Selective Insurance Company of South Carolina v. Sela et al
Filing
122
ORDER. IT IS HEREBY ORDERED THAT: 1. Selective's objection 118 to the order on the motion to amend 111 is OVERRULED IN PART AND SUSTAINED IN PART. That order is VACATED. 2. For the reasons stated in this order, Sela's motion for leave to amend his counterclaim to add a claim for bad faith under Minn. Stat. § 604.18 88 is GRANTED. (Written Opinion) Signed by Judge Patrick J. Schiltz on 11/27/2018. (CLG)
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
DISTRICT OF MINNESOTA
SELECTIVE INSURANCE COMPANY
OF SOUTH CAROLINA,
Case No. 16‐CV‐4077 (PJS/SER)
Plaintiff/Counter‐defendant,
v.
ORDER
AMIT SELA,
Defendant/Counter‐claimant.
Kristi K. Brownson, Aaron M. Simon, Lindsey A. Streicher, and Olivia M.
Cooper, BROWNSON NORBY, PLLC, for plaintiff/counter‐defendant.
Christopher H. Yetka, Christopher L. Lynch, and Patricia E. Volpe, BARNES &
THORNBURG, LLP, for defendant/counter‐claimant.
Defendant/counter‐claimant Amit Sela was insured under a homeowner’s policy
issued by plaintiff/counter‐defendant Selective Insurance Company of South Carolina
(“Selective”). In June 2015, Sela’s property was damaged by a hailstorm, and Sela
sought to be indemnified by Selective. After an investigation, Selective denied Sela’s
claim on grounds of fraud. Specifically, Selective found that Sela had lied when he
claimed that certain property had been damaged only by the June 2015 hailstorm when,
in fact, that property had also been damaged by an earlier hailstorm—a hailstorm that
had occurred before Sela was insured by Selective. After Sela contested Selective’s
findings, Selective brought this action, seeking a declaration that it is not liable to Sela.
Sela filed an answer and a counterclaim, seeking indemnification for his losses.
Sela has now moved for leave to amend his counterclaim to add a claim under
Minn. Stat. § 604.18 (“§ 604.18”) for bad‐faith denial of insurance benefits. That statute
forbids the insured from making a bad‐faith claim in his initial pleading, but instead
requires the insured to later move for leave to amend his pleading to add a bad‐faith
claim. The insured’s motion must be accompanied by one or more affidavits
establishing the factual basis for the bad‐faith claim, and the insurer may submit
affidavits in opposition to the motion. A court may not grant the motion unless the
court finds, on the basis of the affidavits, that the insured has established a prima facie
case of bad faith. See § 604.18, subd. 4(a).
Sela’s motion for leave to amend raises two difficult questions: First, in deciding
whether Sela should be given leave to amend his counterclaim to add a bad‐faith claim,
should this Court apply § 604.18, or should this Court instead apply the Federal Rules
of Civil Procedure (which do not impose the pleading barriers found in § 604.18)? And
second, should Sela’s motion for leave to amend be granted?
In an April 26, 2018 order, Magistrate Judge Steven E. Rau found that the
procedural requirements of § 604.18 do not govern in federal court—and, applying the
far less demanding requirements of the Federal Rules, Judge Rau found that Sela’s
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motion for leave to amend should be granted. Selective now objects to both of Judge
Rau’s conclusions. Specifically, Selective argues that Judge Rau should have applied
§ 604.18—and that, under either § 604.18 or the Federal Rules, Sela should not have
been given leave to amend.
The standard by which this Court should review Judge Rau’s order is unclear.
A motion for leave to amend a pleading is a nondispositive motion, and typically, a
magistrate judge’s ruling on a nondispositive motion will be reversed only if it is
“clearly erroneous or contrary to law.” 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(A); Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(a).
But district judges in this District have held that, when a magistrate judge denies leave
to amend a pleading because the proposed amendment would be futile, the magistrate
judge’s ruling is reviewed de novo. See, e.g., Magee v. Trs. of Hamline Univ., 957 F. Supp.
2d 1047, 1062 (D. Minn. 2013). The basis for this exception is not entirely clear,
however, and thus it is difficult to know whether this exception is also meant to apply
to a decision of a magistrate judge to grant leave to amend because the proposed
amendment would not be futile. The Court will err on the side of caution and conduct a
de novo review.1
1
There should be no question that a district judge may choose to review a
magistrate judge’s order de novo, even if the district judge does not have to. After all,
the district judge does not have to refer the motion to the magistrate judge in the first
place, and the district judge always retains authority to revoke the referral. Moreover,
an order that grants or denies leave to amend a pleading is interlocutory, and “[t]he
(continued...)
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Based on that de novo review, the Court overrules Selective’s objection and
grants Sela leave to amend his counterclaim. The Court agrees with Judge Rau that the
pleading requirements imposed by § 604.18 do not apply in federal court. The Court
does not agree with the reasons given by Judge Rau for permitting Sela to amend his
counterclaim under the Federal Rules. But given the unusual posture of this case, the
Court will nevertheless permit Sela to bring his bad‐faith claim, and the Court will
address any problems with that claim on motion for summary judgment.
I. BACKGROUND
Sela owns a large house and other property in Minnetonka, Minnesota. Am.
Ans. ¶¶ 3, 8.2 Sela’s property was damaged by a hailstorm in June 2010. Am. Ans.
¶ 12(a); ECF No. 92‐4 at 49. At the time, Sela’s property was insured by Lexington
Insurance Company (“Lexington”). ECF 92‐4 at 49‐50. Sela filed a claim with
Lexington, and Lexington indemnified Sela and his then‐wife in the amount of
$510,797.23. See ECF No. 26‐4 at 18‐19. Sela used part of the money to repair or replace
1
(...continued)
district court has the inherent power to reconsider and modify an interlocutory order
any time prior to the entry of judgment.” Murr Plumbing, Inc. v. Scherer Bros. Fin. Servs.
Co., 48 F.3d 1066, 1070 (8th Cir. 1995).
2
Sela submitted a proposed amended answer and counterclaim with his motion
for leave to amend. The Court will refer to this proposed amended answer and
counterclaim throughout this order. ECF No. 68‐1.
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some—but not all—of the damaged property. Am. Ans. ¶ 12. Sela apparently pocketed
the remaining part of the money.
Sela later switched insurance providers, and from July 2014 to July 2015, Sela was
insured under a homeowner’s policy issued by Selective. Am. Ans. ¶ 51; ECF No. 17‐1
at 2‐3. That policy covered the house, garage, and other structures, as well as personal
property. Am. Ans. ¶ 52; ECF No. 17‐1 at 3, 11‐14. The policy also contained two
provisions that are particularly relevant to Sela’s motion for leave to amend his
counterclaim:
First, the Selective policy contained an Anti‐Fraud Provision, which essentially
eliminates coverage when any insured has engaged in any act of fraud. Specifically, the
Anti‐Fraud Provision provides as follows:
We provide coverage to no “insureds” under this policy if,
whether before or after a loss, an “insured” has:
1.
