Marquardt v. Auto Save, Inc. et al
Filing
123
MEMOANDUM OPINION AND ORDER granting 30 Motion to Dismiss/General; finding as moot 30 Motion to Sever; granting 42 Motion to Dismiss; granting 48 Motion to Dismiss; granting 61 Motion to Dismiss; granting 67 Motion to Dismiss; granti ng 72 Motion to Dismiss; finding as moot 72 Motion to Sever; granting 77 Motion to Dismiss; granting 82 Motion to Dismiss; granting 87 Motion to Dismiss; finding as moot 87 Motion to Sever; granting in part and denying in part 93 Motion to Dismiss(Written Opinion) Signed by Chief Judge John R. Tunheim on September 30, 2015. (DML)
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
DISTRICT OF MINNESOTA
MICHELLE MARQUARDT,
Civil No. 14-2958 (JRT/HB)
Plaintiff,
v.
CITY OF BLAINE, CITY OF
BLOOMINGTON, BLUE EARTH COUNTY,
CITY OF BROOKLYN CENTER, CITY OF
BURNSVILLE, CITY OF CANNON FALLS,
CITY OF CENTERVILLE, CITY OF
CIRCLE PINES, CITY OF COTTAGE
GROVE, DAKOTA COUNTY, CITY OF
DETROIT LAKES, CITY OF DUNDAS,
CITY OF EAGAN, FARMINGTON, GRAND
RAPIDS, HENNEPIN COUNTY, CITY OF
LEXINGTON, CITY OF MANKATO, CITY
OF MENDOTA HEIGHTS,
METROPOLITAN COUNCIL, CITY OF
MINNEAPOLIS, CITY OF MINNETONKA,
MINNEAPOLIS PARK & RECREATION
BOARD, CITY OF NEW HOPE, CITY OF
NEW ULM, NORMAN COUNTY, RAMSEY
COUNTY, CITY OF ROSEMOUNT, CITY
OF ROSEVILLE, SHERBURNE COUNTY,
CITY OF ST. PAUL PARK, CITY OF ST.
PAUL, CITY OF WEST ST. PAUL,
MICHAEL CAMPION, RAMONA
DOHMAN, JOHN AND JANE DOES (1500), MINNESOTA DEPARTMENT OF
PUBLIC SAFETY DOES (1-50), and
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SAFETY
DOES (1-30).
MEMORANDUM
OPINION AND ORDER ON
MOTIONS TO DISMISS
Defendants.
Sonia L. Miller-Van Oort and Lorenz F. Fett, Jr., SAPIENTIA LAW
GROUP, 120 South Sixth Street, Suite 100, Minneapolis, MN 55402, for
plaintiff.
30
Stephanie A. Angolkar, IVERSON REUVERS CONDON, 9321 Ensign
Avenue South, Bloomington, MN 55438, for defendant Cities of Blaine,
Bloomington, Brooklyn Center, Burnsville, Cannon Falls, Centerville,
Circle Pines, Cottage Grove, Detroit Lakes, Dundas, Eagan, Farmington,
Grand Rapids, Lexington, Mankato, Mendota Heights, Minnetonka, New
Hope, New Ulm, Rosemount, Roseville, St. Paul Park, and West St. Paul.
Margaret A. Skelton, RATWIK ROSZAK & MALONEY, 730 Second
Avenue South, Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN 55402, for defendant Counties
of Blue Earth, Norman, and Sherburne.
Amelia N. Jadoo, Assistant County Attorney, DAKOTA COUNTY
ATTORNEY’S OFFICE, 1560 Highway 55, Hastings, MN 55033, for
defendant Dakota County.
Toni A. Beitz and Beth A. Stack, Assistant County Attorneys, HENNEPIN
COUNTY ATTORNEY’S OFFICE, 300 South Sixth Street, Suite C2000, Minneapolis, MN 55487, for defendants Hennepin County and John
and Jane Does (1-500).
Daniel L. Abelson, METROPOLITAN COUNCIL, 390 Robert Street
North, Saint Paul, MN 55101, for defendant Metropolitan Council.
Andrea Kloehn Naef, Assistant City Attorney, MINNEAPOLIS CITY
ATTORNEY’S OFFICE, 350 South Fifth Street, Room 210, Minneapolis,
MN 55415, for defendant City of Minneapolis.
Daniel A. Louismet, RICE, MICHELS & WALTHER LLC, 206 East
Bridge-Riverplace, 10 Second Street N.E., Minneapolis, MN 55413, for
defendant Minneapolis Park & Recreation Board.
Kimberly R. Parker and Robert B. Roche, Assistant County Attorneys,
RAMSEY COUNTY ATTORNEY’S OFFICE, 121 Seventh Place East,
Suite 4500, Saint Paul, MN 55101, for defendant Ramsey County.
