Hamilton et al v. Lammi et al
Filing
40
ORDER. IT IS HEREBY ORDERED THAT: 1. The objection of plaintiffs Michael D. Perseke and Shawn Jamison 35 is OVERRULED. 2. The objection of plaintiff David Hamilton 30 is OVERRULED. 3. The Report and Recommendation of September 8, 2016 [29 ] is ADOPTED insofar as it is consistent with this order. 4. Defendants' motion to dismiss plaintiffs' complaint 21 is GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART. 5. Plaintiffs' complaint 1 is DISMISSED WITHOUT PREJUDICE. LET JUDGMENT BE ENTERED ACCORDINGLY. (Written Opinion). Signed by Judge Patrick J. Schiltz on December 30, 2016. (CLG)
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
DISTRICT OF MINNESOTA
DAVID HAMILTON,
MICHAEL D. PERSEKE,
SHAWN JAMISON, and
KAINE BRAUN,
Case No. 16‐CV‐0276 (PJS/LIB)
Plaintiffs,
v.
ORDER
NICK LAMMI; CHAD MESOJEDEC,
Rehabilitation Therapist Director;
RICHARD O’CONNOR, Interim Security
Manager; CHRISTINE SELLS, Religious
Services Volunteer; and SANDY
BRYANT, Religious Services Volunteer,
sued in their individual and official
capacities,
Defendants.
David Hamilton, Michael D. Perseke, Shawn Jamison, and Kaine Braun,
plaintiffs, pro se.
Brett Terry, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE STATE OF
MINNESOTA, for defendants.
Plaintiffs David Hamilton, Michael D. Perseke, Shawn Jamison, and Kaine Braun
are civil detainees in the Minnesota Sex Offender Program (“MSOP”). Plaintiffs allege
that they practice Asatru, “a polytheistic religion that originated in Northern Europe
several centuries ago.” Krieger v. Brown, 496 F. App’x 322, 323 (4th Cir. 2012). Plaintiffs
‐1‐
brought this civil‐rights action against several MSOP officials, alleging, in essence, that
those officials have unlawfully failed to accommodate plaintiffs’ practice of Asatru.
On May 31, 2016, this Court accepted the recommendation of Magistrate Judge
Leo I. Brisbois and dismissed most of plaintiffs’ claims for various substantive and
procedural reasons, leaving only plaintiffs’ claim for injunctive relief under § 3 of the
Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act (“RLUIPA”), 42 U.S.C. § 2000cc‐1.
ECF No. 19. Defendants then moved to dismiss the RLUIPA claim. ECF No. 21.
Plaintiffs filed nothing in response to defendants’ motion.
Judge Brisbois recommends that defendants’ motion be granted and that
plaintiffs’ RLUIPA claim be dismissed for two reasons. First, Judge Brisbois finds that
plaintiffs have failed to plausibly plead a violation of RLUIPA under Ashcroft v. Iqbal,
556 U.S. 662 (2009), and Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544 (2007). Second,
Judge Brisbois finds that some of the restrictions challenged by plaintiffs are the least
restrictive means of furthering a compelling governmental interest, and thus lawful
under RLUIPA.
Perseke and Jamison filed an objection to the R&R, identifying various reasons
why they believe that Judge Brisbois’s analysis is mistaken. ECF No. 35. (Perseke and
Jamison also say that Braun joins in their objection, although he was unable to sign it
because he has been transferred to a different facility. ECF No. 35 at 1‐2.) For his part,
‐2‐
Hamilton filed a copy of Judge Brisbois’s R&R, which Hamilton apparently regards as
an objection to that R&R. ECF No. 30.
The Court overrules plaintiffs’ objections. As an initial matter, plaintiffs filed
nothing in opposition to defendants’ motion to dismiss. “A party cannot, in his
objections to an R&R, raise arguments that were not clearly presented to the magistrate
judge.” Hammann v. 1–800 Ideas.com, Inc., 455 F. Supp. 2d 942, 947‐48 (D. Minn. 2006)
(citing Madol v. Dan Nelson Auto. Grp., 372 F.3d 997, 1000 (8th Cir. 2004)); see also
Ridenour v. Boehringer Ingelheim Pharms., Inc., 679 F.3d 1062, 1067 (8th Cir. 2012) (“The
district court properly refused to consider Ridenour’s argument that longer statute of
limitations periods applied to his claims because this argument was not presented first
to the magistrate judge.”) Plaintiffs cannot bypass the referral process by refusing to
litigate in front of the magistrate judge and instead presenting their arguments for the
first time to the district judge.
Even if the Court were to address the merits of plaintiffs’ arguments, the Court
would overrule their objections and adopt the R&R insofar as it recommends that the
RLUIPA claim be dismissed because it was inadequately pleaded. Under Iqbal and
Twombly, a plaintiff’s claim must include “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is
plausible on its face.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570. Here, plaintiffs’ remaining claim is
asserted under § 3(a) of RLUIPA, which provides:
‐3‐
No government shall impose a substantial burden on the
religious exercise of a person residing in or confined to an
institution . . . even if the burden results from a rule of
general applicability, unless the government demonstrates
that imposition of the burden on that person—
(1)
is in furtherance of a compelling governmental
interest; and
(2)
is the least restrictive means of furthering that
compelling governmental interest.