Intentionally concealed or misrepresented any
material fact or circumstance;
2.
Engaged in fraudulent conduct; or
3.
Made false statements;
relating to this insurance.
ECF No. 17‐1 at 26.
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Second, the Selective policy contains an Appraisal Provision that applies when
the parties agree that a loss is covered, but disagree about the amount that Selective
must pay in connection with the loss. ECF No. 17‐1 at 24. The Appraisal Provision
provides as follows:
If you and we fail to agree on the amount of loss, either may
demand an appraisal of the loss. In this event, each party
will choose a competent and impartial appraiser within
20 days after receiving a written request from the other. The
two appraisers will choose an umpire . . . . The appraisers
will separately set the amount of loss. If the appraisers
submit a written report of an agreement to us, the amount
agreed upon will be the amount of the loss. If they fail to
agree, they will submit their differences to the umpire.
A decision agreed to by any two will set the amount of loss.
ECF No. 17‐1 at 24.
On June 29, 2015, Minnetonka was hit with another hailstorm, and once again
Sela’s property was damaged. Am. Ans. ¶ 53; ECF No. 73‐5 at 3. Sela submitted a claim
to Selective on July 8, 2015. Am. Ans. ¶ 55; ECF No. 73‐5 at 3. In response, Selective
promptly sent an independent claims adjuster to inspect the damage. ECF No. 73‐5 at 3,
6‐7. The adjuster spoke with Sela, took dozens of photos, and wrote a report, which he
submitted to Selective’s staff adjuster, Dave Clark. ECF No. 73‐5 at 6‐7, 8‐79.
Several days later, Selective received an anonymous letter that accused Sela of
submitting a fraudulent insurance claim. The letter also accused Sela of submitting
fraudulent insurance claims in the past, and the letter provided information about the
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claim that Sela had submitted to Lexington following the 2010 hailstorm. ECF No. 26‐6
at 3. After receiving the letter, Selective referred the matter to its Special Investigative
Unit (“SIU”), which began an investigation. See ECF No. 92‐2 at 9; ECF No. 92‐4 at 2.
Charlene Pack (one of Selective’s fraud investigators) and Clark (the staff adjuster)
spoke about Sela’s claim and determined they needed more information from Sela and
Lexington before they could make a decision about coverage. See ECF No. 92‐4 at 16.
Clark then personally inspected Sela’s property on August 5, 2015. ECF No. 92‐4 at 19.
Over the next several months, the SIU continued its fraud investigation and
continued gathering information from and about Sela. ECF No. 92‐4 at 21‐25. In
December 2015, Sela submitted a sworn proof of loss and supporting documentation.
ECF No. 92‐4 at 30. Sela claimed that he had suffered nearly $750,000 in losses as a
result of the hailstorm. ECF No. 16‐3 at 5. Selective reviewed the proof of loss and
noted that some of the supporting documentation was “very questionable” and that the
paperwork was missing “vital information” needed to resolve the claim. ECF No. 92‐4
at 34. In January 2016, Pack and Clark agreed to request an examination of Sela under
oath because of uncertainty surrounding Sela’s prior hail‐damage claim, the SIU’s
inability to verify what Lexington had paid to Sela, and the lack of confirmation about
what Sela repaired or replaced after the 2010 storm. ECF No. 92‐4 at 35‐36. Selective
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continued to request (and receive) more information regarding Sela’s claim. ECF No.
92‐4 at 35‐44.
On February 4, 2016, Selective notified Sela that it would not accept his proof of
loss because Sela had not provided all of the requested documentation. ECF No. 26‐2
at 2. Sela disputed that his proof of loss was inadequate. ECF No. 26‐2 at 2. While the
parties argued about the adequacy of Sela’s documentation, Selective took further steps
to investigate Sela’s claim. In April 2016, Selective examined Sela under oath. ECF
No. 92‐4 at 58. Selective also retained an independent expert (Collins Ofori‐Amanf) to
inspect Sela’s home and aid in the fraud investigation. See ECF No. 74‐1 at 312‐30.
Ofori‐Amanf inspected Sela’s home, conducted an investigation, and described his
conclusions in an expert report (the “Collins Report”). ECF No. 74‐1 at 312‐30. After
reviewing the Collins Report, one of Selective’s attorneys (Kristi Brownson) informed
Selective’s SIU that she believed that “fraud [was] applicable” and that Selective was at
a “point to determine if [it] want[s] to deny the whole thing, or pay the minor portion.”
ECF 92‐4 at 61. Selective continued to collect information, confer with counsel, and
evaluate the Collins Report in light of evidence submitted by Sela. See ECF No. 92‐4
at 61‐64.
On December 2, 2016, Selective filed this lawsuit seeking a declaration that,
under the Anti‐Fraud provision of its policy, it had no obligation to indemnify Sela for
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any losses because he had concealed or misrepresented material facts. See generally
Second Am. Compl. In response to Selective’s lawsuit, Sela submitted a written
demand for an appraisal of the loss—a demand that Selective rejected. Am. Ans.
¶¶ 66‐67. Sela also filed an answer and counterclaim, and later moved for leave to
amend his counterclaim to add a claim for bad‐faith denial of insurance benefits. ECF
No. 88 (renewed motion to amend). The Court now turns to that motion.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Legal Standard
The initial question is whether Sela’s motion for leave to amend his counterclaim
is governed by state law (specifically, § 604.18) or federal law (specifically, Rules 8 and
15 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure). Judge Rau held that federal law applies.
ECF No. 111 at 26‐27. Selective disagrees. ECF No. 118 at 1, 6‐9. Having carefully
reviewed the question, the Court agrees with Judge Rau that the Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure—and not § 604.18—govern Sela’s motion to amend.
As first‐year law students are taught—if their Civil Procedure professor is brave
enough to cover Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64 (1938)—“federal courts sitting
in diversity apply state substantive law and federal procedural law.” Gasperini v. Ctr.
for Humanities, Inc., 518 U.S. 415, 427 (1996). Pleading standards are generally viewed as
procedural, and thus federal courts generally apply federal pleading rules regardless of
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whether a claim arises under federal or state law. See, e.g., Karnatcheva v. JPMorgan
Chase Bank, N.A., 704 F.3d 545, 548 (8th Cir. 2013) (“We apply federal pleading
standards . . . to the state substantive law to determine if a complaint makes out a claim
under state law.”); Council Tower Ass’n v. Axis Specialty Ins. Co., 630 F.3d 725, 730 (8th
Cir. 2011) (applying “federal pleadings standards” and “Missouri substantive law” to
review a motion to dismiss a state tort claim); Johnson v. Hondo, Inc., 125 F.3d 408, 417
(7th Cir. 1997) (“[I]t is rudimentary that pleading requirements in the federal courts ‘are
governed by the federal rules and not by the practice of the courts in the state in which
the federal court happens to be sitting.’” (citation omitted)).
