Ford v. Wal-Mart Stores East, LP

Filing 57

ORDER and MEMORANDUM OPINION granting 39 Motion for Summary Judgment. Signed by District Judge Sharion Aycock on 8/1/22. (jla)

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF MISSISSIPPI
ABERDEEN DIVISION
BIRTA R. FORD

PLAINTIFF

v.

CIVIL ACTION NO. 1:21-CV-13-SA-DAS

WAL-MART STORES EAST, LP and
MATTHEW WISECUP

DEFENDANTS

ORDER AND MEMORANDUM OPINION
Now before the Court is the Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment [39]. The Motion
[39] has been fully briefed. Having reviewed the filings, as well as the applicable authorities, the
Court is prepared to rule.
Relevant Factual and Procedural Background
Birta R. Ford, a black female who is currently 59 years old, began working at Wal-Mart’s
Louisville, Mississippi location in 1993. From 1993 until 2012, Ford worked in a variety of
different positions at the Louisville store. In 2012, the then-Store Manager, Charlie Fairley,
promoted Ford to one of the Assistant Store Manager (sometimes hereinafter referred to as
“ASM”) positions at Louisville. At some point thereafter, James Jones replaced Fairley as the Store
Manager. In August 2018, Matthew Wisecup replaced Jones as the Store Manager. Mel Searcy,
who holds the position of Market Manager, made the decision to make Wisecup the Store Manager
at the Louisville store. Searcy was also Wisecup’s direct supervisor. When Wisecup’s tenure as
Store Manager commenced, Ford was working as an Assistant Store Manager over the overnight
shift (9:00 P.M. to 7:00 A.M.). Ford was responsible for the overnight stocking process—in
particular, she supervised the overnight stockers. Wisecup was her direct supervisor.
Wal-Mart utilizes a progressive employee discipline plan. Under the plan, there are three
different disciplinary action levels: Disciplinary Action 1 – Yellow; Disciplinary Action 2 –

Orange; and Disciplinary Action 3 – Red. Disciplinary actions remain active for a period of 12
months.1 If an employee receives a successive disciplinary action within that 12-month period, the
successive action is a level higher than the original disciplinary action. As explained by Ford, “if
one does not get a second disciplinary action with a year of getting their first, then it ‘falls off,’
and the next disciplinary action received is considered a first (yellow). However, if one gets a
second disciplinary action within a year from the first, the year starts all over again, and both will
not fall off until a year after the second.” [45] at p. 3.
On March 27, 2018—prior to Wisecup becoming the Store Manager—Jones issued Ford a
first disciplinary action (Disciplinary Action 1 – Yellow) because Ford did not report to WalMart’s Ethics Department an incident regarding an associate’s use of a racial slur toward another
associate. Although Ford contends that she should not have received a disciplinary action for this
incident because of additional facts (not relevant to this lawsuit), she admits that Wisecup was not
the Store Manager at the time of the incident and that he was in no way involved in her receipt of
that disciplinary action.
In late 2018—a few months after Wisecup became Store Manager—Ford’s brother was
involved in a severe accident and required extensive medical treatment and care. As to how her
brother’s situation impacted Ford’s employment, the parties’ versions of events diverge.
According to the Defendants, Wisecup recommended to Ford that she move to the day shift “to
better fit her schedule and [so] that she could remain working and getting paid instead of taking
leave.” [40] at p. 7. Ford agrees that Wisecup suggested that she move to the day shift but contends
that Wisecup “did not work with [her], and whenever Ford had to take her brother for an

At some point during Ford’s employment, Wal-Mart internally began referring to disciplinary actions as
“coachings.” The Court notes this distinction for the sake of clarity, as certain quotes throughout this Order
and Memorandum Opinion utilize the term “coaching” when referring to a disciplinary action. For purposes
of this Order and Memorandum Opinion, this is a distinction without a difference.