42 U.S.C. § 2000cc‐1(a). Thus, to adequately plead a claim under RLUIPA, plaintiffs
would have to plead sufficient facts to make plausible their claim that defendants
imposed a substantial burden on plaintiffs’ exercise of Asatru. The burden would then
shift to defendants to plead (and eventually prove) their affirmative defense that any
substantial burden imposed on plaintiffs’ religious exercise was the least restrictive
means available to further a compelling governmental interest.
The Court agrees with Judge Brisbois that plaintiffs have failed to include
enough facts in their complaint to allow the Court to find that they have pleaded a
plausible claim under RLUIPA. Many of the alleged violations are described in an
entirely conclusory way. For example, plaintiffs allege that defendants violated
RLUIPA by “denial of proper religious items” and by “denying them access to religious
literature . . . .” ECF No. 1 at ¶¶ 10, 11. But the complaint does not identify what
“religious items” or “religious literature” was requested, who made each request, to
‐4‐
whom each request was made, or when each request was made. Nor does the
complaint identify who rejected each request, or to what extent, or when, or for what
reason. And most importantly, the complaint does not describe why the rejection of
each request imposed a substantial burden on plaintiffs’ exercise of Asatru; indeed, the
complaint does not even describe how the rejection of each request burdened plaintiffs’
exercise of Asatru.
Much the same can be said about plaintiffs’ more specific allegations. Plaintiffs
complain, for example, that they were denied an “Asatru fire grate,” “outside blots,”
“oils,” “incense,” a “Thor’s Hammer,” “candles,” a “cooking pot for blots,” and a
“hlath.” ECF No. 1 at ¶ 10. Again, though, the complaint does not describe what role
these items play in the practice of Asatru, and thus it is impossible to discern from the
face of the complaint whether any burden that was imposed by the denial of any of
these items was “substantial.” And again, the complaint does not describe who
requested each of these items, to whom each request was directed, when each request
was made, who responded to each request, whether the denial of each request was
partial or complete (or qualified or unqualified), or what reason (if any) was given for
the denial of each request.1
1
To be clear, the Court does not mean to suggest that a RLUIPA claim will not be
sufficiently pleaded unless all of these things appear in the complaint. The Court holds
only that plaintiffs’ particular RLUIPA claim is insufficiently pleaded because (almost)
none of these things appear in the complaint.
‐5‐
For these reasons, the Court dismisses plaintiffs’ complaint without prejudice.
Given that the dismissal is without prejudice—and given that the allegedly unlawful
practices are ongoing—plaintiffs will not be barred by the statute of limitations or any
other doctrine from filing a new complaint containing a properly pleaded claim under
RLUIPA.
The Court notes that it does not adopt the R&R insofar as Judge Brisbois finds
that some of the restrictions challenged by plaintiffs are the least restrictive means of
furthering compelling governmental interests. This is an affirmative defense that must
be pleaded and proven by a defendant. Ordinarily, “a plaintiff need not plead facts
responsive to an affirmative defense before it is raised.” Braden v. Wal–Mart Stores, Inc.,
588 F.3d 585, 601 n.10 (8th Cir. 2009). True, the Eighth Circuit has held that “‘[i]f an
affirmative defense . . . is apparent on the face of the complaint . . . that [defense] can
provide the basis for dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6).’” C.H. Robinson Worldwide, Inc. v.
Lobrano, 695 F.3d 758, 764 (8th Cir. 2012) (quoting Noble Sys. Corp. v. Alorica Cent., LLC,
543 F.3d 978, 983 (8th Cir. 2008)). But as the Court has described, the complaint does
not specifically identify some of the accommodations that plaintiffs have been denied—
and, as to the accommodations that are specifically identified (such as an “Asatru fire
grate,” a “Thor’s Hammer,” and a “hlath”), the complaint does not describe how the
denial of each accommodation creates a substantial burden on plaintiffs’ exercise of
‐6‐
Asatru. In light of the inadequacies of the complaint, the Court cannot make a
determination—one way or another—about whether any particular restriction
challenged by plaintiffs is the least restrictive means of furthering a compelling
governmental interest.
ORDER
Based on the foregoing, and on all of the files, records, and proceedings herein,
IT IS HEREBY ORDERED THAT:
1.
The objection of plaintiffs Michael D. Perseke and Shawn Jamison [ECF
No. 35] is OVERRULED.
2.
The objection of plaintiff David Hamilton [ECF No. 30] is OVERRULED.
3.
The Report and Recommendation of September 8, 2016 [ECF No. 29] is
ADOPTED insofar as it is consistent with this order.
4.
Defendants’ motion to dismiss plaintiffs’ complaint [ECF No. 21] is
GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART.
5.
Plaintiffs’ complaint [ECF No. 1] is DISMISSED WITHOUT PREJUDICE.
LET JUDGMENT BE ENTERED ACCORDINGLY.
Dated: December 30, 2016
s/Patrick J. Schiltz
Patrick J. Schiltz
United States District Judge
‐7‐
Disclaimer: Justia Dockets & Filings provides public litigation records from the federal appellate and district courts. These filings and docket sheets should not be considered findings of fact or liability, nor do they necessarily reflect the view of Justia.
Why Is My Information Online?