Kara M. Kisch, Assistant City Attorney, OFFICE OF THE ST. PAUL
CITY ATTORNEY, 750 Courthouse and City Hall, 15 West Kellogg
Boulevard, Saint Paul, MN 55102, for defendant City of Saint Paul.
Oliver J. Larson, Assistant Attorney General, MINNESOTA ATTORNEY
GENERAL’S OFFICE, 445 Minnesota Street, Suite 1800, Saint Paul, MN
55101, for defendants Michael Campion and Ramona Dohman.
-2-
Plaintiff Michelle Marquardt (“Marquardt”) brings this action against various
cities and counties in Minnesota, along with several other governmental entities and
officials (“defendants”), alleging that law enforcement officers illegally accessed her
driver’s license information, in violation of the Driver’s Privacy Protection Act
(“DPPA”). The various defendants have filed ten motions to dismiss, arguing that most
of Marquardt’s claims are barred by the applicable statute of limitations and that
Marquardt has failed to allege sufficiently violations of the DPPA. The defendants also
argue that any remaining claims should be severed. Because the statute of limitations
bars most of Marquardt’s claims, the Court will grant, in part or in full, each of the ten
motions to dismiss. The Court will dismiss some of the remaining claims because they
do not allege a suspicious pattern of accesses by the defendant entities.
However,
because Marquardt has made plausible allegations against the City of Minneapolis, the
Court will deny in part that city’s motion to dismiss.1
BACKGROUND
On July 21, 2014, Marquardt filed a complaint asserting one DPPA count against
numerous city, county, and other defendants. (Compl. ¶¶ 412-34, July 21, 2014, Docket
No. 1.) Specifically, Marquardt named the following defendants:
1
The Court will refer to the city defendants who filed the motion to dismiss at Docket
No. 87 as the “city defendants.” Of course, the cities of St. Paul and Minneapolis – who have
filed their own, separate motions to dismiss – are also “city” defendants, but the Court will refer
to them by their names.
-3-
Auto Save, Inc.2;
Law firm of Johnson & Turner3;
Counties of Blue Earth, Dakota, Hennepin, Norman, Ramsey, and Sherburne4;
Cities of Blaine, Bloomington, Brooklyn Center, Burnsville, Cannon Falls,
Centerville5, Circle Pines, Cottage Grove, Detroit Lakes, Dundas, Eagan,
Farmington, Grand Rapids, Hastings, Lexington, Mankato, Mendota Heights,
Minneapolis, Minnetonka, New Hope, New Ulm, Rosemount, Roseville, St. Paul
Park, St. Paul, and West St. Paul6;
The Metropolitan (“Met”) Council;
Minneapolis Park & Recreation Board;
Entity/municipality Does (1-50);
2
Marquardt voluntarily dismissed Auto Save on October 21, 2014. (Notice of Dismissal,
Oct. 21, 2014, Docket No. 53.)
3
Johnson & Turner was dismissed on October 8, 2014. (Stipulation of Dismissal, Oct. 8,
2014, Docket No. 40.)
4
Although not included in the complaint caption, and not listed as a party, Marquardt’s
complaint also includes allegations against Stearns County. (Compl. ¶¶ 239-42.) Marquardt
asks the Court for leave to add Stearns County to the caption, and to add Stearns County to the
docket listing. (Marquardt Br. in Opp’n to County Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss and/or Sever at 1 n.1,
Oct. 27, 2014, Docket No. 55.) Because Stearns County does not appear to oppose this request,
and is listed on a motion to dismiss with Blue Earth, Norman, and Sherburne Counties, the Court
will grant it.
5
Centerville, Circle Pines, and Lexington run the Centennial Lakes Police Department
through a joint powers agreement. (Id. ¶ 124.)
6
Marquardt also asks for leave to add the City of Hastings, Minnesota to the caption, and
for the city to be added to the docket listing. (Marquardt Br. in Opp’n to City Defs.’ Mot. to
Dismiss at 2 n.1, Dec. 8, 2014, Docket No. 107.) The Court will deny this request. It is true that
Hastings is listed explicitly in the complaint as a defendant and that the complaint contains
allegations against Hastings. (Compl. ¶¶ 32, 162-66.) But there is no indication that Hastings
acquiesced to being added, such as by being represented in motion to dismiss briefing.
Moreover, it does not appear from the docket that Marquardt served a complaint or summons on
Hastings or that, like the other cities in this case, Hastings waived service. (See Docket Nos. 3-6,
21); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(m). As a result, the Court will deny Marquardt’s request to add
Hastings to the caption and will dismiss Marquardt’s claims against Hastings. Fed. R. Civ. P.
4(m); see also Braun v. I.R.S., No. 05-932, 2005 WL 2203169, at *4 n.1 (D. Minn. Sept. 9,
2005).
