steven Geiszler, Esq., and Robert J. Needham, Esq., SNR Denton US LLP,
Dallas, TX, for Defendant Dermalogica, Inc.
_____________________________________________________________________________
I. INTRODUCTION
On October 26, 2012, a joint claim construction hearing was held before the undersigned
United States District Judge in two patent infringement actions brought by Plaintiff Reshare
Commerce, LLC (“Reshare”), against two groups of defendants (collectively, “Defendants”).1
Reshare alleges Defendants infringed claims of U.S. Patent No. 6,594,641 (the “’641 Patent”).
II. BACKGROUND
The ’641 Patent, titled “Computer Facilitated Product Selling System,” describes a
system by which a customer may electronically purchase a product directly from a supplier
“while protecting a local distributor or retailer from loss of business.” Decl. Steven R. Daniels
[Docket No. 81] Ex. A (“’641 Patent”) at 1:7-11.2 The patented system allows a customer to
purchase a product directly from the product’s supplier, effectively bypassing local retailers. Id.
at 2:12-17. When the customer uses the supplier’s website or other remote means to purchase
the product, the customer has the option to select a retailer to credit with some or all of the “lost
profits” of the sale. Id. at 2:29-34, 6:39-43. If the customer does not select a retailer, the system
1
The Court granted the parties’ motion to consolidate three actions brought by Reshare
solely for the purpose of claim construction. Order [Docket No. 70] (Case No. 11-2617
ADM/JJG). However, the parties in the third action, Reshare and Dotfit, LLC, agreed to dismiss
their respective claims with prejudice before the claim construction hearing. Reshare
Commerce, LLC v. Dotfit, LLC, No. 11-3010 JNE/TNL (D. Minn. Oct. 3, 2012). In addition,
certain of the defendants in the remaining two actions have also agreed with Reshare to dismiss
their respective claims. The remaining defendants in Case Nos. 11-2617 ADM/JJG and 11-2616
MJD/LIB are named in the caption above.
2
Unless otherwise indicated, all citations to the record are to Reshare Commerce, LLC
v. State Farm Auto. Ins. Co., No. 11-02617 ADM/JJG (D. Minn. 2011), the action in which the
parties filed their claim construction memoranda.
2
defaults to crediting the retailer “geographically closest” to the customer’s address. Id. at 2:2935. After the customer completes the purchase, the supplier receives electronic order data to
ship the product and credit the appropriate retailer. Id. at 2:47-63. By using the patented system,
a supplier may sell products while preserving its business relationship with local retailers. Id. at
1:53-59.
Reshare claims Defendants’ sales methods infringe on its ’641 Patent. Defendants State
Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company and American Family Mutual Insurance Company
are insurance companies whose customers purchase insurance either directly through a website
or through an insurance agent. See generally, Am. Compl. [Docket No. 113] ¶¶ 23-31, 41-49.
When a customer purchases insurance through a company website, he or she has the option to
select a prospective insurance agent from a list generated based on the customer’s address. See
id. The insurance agent then receives compensation for the customer’s website purchase. See
id. Similarly, Defendants The Antioch Company (d/b/a “Creative Memories”) and Dermologica,
Inc., allow customers to purchase their products either directly through a website or through
local consultants or centers. See generally, Am. Compl. [Docket No. 3] ¶¶ 24-29 (Case No. 112616). If a customer purchases a product online, this sale is associated with a local consultant or
center. See id.
Defendants deny any infringement, and most defendants have alleged counterclaims
against Reshare seeking declaratory judgments of non-infringement and/or invalidity.
On August 16, 2012, Reshare and Defendants filed a Joint Claim Construction Statement
identifying 11 disputed terms (or groups of similar terms) in the ’641 Patent. Joint Claim Constr.
3
Stmt. [Docket No. 71] (“Joint Stmt.”). These terms are at issue only with respect to Claims 1,
14, and 16. Id. at 2-5.
III. DISCUSSION
A. Standard of Review
Claim construction is a matter of law. Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc., 52 F.3d
967, 979 (Fed. Cir. 1995), aff’d, 517 U.S. 370 (1996). In construing claims, courts should look
first to intrinsic evidence, which includes the claims, the specification, and the prosecution
history. Vitrionics Corp. v. Conceptronic, Inc., 90 F.3d 1576, 1582 (Fed. Cir. 1996). Claim
terms are “generally given their ordinary and customary meaning,” which is “the meaning that
the term would have to a person of ordinary skill in the art in question at the time of the
invention, i.e., as of the effective filing date of the patent application.” Phillips v. AWH Corp.,
415 F.3d 1303, 1312-13 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (quotation and citations omitted). However, a patentee
can choose to be “his or her own lexicographer by clearly setting forth an explicit definition for a
claim term.” Johnson Worldwide Assocs., Inc. v. Zebco Corp., 175 F.3d 985, 989 (Fed. Cir.