Notwithstanding the general rule, this District has long applied state pleading
standards to claims for punitive damages under Minnesota law. See, e.g., In re Levaquin
Prods. Liab. Litig., No. 08‐CV‐5743 (JRT), 2010 WL 4867588, at *2‐3 (D. Minn. Nov. 23,
2010) (noting that this District has applied Minn. Stat. § 549.191 to claims for punitive
damages); see also In re Bair Hugger Forced Air Warming Devices Prods. Liab. Litig.,
No. 15‐CV‐2666 (JNE/FLN), 2017 WL 5187832, at *1 n.1 (D. Minn. July 27, 2017) (“The
Judges and Magistrate Judges of this Court have consistently applied the Minnesota
punitive damage statute in diversity cases where state law supplies the rule of
decision.”). This District has also consistently applied state pleading standards to claims
of bad‐faith denial of insurance benefits under Minnesota law. See, e.g., Friedberg v.
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Chubb & Son, Inc., 800 F. Supp. 2d 1020, 1024‐25 (D. Minn. 2011) (applying § 604.18,
subd. 4(a)); Martin v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 826 F. Supp. 2d 1133 (D. Minn. 2011)
(same).
In the past, the undersigned has acted consistently with the District’s practice
with respect to claims for punitive damages. See, e.g., Kapps v. Biosense Webster, Inc., 813
F. Supp. 2d 1128, 1165 (D. Minn. 2011) (applying Minn. Stat. § 549.191). (Until today,
the undersigned has not had to decide whether to act consistently with the District’s
practice with respect to bad‐faith claims.) But two things about the District’s practice
have nevertheless been troubling. First, as noted, the District’s practice with respect to
both punitive‐damages and bad‐faith claims seems inconsistent with the general rule
that federal pleading rules apply in federal court, even to claims that arise under state
law. And second, the District’s practice—which, in the case of punitive‐damages
claims, dates back more than 30 years—seems to have developed without a great deal of
analysis.3 The Court has thus decided to look at the issue anew, particularly in light of
3
The first district judge to consider whether Minn. Stat. § 549.191 should be
applied in diversity cases (Judge Donald D. Alsop) concluded that it should not, but
provided only two sentences of analysis. Jacobs v. Pickands Mather & Co., No. 5‐87‐CIV
49, 1987 WL 47387, at *1 (D. Minn. Aug. 24, 1987). The next district judge to consider
the issue (Judge Edward J. Devitt) concluded that § 549.191 should apply in diversity
cases, but provided only one paragraph of analysis and did not cite Jacobs. Fournier v.
Marigold Foods, Inc., 678 F. Supp. 1420, 1422 (D. Minn. 1988). Other district judges
followed Judge Devitt’s lead—typically with little or no independent analysis—and in
1990, Judge Alsop changed his view “[i]n the interest of consistency within the district”
(continued...)
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the Supreme Court’s relatively recent decision in Shady Grove Orthopedic Associates., P.A.
v. Allstate Insurance Co., 559 U.S. 393 (2010).
Shady Grove instructs that “[a] federal court exercising diversity jurisdiction
should not apply a state law or rule if (1) a Federal Rule of Civil Procedure ‘answer[s]
the same question’ as the state law or rule and (2) the Federal Rule does not violate the
Rules Enabling Act.” Abbas v. Foreign Policy Grp., LLC, 783 F.3d 1328, 1333 (D.C. Cir.
2015) (quoting Shady Grove, 559 U.S. at 398‐99). Courts need not “wade into Erie’s
murky waters” when the Federal Rule satisfies both requirements. Shady Grove, 559
U.S. at 398. The question in this case, then, is whether the Federal Rules conflict with
§ 604.18 by “answering the same question” in a different way—and, if so, whether
application of the Federal Rules would violate the Rules Enabling Act.
1. State and Federal Pleading Standards
Subdivision 2 of § 604.18 authorizes an insured to recover certain “taxable costs”
from an insurer who in bad faith denies benefits under an insurance policy.
3
(...continued)
and because he was “persuaded by the reasoning” of the other opinions. Sec. Sav. Bank
v. Green Tree Acceptance, Inc., 739 F. Supp. 1342, 1353 (D. Minn. 1990).
The first decision of a judge of this district to apply § 604.18 in a diversity case
simply cited Fournier and concluded that, for the same reasons that § 549.191 applies in
diversity cases, § 604.18 also applies. Natureview Vista Twinhome Ass’n v. Phoenix Ins.
Co., No. 09‐CV‐1893 (RHK/JJK), 2010 WL 11537462, at *3 n.2. (D. Minn. Mar. 30, 2010).
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Subdivision 4(a) of § 604.18 sets forth the procedural steps that an insured must follow
in pursuing a recovery under subdivision 2:
Upon commencement of a civil action by an insured against
an insurer, the complaint must not seek a recovery under
this section. After filing the suit, a party may make a motion
to amend the pleadings to claim recovery of taxable costs
under this section. The motion must allege the applicable
legal basis under this section for awarding taxable costs
under this section, and must be accompanied by one or more
affidavits showing the factual basis for the motion. The
motion may be opposed by the submission of one or more
affidavits showing there is no factual basis for the motion.
At the hearing, if the court finds prima facie evidence in
support of the motion, the court may grant the moving party
permission to amend the pleadings to claim taxable costs
under this section.
The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure also regulate the content of a complaint
filed in a civil action and the amendment of such a complaint. Specifically, Rule 8
establishes general rules of pleading, while Rule 15 establishes rules regarding the
amendment of pleadings.
2. Section 604.18 conflicts with the Federal Rules
The first step of the Shady Grove analysis requires the Court to decide if § 604.18,
subd. 4(a) conflicts with Rules 8 and 15. A state rule conflicts with a Federal Rule when
the two rules provide different “answers [to] the question in dispute.” Shady Grove, 559
U.S. at 398. A state rule can conflict with a federal pleading rule when the state rule
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regulates the manner in which a plaintiff pleads the elements of a state‐law claim. Vang
v. PNC Mortg., Inc., 517 F. App’x 523, 527 (8th Cir. 2013).
a. Section 604.18 conflicts with Rule 8
Subdivision 4(a) of § 604.18 bars a complaint from including a claim for bad‐faith
denial of insurance benefits. The bar is without exception: “Upon commencement of a
civil action by an insured against an insurer, the complaint must not seek a recovery
under this section.”
By contrast, Rule 8 does not bar bad‐faith claims or any other type of claim from
being pleaded in a complaint. To the contrary, Rule 8(a) provides that a complaint
“must contain” both “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader
is entitled to relief” and “a demand for the relief sought.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2)&(3).