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appointment, it was always a problem.” [45] at p. 6. Nevertheless, it is undisputed that Ford
changed to the day shift and was eventually moved to the position of Assistant Store Manager over
the front end of the store.
In February 2019, Wisecup issued a disciplinary action to Ford. Because this disciplinary
action was issued within one year of Ford’s previously-noted disciplinary action, it was labeled as
a Disciplinary Action 2 – Orange. Wisecup’s notation supporting the disciplinary action was as
follows:
On 2/18/19, Birta was the closing manager on duty. Birta was on the
candy aisle at 6:30 pm stocking candy and was not following up to
store standards. No one was assigned to fill water or the drink aisle.
Paper goods was [sic] not filled. Lunches were not planned on the
GM side of the store leaving no coverage during this time.
[39], Ex. 5 at p. 1.
After receiving this disciplinary action, Ford reached out to Searcy pursuant to Wal-Mart’s
Open Door Policy. Searcy came to the Louisville store to meet with Ford. According to Ford, she
told Searcy during that meeting that she believed Wisecup was trying to get her fired. Ford admits
that she did not reference race or age during that meeting.
A few days later, Wisecup gave Ford a poor annual performance review. On the
Competencies/Capabilities section of the performance review, Wisecup issued Ford a
“Development Needed” rating (2 out of a scale of 5) in three subsections: (1) Grow the Business;
(2) Inspire and Motivate; and (3) Operate with Discipline. In the “Manager’s Comments” portion
of the evaluation, Wisecup commented:
Birta works well with her associates and has a great deal of total
store knowledge. Birta needs to improve her planning so she is able
to better manage her day and achieve the desired results each day,
each week, and each month. Birta tries to do too much on her own
at times and this affects her ability to follow-up. Birta needs to
continue to grow her process knowledge especially around
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technology. Birta must improve on engaging and planning features
and seasonal transitions.
[44], Ex. 16 at p. 1.2
Ford and Wisecup met to discuss the performance review. Ford testified that she told
Wisecup, “I can’t believe this. . . So you mean I don’t do nothing right, not nothing [sic] in the
store?” [44], Ex. 1 at p. 29. She further testified that Wisecup responded by laughing and telling
her, “I’m going to let you stay here and let you read over it.” Id. Ford stated that she believed
Wisecup stepped out of the room for a minute and planned to return to further discuss the
evaluation; however, she later learned that he had gotten in his car and left. Ford again utilized the
Open Door Policy to make Searcy aware of this incident.
On March 16, 2019, Wisecup issued Ford another disciplinary action, which was labeled
as a Disciplinary Action 3 – Red. Wisecup’s description of Ford’s conduct was as follows:
On 3/11/19 and 3/12/19, Birta failed to ensure houseware/domestic
bins were capped. Merchandise was found with no labels and/or no
counts on the cases. Some of the merchandise also scanned showing
picks and not capped into the bins. This was discussed with Birta on
3/11/19 and Birta failed to follow up on this issue on 3/11/19 or
3/12/19 while the department managers were still here and after 4
pm that evening, the bins were still not corrected. Also on 3/12/19
and 3/13/19, Birta failed to ensure outs were scanned in departments
5/6/72/87.
[39], Ex. 5 at p. 2.
On June 24, 2019, Ford went on FMLA leave. In mid-August 2019, while Ford was on
leave, Wal-Mart initiated a company-wide reduction in force. Searcy and Wisecup both testified
that they were unaware of the company’s intent to initiate a reduction in force until they received
an email from the “home office” describing the changes that must be implemented. The “home

The performance review covered the time period of February 1, 2018, through January 31, 2019. The
evaluation was electronically signed by Ford on March 1, 2019, and by Wisecup on March 2, 2019.

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office” email, which Searcy and Wisecup received in August 2019, provided some general
information concerning the reduction in force and then included a specific list of changes for the
Louisville store. In pertinent part, the email explained:
There will no longer be an overnight (ON) ASM position in your
store, which means your overall ASM headcount will be reduced.
(NOTE: The headcount reduction will be based on current
approved ON ASM structure. For example, if the store is
currently approved for two ON ASMs, then headcount is
reduced by two.)
[39], Ex. 8 at p. 2 (emphasis in original).
The email also provided criteria that should be utilized in the determination as to which
employee(s) should be impacted first by the reduction in force. It also included a specific chart
listing and ranking the Louisville Assistant Store Managers based upon that criteria:
Below you will find ASMs in your store in groups based on eval
competencies, disciplinary actions and hire date. Associates at the
top of the list should be impacted first to get to your new budget
hours guidance.
...
When there is more than one associate in a group, the associate with
the most recent hire date is impacted.
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:

2 Development Needed or lower with Disciplinary Actions
2 Development Needed or lower, no Disciplinary Actions
Solid, no more than 2 Development Needed or lower with
Disciplinary Actions
Solid, no more than 2 Develop [sic] Needed or lower, no
Disciplinary Actions
2 or more Exceeds Expectations with Disciplinary Actions
2 or more Exceeds Expectations without Disciplinary
Actions

5

Name

Grow the
Business

Inspire and
Motivate

Birta
Ford
Kristy
Shack
Tobi
Beckham
Mattie
Knowles
Eric
Joiner

Development
Needed
Meets
Expectations
Meets
Expectations
Meets
Expectations
Exceeds
Expectations

Development
Needed
Development
Needed
Meets
Expectations
Meets
Expectations
Exceeds
Expectations

Operate
with
Discipline
Development
Needed
Development
Needed
Meets
Expectations
Meets
Expectations
Meets
Expectations

Disciplinary
Action

Group

Hire Date

Red

1

10/27/1993

2

5/11/2017

4

11/16/2011

4

7/23/1994

6

7/6/2000

[39], Ex. 8 at p. 2-3.3
Since Ford was on FMLA leave at the time, Wisecup sent Ford a letter advising her that
her position would be eliminated as a result of the reduction in force and that she had until January
2020 to find a new position. Searcy and the Store Managers from across the market thereafter held
a meeting and conducted a “talent balancing” exercise, during which decisions were made as to
how Wal-Mart would reallocate its personnel following the reduction in force. In addition to Ford,
three other Louisville Assistant Store Managers were transferred: Mattie Knowles (black female,
age 58) transferred to the Philadelphia, Mississippi location; Kristy Shack (black female, age 35)
transferred to the Starkville, Mississippi location; Eric Joiner (black male, age 48) transferred to
the Columbus, Mississippi location. Two Assistant Store Managers were transferred into the
Louisville store: Barbara Jolly (white female, age 47) and Jeremy England (white male, age 26).
Ford ultimately moved into a pharmacy sales associate hourly position at Wal-Mart’s Philadelphia,
Mississippi location. While Ford’s salary as an ASM as of January 2020 was “around $50,000.00”
per year, her new position paid $17.75 per hour. [44], Ex. 2 at p. 3.