1999). Claim terms “should be construed consistently with [their] appearance in other places in
the same claim or other claims of the same patent.” Rexnord Corp. v. Laitram Corp., 274 F.3d
1336, 1342 (Fed. Cir. 2001). In addition, the specification is usually “dispositive; it is the single
best guide to the meaning of a disputed term.” Vitrionics, 90 F.3d at 1582. Courts are
nonetheless cautioned not to import limitations from the specification into the claims. Phillips,
415 F.3d at 1323; Laitram Corp. v. NEC Corp., 163 F.3d 1342, 1347 (Fed. Cir. 1998).
While courts can consider extrinsic evidence to educate themselves about the patent and
technology at issue, it is improper to rely on extrinsic evidence in construing claims unless, after
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consideration of all the intrinsic evidence, ambiguity remains. Mantech Envtl. Corp. v. Hudson
Envtl. Servs., Inc., 152 F.3d 1368, 1373 (Fed. Cir. 1998); Vitrionics, 90 F.3d at 1584. Extrinsic
evidence is “evidence which is external to the patent and file history, such as expert testimony,
inventor testimony, dictionaries, and technical treatises and articles.” Vitrionics, 90 F.3d at
1584. Dictionaries may be useful to courts in understanding the ordinary and customary
meaning of words, and courts may “rely on dictionary definitions when construing claim terms,
so long as the dictionary definition does not contradict any definition found in or ascertained by
a reading of the patent documents.” Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1322-23.
B. Claim Construction
1. “consumer”/ “end product user”
The parties agree “consumer,” found in Claims 1 and 14 of the ’641 Patent, and “end
product user,” found in Claim 16, are interchangeable terms. See Joint Stmt. at 11-13. Although
it does not specifically address the term “end product user,” the ’641 Patent’s specification states
that “the term ‘consumer’ shall be treated as being interchangeable with the words ‘purchaser,’
‘buyer,’ or ‘user’ of goods or commodities sold.” ’641 Patent at 3:36-39.
Reshare argues that the Court should ignore the specification’s definition of “consumer,”
or, at the most, consider it only in the alternative. See Pl.’s Opening Claim Constr. Br. [Docket
No. 80] (“Pl.’s Br.”) 9. Instead, Reshare argues the term “consumer” should be given its plain
meaning. Conversely, Defendants argue for an amended version of the definition of “consumer”
provided in the specification. According to Defendants, “consumer” should be defined as the
“purchaser, buyer, or user of consumable goods.” Joint Stmt. at 3 (emphasis added). Defendants
argue the phrase “consumable goods” is in keeping with the context of the terms at issue. Defs.’
5
Opening Claim Constr. Br. [Docket No. 78] (“Defs.’ Br.”) 19-21; Defs.’ Responsive Claim
Constr. Br. [Docket No. 103] (“Defs.’ Resp.”) 5.
If the inventor, or patentee, of a patent has provided a specific definition for a term, the
interpreting court should give this definition deference. See Johnson, 175 F.3d at 989; see also
Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1316 (holding where the specification reveals a special definition, the
“inventor’s lexicography governs”) (citation omitted). Generally, courts presume that a patentee
intended the ordinary meaning for his or her patent terms. Texas Digital Sys., Inc. v. Telegenix,
Inc., 308 F.3d 1193, 1204 (Fed. Cir. 2002). However, a patentee’s choice to “clearly set forth an
explicit definition of a term different from its ordinary meaning” will overcome this
presumption. Id. And though an inventor is “free to define the specific terms used to describe
his or her invention, this must be done with reasonable clarity, deliberateness, and precision.” In
re Paulsen, 30 F.3d 1475, 1480 (Fed. Cir. 1994).
The ’641 Patent specification provides an express definition for “consumer,” and neither
Reshare nor Defendants establish why this definition should be ignored. While a dictionary
definition or ordinary meaning construction of “consumer” might encompass a broader range of
activity, the ’641 Patent inventor limited the term to a person who purchases, buys, or uses
“goods or commodities sold.” Reshare concedes that “to the extent that the specification is
relevant,” this given definition should control. Pl.’s Br. at 9. Reshare has not argued as to why
the ’641 Patent’s definition is irrelevant, nor does it argue that the definition is unclear or
imprecise. As such, Reshare has not provided any basis to ignore precedent favoring the
patentee’s own definition. See Texas Digital, 308 F.3d at 1204.
