Associated Electric & Gas Insurance Services et al v. BendTec, Inc.
Filing
59
MEMORANDUM OPINION & ORDER. IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Defendant BendTec, Inc.'s Motion for Summary Judgment 39 is GRANTED. LET JUDGMENT BE ENTERED ACCORDINGLY. (Written Opinion). Signed by Chief Judge Michael J. Davis on 6/24/15. (GRR)
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
DISTRICT OF MINNESOTA
Associated Electric & Gas Insurance
Service et al.,
Plaintiffs,
v.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
& ORDER
Civil No. 14‐1602
BendTec, Inc.,
Defendant.
___________________________________________________________________
George M. Ferreti and Peter N. Billis, Foran Glennon Palandech Ponzi and
Rudloff PC, and Chad Stepan and Darren Hepper, Meagher & Geer, P.L.L.P.,
Counsel for Plaintiffs.
David A. Schooler, Daniel N. Moak and W. Knapp Fitzsimmons, Briggs
and Morgan, P.A., Counsel for Defendant.
___________________________________________________________________
This matter is before the Court on Defendant’s motion for summary
judgment.
I.
Introduction
Plaintiff Public Service Company of New Hampshire (“PSNH”) is a
subsidiary of Northeast Utilities (“NU”). (Comp. ¶ 4.) Plaintiff Northeast
Utilities Services Company(“NUSCO”) is a wholly‐owned subsidiary of NU, and
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provides administrative support for NU subsidiaries, including PSNH. (Id.)
PSNH operates a commercial power generation facility in Bow, New
Hampshire that is referred to as the Merrimack Station. (Ferreti Decl. Ex A
(Gruwell Decl. ¶ 4).) The Merrimack Station has two turbine generators and two
coal fired boilers, designated as “Units 1 and 2ʺ. (Id. at ¶ 5.) Unit 1 was built in
1960, and has a rated capacity of 113.5 megawatts (“MW”). Unit 2 was built in
1968 and had an output of 349 MW. Each Unit is provided with dedicated
condensate, boiler feedwater and steam systems. (Id. at ¶ 8.)
The steam turbine used to drive the generator for Unit 2 has three major
components: high pressure (HP) and intermediate pressure (IP) turbine
contained in a common casing; and two low pressure turbines (LP‐1) and (LP‐2)
that are housed in separate casings. (Id. ¶ 9.) Steam that is produced in the
boiler flows into the HP turbine at a pressure of 2,400 pounds per square inch
gauge and a temperature of 1,005EF. (Id. ¶ 10.) Steam exhausted from the HP
turbine is routed back to the boiler, reheated, then flows through the IP turbine
and is exhausted in the LP turbines. (Id. ¶¶ 11, 12.)
In late 2006, NUSCO, as agent for PSNH, purchased a new 340 MW HI‐IP
Turbine and related downstream equipment from Siemens Power Generation,
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Inc. (Id. ¶ 13.) The new turbine was expected to increase output of Unit 2 by an
estimated 10 MW without an increase in steam flow. (Id. ¶ 14.) In addition to
supplying the new generator rotor and turbine, Siemens also agreed to procure
the manufacture, supply and installation of all necessary components, including
turbine piping. (Id. ¶ 15; Fitzsimmons Aff. Ex. B (“Agreement”).) Siemens also
warranted that all equipment, materials and supplies furnished by or through
Siemens was free from defects. (Agreement, Article 11.5.) The new turbine was
installed by Siemens from March to May 2008. (Gruwell Decl. ¶ 15.)
The turbine piping is part of the system of pipes which convey high
pressure steam from a boiler to the turbine. (Id. ¶ 16.) The turbine piping
connects the control valves, which consist of two throttle valves and eight
governor valves, to the turbine. (Id.) Defendant BendTec, Inc. (“BendTec”) was
the subcontractor chosen by Siemens to fabricate the turbine piping. (Zimpel
Aff., Ex. A.) BendTec fabricated the turbine piping to Siemens’ specifications and
cleaned the interior of the piping via abrasive grit blasting. BendTec then
conducted a visual inspection of the piping, capped it and shipped it to the
Merrimack Station. (Fitzsimmons Aff., Ex. I (Interrogatory No. 5).) The piping
was delivered to the Merrimack Station no later than April 8, 2008. (Id., Ex. J
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(SIEMENS000891).) After delivery, the piping, turbine and related materials
were installed at the direction of Siemens in the Spring of 2008. (Id., Ex. I
(Interrogatory No. 7).)