The Court modified the first column of the employee chart so as to remove information irrelevant to this
lawsuit and to otherwise avoid confusion.

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Ford initiated this action on February 1, 2021. In her Amended Complaint [15], Ford
alleges that Wal-Mart is liable for: (1) violation of the Family and Medical Leave Act (“FMLA”);
(2) race discrimination in violation of Title VII; (3) race discrimination in violation of 42 U.S.C.
§ 1981; and (4) age discrimination in violation of the ADEA. She additionally avers that Wisecup
is liable “for race discrimination under 42 U.S.C. § 1981, and tortious/malicious interference with
employment.” [15] at p. 6. The Defendants seek dismissal of all claims.4
Summary Judgment Standard
Summary judgment is warranted when the evidence reveals no genuine dispute regarding
any material fact, and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. FED. R. CIV. P.
56(a). Rule 56 “mandates the entry of summary judgment, after adequate time for discovery and
upon motion, against a party who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of
an element essential to that party’s case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at
trial.” Nabors v. Malone, 2019 WL 2617240 at *1 (N.D. Miss. June 26, 2019) (quoting Celotex
Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S. Ct. 2548, 91 L. Ed. 2d 265 (1986)).
“The moving party ‘bears the initial responsibility of informing the district court of the
basis for its motion, and identifying those portions of the record which it believes demonstrate the
absence of a genuine issue of material fact.’” Id. (quoting Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323). “The
nonmoving party must then ‘go beyond the pleadings’ and ‘designate specific facts showing that
there is a genuine issue for trial.’” Id. (quoting Celotex, 477 U.S. at 324). Importantly, “the
inferences to be drawn from the underlying facts contained in the affidavits, depositions, and
exhibits of record must be viewed in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion.”
Waste Mgmt. of La., LLC v. River Birch, Inc., 920 F.3d 958, 964 (5th Cir. 2019) (quoting Reingold

In her Memorandum [45], Ford withdrew her FMLA claim. Therefore, to the extent the Defendants’
Motion [39] seeks dismissal of that claim, it is GRANTED. Ford’s FMLA claim is dismissed with prejudice.

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v. Swiftships, Inc., 126 F.3d 645, 646 (5th Cir. 1997)). But “[c]onclusory allegations, speculation,
unsubstantiated assertions, and legalist arguments are not an adequate substitute for specific facts
showing a genuine issue for trial.” Nabors, 2019 WL 2617240 at *1 (citations omitted).
Analysis and Discussion
Prior to analyzing Ford’s claims, the Court will make one clarification. Ford asserts that
she is a member of three protected classes: (1) race; (2) age; and (3) race plus age. This Court has
previously declined to recognize sex plus age as a separate protected category. See Birchfield v.
City of West Point, Miss., 2021 WL 277810, at *3 n. 1 (N.D. Miss. Jan. 27, 2021); Cash v.
Walgreen Co., 2020 WL 1846535, at *4 n. 4 (N.D. Miss. Apr. 10, 2020). For the same reasons
articulated in those cases, the Court rejects Ford’s request to recognize race plus age as a separate
class. The Court will address her race claims and her age claim separately. To the extent she asserts
a race plus age claim, that claim is dismissed with prejudice.
I.

Race Discrimination

As to race, Ford contends that Wal-Mart is liable pursuant to Title VII and Section 1981.
She also asserts a Section 1981 claim against Wisecup. The Court will analyze these claims
together, as “[t]he analysis of discrimination claims under § 1981 is identical to the analysis of
Title VII claims.” Body by Cook, Inc. v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins., 869 F.3d 381, 386 (5th Cir.
2017) (citing Jones v. Robinson Prop. Grp. L.P., 427 F.3d 987, 992 (5th Cir. 2005)).5

As noted above, Ford asserts Title VII and Section 1981 claims against Wal-Mart but only asserts a Section
1981 claim against Wisecup. Under Title VII, relief is only available against an “employer” as that term is
defined in 42 U.S.C. § 2000e(b). Foley v. Univ. of Houston Sys., 355 F.3d 333, 340 n. 8 (5th Cir. 2003).
While the Fifth Circuit has not definitively decided the issue, “[d]istrict courts within the Fifth Circuit
generally have interpreted Foley to recognize individual liability under § 1981 for supervisors who exercise
control over employment decisions and were personally involved in the complained-of conduct, but have
refused to allow a claim under Section 1981 against a mere co-worker.” Thomas v. Link Staffing, 2019 WL
486875, at *4 (S.D. Tex. Jan. 8, 2019) (citations omitted). The Fifth Circuit has recently noted this
uncertainty. See Escamilla v. Elliott, 2022 WL 2387354, at *2 n. 2 (5th Cir. July 1, 2022). The Court will
therefore address them no further but simply points out the distinction for the sake of clarity.