Defendants hew more closely to the specification’s definition of “consumer,” but
6
their proposed amendment to this definition adds the word “consumable” and subtracts the
phrase “commodities sold.” The revision is unnecessary. In the specification, the patentee
attempts to streamline the purchasing experience for consumers shopping for “consumable items
such as groceries, cleaning supplies, household goods, and the like . . . .” ’641 Patent at 1:16-24.
Based on this language, and other similar instances in the specification, Defendants argue for a
narrower construction of “consumer,” focusing only on “consumable goods.”
However, the specification should not routinely limit the scope of the patent’s claims, as
a patentee does not need to “describe all embodiments of his invention.” 3M Innovative Props.
Co. v. Avery Dennison Corp., 350 F.3d 1365, 1371 (Fed. Cir. 2003). Instead, the specification
should limit the patent claims only where necessary. See SuperGuide Corp. v. DirecTV Enters.,
Inc., 358 F.3d 870, 875 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (“Though understanding the claim language may be
aided by the explanations in the written description, it is important not to import into a claim
limitations that are not part of the claim.”). Defendants derive the phrase “consumable goods” in
part from the description of a typical situation where the ’641 Patent’s system provides a benefit
to both the supplier and retailer/distributor. See ’641 Patent at 1:16-24. But a specific example
of a patent’s usefulness or application should not by itself create a limitation. Phillips, 415 F.3d
at 1310 (citation omitted).
Arguably, the phrase “goods or commodities sold” is the most important aspect of the
patentee’s definition, as it identifies the consumer in relationship to goods that were subject to a
sales transaction. And by itself, the phrase “goods or commodities sold” is clear and in
agreement with the use of the term “consumer” throughout the specification and claims. See,
e.g., ’641 Patent at 3:56-58 (discussing shipment of consumer purchases), 6:63-64 (describing
transaction between consumer and supplier).
7
The Court declines to modify the definition provided by the patentee, and adopts it in its
entirety. Because the parties agree that “end product user” is an interchangeable term, the Court
construes “end product user” to have the same definition.
“Consumer” and “end product user” shall mean “the purchaser, buyer, or user of
goods or commodities sold.”
2. “retailer”
After providing the above definition for “consumer,” the patent specification states:
the term ‘retailer’ shall be taken to mean distributors, wholesalers,
shippers, retailers to the public and to restricted markets or
clientele, and any intermediary that is normally part of the series of
transactions that results in the transfer of title and possession of a
commodity from a supplier to a consumer.
’641 Patent at 3:40-45. Defendants request that the Court adopt this definition verbatim. Joint
Stmt. at 2. Reshare argues for a rejection of this express definition in favor of an ordinary
meaning construction because the provided definition “is too cumbersome to be useful to a jury.”
Pl.’s Br. at 11. In the alternative, Reshare requests a construction of “retailer” that truncates the
express definition, so that the definition reads: “any intermediary that is normally part of the
series of transactions between a supplier and consumer.” Joint Stmt. at 2.
The ’641 Patent’s definition of “retailer” includes limitations of scope that may not be
ignored. The provided definition is a list of five categories: 1) distributors; 2) wholesalers; 3)
shippers; 4) retailers to public and restricted markets; and 5) intermediaries in the chain of
transactions for a commodity. Standing alone, the first three categories do not necessarily limit
the definition of “retailer,” though they implicitly define “retailers” as businesses dealing in
physical goods that require shipment and storage. The fourth category is not an independent
type of retailer but rather a clarification of the term’s scope, and does not limit the term.
8
However, the fifth and broadest category, of “any intermediary,” clearly limits retailers to those
persons or entities involved in the “transfer of title and possession of a commodity.” ’641 Patent
at 3:44-45.
The Court holds that the patentee’s own definition of “retailer” is the most
appropriate construction of the term. As with “consumer,” the ordinary meaning of the term
“retailer” may prove broader than the definition provided in the specification. But the ’641
Patent’s definition is reasonably clear, deliberate, and precise, and thus rebuts the presumption in
favor of plain meaning. Paulsen, 30 F.3d at 1480. The ’641 Patent’s express definition of
“retailer” limits this term to businesses involved in the transfer of legal ownership and physical
possession of commodities. The specificity of this definition supercedes ordinary meaning. The
specification also provides a clearer definition than the broad alternative Reshare suggests.