-4-
Defendant John and Jane Does (1-500);
Michael Campion, former Minnesota Department of Public Safety (“DPS”)
Commissioner; and Mona Dohman, current Minnesota DPS Commissioner; and
DPS Does (1-30).
(Compl. ¶¶ 10-57.)
Marquardt is a nurse in Hastings, Minnesota who recently moved from Minnesota
to Prescott, Wisconsin. (Id. ¶ 58.) She lived in Hastings, Minnesota from 1988 to 2011,
and later lived in Hugo, Minnesota and Woodbury, Minnesota. (Id. ¶¶ 60-62.) Her
brother was a police officer in Minneapolis for two years around 2000, her sister worked
for the Chisago County Sheriff’s Department and is currently a federal agent working for
the United States Department of Homeland Security, and Marquardt herself was married
to a Minnesota state patrol officer – working in the St. Paul area – from 1988 through
their divorce in 2008. (Id. ¶¶ 65-68.) Although her husband’s work was based in the
St. Paul area, he also worked at the Mall of America and out of the Cottage Grove and
Mendota Heights police departments.
(Id. ¶ 68.)
Marquardt’s ex-husband, and
Marquardt herself, knew law enforcement personnel from many of the other communities
listed in her complaint, such as Eagan, Mendota Heights, Rosemount, Hastings, and
Dakota County. (Id. ¶¶ 69-73.) In addition, Marquardt dated and was engaged to a
Minneapolis police officer through 2013. (Id. ¶ 74.) That police officer had friends in
law enforcement in Ramsey County, Hennepin County, Burnsville, and Minneapolis.
(Id.)
He at one point filed assault charges against her in Washington County, but
searches related to that incident are not charged in this complaint. (Id. ¶ 75.)
-5-
In 2013, Marquardt requested an audit from the DPS of the instances in which law
enforcement officers had searched for her name in the state’s Driver and Vehicle Services
Division “DVS” database (“DVS Database”). (Id. ¶¶ 342-44.) Based on that audit,
which she received on July 30, 2013, she alleges that her name was searched, or
“obtained” under the DPPA, nearly 270 times by employees of the named defendants
since 2003. (Id. ¶¶ 344-46). She attaches as Exhibit A to her complaint the list of those
searches, separated by the government unit that performed each search. (Id., Ex. A.)
Because of the sheer number of searches, the Court will not replicate the list in this
Order.
Marquardt filed her complaint on July 21, 2014, alleging one DPPA count against
each of the defendants listed above, based on the 270 “obtainments” of her driver’s
license information. (Compl.) The DPPA, 18 U.S.C. § 2721, et seq., provides a private
right of action to a person whose driver’s license information is misused:
A person who knowingly obtains, discloses or uses personal information,
from a motor vehicle record, for a purpose not permitted under this chapter
shall be liable to the individual to whom the information pertains, who may
bring a civil action in a United States district court.
18 U.S.C. § 2724(a).
Based on (1) her ties to law enforcement through family and romantic
relationships; (2) the assertion that she was never investigated or prosecuted in any of the
defendant communities; (3) the assertion that she had never committed crimes or been
sued in (or even been to many of) the defendant communities; (4) the assertion that she
had never been involved in any civil, criminal, administrative, or arbitral proceeding in
any of the defendant communities or in relation to any organizational or individual
-6-
defendants; and (5) the assertion that many searches occurred late at night or on the same
day by multiple unrelated entities, and otherwise occurred in suspicious patterns;
Marquardt claims that all of the defendants’ searches listed in Exhibit A were not for a
permissible purpose under the DPPA.7 (Id. ¶¶ 90-262, 349-51.) Marquardt also cites the
State of Minnesota’s Legislative Auditor’s testimony that at least half of Minnesota law
enforcement officers are misusing the DVS Database. (Id. ¶ 399.) As for the DPS
Commissioners and unidentified DPS defendants, Marquardt alleges a violation of the
DPPA because the DPS created a loosely controlled system that allows for law
enforcement personnel to look up driver’s license information at will, for any reason, and
without any checks on the reason underlying a lookup. (Id. ¶¶ 263-341.)
In October and November of 2014, various defendants filed ten motions to
dismiss. The Court will address the specifics of the various motions below. In general,
the defendants argue that most of Marquardt’s claims are time-barred under the
applicable statute of limitations. For those claims that are not time-barred, the defendants
argue that Marquardt’s complaint should be dismissed because she has (1) failed to show
that simply viewing her information amounts to an impermissible “obtainment,” and
(2) failed to show that the lookups were not for permissible reasons. Some defendants
also argue that the claims are barred by law enforcement officers’ qualified immunity.
7
In at least one instance, Marquardt acknowledges having some ties to a defendant that
might justify a DVS Database search of her information (i.e., being pulled over by a Minneapolis
Park & Recreation officer), but clarifies that this incident occurred long after the illegal access of
her information. (Compl. ¶ 201.)