On May 22, 2008, the new turbine was started for the first time. (Gruwell
Decl. ¶ 22.) Plaintiffs claim that output from the new turbine was less than the
original turbine. (Id.) Siemens investigated the problem for weeks, but was
unable to determine the cause of the power shortfall without opening up the new
turbine’s casing. (Id. ¶ 23.) After opening the casing, steel grit blast material was
discovered throughout the new turbine, the two pre‐existing LP turbines and
other downstream equipment. (Id. ¶ 24.) Plaintiffs and Siemens determined that
grit blast material was blown into the turbine by the high pressure steam when
the turbine was started up. (Id.) The grit blast material was removed from the
affected equipment, and the turbine was restarted on July 14, 2008. (Id. ¶ 25.)
The turbine operated with decreased efficiency until August 2009, when
replacement turbine blades and other components were finally available for
installation. (Id. ¶ 26.)
As part of its manufacturing process for turbine piping, BendTec cleans
the outside diameter and the inside diameter of the piping by using a grit
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blasting process. (Zimpel Dep. at 28‐30.) Using blasting equipment, steel grit is
sprayed at the piping at approximately 100 PSI. (Id. at 25‐27.) The piping is then
visually inspected, the ends capped and the product shipped. (Id. at 65.)
BendTec’s project manager, Clint Zimpel, testified that the turbine piping
was visually inspected before shipment with a flashlight. (Id. at 115‐16.)
Plaintiffs claim that the length and curvature of several of the pipes is such that
one could not inspect the entirety of the interior of the piping by using a
flashlight only. (Traubert Dep. at 212‐214.)
Upon delivery of the turbine piping from BendTec to PSNH, it was stored
at PSNH’s yard until Siemens was ready to attach it to the turbine equipment.
(Gruwell Decl. ¶ 20.) When ready to install, the piping was moved into place by
crane, uncapped and attached to the turbine on one end and the two throttle
valves and governor valves at the other end. (Id. ¶ 20.)
To install the new turbine, Siemens was not required to make any
modifications to the existing building that housed the turbines, or new
construction. (Id. ¶ 19.) The turbine generators are protected by a casing.
Further, the appropriate equipment, turbines and turbine piping can be easily
removed from the structure that houses them. (Id.)
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Plaintiffs brought this action against BendTec on May 21, 2014, alleging
BendTec had a duty to exercise ordinary care consistent with industry practices
in inspecting the turbine piping. Plaintiffs further allege that BendTec breached
this duty by failing to ensure that its piping was free of any foreign object debris
(“FOD”) before shipping it to the Merrimack Station. Plaintiffs claim the FOD
caused physical damage to the turbine and related equipment and caused
damages in the form of replacement power losses, valued at over $30 million.
Plaintiff insurance companies, Associated Electric & Gas Insurance
Services, Zurich American Insurance Company and Energy Insurance Mutual
Limited paid an amount in excess of $30 million for the damages allegedly
suffered by BendTec.
II.
Standard
Summary judgment is appropriate if, viewing all facts in the light most
favorable to the non‐moving party, there is no genuine dispute as to any material
fact, and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ.
P. 56(a); Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322‐23 (1986). The party seeking
summary judgment bears the burden of showing that there is no disputed issue
of material fact. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323. “A dispute is genuine if the evidence is
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such that it could cause a reasonable jury to return a verdict for either party; a
fact is material if its resolution affects the outcome of the case.” Amini v. City of
Minneapolis, 643 F.3d 1068, 1074 (8th Cir. 2011) (citing Anderson v. Liberty
Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 252 (1986)). The party opposing summary
judgment may not rest upon mere allegations or denials, but must set forth
specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial. Krenik v. County of
Le Sueur, 47 F.3d 953, 957 (8th Cir. 1995).
III.
Discussion
A.
Two Year Limitation Pursuant to Minn. Stat. § 541.051
The question before the Court is whether the single negligence claim
asserted in the Complaint arises out of an improvement to real property and is
thus governed by the two‐year limitations period set forth in Minn. Stat. §
541.051 subd. 1 which provides:
(a) Except where fraud is involved, no action by any person in contract,
tort, or otherwise to recover damages for any injury to property, real or
personal, or for bodily injury or wrongful death, arising out of the
defective and unsafe condition of an improvement to real property, shall
be brought against any person performing or furnishing the design,
planning, supervision, materials, or observation of construction or
construction of the improvement to real property or against the owner of
the real property more than two years after discovery of the injury, nor in
any event shall such a cause of action accrue more than ten years after
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substantial completion of the construction. Date of substantial completion
shall be determined by the date when construction is sufficiently
completed so that the owner or the ownerʹs representative can occupy or
use the improvement for the intended purpose.