“Retailer” shall mean “distributors, wholesalers, shippers, retailers to the public and to
restricted markets or clientele, and any intermediary that is normally part of the series of
transactions that results in the transfer of title and possession of a commodity from a supplier to
a consumer.”
3. “products”
The ’641 Patent’s specification does not provide express definitions for any of the
remaining disputed terms, including “products.” The key dispute between the parties over this
term is whether “products” encompasses both physical, consumable goods as well as intangible
goods or services, such as insurance policies. See Pl.’s Resp. at 4; Defs.’ Resp. at 6. Reshare
argues that “products” should be given its ordinary, presumably broader, meaning. Joint Stmt. at
3. Defendants argue that to be consistent with several of their other proposed definitions,
“products” should mean only “consumable goods.”
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The language of the claims themselves suggest a definition of “products” narrower than
the term’s ordinary meaning. A court interpreting a claim at issue may look to other claims in
the patent for “enlightenment as to the meaning of a claim term,” because claim terms are
“normally used consistently throughout the patent.” Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1314 (citations
omitted); see also Rexnord, 274 F.3d at 1342 (“. . . [A] claim term should be construed
consistently with its appearance in other places in the same claim or in other claims of the same
patent.”). Here, Claims 1 and 14 do not use the term at issue in a manner that implies a
definition other than the term’s ordinary meaning. Claim 16, however, describes the sending of
“order information to the supplier such that the supplier may ship to the user the products desired
for purchase.” ’641 Patent at 8:40-42 (emphasis added). Similarly, Claims 13 and 15 describe
the “shipment of the ordered products to the consumer.” Id. at 7:37-42, 8:11-12. The use of the
words “ship” and “shipment” imply the sale of material goods or commodities, not intangible
goods or services.
While the specification does not offer an express definition, it too implies a definition of
“products” which can only logically be understood to mean material goods and commodities.
The specification states that once a consumer places an order, the order data is received by the
supplier on an electronic data storage device, “where the products ordered are noted for
inventory and stock replacement purposes. The corresponding products are either designated as
sold from a stock inventory or added to the supplier’s replacement requirements.” ’641 Patent at
2:51-54. The mailing address data is then sent to the “shipping department . . . where the
product is packaged for shipment.” Id. at 2:55-57. The patented system also allows for the
coordinated shipment of multiple products: “The present invention allows for one or more
warehouse or factories from which the product or products ordered by the consumer will be
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shipped.” Id. at 3:56-58. The central processing unit (CPU) in the patented system may also
“access a stock databank containing stock information pertaining to each warehouse . . . to
confirm . . . sufficient quantities of the desired products.” Id. at 5:20-26.
Each of the above uses of the word “product” describes the sale, storage, and shipment of
material goods or commodities. Contrary to Reshare’s proposed construction, a supplier would
not have any reason to take inventory of intangible goods or services, nor would it require
systems to monitor the depletion of its stock for such a product. Similarly, neither the consumer
nor the supplier would need to coordinate the packaging or shipping of intangible goods. The
specification clearly describes the invention in terms of physical goods; it repeatedly describes
the patented system, including the shipment and storage of products, with prefaces such as “this
invention,” “the instant invention,” and “the present invention.” See, e.g., id. at 1:63-66, 2:3,
2:13, 3:56, 4:23. While the use of such phrases is not automatically controlling, their repeated
use in connection with an embodiment may “limit the scope of the entire invention, particularly
where no other intrinsic evidence suggests otherwise.” Absolute Software, Inc. v. Stealth Signal,
Inc., 659 F.3d 1121, 1136 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (citations omitted). Here, the use of these limiting
phrases in the specification, the expressly defined patent terms, and the language of the claims
themselves combine to limit the definition of “product” to material goods and commodities.
Although the term “product” contemplates the sale of material items, neither the
specification nor the claims limit the term to “consumable” items, as Defendants propose.
Defendants derive the word “consumable” primarily from an example in the “Background of the
Invention” section of the ’641 Patent. In this example, the ’641 Patent describes how a
consumer might find it convenient to purchase a hair care product from a supplier instead of a
specialty retailer. ’641 Patent at 1:16-53. Although this example describes the sale of a
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“consumable” item, neither the specification’s description of the invention, nor the patent’s
claims, limit the products at issue to “consumable” items. For example, the system described in
the claims and specification could easily facilitate the sale of a work of art: a good or commodity
that is material but not consumable. Defendants do not demonstrate how the patent’s use of the
term “products” excludes such items.