-7-
Some defendants also argue that any claims that survive the motions to dismiss should be
severed, so that the defendants face each claim alone.
DISCUSSION
I.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
In reviewing a motion to dismiss brought under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
12(b)(6), the Court considers all facts alleged in the complaint as true to determine if the
complaint states a “‘claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” See, e.g., Braden v.
Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 588 F.3d 585, 594 (8th Cir. 2009) (quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556
U.S. 662, 678 (2009)). To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must provide more
than “‘labels and conclusions’ or ‘a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of
action.’” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555
(2007)). Although the Court accepts the complaint's factual allegations as true, it is “not
bound to accept as true a legal conclusion couched as a factual allegation.” Bell Atl.
Corp., 550 U.S. at 555 (internal quotation marks omitted).
“A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that
allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the
misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. “Where a complaint pleads facts that are
merely consistent with a defendant's liability, it stops short of the line between possibility
and plausibility,” and therefore must be dismissed.
Id. (internal quotation marks
omitted). Rule 12(b)(6) also authorizes the Court to dismiss a claim on the basis of a
dispositive legal issue. Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 326-27 (1989).
-8-
II.
DPPA
A.
Statute of Limitations
The DPPA contains no explicit statute of limitations provision. See 18 U.S.C.
§ 2724. As a result, since the statute was enacted after 1990, see Reno v. Condon, 528
U.S. 141, 143 (2000), the general catchall statute of limitations found in 28 U.S.C. § 1658
applies to DPPA claims. See Jones v. R.R. Donnelley & Sons Co., 541 U.S. 369, 382
(2004) (concluding that Section 1658 governs statutory claims that contain no explicit
statute of limitations and are “made possible by a post-1990 [statutory] enactment”).
Section 1658 contains the following two provisions:
(a) Except as otherwise provided by law, a civil action arising under an Act
of Congress enacted after the date of the enactment of this section may not
be commenced later than 4 years after the cause of action accrues.
(b) Notwithstanding subsection (a), a private right of action that involves a
claim of fraud, deceit, manipulation, or contrivance in contravention of a
regulatory requirement concerning the securities laws, as defined in section
3(a)(47) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 . . . may be brought not
later than the earlier of—
(1) 2 years after the discovery of the facts constituting the violation;
or
(2) 5 years after such violation.
28 U.S.C. § 1658.
In its prior decision in Myers v. Aitkin County, this Court considered whether the
standard accrual rule (dictating that the limitations period runs from the date the injury
occurred) or the discovery rule (dictating that the limitations period runs from the date
the injury was discovered) applies to Section 1658 and the DPPA. Myers v. Aitkin Cty.,
No. 14-473, 2014 WL 7399182, at *9-*10. The Court held that the standard accrual rule
applies. Id. at *10. Marquardt offers no compelling reason to deviate from that holding.
-9-
Moreover, the Eighth Circuit has since weighed in on this issue, affirming district court
decisions that reached the same conclusion as this court in Myers. See McDonough v.
Anoka Cty., --- F.3d ---, 2015 WL 4940110, at *7 (8th Cir. Aug. 20, 2015) (“In light of the
foregoing policy considerations, as well as the text and structure of § 1658, we conclude
that the statute of limitations for these DPPA violations began to run when the violations
occurred. We thus affirm the dismissal of claims of violations that occurred more than
four years prior to the filing of the complaints.”)
As a result, in this case, as in Myers, “the four-year limitations period in Section
1658(a) runs from the time of the occurrence(s) of the alleged injuries against
[Marquardt].” Myers, 2014 WL 7399182, at *10. To fit within that limitations period,
given that the complaint in this case was filed on July 21, 2014, “the alleged illegal
obtainment of [Marquardt’s] driver’s license information must have occurred on or after”
July 21, 2010. Id.
As the defendants correctly point out, most of the alleged wrongful accesses of
Marquardt’s driver’s license information that underlie this complaint occurred before
July 21, 2010. As a result, before reaching any other issues or arguments in this case, the
Court will grant, either in full or in part, all motions to dismiss as to accesses that
occurred prior to July 21, 2010.
Specifically, the Court will grant, in full, the motion to dismiss of Blue Earth,
Norman, Sherburne, and Stearns Counties, (Mot. to Dismiss of Blue Earth, Norman,
Sherburne, and Stearns Counties, Oct. 6, 2014, Docket No. 30), since all of the accesses
underlying the DPPA claims against those counties occurred before July 21, 2010.