Rule 8 therefore authorizes a plaintiff to “request any and all of the relief sought . . . in
all pleadings that state a claim (including initial complaints).” Cohen v. Office Depot, Inc.,
184 F.3d 1292, 1298 (11th Cir. 1999), vacated in part on other grounds by Cohen v. Office
Depot, Inc., 204 F.3d 1069 (11th Cir. 2000) (en banc).
Clearly, then, subdivision 4(a) and Rule 8 answer the same question—may a bad‐
faith claim under § 604.18 be included in an initial complaint?—in opposite ways:
Subdivision 4(a) answers the question “no—never.” Rule 8 answers the question
“yes—always.” See Shady Grove, 559 U.S. at 401 n.4 (explaining that a conflict exists
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between state law and the Federal Rules when both sources of law address “the
procedural right to maintain” an action in federal court).
True, Rule 8 does not require a litigant to state all grounds for relief in his initial
pleading. But that is beside the point. Subdivision 4(a) and Rule 8 conflict over
whether a claim under § 604.18 may be brought in an initial pleading. So “[e]ven if Rule
8(a)(3) does not require a plaintiff to include in a complaint a request for all the relief
sought, there is still a conflict between [the state pleading standard] and Rule 8(a)(3),
because the rule clearly allows the plaintiff to include [a state law request for relief] in
her initial complaint, whereas [state law] prevents her from doing so.” Cohen, 184 F.3d
at 1298 (emphasis removed).
b. Section 604.18 conflicts with Rule 15
Minnesota law and federal law conflict in the way that they answer another
question: Under what circumstances may a complaint that does not include a bad‐faith
claim under § 604.18 be amended to add such a claim?
Under subdivision 4(a), a plaintiff may never amend a complaint to include a
claim under § 604.18 without leave of court. Not only must a plaintiff file a motion
seeking leave of the court, but that motion “must be accompanied by one or more
affidavits showing the factual basis for the motion.” § 604.18, subd. 4(a) (emphasis
added). The insured may then oppose the motion by submitting “one or more
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affidavits showing there is no factual basis for the motion.” § 604.18, subd. 4(a). The
court may grant the motion only if, after considering the evidence submitted by both
parties,4 “the court finds prima facie evidence in support of the motion.” § 604.18,
subd. 4(a).
Rule 15 answers the question very differently. A plaintiff may amend a
complaint to include a claim under § 604.18 without leave of the court, as long as the
plaintiff does so within 21 days after serving the complaint or within 21 days after
service of the answer, service of a Rule 12(b) motion to dismiss the complaint, or service
of a motion under Rules 12(e) or (f). After that deadline passes, a plaintiff must seek
leave of the court to amend a complaint, but that leave must be “freely give[n]” unless
the amendment would be futile. Amending a complaint to add a § 604.18 claim would
4
A court deciding whether to grant leave to amend a complaint to add a claim for
punitive damages may consider only evidence submitted by the plaintiff. See Nw.
Airlines, Inc. v. Am. Airlines, Inc., 870 F. Supp. 1499, 1502‐03 (D. Minn. 1994) (“To
determine if plaintiff has made the proper showing, the evidence in support of the
motion should be thoroughly examined, without considering evidence submitted in
opposition.”). But a court deciding whether to grant leave to amend a complaint to add
a bad‐faith claim must examine both the evidence submitted by the insured and the
evidence submitted by the insurer. See Borchardt v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Ins. Co., No.
16‐CV‐0055 (PJS/KMM), 2017 WL 8315883, at *6 n.8 (D. Minn. Apr. 26, 2017) (“The
Court can consider evidentiary materials provided by the insurer in opposition to the
plaintiffs’ motion to amend in determining whether there has been a prima facie
showing of bad faith.”). This reflects the fact that § 604.18 (the bad‐faith statute)
expressly permits the motion for leave to amend to be “opposed by the submission of
one or more affidavits showing there is no factual basis for the motion,” whereas
§ 549.191 (the punitive‐damages statute) contains no similar provision.
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be futile if “the claim[] . . . would not withstand a Motion to Dismiss for failure to state a
claim upon which relief can be granted.” DeRoche v. All Am. Bottling Corp., 38 F. Supp.
2d 1102, 1106 (D. Minn. 1998). Thus, “[d]enial of a motion for leave to amend on the
basis of futility ‘means the district court has reached the legal conclusion that the
amended complaint could not withstand a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) of the
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.’” Zutz v. Nelson, 601 F.3d 842, 850 (8th Cir. 2010)
(quoting Cornelia I. Crowell GST Trust v. Possis Med., Inc., 519 F.3d 778, 782 (8th Cir.
2008)).
Critically, in deciding whether a (proposed) bad‐faith claim under § 604.18
would withstand a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), the court must restrict its
analysis to the four corners of the (proposed) amended complaint, and ask whether the
complaint “plead[s] . . . enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.”
Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007) (emphasis added). The Court would
not consider any evidence. That is because Rule 8 “intentionally avoid[s] any reference
to ‘facts’ or ‘evidence’ or ‘conclusions.’” Id. at 575 (citations omitted). Thus:
!
Unlike subdivision 4(a), Rule 15 does not require an insured who seeks
leave to amend to add a bad‐faith claim to submit “one or more affidavits
showing the factual basis for the motion.” To the contrary, such affidavits
would be irrelevant to the court’s determination.
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!
Unlike subdivision 4(a), Rule 15 does not authorize the insurer who
opposes a motion for leave to amend to add a bad‐faith claim to submit
“one or more affidavits showing there is no factual basis for the motion.”
Again, such affidavits would be irrelevant. And
!
Unlike subdivision 4(a), Rule 15 does not provide that a court can grant
leave to amend to add a bad‐faith claim only if “the court finds prima
facie evidence in support of the motion.” To the contrary, Rule 15
provides that “[t]he court should freely give leave when justice so
requires.” A court deciding whether to deny leave on grounds of futility
would not look at any evidence, much less determine whether “prima
facie evidence” supports the proposed bad‐faith claim. See Redeemed
Christian Church of God Strong Tower Par. v. Auto Owners Ins. Co., No.
17‐CV‐1379 (WMW/FLN), 2018 WL 2135018, at *4 (D. Minn. May 9, 2018)
(“Minn. Stat. § 604.18 imposes a preliminary evidentiary showing and
surplus process not contemplated by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
15.”).
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Obviously, then, § 604.18 and Rule 15 answer the same question—under what
circumstances may a complaint that does not include a bad‐faith claim under § 604.18
be amended to add such a claim?—in conflicting ways.5
Given that § 604.18 and the Federal Rules conflict, this Court “must . . . confront
head‐on whether [the Federal Rules] fall[] within the statutory authorization.” Shady
Grove, 559 U.S. at 406. Unless Rules 8 and 15 violate the Rules Enabling Act, those
rules—and not § 604.18—govern Sela’s motion to amend his counterclaim to add a bad‐
faith claim.