“Products” shall mean material goods or commodities.
4. “supplier”
Reshare argues “supplier” does not require construction and should be given its ordinary
meaning. Joint Stmt. at 3. Defendants argue “supplier” should be defined as “the manufacturer
or wholesaler of consumable goods.” Id. Defendants draw this definition, in part, from language
in the specification that refers to the ’641 Patent as a “system for purchasing directly from a
supplier such as a factory or a wholesaler.” ’641 Patent at 1:66-2:2; see also id. at 3:56-58. In
support of this definition, Defendants argue “supplier” should have a definition that clearly
establishes its position in a “distinct portion[] of the supply chain . . .” from the retailer. Defs.’
Br. at 8. Reshare responds that examples of suppliers provided in the specification should not
serve as a limitation of the term. Pl.’s Responsive Claim Constr. Br. [Docket No. 104] (“Pl.’s
Resp.”) 11.
The Court holds that “supplier” does not require construction. The definition suggested
by Defendants derives solely from an example in the specification and some questionable
implications, and as such unnecessarily narrows the term. See SuperGuide, 358 F.3d at 875.
“Supplier” is not a complex or sophisticated term in the context of the ’641 Patent, and should
have its ordinary meaning as interpreted by a person of ordinary skill in the art. Multiform
Desiccants, Inc. v. Medzam, Ltd., 133 F.3d 1473, 1477 (Fed. Cir. 1998) (“It is the person of
12
ordinary skill in the field of invention through whose eyes the claims are construed”). In
addition, Defendants’ concern that “supplier” must describe a separate position from “retailer” in
the chain of sale is addressed by the language of the claims themselves. For example, Claim 1
describes a transaction between a supplier and a consumer, with the retailer specifically
identified as playing no part in the transaction. ’641 Patent at 6:60-64. This language
necessarily establishes the supplier and retailer occupy different positions in the transaction.
Further elaboration is unnecessary.
“Supplier” shall have its ordinary meaning.
5. “address”
The parties dispute the scope of information covered by the term “address.” Reshare
argues that “address” should mean “zip code or other address information.” Joint Stmt. at 4.
Defendants argue that the term should be given its ordinary meaning. Id. In the alternative,
Defendants argue “address” should mean “mailing address.” Id.
Although the claims at issue do not expressly define “address,” they offer context useful
in the term’s construction. Claims 1 and 14 describe a data storage system that retains
“addresses for a plurality of third party retailers,” which allows the CPU to determine the retailer
geographically closest to the “consumer address.” ’641 Patent at 6:51-55, 7:63:67. Claim 16
similarly describes a system for storing a plurality of retailer “addresses,” and using this
information in relation to the “desired delivery address.” Id. at 8:16-24. It also discusses
identifying retailers within a predetermined “geographic range of the delivery address.” Id. at
8:28-9.
In support of its proposed construction, Reshare argues that the ordinary meaning of the
term “address,” and the alternative “mailing address” definition, exclude an embodiment
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described in the specification. Pl.’s Br. at 15. Specifically, Reshare points to an embodiment in
which the patented system identifies suitable third party retailers for a transaction based on the
retailer’s “geographic proximity to the consumer’s zip code.” ’641 Patent at 4:65-5:1.
Defendants argue that this description is but one step of a larger embodiment that requires
mailing address information, and thus the ordinary meaning of “address” would not preclude the
described embodiment. Defs.’ Resp. at 9-10.
Reshare’s proposed construction is unnecessary. In the embodiment Reshare identifies,
the ’641 Patent first discusses the collection of “mandatory fields” of information from the
consumer, including the “desired product destination address.” ’641 Patent at 4:54-56. Once the
consumer inputs this information, the embodiment describes potentially using the consumer’s zip
code to identify suitable retailers nearby. Id. at 4:65-5:1. Because a delivery address necessarily
includes zip code information, the ordinary meaning of “address” does not exclude this
embodiment.
The context provided in the disputed claims further warrants an ordinary meaning
construction. If “address” meant “zip code or other address information,” it would render
unworkable the system contemplated by the disputed claims. The claims require the calculation
of distances between a consumer address and nearby retailers, and then the comparison of those
distances to determine which is the shortest distance. ’641 Patent at 6:51-55, 7:63-67, 8:34-39.