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To succeed on a claim for race discrimination under Title VII or Section 1981, a plaintiff
may establish a prima facie case either through direct or circumstantial evidence. Gilleylen v. City
of Tupelo, Miss., 2017 WL 4050322, at *2 (N.D. Miss. Sept. 13, 2017). In the absence of direct
evidence, “the Court uses the McDonnell Douglas burden shifting framework to assess the
sufficiency of the evidence.” Gossett v. Allegiance Specialty Hosp. of Greenville, LLC, 2021 WL
4504694, at *3 (N.D. Miss. Oct. 1, 2021) (citing Harville v. City of Houston, 945 F.3d 870, 87475 & n. 10 (5th Cir. 2019)).
Under the McDonnell Douglas framework, the plaintiff bears “the initial burden to
establish a prima facie case of discrimination[.]” Harville, 945 F.3d at 875. “The prima facie case,
once established, creates a presumption of discrimination and the burden then shifts to the
[defendant] to articulate a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for the adverse employment
action.” Id. (citing Shackelford v. Deloitte & Touche, LLP, 190 F.3d 398, 404 (5th Cir. 1999)). “If
the employer does so, the plaintiff ‘must . . . produce substantial evidence indicating that the
proffered legitimate nondiscriminatory reason is a pretext for discrimination.’” Gossett, 2021 WL
4504694 at *4 (quoting Outley v. Luke & Assocs., Inc., 840 F.3d 212, 216 (5th Cir. 2016)).
A.

Prima Facie Case

The Fifth Circuit has articulated the plaintiff’s prima facie burden as follows:
To establish a prima facie case of racial discrimination in
employment, an employee must demonstrate that she (1) is a
member of a protected group; (2) was qualified for the position at
issue; (3) was discharged or suffered some adverse employment
action by the employer; and (4) was replaced by someone outside
his protected group or was treated less favorably than other similarly
situated employees outside the protected group. With respect to the
“similarly situated employees” requirement, a plaintiff must show
that [she] was treated less favorably than others under nearly
identical circumstances.

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Morris v. Town of Independence, 827 F.3d 396, 401-02 (5th Cir. 2016) (citing Willis v. Cleco
Corp., 749 F.3d 314, 319-20 (5th Cir. 2014)) (internal quotation marks and additional citations
omitted).
The Defendants do not dispute that Ford can satisfy the first three elements of her prima
facie case—particularly, that she is a member of a protected class, was qualified for her position
as an Assistant Store Manager, and suffered an adverse employment action. However, the
Defendants take issue with the fourth element and specifically contend Ford cannot show she was
treated less favorably than other similarly situated employees. The Defendants argue:
Ms. Ford cannot produce evidence that any Caucasian ASM in the
Louisville store had performance issues such that a disciplinary
action was warranted or that any Caucasian ASM in the Louisville
store deserved three “Development Needed” assessments in their
last performance review. While it is true that Caucasian ASMs kept
their positions after the restructure, the Caucasian ASMs were not
similarly-situated to Ms. Ford. . . The Caucasian ASMs in the
Louisville store were not similarly-situated to Ms. Ford based on
their last performance evaluation and their disciplinary action
history. No Caucasian ASM in Louisville had “Development
Needed” in three categories on their last performance evaluation and
none had any disciplinary actions.
[40] at p. 16-17.
In response, Ford contends that she was “in essence, replaced by a younger white
employee.” [45] at p. 21. She emphasizes that as part of the reduction in force, four black managers
were moved out of the Louisville store and two white managers replaced them.6

Although the Defendants argue only that Ford cannot show another similarly situated employee was
treated more favorably, a plaintiff may satisfy the prima facie fourth element by showing that other similarly
situated employees were treated more favorable or by showing that she was replaced by someone outside
of her protected class. See, e.g., Bryan v. McKinsey & Co., Inc., 375 F.3d 358, 360 (5th Cir. 2004) (citing
Okoye v. Univ. of Tex. Houston Health Sci. Ctr., 245 F.3d 507, 512 (5th Cir. 2001)) (explaining that a
plaintiff satisfies the fourth prima facie element by showing that he/she “was replaced by someone outside
the protected class, or, in the case of disparate treatment, shows that other similarly situated employees
were treated more favorably.”) (emphasis added).

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In addition, while the Defendants argue that Ford cannot show that other similarly situated
employees were treated more favorably because she cannot point to any other Assistant Store
Managers with a similar disciplinary history or performance evaluation, the Court notes that the
imposed disciplinary actions and the 2019 performance evaluation are the precise actions which
Ford claims were imposed against her in a discriminatory fashion. To prohibit Ford from
proceeding on that ground would, in this Court’s view, run afoul of the Supreme Court’s directive
that the prima facie case should be treated as a “flexible evidentiary standard.” Swierkiewicz v.
Sorema N.A., 534 U.S. 506, 512, 122 S. Ct. 992, 152 L. Ed. 2d 1 (2002).
The Court also notes that the Fifth Circuit has described a plaintiff’s prima facie burden as
“very minimal.” See Owens v. Circassia Pharm., Inc., 33 F.4th 814, 825 (5th Cir. 2022). The Court
finds that Ford has come forward with sufficient evidence to satisfy such a low threshold.
B.

Legitimate, Nondiscriminatory Reason

The burden then shifts to the Defendants, “who maintain the ‘burden of articulating some
legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the adverse employment action.’” Russell v. City of
Tupelo, Miss., 544 F. Supp. 3d 741, 757 (N.D. Miss. June 16, 2021) (quoting Snyder v. L-3 Comms.
Vertex Aerospace, LLC, 2020 WL 869977, at *6 (N.D. Miss. Feb. 21, 2020)) (additional citation
omitted). At this stage, the Defendants’ burden is “a mere burden of production rather than a
burden of persuasion.” Id. (citations omitted). This stage involves no credibility assessment. See
Cervantez v. KMGP Servs. Co. Inc., 349 F. App’x 4, 8-9 (5th Cir. 2009) (additional citations
omitted).
Wal-Mart asserts that Ford’s position was eliminated as part of a corporate reduction in
force. This constitutes a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the employment decision, and
the Court therefore finds that Wal-Mart has carried its burden.