3. The Federal Rules are valid under the Enabling Act
The Rules Enabling Act authorizes the Supreme Court to “prescribe general rules
of practice and procedure” for the federal courts, 28 U.S.C. § 2072(a), so long as those
rules do not “abridge, enlarge or modify any substantive right,” § 2072(b). The
5
The Seventh Circuit’s opinion in Windy City Metal Fabricators & Supply, Inc. v.
CIT Technology Financing Services, Inc., 536 F.3d 663 (7th Cir. 2008), supports this
conclusion. In Windy City, the Seventh Circuit addressed whether a federal district
court sitting in diversity should apply Rule 8 or the Illinois Civil Practice Act to a claim
brought under state law. Contrary to the “federal pleading regimen under Rule 8,”
Illinois law required fact pleading even with respect to non‐fraud claims. Id. at 670.
When confronted with the two starkly different pleading regimes, the Seventh Circuit
found it “clear that a conflict between the federal and state pleading rule does exist.” Id.
at 671. Like § 604.18 and Rule 15, the “federal and the state provisions” at issue in
Windy City “address[ed] the same subject and require[d] adherence to conflicting
standards.” Id.
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Supreme Court has never found that a Federal Rule of Civil Procedure—or, for that
matter, any other federal rule of practice and procedure— “abridge[d], enlarge[d] or
modif[ied] any substantive right.” See Shady Grove, 559 U.S. at 407 (plurality opinion)
(“[W]e have rejected every statutory challenge to a Federal Rule that has come before
us.”).
In Shady Grove, the Supreme Court addressed a purported conflict between
Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (the class‐action rule) and § 901(b) of the
New York Civil Practice Law and Rules. Shady Grove, 559 U.S. at 396‐97. Unlike
Rule 23, § 901(b) prohibited class‐action plaintiffs from recovering certain state‐law
statutory penalties. Id. Four justices (led by Justice Ginsburg) found that Rule 23 and
§ 901(b) did not conflict, and thus that it was unnecessary to address whether Rule 23
was valid. Id. at 436‐59 (Ginsburg, J., dissenting). Five justices (led by Justice Scalia)
found that Rule 23 and § 901(b) did conflict. That finding required the majority to
decide whether Rule 23 was valid under the Enabling Act. Unfortunately, though, the
five justices could not agree on a mode of analysis. Justice Scalia (writing for a four‐
justice plurality) applied one approach to determine if Rule 23 was valid, while Justice
Stevens (writing only for himself) applied another.
In the wake of Shady Grove, the courts of appeals have disagreed about what
approach should be taken when deciding whether a Federal Rule is valid under the
-20-
Enabling Act. The Tenth Circuit held that, under the analysis prescribed by Marks v.
United States, 430 U.S. 188 (1977), Justice Stevens’s opinion supplies the controlling test.
See Racher v. Westlake Nursing Home Ltd. P’ship, 871 F.3d 1152, 1164 (10th Cir. 2017). The
D.C. Circuit, by contrast, held that the Marks doctrine does not apply, and that Shady
Grove produced no controlling opinion. Abbas, 783 F.3d at 1337 (“[N]either opinion can
be considered the Marks middle ground or narrowest opinion, as the four Justices in
dissent simply did not address the issue.”). Given the lack of a controlling opinion, the
D.C. Circuit applied pre‐Shady Grove precedent. The Eighth Circuit has not yet weighed
in on the issue.
Fortunately, this Court need not decide which approach controls, because under
any of the three candidates—the Scalia approach, the Stevens approach, or the pre‐
Shady Grove approach—Rules 8 and 15 are clearly valid as applied in this case.
a. The Scalia approach
Justice Scalia focused the Enabling Act inquiry on the nature of the Federal Rule.
“[I]t is not the substantive or procedural nature or purpose of the affected state law that
matters, but the substantive or procedural nature of the Federal Rule.” Shady Grove, 559
U.S. at 410. In Justice Scalia’s view, Federal Rules “rationally capable of classification”
as procedural are valid even if they affect a litigant’s substantive rights under state law.
Id. at 406. Justice Scalia’s inquiry into Rule 23’s validity ended with the determination
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that Rule 23 “really regulat[es] procedure”—that is, the “manner and the means by
which the litigants’ rights are enforced.” Id. at 407 (cleaned up).
Without question, Rule 8 and Rule 15 (like Rule 23) “really regulate” procedure.
Rule 8 regulates the content of a complaint. Rule 15 regulates the process for amending
a complaint. Neither rule alters the “rules of decision by which [the] court will
adjudicate” the state‐law claim. Id. (citation omitted). Under Justice Scalia’s approach,
then, Rules 8 and 15 are unquestionably valid.
b. The Stevens approach
Justice Stevens focused the Enabling Act inquiry on the nature of the state
rule—and, in particular, on whether the state rule “function[s] as a part of the State’s
definition of substantive rights and remedies.” Id. at 416‐17 (Stevens, J., concurring in
part and concurring in the judgment). As Justice Stevens explained:
A “state procedural rule, though undeniably ‘procedural’ in
the ordinary sense of the term,” may exist “to influence
substantive outcomes,” and may in some instances become
so bound up with the state‐created right or remedy that it
defines the scope of that substantive right or remedy. Such
laws, for example, may be seemingly procedural rules that
make it significantly more difficult to bring or to prove a
claim, thus serving to limit the scope of that claim.
Id. at 419‐20 (citations omitted). When a state procedural rule “defines the scope of [a]
substantive right or remedy,” id. at 420, Justice Stevens said, applying the conflicting
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Federal Rule would necessarily “abridge, enlarge or modify” that substantive right or
remedy and thus violate the Enabling Act, id. at 418.
That said, Justice Stevens cautioned that state procedural rules should displace
Federal Rules only rarely. “[T]he bar for finding an Enabling Act problem is a high
one.” Id. at 432. Federal courts should not shy away from applying the Federal Rules
based on the “mere possibility that a federal rule would alter a state‐created right.” Id.
(emphasis added). There must be “little doubt” that a state substantive right would be
abridged through application of a Federal Rule before a court finds a violation of the
Enabling Act. Id.
Justice Stevens agreed with the plurality that the conflict between Rule 23 and
§ 901(b) did not present one of those rare occasions on which the Federal Rule had to
yield. First, Justice Stevens noted that § 901(b) “applies not only to claims based on
New York law but also to claims based on federal law or the law of any other State.” Id.
For this reason, Justice Stevens opined that it was “hard to see how § 901(b) could be
understood as a rule that, though procedural in form, serves the function of defining
New York’s rights or remedies.” Id. Second, Justice Stevens turned to legislative
history for guidance on whether the New York Legislature intended § 901 to perform a
substantive function. Justice Stevens found that the legislative history did not “clearly
describe” an intention that § 901(b) define the scope of a substantive right. Id. at 433.