The use of zip codes or other undefined information would not allow for such determinations
within the same zip code. Also, the phrase “delivery address” necessarily implies the
identification of a discrete location for the shipment of the consumer’s purchased products. Id.
at 8:21-24. This is particularly true given the language of Claim 16, which discusses the
shipment of products by the supplier. Id. at 8:39-41.
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“Address” shall have its ordinary meaning.
6. “geographically closest”
The parties also dispute the scope of the term “geographically closest.” Reshare argues
that the Court should construe the term to have its ordinary meaning, or, in the alternative, to
mean “the nearest region or location to an identified region or location.” Joint Stmt. at 4.
Defendants argue that “geographically closest” should mean “physically closest.” As discussed
above, the disputed claims themselves discuss locating the third party retailer “geographically
closest” to a consumer’s address for purposes of compensation if the consumer declines to
choose a retailer. See, e.g., ’641 Patent at 6:56-61.
The term “geographically closest” does not require construction. As evident in the ’641
Patent and as discussed above, the patented system contemplates the calculation of distances
between a consumer address and nearby retailers to determine which retailer receives
compensation from a transaction. In this context, “geographically closest” means nearest in
distance between the consumer’s address and the third party retailer’s address. See id. at 6:5155. Defendants’ construction is unnecessary, and Reshare’s proposed alternate definition
unnecessarily complicates a straightforward term.
“Geographically closest” shall have its ordinary meaning.
7. “third party”
The ’641 Patent uses the term “third party” solely as a modifier for “retailer.” In the
patented system, the consumer’s purchase of a product from a supplier results in the crediting of
some amount of compensation to a “third party retailer,” which otherwise would not have
profited from the transaction. See ’641 Patent at 2:3-7. Reshare argues the term does not need
construction, while Defendants argue “third party” should mean “unrelated to the supplier.”
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Joint Stmt. at 3. The dispute between the parties focuses primarily on what relationship the term
“third party” describes. According to Reshare, a “third party” retailer is a party unrelated to the
transaction between consumer and supplier. Pl.’s Resp. at 16. According to Defendants, a “third
party” retailer is a party unrelated to the supplier in such a transaction. Defs.’ Br. at 8.
The language of the disputed claims support Defendants’ proposed construction. Claim 1
describes the payment of compensation to a third party retailer that has “no participation in the
transaction . . . .” ’641 Patent at 6:62-64. Similarly, Claim 14 describes payment to a third party
retailer that is “an entirely passive participant in the transaction between the supplier and the
consumer.” Id. at 8:2-7. If the definition of “third party” meant that the retailer had no role in
the transaction, it would render each of the above phrases redundant. Interpreting courts should
avoid creating such redundancies in patent language. See, e.g., Haemonetics Corp. v. Baxter
Healthcare Corp., 607 F.3d 776, 781 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (holding courts should avoid construing
claims in ways that render claim terms superfluous or redundant).
In addition, Claim 16 describes compensation paid to an “authorized” retailer that also
has “no input into the transaction.” ’641 Patent at 8:16-26, 8:43-45. The patentee used the
distinct terms “third party” and “authorized” to describe retailers in different claims, but in each
instance the patentee also noted that the retailer has no role in the type of transaction
contemplated by the ’641 Patent. The description of an “authorized” retailer as also having no
input in a contemplated transaction reinforces that the term “third party” is not describing the
retailer’s role, as the retailer’s lack of participation remains the same regardless of whether it is
“authorized” or a “third party.” See Nystrom v. TREX Co., Inc., 424 F.3d 1136, 1143 (Fed. Cir.
2005) (“When different words or phrases are used in separate claims, a difference in meaning is
presumed.”) (citation omitted).
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The specification also confirms that the term “third party” describes a separation between
retailer and supplier. In at least three instances, the specification refers to the purpose of the
’641 Patent as being, in part, the protection of the “business relationship” between the supplier
and the retailer. See ’641 Patent at 1:58-60, 4:4-7 (describing purpose of CPU), 5:31-39. The
need to protect the supplier-retailer relationship through the sharing of otherwise lost profits
indicates a relationship of greater tenuousness than that of the relationship between an employee
and employer or a parent company and subsidiary. In other words, the ’641 Patent envisions the
protection of market-based, mutually-beneficial commercial relationships, not the sorts of
business relationships that result from employment agreements or shared corporate ownership.
In light of the above analysis, the Court adopts the Defendants’ proposed construction of
“third party” as “unrelated to the supplier.” Although Reshare argues that this definition is
unclear and likely to confuse a jury, the word “unrelated” best captures the meaning of the term
as used in the claims and specification.