- 10 -
(Compl., Ex. A at 1, 10-11, 15.) The Court will grant Hennepin County’s motion to
dismiss, (Mot. to Dismiss of Hennepin County, Oct. 10, 2014, Docket No. 42), in full,
since the single illegal access allegedly conducted by Hennepin County occurred on
January 3, 2005. (Compl., Ex. A at 4.) The Court will grant in full the Met Council’s
motion to dismiss, (Met Council Mot. to Dismiss, Nov. 7, 2014, Docket No. 61), since
the one allegedly improper access underlying Marquardt’s claim against that entity
occurred on February 23, 2004. (Compl., Ex. A at 5.) The Court will grant in full the
Minneapolis Park & Recreation Board’s motion to dismiss, (Minneapolis Park &
Recreation Board Mot. to Dismiss, Nov. 11, 2014, Docket No. 67), since the one illegal
access Minneapolis Park employees allegedly committed took place in 2005. (Compl.,
Ex. A at 10.) Similarly, the Court will grant motions to dismiss filed by the City of
St. Paul and Ramsey County, (City of St. Paul Mot. to Dismiss, Nov. 12, 2014, Docket
No. 72; Ramsey County Mot. to Dismiss, Nov. 13, 2014, Docket No. 77), because all
DVS Database accesses underlying claims against those entities occurred before July 21,
2010. (Compl., Ex. A at 10-11.)
As to Dakota County, the Court will grant that defendant’s motion to dismiss in
part, (Dakota County Mot. to Dismiss, Nov. 17, 2014, Docket No. 82), as to the twelve of
thirteen allegedly illegal Dakota County accesses that occurred prior to July 21, 2010.
(Compl., Ex. A at 2.) Similarly, the Court will grant the city defendants’ motion to
dismiss in part, (City Defendants Mot. to Dismiss, Nov. 17, 2014, Docket No. 87), as to
the all but four city defendant accesses that occurred before July 21, 2010. (Compl.,
Ex. A at 1-3, 5, 10, 15-16.) Marquardt’s claims against all of the city defendants, except
- 11 -
for those against Centerville, Circle Pines, Lexington, and West St. Paul,8 will be
dismissed because they are time-barred. (Id. at 1, 15-16.) Finally, because all but four of
the accesses on which Marquardt’s claims against Minneapolis are based are time-barred,
(id. at 5-10), the Court will grant in part Minneapolis’s motion to dismiss as to the preJuly 21, 2010 accesses, (City of Minneapolis Mot. to Dismiss, Nov. 17, 2014, Docket
No. 93).
B.
Obtainment for a Purpose Not Permitted
1.
Governing Law
In order to state a DPPA claim, a plaintiff must establish four elements: “that the
Defendants 1) knowingly 2) obtained, disclosed, or used personal information, 3) from a
motor vehicle record, 4) for a purpose not permitted.” McDonough, 2015 WL 4940110,
at *9; see also Taylor v. Acxiom Corp., 612 F.3d 325, 335 (5th Cir. 2010); Thomas v.
George, Hartz, Lundeen, Fulmer, Johnstone, King, & Stevens, P.A., 525 F.3d 1107, 1111
(11th Cir. 2008).
To establish the second element (that the defendants “obtain[ed]” the plaintiff’s
information), it is sufficient for a plaintiff to show that “people with access to the DVS
Database viewed [the plaintiff’s] personal driver’s license information.” Myers, 2014
8
The city defendants offer no support for their argument that the DPPA claims based
on the three accesses by the City of West St. Paul should be dismissed simply because those
accesses happened at an earlier time on July 21, 2010 than Marquardt filed her complaint on
July 21, 2014. See, e.g., In re K Chem. Corp., 188 B.R. 89, 95 (Bankr. D. Conn. 1995) (“On
occasion, the United States Supreme Court has stated the . . . common-law rule that individual
days should not be fractionalized.”). The Court will not dismiss Marquardt’s claims against
West St. Paul based on the statute of limitations.
- 12 -
WL 7399182, at *12. To the extent the defendants dispute the conclusion that viewing
DVS information amounts to “obtaining” it, the Court sees no reason to re-visit its prior
holding. Here again, the Eighth Circuit has also recently reached the same conclusion.
McDonough, 2015 WL 4940110, at *8 (“In the context of the DPPA, the word ‘obtain’
unambiguously includes access and observation of the data.”); see also Nelson v. Jesson,
No. 13-340, 2013 WL 5888235, at *2 (D. Minn. Nov. 1, 2013) (“In the Court’s view,
information may be ‘obtained’ simply through viewing.”). The first and third elements
are not in dispute. Consequently, the Court concludes that Marquardt has made plausible
allegations against the remaining defendants as to the first three elements.
To establish the fourth element, the plaintiff must show that the “obtainment,
disclosure, or use was not for a purpose enumerated under [18 U.S.C.] § 2721(b).”
Taylor, 612 F.3d at 335 (internal quotation marks omitted).
One of the permitted
purposes under Section 2721(b) – the one most relevant to this case – is “[f]or use by any
government agency, including any court or law enforcement agency, in carrying out its
functions.” 18 U.S.C. § 2721(b)(1).