Pursuant to Minnesota law, an improvement to real property is defined as
“[a] permanent addition to or betterment of real property that enhances its capital
value and that involves the expenditure of labor or money and is designed to
make the property more useful or valuable as distinguished from ordinary
repairs.” Lietz v. N. States Power Co., 718 N.W.2d 865, 869 (Minn. 2006). In
addition, the statute applies to manufacturers of materials to be used in an
improvement to real property. See Calder v. City of Crystal, 318 N.W.2d 838, 843
(Minn. 1982) (finding that § 541.051, subd. 1 applies to manufacturer of
component parts used in connection with improvement to real property). Courts
must use a “common sense interpretation” when determining whether a claim
involves an improvement to real property. Siewert v. N.S.P Co., 793 N.W.2d 272,
286 (Minn. 2011) (citing Pac. Indem. Co. v. Thompson‐Yaeger, Inc., 260 N.W.2d
548, 554 (Minn. 1977), superseded by statute, Minn. Stat. § 541.051 (1980) as
recognized in O’Brien v. U.O.P., Inc., 701 F Supp. 714, 717 (D. Minn. 1988)).
Applying a common sense interpretation to the statutory language, the
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Minnesota Supreme Court found that the installation of a utility pole anchor was
an improvement to real property. Lietz, 718 N.W. 2d at 871. See also Kline v.
Doughboy Recreational Mfg. Co., 495 N.W.2d 435, 439 (Minn. Ct. App. 1993)
(applying Minn. Stat. § 541.051 to claim involving swimming pool, as court found
installation of swimming pool was an improvement to real property); Patton v.
Yarrington, 472 N.W. 2d 157, 160 (Minn. Ct. App. 1991) (finding that smoke
detectors are an improvement to real property, and claims of defective smoke
detectors subject to two year statute of limitations); Olson v. Warm Prod., Inc.,
No. A12‐2226, 2013 WL 3779323, at *7 (Minn. Ct. App. Oct. 15, 2013) (finding that
roman shade attached to cabin was an improvement to real property).
In Harder v. ACandS, the Eighth Circuit held that a steam turbine installed
at an Iowa power plant was an improvement to real property, and that
insulation blankets affixed to those steam turbines were improvements to real
property. 179 F.3d 609, 612‐613 (8th Cir. 1999). As a result, the court found that
claims alleging the insulation blankets were defective were subject to Iowa’s
statute of repose involving improvements to real property. Id. In so finding, the
court noted that Iowa courts defined improvements to real property as “a
permanent addition to or betterment of real property that enhances its capital
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value and that involves the expenditure of labor or money and is designed to
make the real property more useful or valuable as distinguished from ordinary
repairs.” Id. (citation omitted). This definition is the same as used by Minnesota
courts. See Lietz, 718 N.W.2d at 869.
Here the Merrimack Station is a commercial power generation facility that
consists of two turbine generators. The purchase and installation of the steam
turbine and turbine piping for the Unit 2 generator was a permanent fixture
intended to increase the output of the Unit 2 turbine generator. As such, the
turbine piping constitutes a betterment of the real property of the Merrimack
Station, that enhanced its capital value, and which involved the expenditure of
labor and money. Accordingly, the Court finds that the turbine piping was an
improvement to real property.
Plaintiffs respond that the two year limitation period does not “apply to
the manufacturer or supplier of any equipment or machinery installed upon real
property.” Minn. Stat. § 541.051(e). Plaintiffs bear the burden of demonstrating
the exception applies. Integrity Floorcovering, Inc. v. Broan‐Nutone, LLC, 521
F.3d 914, 919 (8th Cir. 2008) (quoting State Farm Fire and Cas. v. Aquila, 718
N.W.2d 879, 886 (Minn. 2006)). In addition, such exception to the limitations
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period should be used only in exceptional circumstances. Id.
Plaintiffs argue the legislative intent behind subdivision (e) was “to
distinguish building materials—‘which are incorporated into construction work
outside the control of their manufacturers or suppliers, at the direction of
architects, designers, and contractorsʹ—from machinery and equipment—which
‘are subject to close quality control at the factory and may be made subject to
independent manufacturerʹs warranties.’” Olson, 2013 WL 3779323, at *8
(quoting Red Wing Motel Investors v. Red Wing Fire Dep’t, 552 N.W.2d 295, 297
(Minn. Ct. App. 1996)). Plaintiffs further argue “equipment or machinery” is
typically considered as “large scale items, which are not integral to or
incorporated into the building, and could exist separately from the building
structure.” Integrity Floorcovering, Inc. v. Broan‐Nutone, LLC, 521 F.3d 914, 920
(8th Cir. 2008) (citing cases).
Plaintiffs argue that the turbine piping falls within this exception because
the building that houses the turbine did not have to be modified in any way in
order for the new turbine to be installed. Further, the sole function of the turbine
piping is to transport high pressure steam into the turbine to facilitate the
production of electricity. Thus, the turbine piping should be considered
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equipment or machinery installed upon real property. Plaintiffs also note that
the turbine piping is subject to close quality control at the factory and that it is a
large scale item. Thus, it should be considered equipment or machinery that is
included within § 541.051(e).