“Third party” shall mean “unrelated to the supplier.”
8. “no participation in the transaction”/ “entirely passive participant in the
transaction”/ “no input into the transaction”
Reshare and Defendants agree that the three terms listed above (the “No Participation
Terms”) are interchangeable. See Defs.’ Br. at 15; Pl.’s Resp. at 24. Reshare argues that the No
Participation Terms are not technical, and do not require construction. Defendants argue that the
No Participation Terms should each be construed to mean “no involvement in any aspect of
initiating, negotiating, finalizing, or performing on an agreed upon exchange.” Joint Stmt. at 3.
In support of their definition, Defendants cite the prosecution history of the patent, noting that
the patentee envisioned the system described by the ’641 Patent as applying only to those
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retailers who had “no direct involvement” in the consumer transaction. Defs.’ Br. Ex. B [Docket
No. 79-2] (“Office Action Response”) at 11. In the Office Action Response, the patentee
described the retailer as having no role in the “procurement, shipment, or storage of the products
being sold.” Id. at 9.
Defendants argue that the patent’s prosecution history warrants their proposed definition.
Courts may indeed look to a patent’s prosecution history as part of the intrinsic evidence
defining the meaning of disputed claims. See Markman, 52 F.3d at 980; see also Vitronics, 90
F.3d at 1582-83 (citing Southwall Tech., Inc. v. Cardinal IG Co., 54 F.3d 1570, 1576 (Fed. Cir.
1995)). While the prosecution history may inform the patent interpretation process, it should not
“enlarge, diminish, or vary” the claim limitations unless the patentee “clearly takes a position”
expressing a limitation. See Engineered Prods. Co. v. Donaldson Co., Inc., 165 F. Supp. 2d 836,
874 (N.D. Iowa 2001) (citations omitted).
Here, however, Defendants have not demonstrated how the prosecution history, or any
other intrinsic evidence, justifies their definition. As Reshare notes, Defendants’ proposed
definition does not derive from language in the ’641 Patent or its prosecution history. Instead,
Defendants argue that their definition “merely expands on the concepts espoused” by Reshare in
previous litigation over the ’641 Patent. Defs.’ Resp. at 8. Defendants support this expansion by
arguing that Reshare may not “have it both ways” by using an expansive definition of “products”
and then declining to adopt a similarly broad construction for the No Participation Terms. Id. at
9.
Defendants do not explain the inadequacy of the ordinary meaning of the No
Participation Terms. Although Defendants look to the prosecution history, they have
extrapolated a definition that has no specific basis in either the intrinsic evidence or in any
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extrinsic evidence. The Court will not depart from the ordinary meaning of a term without clear,
specific justification for doing so. This conclusion is further supported by the prosecution
history, which uses language consistent with the ordinary meaning of the No Participation
Terms. See DSW, Inc. v. Shoe Pavilion, Inc., 537 F.3d 1342, 1347 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (“[A]bsent
contravening evidence from the specification or prosecution history, plain and unambiguous
claim language controls the construction analysis.”) (citations omitted).
“No participation in the transaction”/ “entirely passive participant in the
transaction”/ “no input into the transaction” shall have their ordinary meaning.
9. “compensation”/ “compensated”
The ’641 Patent describes a system by which a retailer may receive compensation from a
supplier for a transaction solely between the supplier and a consumer. See, e.g., ’641 Patent at
6:59-64. The dispute between the parties regarding the definitions of “compensation” and
“compensated” is directed to the form the compensation may take. Reshare argues that these
terms should be given their ordinary meaning. Joint Stmt. at 4. Defendants argue that
“compensation” should mean “monetary payment of some or all the profits of the transaction.”
Id. Similarly, Defendants propose that “compensated” be defined as “provided monetary
payment for some or all of the profits of the transaction.” Id. In support of their proposed
constructions, Defendants cite language in the specification referring to compensation as being
“calculated,” as “payment,” for “some or all of the profits” of a transaction. Defs.’ Resp. at 10.
In addition, Defendants argue that the patentee stated in the patent’s prosecution history that the
’641 Patent is intended to prevent the retailer from being cut out of the loop, “monetarily
speaking.” Id. (citing Office Action Response at 9).