The Court in Myers considered how a plaintiff might demonstrate plausibly that an
access was not for a proper purpose. In that case, the Court concluded that the plaintiff
had pled against several cities and counties allegations with sufficient detail to survive a
motion to dismiss, where she listed eighty-four obtainments of her information (some of
which were time-barred) and where she alleged the following facts:
[H]er professional prominence [as an attorney] and ties to law enforcement,
the timing and number of the searches [some of which occurred late at
night], her husband’s profession [as a law enforcement official], the fact
that the searches were by name, the fact that she had not committed any
- 13 -
criminal behavior or been tied to any criminal investigation, and the
Legislative Auditor’s telling report on misuse of the DVS Database.
Myers, 2014 WL 7399182, at *14, *17; see also Mallak v. Aitkin Cnty., 9 F. Supp. 3d
1046, 1057 (D. Minn. 2014) (alleging that the defendants were interested in plaintiff
based on her role as an attorney and in the community, and where, as a result, most of the
lookups of plaintiff were in the areas where she worked).
The Eighth Circuit in McDonough has more recently clarified how a plaintiff
might demonstrate a plausible DPPA claim. McDonough, 2015 WL 4940110, at *9-*17.
The court noted that claims against each defendant must be assessed independently, but
not in isolation. Id. at *10. The court also stated that “allegations concerning data
accesses that do not themselves constitute violations because they are barred by the
statute of limitations still may be considered in assessing the plausibility of timely
claims.” Id. at *10.
The court reversed district court dismissals of DPPA claims against certain
defendant entities and agencies, along with unnamed Law Enforcement Does, where
plaintiffs had alleged:
(1) a large total number of accesses;
(2) that he or she had committed no crimes that would justify the accesses;
(3) professional relationships with law enforcement “or a degree of local fame,”
even if no allegation of a specific relationship with particular officers or agents;
(4) the legislative auditor’s report on misuse of the DVS Database; and,
(5) most importantly, a suspicious access pattern at the defendant entity or agency
against whom the claim was asserted, including “accesses on the same day or
within a few hours of accesses by other, unrelated entities during the limitations
period[,] . . . multiple late-night accesses during the limitations period[,] or . . . a
history of frequent suspicious accesses fitting the above criteria, even if prior to
the limitations period, coupled with accesses within the limitations period.”
- 14 -
Id. at *10-*17. The court focused in particular on the last type of allegation, suspicious
patterns of access at the specific defendant entity or agency. Id. at *13-*17. It cautioned
that generalized allegations of fame or ties to law enforcement, or that a plaintiff had
never committed a crime, are not enough, alone, to nudge a complaint across the line to
plausibility. Id. at *10-*11. Critical for asserting plausible claims against a specific
defendant are allegations that the defendant in question had a suspicious pattern of
accesses. Id. at *11.
2.
Marquardt’s Allegations
Here, Marquardt makes many similar allegations to the plaintiff in Myers. First,
she highlights her myriad family and relationship ties to law enforcement, specifically to
law enforcement organizations and officers in many of the communities where the
searches occurred. Her ex-husband, for example, was a law enforcement officer for the
Minnesota State Patrol, and had ties to law enforcement in many communities. (Compl.
¶¶ 67-70.) He had strong ties to Dakota County, so much so that a Dakota County officer
was in their wedding party. (Id. ¶ 70.) He was also raised in South St. Paul, was based
out of St. Paul, and spent significant amounts of time in West St. Paul. (Id. ¶ 67.) After
her marriage to her ex-husband was dissolved, Marquardt dated and was married to a
Minneapolis police officer for seven years, who was tied to law enforcement in other
neighboring communities, both through his work and a law enforcement motorcycle club.
(Id. ¶ 74.) Second, Marquardt notes that she has not been investigated or committed
crimes in any of the relevant communities, nor has she been tied to any criminal or civil
proceedings in those communities. (Id. ¶¶ 95-246.) Finally, she cites the timing and
- 15 -
significant volume of the searches9 and the Legislative Auditor’s report. (Id. ¶¶ 247, 25659, 346, 399.)
As for why Marquardt would generate the interest of law enforcement, Marquardt
has made allegations that are on par with those in Myers or McDonough. While she has
not alleged notoriety, fame, or unusual professional prominence, she has alleged
significant ties to law enforcement that could plausibly give rise to law enforcement
knowing about or being interested in her.
Indeed, Marquardt’s ex-husband, sister,
brother, and ex-boyfriend all work or have worked in law enforcement.
She has
demonstrated decades of social ties to law enforcement, specifically in many of the
communities where the searches took place (e.g., Dakota County, West St. Paul, and
Minneapolis). The Court finds that Marquardt has pled sufficient facts to “explain why
[she] would garner Law Enforcement Does’ interest.” McDonough, 2015 WL 4940110,
at *17.