In response, BendTec asserts the turbine piping should be considered
“building materials” rather than “equipment/machinery” because BendTec
fabricated the piping pursuant to Siemens’ specification, shipped the piping to
the power plant and thereafter had no further involvement with the project. The
turbine piping was installed at the direction of Siemens and its subcontractors.
BendTec points out that Minnesota courts have found that pipes constitute
ordinary building materials, not equipment or machinery. See Red Wing Motel,
552 N.W.2d at 297 (finding that pipes and sprinkler heads are ordinary building
materials, not machinery or equipment); Auto‐Owners Ins. Co. v. Wensmann
Homes, Inc., No. A10‐796, 2011 WL 69086, at *2 (Minn. Ct. App. Jan. 11, 2011)
(same); Aquila, 718 N.W.2d at 884 (finding natural gas pipeline system qualified
as an improvement to real property).
The Court finds that Plaintiffs have not met their burden of showing that
the exception for equipment or machinery under § 541.051 applies here. Instead,
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the turbine piping is more akin to building materials as it was fabricated
pursuant to Siemens’ specifications and it has no independent function on its
own. Further, once the turbine piping was produced and shipped, BendTec had
no further involvement with the piping or its installation.
As the turbine piping is a component of an improvement to real property,
the two year statute of limitation set forth in Minn. Stat. § 541.051 applies. By
Plaintiffs’ admission, Plaintiffs discovered their alleged injury no later than late
May 2008 when PSNH identified certain performance issues with the turbine.
Plaintiffs did not commence this case until May 2014, however. Accordingly,
Plaintiffs’ claims against BendTec are time‐barred.
B.
Merits Determination
Even if the claim was timely, BendTec is nonetheless entitled to judgment
as Plaintiffs’ claim fails on its merits. The elements of a negligence claim are: “(1)
duty; (2) breach of that duty; (3) that the breach of duty be the proximate cause of
plaintiffʹs injury; and (4) that plaintiff did in fact suffer injury.” Schweich v.
Ziegler, Inc., 463 N.W.2d 722, 729 (Minn. 1990).
Plaintiffs entered into a contract with Siemens for the purchase and
installation of a steam turbine and its related parts. Thereafter, Siemens entered
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into a subcontract with BendTec for the purchase of the turbine piping. As a
result, BendTec had no contractual duties to Plaintiffs.
Under Minnesota law, a negligence claim fails where the plaintiff “cannot
demonstrate a duty independent of the duty established by contract.” Lansing v.
Concrete Design Specialities, Inc., No. A05‐1543, 2006 WL 1229638, at *5 (Minn.
Ct. App. May 9, 2006). In Lansing, the court held that a negligence claim asserted
against a subcontractor by the homeowners failed on the merits as the
homeowners did not establish the subcontractor owed them a duty imposed by
law. “The duty that [subcontractor] owed to [homeowners] to install the
driveway using proper workmanship to obtain the desired surface does not exist
outside of the contract. Consequently, [homeowners] failed to state a claim for
negligence as a matter of law.” Id. See also Tarin’s Inc v. Tinley, 3 P.3d 680, 685
(N. M. Ct. App. 1999) (“Absent privity, a subcontractor owes no duty to a
property owner.”); Grgic v. Cochran, 689 S.W.2d 687, 690 (Mo. Ct. App. 1985)
(“Owners’ theory of tort liability also must fail. The liability of a contractor to an
owner for defective construction is based either on breach of contract or
warranty”). Any duty BendTec had regarding the manufacture of the turbine
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piping did not exist outside the contract between Siemens and BendTec.1
IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Defendant BendTec, Inc.’s Motion for
Summary Judgment [Doc. No. 39] is GRANTED.
LET JUDGMENT BE ENTERED ACCORDINGLY
Date: June 24, 2015
s/ Michael J. Davis
Michael J. Davis
Chief Judge
United States District Court
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Siemens, on the other hand, was the general contractor and therefore had the
contractual duty to Plaintiffs to ensure that a non‐defective turbine and related materials was
properly installed. See Brasch v. Wesolowsky, 272 Minn. 112, 117, 138 N.W.2d 619, 623‐24
(1965) (finding general contractor owes contractual duty to contractee, and that such duty is
nondelegable). Nelson v. Vogt, Nos. C9‐97‐670, C4‐97‐1161, 1998 WL 15660 at *3 (Minn. Ct.
App. Jan. 20, 1998) (finding general contractor ultimately responsible for defective construction
or materials provided by subcontractor).
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