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C.

Pretext

The burden then shifts back to Ford to show that “the proffered legitimate
nondiscriminatory reason is a pretext for discrimination.’” Gossett, 2021 WL 4504694 at *4
(quoting Outley, 840 F.3d at 216). The Defendants contend that, for Ford to prevail, she “would
have to produce some evidence that Mr. Wisecup knew months in advance that there was going to
be a corporate announcement in mid-August 2019, that the restructure was going to eliminate an
ASM position, and that he knew in advance the criteria that were going to be used to rank the
ASMs in the Louisville store.” [40] at p. 18. On the other hand, although admitting that she had
three “Development Needed” scores on her most recent performance review and that her
disciplinary action level was “Red” at the time the reduction in force was instituted, Ford contends
that Wisecup was solely responsible for the scores and the disciplinary actions and that, in
imposing the same, he acted with discriminatory animus. In other words, she concedes that she
was the logical candidate based upon the criteria created by the “home office” but contends that
she was the logical candidate only because of Wisecup’s animus toward her. She argues Wisecup’s
alleged animus is sufficient to impute liability to Wal-Mart.
To support her argument that Wisecup’s purported animus could be imputed to Wal-Mart,
Ford points to the Supreme Court’s decision in Staub v. Proctor Hospital, 562 U.S. 411, 131 S.
Ct. 1186, 179 L. Ed. 2d 144 (2011). She specifically quotes the following language from that case:
“if a supervisor performs an act motivated by . . . animus that is intended by the supervisor to cause
an adverse employment action, and if that act is a proximate cause of the ultimate employment
action, then the employer is liable . . .” [45] at p. 27 (quoting Staub, 562 U.S. at 422, 131 S. Ct.
1186) (emphasis in original). Citing Staub, the Fifth Circuit has held that “[u]nder the cat’s paw
theory, a subordinate employee’s discriminatory remarks regarding a co-worker can be attributed

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to the workplace superior, ultimately the one in charge of making employment decisions, when it
is shown that the subordinate influenced the superior’s decision or thought process.” Haire v. Bd.
of Supervisors of La. State Univ. Agric. and Mech. Coll., 719 F.3d 356, 366 n. 11 (5th Cir .2013)
(citing Staub, 562 U.S. at 422, 131 S. Ct. 1186).
The issue before the Court here is slightly different, as there is no evidence that Wisecup
(the alleged bad actor) exerted influence over the “home office” in decision to implement a
reduction in force or the creation of the criteria to be utilized in carrying it out. In fact, there is no
competent summary judgment evidence in the record that, at the time of the allegedly
discriminatory disciplinary actions and poor performance review, Wisecup was even aware of the
upcoming reduction in force.7 The specific issue therefore becomes whether Wisecup’s allegedly
discriminatory conduct can be imputed to Wal-Mart, even though at the time of the allegedly
discriminatory conduct Wisecup was unaware of the upcoming reduction in force.
Notably, in their briefing, the parties spend relatively little time addressing this issue. Ford
references only the above-quoted language from Staub, which is a case undoubtedly factually
distinguishable from the case at bar. The Defendants likewise cite no authority directly on point.
The Court has located non-binding precedent addressing this issue.8
The Eighth Circuit addressed a factually analogous situation in Cherry v. Siemens
Healthcare Diagnostics, Inc., 829 F.3d 974 (8th Cir. 2016). In that case, the plaintiff (Farrell

In her deposition, Ford testified that she believed Wisecup knew of the upcoming reduction in force prior
to receiving the “home office” email. However, she admitted that she had nothing other than her own
subjective belief to support that theory, testifying: “I just feel like that he [knew] it. . . That’s what I believe.”
[44], Ex. 1 at p. 42. Ford’s subjective belief, which admittedly was supported by no other evidence, is
insufficient. See, e.g., Marks v. St. Landry Parish Sch. Bd., 75 F. App’x 235 (5th Cir. 2003) (collecting
cases and noting that an employee’s subjective belief alone cannot substantiate a claim of discrimination).
8
In a pre-Staub case, the Fifth Circuit was presented with a similar argument; however, the court disposed
of that case on the basis that the plaintiff could not establish actual discriminatory animus on the part of the
employee’s supervisor. See Roberson v. Alltel Information Servs., 373 F.3d 647, 653-54 (5th Cir. 2004).
Thus, the Fifth Circuit did not address the particular issue at hand.
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Cherry), a black employee of Siemens, alleged that his direct supervisor (Blaine Raymer) “made
various derogatory comments to or about Cherry, acted disrespectfully toward Cherry, and told
stories and jokes that created a racially hostile environment for Cherry.” Id. at 975. Cherry asserted
that Raymer treated one of Cherry’s white co-workers (Dave Eide) more favorably because of his
race. Id. When Siemens later initiated a reduction in force, the criteria utilized to select the
employees who would be impacted was the “performance reviews done by the employees’
immediate supervisors—Raymer, in Cherry’s case—from the last three years.” Id. at 976. During
that time period, Cherry received poor performance reviews from Raymer (which Cherry
contended were racially motivated). Id. Those poor performance reviews ultimately led to Cherry
being impacted by the reduction in force. Id. However, it was undisputed that Raymer was unaware
of the upcoming reduction in force at the time he gave Cherry the negative reviews. Id.
Cherry filed suit against Siemens, alleging that his termination was racially motivated in
violation of Title VII. Id. The district court granted summary judgment in Siemens’ favor. Id. The
Eighth Circuit affirmed and, in pertinent part, held:
The difficulty with applying the cat’s paw theory in this case—
setting aside the fact that Cherry did not explicitly raise it before the
district court—is that Raymer did not actually know of the planned
reduction in force at the time he took the allegedly discriminatory
actions against Cherry. Raymer’s negative performance reviews,
in combination with his and Eide’s inappropriate comments, may
very well have been discriminatory in nature. But it would simply
not be possible for Raymer to “use [Raymer’s supervisor] as a dupe
in a deliberate scheme to trigger a discriminatory employment
action” when Raymer did not know in advance about the impending
reduction in force. Had Raymer known and then taken the actions
he did with the intention of ensuring that Cherry, rather than Eide,
was laid off, perhaps the cat’s paw analysis would be applicable.
But that is not what happened here.
Id. at 977 (emphasis added).