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Instead, the legislative history showed that § 901(b) served the “classically procedural”
function of regulating the ease with which a litigant could bring a claim in state courts.
See id. at 435. Although Justice Stevens admitted that some might view § 901(b) as
limiting a litigant’s substantive right to damages, he reasoned that finding the rule to be
“so intertwined with a state right or remedy,” id. at 423, would have required
“extensive speculation,” id. at 436.
This Court believes that Justice Stevens would find that application of Rules 8
and 15 to Sela’s motion for leave to amend no more violates the Enabling Act than
application of Rule 23 to the lawsuit in Shady Grove.
First, the text of § 604.18 establishes that the substantive right and the procedural
requirements are not so intertwined that the procedural requirements “define[] the
scope of th[e] substantive right.” The Minnesota Legislature established the substantive
right in subdivision 2 (titled “Liability”), which describes what conduct by an insurer
gives an insured the right to recover “taxable costs,” and subdivision 3 (titled “Damages
and costs”), which describes the “taxable costs” to which a successful litigant is entitled.
By contrast, in subdivision 4 (titled “Claim for taxable costs”), the Minnesota
Legislature merely set forth the procedural steps that an insured must take when
pursuing a claim under subdivision 2 to receive the taxable costs identified in
subdivision 3.
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Subdivision 4(a) does not say a word about what conduct by an insurer gives an
insured the right to recover, nor does subdivision 4(a) say a word about what “taxable
costs” an insured may recover. Subdivision 4(a) does provide that a motion for leave to
amend a complaint must “allege the applicable legal basis” and be accompanied by
“one or more affidavits showing the factual basis for the motion,” but nothing in
subdivision 4(a) gives a litigant or judge any hint as to what must be asserted in order
to “allege the applicable legal basis” or “show[] the factual basis.” Those terms draw
their meaning exclusively from subdivisions 2 and 3. In short, in the words of Justice
Stevens, subdivision 4(a) does not “define[] the dimensions of [the] claim itself.” Id. at
433‐34 (citation omitted); see also Scola v. Publix Supermarkets, Inc., 557 F. App’x 458, 465
(6th Cir. 2014) (finding a state pleading rule “procedural in nature” in part because it
“did not alter any of the elements of an age‐discrimination claim under state law”).
Second, § 604.18’s legislative history does not “clearly describe a judgment” that
subdivision 4(a)’s procedural requirements somehow modify the substantive rights
established in subdivisions 2 and 3. There is no evidence in the legislative
history—much less “particularly strong” evidence—suggesting that the Minnesota
legislature intended subdivision 4(a) to have such an impact. Shady Grove, 559 U.S. at
434 (Stevens, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment). In fact, the
minimal legislative history supports a contrary conclusion. A Minnesota House Report
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analyzing the legislation creating the bad‐faith cause of action described subdivision 4
as “specif[ying] the procedure for an insured to claim taxable costs.” MN H.R. Bill
Summ., 2008 S.F. 2822 (Apr. 4, 2008) (emphasis added). “The mere fact that a state law
is designed as a procedural rule suggests it reflects a judgment about how state courts
ought to operate and not a judgment about the scope of state‐created rights and
remedies.” Shady Grove, 559 U.S. at 432. The legislative history (like the text of the
statute) thus supports viewing subdivision 4(a) as procedural.
Finally, subdivision 4(a)—like § 901(b) in Shady Grove—serves the “classically
procedural” function (to quote Justice Stevens) of regulating how easy it is for a litigant
to bring a claim. Id. at 435. The calculation reflected in subdivision 4(a) is the “same
sort of calculation that might go into setting filing fees or deadlines for briefs.” Id.
For these reasons, the Court concludes that, under the approach described by
Justice Stevens, application of Rules 8 and 15 to Sela’s motion to amend does not violate
the Enabling Act.6
6
One difference between § 604.18 and § 901(b) bears mentioning: The procedural
rules established by § 604.18, subd. 4(a) apply only to claims brought under Minnesota
law, whereas the procedural rules established by § 901(b) applied to claims brought
under the laws of any state. But in light of the overwhelming evidence that the
procedural standards established in subdivision 4(a) do not define the scope of the
substantive rights established in subdivisions 2 and 3, the Court believes that Justice
Stevens would give little weight to the fact that the procedural standards established in
subdivision 4(a) apply only to claims brought under Minnesota law. Cf. Lisk v. Lumber
One Wood Preserving, LLC, 792 F.3d 1331, 1334, 1336 (11th Cir. 2015) (applying Rule 23
(continued...)
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c. The pre‐Shady Grove approach
As noted, the D.C. Circuit has decided that neither the Scalia approach nor the
Stevens approach has supplanted pre‐existing precedent. After closely examining the
three opinions in Shady Grove, the D.C. Circuit found that there was no “Marks middle
ground” or “narrowest opinion.” Abbas, 783 F.3d at 474. In the absence of a “common
conclusion,” the D.C. Circuit decided to “follow the Supreme Court’s pre‐existing
precedent”—specifically, Sibbach v. Wilson & Co., 312 U.S. 1 (1941). Abbas, 783 F.3d at
474.
The Sibbach approach essentially mirrors the approach of Justice Scalia. “Under
Sibbach, any federal rule that ‘really regulates procedure’ is valid under the Rules
Enabling Act.” Id. (citation omitted). “As the Supreme Court indicated in Shady Grove
(in a portion of the opinion that spoke for a majority), pleading standards and rules
governing motions for summary judgment are procedural.” Id.
For the reasons this Court has already explained, there is no doubt that Rules 8
and 15 “really regulate[] procedure” and thus are valid under Sibbach.
* * *
In conclusion, the Court holds that (1) subdivision 4(a) of Minn. Stat. § 604.18
conflicts with Rules 8 and 15 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure; (2) application of
6
(...continued)
instead of an Alabama rule which only applied to Alabama claims).
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Rules 8 and 15 to Sela’s motion for leave to amend his counterclaim does not violate the
Rules Enabling Act; and therefore (3) Sela’s motion for leave to amend his counterclaim
to add a bad‐faith claim is governed by Rules 8 and 15, and not by § 604.18.
B. Application
As explained above, Rule 15(a)(2) provides that “[t]he court should freely give
leave” to amend a pleading “when justice so requires.” Justice does not require that
leave to amend be given when the amendment is futile. An amendment to add a new
claim is futile when the new claim “could not withstand a motion to dismiss under Rule
12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.” Zutz, 601 F.3d at 850 (quoting Cornelia
I. Crowell, 519 F.3d at 782). A new claim can withstand a motion to dismiss only if the
proposed complaint or counterclaim “plead[s] . . . enough facts” to make the new claim
“plausible on its face.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570.