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The language of the claims at issue do not require special definitions for “compensation”
and “compensated” beyond their ordinary meaning. Claims 1 and 14 describe a retailer as
receiving “appropriate compensation” for a transaction between a consumer and a supplier. ’641
Patent at 6:57-64, 8:1-4. Similarly, Claim 16 discusses the identification of the appropriate
retailer “to be compensated” for a transaction. Id. at 8:34-39. The preambles for Claims 1 and
14 make clear that this compensation is for “lost profits” from the consumer’s transaction. Id. at
6:39-43, 7:42-46; see also Hearing Components, Inc. v. Shure, Inc., 600 F.3d 1357, 1367 (Fed.
Cir. 2010) (“In considering whether a preamble limits a claim, the preamble is analyzed to
ascertain whether it states a necessary and defining aspect of the invention . . . .”) (quotation
omitted). Combined, the preambles and language of the claims themselves are understandable if
given their ordinary meaning. No claim language necessitates the narrowing of the claims to
apply only to monetary payment.
Similarly, the specifications, while discussing payment, do not require a limitation as
Defendants propose. The ’641 Patent does not state that compensation for “lost profits” from a
consumer transaction must be made in the form of money. See, e.g., ’641 Patent at 2:3-7. On
the contrary, a supplier pays a retailer’s compensation by crediting the retailer’s account, as
explained in Section III.B.10. below. For example, a supplier could make a payment for lost
profits to a retailer by offering credit against future purchases by the retailer from the supplier.
Nothing in the ’641 Patent specification excludes payment of this kind.
“Compensation” and “compensated” shall have their ordinary meanings.
10. “credits an account”/ “crediting the designated retailer”
As noted, the disputed claims describe the compensation of a third party retailer by
crediting the retailer’s account for some or all of the lost profits of a consumer transaction. In
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keeping with its proposed definitions of “compensation” and “compensated,” Defendants argue
that “credits an account” and “crediting the designated retailer” should mean “enters/entering an
amount representing the calculated monetary compensation.” Joint Stmt. at 4. Reshare argues
that these terms should have their ordinary meaning. Id.
As explained in Section III.B.9., above, the ’641 Patent does not limit the terms
“compensation” and “compensated” to monetary payment. Similarly, the disputed “credit” terms
do not require constructions limiting them to monetary calculations. The preambles to Claims 1
and 14, combined with the specification, indicate the patented system credits a retailer for some
or all of the “lost profit” from the sale of a product by a supplier to a consumer. See, e.g., ’641
Patent at 1:53-58, 2:3-7, 5:39-43, 7:43-46. The terms at issue are not technical, and their
ordinary meaning is supported by the language of the claims. As a result, the Court finds their
ordinary meaning sufficient.
“Credits an account” and “crediting the designated retailer” shall have their ordinary
meanings.
11. “owned by the selected third party”
The patentee used the phrase “owned by the selected third party retailer” in Claim 1 to
describe the account through which a retailer receives the “lost profit” from a transaction. ’641
Patent at 6:61-64. Defendants argue that the Court should construe the phrase to mean “the
selected third party retailer has legal title or possession.” Joint Stmt. at 5. Reshare argues that
phrase does not require construction. Id. This disagreement appears to stem from a dispute
regarding whether the phrase “owned by the selected third party” retailer could mean that the
account in question is actually owned or possessed by the supplier. See Pl.’s Br. at 19; see also
Defs.’ Resp. at 12. Reshare argues that the term could address accounts held or possessed by
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suppliers. Defendants argue that their proposed construction is supported, in part, by an
embodiment of the ’641 Patent that describes the retailer account as processed by a “payment PC
[] located at each boutique.” Defs.’ Br. at 33 (citing ’641 Patent at 4:10-14). According to
Defendants, because the payment PC is located at the retailer, it implies the retailer owns the
account managed by this PC.
The Court holds that the ordinary meaning of the phrase “owned by the selected third
party” is clear. The description of the account as “owned” by the third party retailer necessarily
means that the supplier does not itself own the account. Ownership, by its ordinary meaning,
connotes legal ownership rights, if not physical possession. Defendants’ proposed definition is
thus unnecessary, and the Court declines to adopt it.
“Owned by the selected third party” shall have its ordinary meaning.
IV. CONCLUSION
Based upon the foregoing, and all of the files, records and proceedings herein, IT IS
HEREBY ORDERED that, in interpreting the ‘641 Patent, the contested terms be construed in
accordance with this Order.
BY THE COURT:
s/Ann D. Montgomery
ANN D. MONTGOMERY
U.S. DISTRICT JUDGE
Dated: November 21, 2012.
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