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As this excerpt makes clear, the Eighth Circuit declined to extend the cat’s paw theory to
circumstances almost identical to those before this Court, relying heavily on the supervisor’s lack
of knowledge of the upcoming reduction in force when imposing the allegedly discriminatory
performance reviews.
On the other hand, the District Court of Oregon has recently addressed this issue and
reached a different result. See Tsur v. Intel Corp., 2021 WL 4721057 (D. Or. Oct. 8, 2021). In
Tsur, the plaintiff, a longtime employee of Intel (Ron Tsur), was subjected to demeaning and
discriminatory comments from his supervisor (Bruce Jones). Id. at *6. The comments were based,
at least in part, on Tsur’s Israeli national origin and age. Id. Jones also issued Tsur “a series of
declining performance reviews.” Id. Following the poor performance reviews, a representative
from Intel’s HR Department advised Tsur that he could either voluntarily separate from his
employment with Intel or participate in a corrective action plan. Id. To keep his job, Tsur agreed
to the corrective action plan. Id. Intel thereafter instituted a company-wide layoff, pursuant to
which 1,155 employees lost their job. Id. at *7. Tsur was one of the employees selected for
termination. Id. Intel advised Tsur that he had been selected for termination, at least in part, because
of a poor performance review within the previous three years. Id.
Tsur filed suit asserting numerous claims against Intel, one of which was an ADEA
retaliation claim. Id. Tsur alleged that Intel should be held liable for Jones’ animus because Intel
terminated him “in reliance on Jones’ performance reviews . . . and that in doing so Intel knowingly
reaffirmed and continued Mr. Jones’ unlawful discrimination and retaliation[.]” Id. at *12. Intel
filed a motion to dismiss, arguing “that cat’s paw does not apply because Plaintiffs fails to allege
facts showing that Jones’s retaliatory animus caused Intel’s 2015 reduction in force directive.” Id.
at *13. The District Court of Oregon rejected that argument, holding that “[t]he question is not . .

15

. whether retaliatory animus caused the decision to implement a reduction in force, but whether
retaliatory animus caused the decision to select Tsur for the layoff.” Id. at *13 (emphasis added).
The district court continued:
As the Supreme Court has explained, the cat’s paw theory imputes
animus even if the animus is only one among several proximate
causes for the adverse employment action: ‘The decisionmaker’s
exercise of judgment is also a proximate cause of the employment
decision, but it is common for injuries to have multiple proximate
causes.’ . . . ‘Proximate cause requires only some direct relation
between the injury asserted and the injurious conduct alleged, and
excludes only those links that are too remote, purely contingent, or
indirect.’ Staub, 562 U.S. at 1192 (simplified). An employer may
take the adverse action for reasons other than the supervisor’s biased
report, but that is the employer’s burden to show. Id. at 1193.
Further, a ‘supervisor’s biased report may remain a causal factor
if the independent action takes it into account without determining
that the adverse action was, apart from the supervisor’s
recommendation, entirely justified. . . Even if other factors may also
have caused Tsur’s eligibility for the layoff, Tsur has sufficiently
alleged that Jones’s retaliatory animus was at least one proximate
cause.
Id. (emphasis added).
The Court recognizes this split of authority and, candidly, sees persuasive arguments on
both sides. However, rather than summarily deciding the present case on that ground, the Court
will set aside that issue for now and first look to whether Ford has come forward with sufficient
evidence to create a genuine issue of material fact as to pretext.
In doing so, the Court turns to the final step of the McDonnell Douglas analysis. The Fifth
Circuit has recently explained the applicable standard as follows:
. . . [T]he plaintiff must then offer sufficient evidence to create a
genuine issue of material fact either (1) that the defendant’s reason
is not true, but is instead a pretext for discrimination (pretext
alternative); or (2) that the defendant’s reason, while true, is only
one of the reasons for its conduct, and another “motivating factor”
is the plaintiff’s protected characteristic (mixed-motives
alternative).
16