Judge Rau found that Sela’s proposed bad‐faith claim was not futile (i.e., that it
would survive a motion to dismiss) and thus granted Sela leave to amend his
counterclaim. Judge Rau’s decision was based solely on the allegation in the proposed
counterclaim that Selective had acted in bad faith when it rejected Sela’s written
demand for appraisal. Judge Rau said nothing about Sela’s other allegations of bad
faith. ECF No. 111 at 28‐30, 31 n.12.
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The Court respectfully disagrees with Judge Rau that Selective could be held
liable under § 604.18 because it rejected Sela’s demand for appraisal. The Court will
first explain why it believes that Judge Rau erred, and then describe how the Court will
proceed in light of its ruling and the unusual posture of the case.
1. Selective’s rejection of Sela’s demand for an appraisal
Under § 604.18, a court may award “taxable costs” to an insured if the insured
can show both:
(1)
the absence of a reasonable basis for denying the benefits of the
insurance policy; and
(2)
that the insurer knew of the lack of a reasonable basis for denying
the benefits of the insurance policy or acted in reckless disregard of
the lack of a reasonable basis for denying the benefits of the
insurance policy.
§ 604.18, subd. 2(a).
“The first prong is an objective standard that asks whether a reasonable insurer
would have denied or delayed payment of the claim under the facts and
circumstances.” Friedberg, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1025. This prong requires courts to
“consider whether the claim was properly investigated and whether the results of the
investigation were subjected to reasonable evaluation and review.” Id.
“The second prong is subjective and turns on what the insurer knew and when.”
Id. “Knowledge of the lack of a reasonable basis may be inferred and imputed to an
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insurer where there is reckless indifference to facts or proofs submitted by the insured.”
Id. If coverage of the claim is “fairly debatable,” though, “the insurer is entitled to
debate it, whether debate concerns a matter of fact or law.” Id.
Judge Rau concluded that Sela stated a plausible claim under § 604.18 because,
after Sela submitted a written demand for appraisal, Sela failed “to abide by its
contractual obligation[]” to submit the dispute to appraisal. ECF No. 111 at 29. The
Court respectfully disagrees that Selective’s refusal to submit this dispute to appraisal
could be found to be actionable under § 604.18.
Appraisal is a means for resolving factual disputes over the amount of a loss.
Appraisal is not a means for resolving legal disputes over whether an insurer must cover
a loss. An appraiser can determine the amount of any check that the insurer must cut,
but an appraiser cannot determine whether an insurer must cut a check in the first
place. See Quade v. Secura Ins., 814 N.W.2d 703, 706 (Minn. 2012) (“The scope of
appraisal is limited to damage questions while liability questions are reserved for the
courts.”); Auto‐Owners Insurance Co. v. Second Chance Investments, LLC, 812 N.W.2d 194,
199‐200 (Minn. Ct. App. 2012) (“Appraisers do not have the authority to determine
liability under an insurance policy. . . . The prevailing rule is that ‘the sole purpose of an
appraisal is to determine the amount of damage.’” (citation omitted)).
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Here, Selective declined to indemnify Sela under the Anti‐Fraud Provision
because it found that he had “[i]ntentionally concealed or misrepresented [a] material
fact or circumstance.” ECF No. 17‐1 at 26. Specifically, Selective found that Sela made
numerous false or misleading statements about material facts, such as when he said that
certain property had not been damaged at all by the June 2010 hailstorm and when he
said that other property that had been damaged by the June 2010 hailstorm had been
repaired or replaced. Second Am. Compl. ¶¶ 23‐30.
Selective was not required to submit this dispute to a panel of appraisers. The
dispute between Selective and Sela is not a dispute over “the amount of loss,” such as a
dispute over how much it would cost to replace the roof on Sela’s home. Rather, the
dispute between Selective and Sela is a dispute over whether Selective has any
obligation to indemnify Sela regardless of “the amount of loss.” This is a coverage
dispute—a coverage dispute that turns on whether Sela intentionally made false
statements about what was damaged in the June 2010 hailstorm and about what he
repaired or replaced after that hailstorm. Resolving this dispute will require
determinations about (1) exactly what Sela said to Selective about the damage caused by
the June 2010 hailstorm; (2) exactly what Sela said to Selective about Sela’s own actions
following that hailstorm; (3) whether Sela’s statements were false; and (4) whether Sela
knew that his statements were false at the time that he made them. These
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determinations are not within the scope of the Appraisal Provision—and, indeed, are
beyond the capabilities of appraisers. An appraiser knows how much it will cost to
replace vinyl siding; an appraiser does not know how to resolve a dispute about what
Sela told Selective about his actions five years earlier or about what was on Sela’s mind
when he made that statement.
For these reasons, the Court holds that Judge Rau erred in finding that Sela’s
allegation that Selective refused to submit the dispute to appraisal stated a plausible
bad‐faith claim under § 604.18. Again, what Selective and Sela dispute is whether there
is any coverage, and coverage disputes cannot be resolved by appraisers. See Trout
Brook South Condo. Ass’n v. Harleysville Worcester Ins. Co., 995 F. Supp. 2d 1035, 1041 (D.
Minn. 2014); see also Steven Plitt et al., Couch on Insurance § 212:13 (June 2018 update)
(“[Q]uestions concerning policy defenses or coverages are not to be addressed by the
appraisers.”). That includes disputes over whether the insured has forfeited all
coverage by engaging in some kind of fraud. See Hunstad v. State Farm Fire & Casualty
Co., No. 15‐CV‐3656 (PAM/SER), 2016 WL 3014653, at *2 (D. Minn. May 24, 2016)
(stating that an appraisal panel does not have authority to decide whether the insured’s
allegedly fraudulent conduct precludes insurance coverage); see also Couch on Insurance
§ 212:13 (June 2018 update) (“To illustrate, an insurer’s claim that it voided the
homeowner’s policy in light of suspicious circumstances surrounding a fire at the home
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was an issue of coverage and, therefore, for the court, not the appraisal panel, to
resolve.”).
Even if this Court is incorrect in its construction of the policy—and thus even if
Selective erred in rejecting Sela’s demand for an appraisal—Sela would still not state a
plausible bad‐faith claim under § 604.18. Bad faith does not “arise simply because the
insurer’s construction of the policy was subsequently found to be legally incorrect.”
Friedberg, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1027. Rather, bad faith arises only when the insurer has no
“reasonable basis” for its construction of the policy. The fact that this Court agrees with
Selective’s interpretation of the policy is strong evidence that Selective’s interpretation
was at least reasonable. Nothing in Sela’s pleadings suggests that Selective knew (or
acted in reckless disregard of the fact) that it was required to submit this dispute to
appraisal.