In light of McDonough, however, the more important question is whether, as to the
remaining defendants, Marquardt has alleged “suspicious access patterns and timing of
accesses that nudge claims against some Defendants across the line from conceivable to
plausible.” Id. at *11 (internal quotation marks omitted). Again, the Court is looking for
9
While the defendants argue that the volume and timing of the accesses that are not timebarred are not suspicious, the Eighth Circuit has explicitly held that the Court may take into
account the totality of the allegations in the complaint, including the timing and volume of
accesses that ultimately may not support specific claims because they are time-barred.
McDonough, 2015 WL 4940110, at *10 (“Furthermore, allegations concerning data accesses that
do not themselves constitute violations because they are barred by the statute of limitations still
may be considered in assessing the plausibility of timely claims.”).
- 16 -
1) accesses on the same day as or within a few hours of access by other,
unrelated entities during the limitations period; 2) multiple late-night
accesses during the limitations period; or 3) a history of frequent suspicious
access fitting the above criteria, even if prior to the limitations period,
coupled with accesses within the limitations period.
Id. at *13.
As for Dakota County, there are thirteen total accesses; twelve of which are barred
by the statute of limitations. None of these searches occurred late at night (i.e., between
11:00 p.m. and 6:00 a.m.). Id. at *14. As for accesses by different entities close in time,
there are three key time period patterns shown by Dakota County: (1) late October 2007;
(2) early May 2004; and (3) late March 2004. The audit shows that, aside from Dakota
County, at least one other agency accessed Marquardt’s information one time between
October 25, 2007 and October 30, 2007.
Similarly, one other agency accessed
Marquardt’s information two times around May 5, 2004; and one other agency accessed
the information one time within a few days of March 23, 2004. These accesses do not
amount to a suspicious pattern as described by the Eighth Circuit. Id. at *14. Similarly,
the one lookup by the Centennial Lakes Police Department, which represents the city
defendants of Centerville, Circle Pines, and Lexington, was at a normal time and does not
coincide with other close-in-time accesses by unrelated entities. The three accesses by
West St. Paul all occurred at a normal time. Indeed, they occurred at the same minute,
which the city defendants argue means they should be construed as one access. (City
Defs.’ Mem. at 11 n.3, Nov. 17, 2014, Docket No. 90.) Marquardt appears to dispute that
argument and repeatedly refers to West St. Paul as having engaged in three distinct
accesses. (Marquardt Br. in Opp’n to City Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss at 4-5, Dec. 8, 2014,
- 17 -
Docket No. 107.) In any event, they did not occur late at night and do not coincide with
accesses at the same or similar time by other entities. The accesses discussed above do
not constitute a suspicious pattern and therefore Marquardt has not stated plausible DPPA
claims against these defendants. Consequently, the Court will grant the motions to
dismiss as to the remaining claims against Dakota County and against the remaining city
defendants, Centerville, Circle Pines, Lexington, and West St. Paul.
Finally, the Court considers the accesses by the City of Minneapolis. All but four
are barred by the statute of limitations. As Marquardt notes in her complaint, some
twenty of Minneapolis’s accesses occurred late at night, between the hours of 11:00 p.m.
and 5:00 a.m. (Compl. ¶ 258.) As to a pattern of close-in-time accesses by unrelated
entities, there were not as many patterns in this case as in McDonough. See, e.g.,
McDonough, 2015 WL 4940110, at *14 (noting that, in total, there were 178 accesses of
Johanna Beth McDonough’s information by 46 different agencies or businesses between
November 2, 2008 and November 8, 2008). But there were still repeat access patterns.
Minneapolis officers repeatedly accessed Marquardt’s information on the same days, or
close in time. In one instance, Minneapolis officers accessed Marquardt’s information
twice, once after midnight and another time at 8:38 p.m., between October 16 and
October 19, 2006. Similarly, the Mendota Heights Police Department accessed her
information after midnight on October 24, 2006, and the State Patrol accessed her
information three times on October 16, 2006. The Court finds that these time-barred latenight and close-in-time accesses, combined with four accesses within the limitations
period, are enough to show a suspicious pattern under McDonough.
- 18 -
Although
McDonough to some extent discussed bigger numbers in the aggregate, id. at *12-*17, it
did not set a hard line on what constitutes a suspicious pattern. The sheer volume of
Minneapolis’s accesses, combined with the many late-night and close-in-time searches, is
enough to show a suspicious pattern and, in conjunction with the other allegations
discussed above, assert plausible DPPA claims against Minneapolis. Moreover, the city
has not responded with persuasive alternative explanations for its accesses of
Marquardt’s information. See id. at *13 (rejecting the alternative explanation that law
enforcement officers operate at all hours of the night). As a result, the Court will deny
the City of Minneapolis’s motion to dismiss as to claims based on accesses that fall
within the limitations period.10
C.