Vasquez-Duran v. Driscoll Children’s Hosp., 2021 WL 3775350, at *4 (5th Cir. Aug. 25, 2021)
(quoting Rachid v. Jack In The Box, Inc., 376 F.3d 305, 312 (5th Cir. 2004)).
In analyzing pretext, the Court finds particularly pertinent and noteworthy the Fifth
Circuit’s recent decision in Owens, 33 F.4th 814.9 There, the plaintiff, an Asian female (Owens),
alleged—among other claims—that her employer (Circassia) terminated her in violation of Title
VII. Id. at 823. Owens, who held the position of Regional Sales Manager for Circassia, began
experiencing issues well before her ultimate termination on June 7, 2018. Id. The Fifth Circuit
specifically noted three performance reviews. Id. Owens’ 2016 end-of-year review identified
multiple flaws with her performance; however, the next two reviews indicated no improvement.
Id. On April 11, 2018, Owens’ direct supervisor (Casey) met with her and advised her that she was
being placed on a performance improvement plan (“PIP”). Id. The PIP summarized the issues with
Owens’ performance, described the areas of her performance that needed to be improved, and
warned that failure to improve could result in termination. Id. Owens’ performance did not
improve, and she was ultimately terminated three days before the PIP expired. Id.
As noted above, Owens claimed (among other things) that her race played a role in the
termination decision. Id. The district court granted summary judgment in Circassia’s favor, and
Owens appealed. Id. On appeal, the Fifth Circuit found that Owens could satisfy her prima facie
burden, as she was a member of a protected group, was qualified for her position, suffered an
adverse employment action, and was replaced by a white male. Id. Likewise, Circassia satisfied
its burden of production by claiming that the termination was due to Owens’ poor performance.
Id. The bulk of the Fifth Circuit’s analysis addressed the pretext stage. Id.

Owens was decided after the parties filed their respective briefs in this case and therefore is not addressed
in their filings.

9

17

One of Owens’ pretext arguments was that “Circassia’s stated reasons for firing her were
inconsistent with reality and, given Circassia’s own behavior, illogical.” Id. at 830. In particular,
she argued that the poor performance reviews she received were false. Id. The Fifth Circuit noted
that “mere disputes over an employer’s assessment of an employee’s performance do not create
issues of fact. But in policing this line, courts should be cautious not to dismiss any dispute as a
mere dispute.” Id. at 831 (citing Salazar v. Lubbock Cnty. Hosp. Dist., 982 F.3d 386, 389 (5th Cir.
2020)) (internal citation omitted, emphasis in original). The Fifth Circuit then noted that Owens’
submitted declaration presented sufficient objective evidence such that “a reasonable trier of fact
could find that Circassia’s proffered justification for terminating Owens is false.” Id. at 833.
However, the court continued: “But that alone is not enough. The evidence must permit a
reasonable inference that Circassia’s false reason was pretext for the true, discriminatory, reason.”
Id. (citing Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods., Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 148, 120 S. Ct. 2097, 147 L.
Ed. 2d 105 (2000)) (additional citation omitted).
Therefore, the Fifth Circuit continued its analysis and considered whether she had come
forward with evidence to support her theory that Circassia’s reason was not only false, but also
discriminatory. Id. Ultimately, the Fifth Circuit held that Owens had provided only “scant evidence
of discriminatory treatment” and concluded that “although Owens likely presents enough evidence
of illogic to permit a rational factfinder to think Circassia’s proffered reason might be false, Owens
does not present the type of evidence necessary to permit an inference of discrimination.” Id.
(emphasis added). The court also rejected Owens’ other pretext arguments and consequently
affirmed the district court’s decision. Id.
With that overarching standard in mind, the Court turns to Ford’s specific arguments in the
case sub judice. She provides an extensive list of reasons that she believes support her pretext

18

argument. Many of the reasons can easily be disregarded at the outset for purposes of her race
discrimination claims. For instance, some of the reasons are solely related to age, which clearly is
not protected by Title VII. One of the other listed reasons is based upon Ford’s belief that Wisecup
“did not like [her] and was trying to get rid of her because he would never give her a weekend
off.” [45] at p. 24. This Court has repeatedly held that “a complainant’s own subjective belief of
discrimination, no matter how sincere, cannot alone serve as a basis for judicial relief.” Stringer v.
North Bolivar Consolidated Sch. Dist., 2017 WL 1032019, at *3 (N.D. Miss. Mar. 15, 2017)
(quoting Moore v. McCullough, 351 F. Supp. 2d 536, 541 (N.D. Miss. 2005)) (additional citation
omitted). Additionally, she makes the conclusory assertion that “Ford was told her job was
eliminated because they were eliminating overnight stocking. But this was most likely a ruse to get
rid of some managers because they resumed it around a year later.” [45] at p. 25 (emphasis added).
Ford provides no evidence to support this conclusory, speculative allegation that Wal-Mart’s
conduct “was likely a ruse”—falling below the threshold necessary to preclude summary
judgment. See, e.g., Ramsey v. Henderson, 286 F.3d 264, 269 (5th Cir. 2002) (citation omitted)
(“This Court has cautioned that conclusory allegations, speculation, and unsubstantiated assertions
are inadequate to satisfy the nonmovant’s burden in a motion for summary judgment.”). Ford also
makes reference to an incident when Wisecup took home from the store an iPad that she needed
to use during her shift; however, she admitted that she did not receive any type of discipline for
this incident and provides no explanation as to how the incident was in any way related to her race.
Setting aside those proffered reasons, the Court turns to Ford’s additional pretext
arguments. First, the Court notes Ford’s argument that the disciplinary actions and the poor
performance review which Wisecup imposed against her were not warranted. As to the first
disciplinary action Wisecup imposed against her, Ford testified:

19

Q.

All right. So those are – those are the only notes that you
took during your time that you had interaction with Mr.
Wisecup, right?