There is yet another problem with finding that Selective’s refusal to submit this
dispute to appraisal gives Sela a plausible bad‐faith claim. Section 604.18 does not
provide a cause of action against any insurer who acts unreasonably in any way.
Rather, § 604.18 creates a cause of action against an insurer who acts unreasonably in
denying a claim—or, as the statute puts it, in “denying the benefits of the insurance
policy.” § 604.18, subd. 2(a). The Minnesota Legislature intended § 604.18 to “provide[]
a remedy for an insured when an insurer denies a first‐party claim without a reasonable
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basis.” Wilbur v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 892 N.W.2d 521, 524 (Minn. 2017).
Courts thus must determine whether the “denial of the claim” was unreasonable when
determining whether an insured can recover under § 604.18. Friedberg, 800 F. Supp. 2d
at 1026.
Obviously, whether Selective had a reasonable basis for denying Sela’s claim
must be assessed based on the circumstances existing at the time that Selective denied
Sela’s claim. What happened after Selective denied Sela’s claim is irrelevant. See Collins
v. Depositors Ins. Co., No. 12‐CV‐3133 (PAM/LIB), 2013 WL 12142580, at *6 (D. Minn.
Dec. 2, 2013) (refusing to consider information that the insurer did not learn until after
its coverage position had been reached and a lawsuit filed); Cich v. Nat’l Life Ins. Co., No.
11‐CV‐0742 (DWF/JJG), 2012 WL 12848436, at *2 n.7 (D. Minn. Feb. 15, 2012) (holding
that what an insurer does after denying a claim is “simply irrelevant” because
“[§ 604.18] applies only to the claims decision, not subsequent actions in [a] lawsuit”).
Selective denied Sela’s insurance claim on December 2, 2016. Am. Ans. ¶ 63
(“On December 2, 2016, Selective denied coverage and refused to pay any amount
owing under the Policy for the property loss to the Property caused by the 2015
storm.”). Sela did not submit a written demand for appraisal until December 12, 2016,
almost two weeks later. Am. Ans. ¶ 66 (“After receiving Selective’s long‐delayed
coverage position, on December 12, 2016, Mr. Sela made a written demand for appraisal
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of the loss.”). Selective’s refusal to comply with Sela’s demand for appraisal on
December 12 is obviously irrelevant to whether Selective had a reasonable basis for
denying Sela’s claim on December 2.
In sum, the Court holds that Selective cannot be held liable under § 604.18 for
rejecting Sela’s written demand for an appraisal. Thus, any bad‐faith claim premised on
that rejection would be futile.
2. Sela’s motion for leave to amend his counterclaim
That leaves the question of whether Sela should be given leave to amend his
counterclaim to bring a bad‐faith claim premised on his other allegations of bad faith
(an issue that Judge Rau did not address). That is a tricky question, given the unusual
posture of this case.
Had Sela known at the time that he moved for leave to amend his counterclaim
that this Court would find that the motion was governed by Rules 8 and 15—and not by
§ 604.18, subd. 4(a)—the parties presumably would have proceeded in the following
manner:
First, Sela would have moved under Rule 15(a)(2) for leave to amend his
counterclaim to include a bad‐faith claim. Sela would have known that his proposed
bad‐faith claim would have to meet the pleading standards of Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S.
662 (2009), and Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544 (2007). In particular, Sela
-35-
would have known that his proposed counterclaim would have to plead “enough facts
to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570 (emphasis
added). Sela would not have submitted any affidavits or other evidence because he
would have known that Judge Rau would look only at what was contained within the
four corners of the proposed counterclaim.
Second, Selective would have opposed the motion, arguing that the proposed
amendment would be futile because the proposed bad‐faith claim could not withstand a
motion to dismiss. Selective would also not have submitted any affidavits or other
evidence because it, too, would have known that Judge Rau’s review would be limited
to the four corners of the proposed counterclaim.
Finally, Judge Rau would have ruled on Sela’s motion. Judge Rau would have
read the proposed counterclaim and decided whether, on its face, it pleaded sufficient
facts to state a plausible bad‐faith claim.
Of course, this Court could now examine Sela’s proposed amended counterclaim
and decide whether it pleads a plausible bad‐faith claim. But that would be unfair to
Sela. At the time that he filed his motion for leave to amend, Sela reasonably assumed
(based on the case law of this District) that he was proceeding under subdivision 4(a) of
§ 604.18. Thus, Sela reasonably assumed that this Court would not be deciding whether
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his proposed counterclaim pleaded a plausible bad‐faith claim, but instead deciding
whether his affidavits established “prima facie evidence in support of the motion.”
Reflecting this understanding, Sela’s proposed bad‐faith claim is relatively brief
and is pleaded in a relatively conclusory fashion. By contrast, the affidavits and other
evidence that he submitted are detailed and voluminous. If this Court were to look
only at the face of Sela’s proposed counterclaim—and not at his affidavits—the Court
would find that Sela has not pleaded a plausible bad‐faith claim.
So what should this Court do?
On the one hand, it would be unfair to deny Sela leave to amend his
counterclaim because of his failure to meet the Iqbal/Twombly standard when he could
not have anticipated that this Court would be applying the Iqbal/Twombly standard. This
suggests that the Court should give Sela a chance to move again for leave to amend his
counterclaim to add a bad‐faith claim. Sela could then attempt to meet the
requirements of Iqbal and Twombly by shifting some allegations from his affidavits into
his pleading.
On the other hand, going through another round of briefing about whether Sela
should be allowed to amend his counterclaim to add a bad‐faith claim seems like a
waste of time. This case is two years old. Discovery is over. The parties are ready to
move for summary judgment. Given the posture of the case, the Court believes that,
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rather than continue to litigate over the question of whether Sela can adequately plead a
bad‐faith claim (a question that focuses on the face of the pleadings), the Court and the
parties should just cut to the chase and address the question of whether Sela can recover
on a bad‐faith claim (a question that focuses on the evidence).
For that reason, the Court will give Sela leave to file his proposed “Amended
Answer to Second Amended Complaint and Counterclaims” (ECF No. 68‐1). Selective
can then move for summary judgment on the bad‐faith claim, the Court can review the
evidence in the record, and the Court can decide whether a reasonable jury could return
a verdict in Sela’s favor on that claim.
ORDER
Based on the foregoing, and on all of the files, records, and proceedings herein,
IT IS HEREBY ORDERED THAT:
1.
Selective’s objection [ECF No. 118] to the order on the motion to amend
[ECF No. 111] is OVERRULED IN PART AND SUSTAINED IN PART.
That order is VACATED.
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2.
For the reasons stated in this order, Sela’s motion for leave to amend his
counterclaim to add a claim for bad faith under Minn. Stat. § 604.18 [ECF
No. 88] is GRANTED.
Dated: November 27, 2018
s/Patrick J. Schiltz
Patrick J. Schiltz
United States District Judge
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