DPS Defendants
Marquardt also asserts claims under the DPPA against the current, and former,
DPS Commissioner, and other unnamed DPS officials (“DPS defendants”). (Compl.
¶¶ 263-341, 391-411, 425, 429, 433.) This Court rejected similar claims against DPS
defendants in Gulsvig v. Mille Lacs County, No. 13-1309, 2014 WL 1285785, at *6, *9
(D. Minn. Mar. 31, 2014). In her response, Marquardt does not address Gulsvig, nor does
she provide any compelling reason for the Court to reject its reasoning and conclusion in
that case. Consequently, the Court will grant the DPS defendant’s motion to dismiss.
10
To the extent Minneapolis asserts qualified immunity by incorporating the arguments
of co-defendants who explicitly raised an immunity defense (e.g., Hennepin County), the Court
will also reject that argument. See McDonough, 2015 WL 4940110, at *8 n.6. Additionally,
since only the City of Minneapolis and related “Does” remain, the Court need not address the
motions by some defendants to sever Marquardt’s action.
- 19 -
See, e.g., McDonough, 2015 WL 4940110, at *17-*19 (concluding, at a minimum, that
qualified immunity protected the DPS defendants because the court could not “say that, at
the time of the alleged accesses, any reasonable official would have understood that
DPS’s policy of allowing the above-described government employees passwordprotected access to the database violated Drivers’ rights under the DPPA”); Myers, 2014
WL 7399182, at *21.
ORDER
Based on the foregoing, and all the files, records, and proceedings herein, IT IS
HEREBY ORDERED:
1.
Marquardt’s request to add Stearns County to the caption and docket
[Docket No. 55] is GRANTED.
2.
Defendants’ Blue Earth, Norman, Sherburne, and Stearns Counties’ Motion
to Dismiss [Docket No. 30] is GRANTED. Marquardt’s claims against Blue Earth,
Norman, Sherburne, and Stearns Counties are DISMISSED with prejudice.
3.
GRANTED.
Defendant Hennepin County’s Motion to Dismiss [Docket No. 42] is
Marquardt’s claims against Hennepin County are DISMISSED with
prejudice.
4.
GRANTED.
Defendant Met Council’s Motion to Dismiss [Docket No. 61] is
Marquardt’s claims against the Met Council are DISMISSED with
prejudice.
- 20 -
5.
Defendant Minneapolis Park & Recreation Board’s Motion to Dismiss
[Docket No. 67] is GRANTED. Marquardt’s claims against the Minneapolis Park &
Recreation Board are DISMISSED with prejudice.
6.
Defendant City of St. Paul’s Motion to Dismiss [Docket No. 72] is
GRANTED. Marquardt’s claims against the City of St. Paul are DISMISSED with
prejudice.
7.
Defendant Ramsey County’s Motion to Dismiss [Docket No. 77] is
GRANTED.
Marquardt’s claims against Ramsey County are DISMISSED with
prejudice.
8.
Defendant Dakota County’s Motion to Dismiss [Docket No. 82] is
GRANTED. Marquardt’s claims against Dakota County are dismissed with prejudice.
9.
The city defendants’ Motion to Dismiss [Docket No. 87] is GRANTED.
Marquardt’s claims against the Cities of Blaine, Bloomington, Brooklyn Center,
Burnsville, Cannon Falls, Centerville, Circle Pines, Cottage Grove, Detroit Lakes,
Dundas, Eagan, Farmington, Grand Rapids, Lexington, Mankato, Mendota Heights,
Minnetonka, New Hope, New Ulm, Rosemount, Roseville, St. Paul Park, and West
St. Paul are DISMISSED with prejudice.
10.
Defendant City of Minneapolis’s Motion to Dismiss [Docket No. 93] is
GRANTED in part and DENIED in part.
a.
The motion is GRANTED as to Marquardt’s time-barred claims
against the City of Minneapolis which are based on accesses that occurred prior to
July 21, 2010. Those claims are DISMISSED with prejudice.
- 21 -
b.
The motion is DENIED in all other respects.
11.
The DPS Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss [Docket No. 48] is GRANTED.
12.
Marquardt’s request to add the City of Hastings to the caption and docket
[Docket No. 107] is DENIED. Her claims against Hastings are DISMISSED with
prejudice.
DATED: September 30, 2015
at Minneapolis, Minnesota.
____s/
____
JOHN R. TUNHEIM
Chief Judge
United States District Court
- 22 -
Disclaimer: Justia Dockets & Filings provides public litigation records from the federal appellate and district courts. These filings and docket sheets should not be considered findings of fact or liability, nor do they necessarily reflect the view of Justia.
Why Is My Information Online?