A.

Yes, sir.

Q.

All right. Let’s look at Page 154. You write a note that’s
dated February 28, 2019, about Mel coming to have an open
door about your concerns and to discuss the coaching you
received on February 22, 2019.

A.

Uh-huh (Indicating yes).

Q.

Now, did Mel actually come to the store?

A.

He came. Yes, sir.

...
Q.

You told Mel about the coaching and then you state that “he
told a lie and put my job in jeopardy.” Who do you say told
a lie?

A.

Matthew.

Q.

What was the lie that you allege Matthew told?

A.

About I didn’t know where my associates were and that I
wasn’t managing the store.

[44], Ex. 1 at p. 15.
Ford further testified that, during their meeting, Searcy informed her that he was “not going
to overturn [his] store manager’s decision.” Id. Unsatisfied with the result of that meeting, Ford
emailed Searcy and asked that he come back to the store to discuss the matter further.
Similarly, Ford testified that she disagreed with the final disciplinary action she received
from Wisecup. That disciplinary action related to the binning process at the store and, more
particularly, Ford’s handling of a subordinate employee, Vernita Hughes’, failure to comply with
Wal-Mart’s protocol:

20

Q.

All right. So Ms. Hughes would like to be a little
argumentative, I guess.

A.

Yes, sir. She would. She would be. So it was about the bins,
about her scanning the bins. Now, she would always want to
do it her way, but she would scan the bins regardless. It
might be late in the evening, but that wasn’t protocol. You
should do it -- you should have did it, you know, that
morning when you come in. So Matthew [Wisecup] had got
with me about Vernita, about her work and stuff. She was a
good worker, but she -- just about them bins. And he told me
about it. She did do a couple of times. So – and I went to her.
I said, “Vernita, if you do it again I’m going to have to bring
you in. You got to do your bins. I don’t care if you don’t like
it, you got to follow the procedures on it. You got to do it.”

Q.

This was day shift, right?

A.

This was day shift. She didn’t. That next – I say maybe a
couple days, she didn’t. So when she didn’t, when I got there
and find out she hadn’t, I called in and I coached her for it,
just like I told her. And I said, “I’m going to have to coach
you.” Matt [Wisecup] had got with me on a Tuesday. It was
a Tuesday. And I coached her on a Wednesday. He wasn’t
at work. This was his day off. I never did tell him that I
coached her. I didn’t tell him because I didn’t think it was,
you know, just important. And so the next thing I know I was
called in the office again. And I think this was on a Saturday.
. . . And I say, “What is this about?” And he say, “Well, it’s
because Vernita did not scan her bins.” I said, “No, she
didn’t.” And I told him. He proceeds to – I said, “Well, I
coached her.” He said, “When did you coach her?” I said, “I
coached her Wednesday.” He said, “How come I don’t know
it?” I said, “Because you was off. You was off Wednesday.”
And he said, “Now, you see there. She’s going to run to me,
she going to come running to me with this.” And I said,
“Well, I did what I thought I should do. I told her I was going
to coach her if she didn’t follow the thing, and I coached
her.” And he said he wasn’t going to take it off [Ford’s
record], he was going to leave it on there. And that’s how
that come out about the second coaching.

[44], Ex. 1 at p. 24-25.

21

Finally, Ford testified as follows regarding her meeting with Wisecup to discuss the poor
performance review he had given her:
Q.

Okay. Did you and Mr. Wisecup sit down and talk about the
2019 performance evaluation?

A.

Yes, sir. We was sitting down going over it. And as he read
it off to me and telling me what my score and – it got to –
well, everything was a development need. Development
need. And I say, “I can’t believe this.” And I said, “So you
mean I don’t do nothing right, not nothing in the store?” And
he laughed and he got up, for which I thought – he said, “I’m
going to let you stay here and let you read over it.” I’m
thinking he went to just step out for a few minutes. I’m
sitting there waiting for him to come back. He never did
come back. And it was time – I remember Mattie walked in
the office and she asked me what I was doing, and I said,
“Waiting on Matt.” She said, “Well, I saw Matt get in the
car and leave.” I said, “No, he couldn’t leave because he’s
going over my eval.” And that’s when I found out everybody
had – he had went over their eval and I was the last one. And
I did not even finish it. I didn’t sign it, didn’t finish going
over it. So I e-mailed Mel [Searcy] and them about it. I did
not even finish – we didn’t even finish going over this.

[44], Ex. 1 at p. 29.
As to these disciplinary actions and the poor performance review, the Court is cognizant
that “[m]ere disputes over an employer’s assessment of an employee’s performance do not create
issues of fact.” Owens, 33 F.4th at 831 (citing Salazar, 982 F.3d at 389). However, “courts should
be cautious to not dismiss any dispute as a mere dispute.” Id. (emphasis in original). In balancing
this tightrope, the Court looks to Ford’s specific explanations. As to the first disciplinary action
imposed by Wisecup, the Court notes that Ford simply appears to disagree with Wisecup’s
assessment, stating that Wisecup’s “lie” was that “[she] didn’t know where [her] associates were
and that [she] wasn’t managing the store.” [44], Ex. 1 at p. 15. Furthermore, the Court notes that,
despite reporting this matter to Searcy, Ford herself admitted that she did not make any reference

22

to race during that conversation. As to the final disciplinary action, Ford does make some argument
in opposition to it, but the Court similarly views it as a mere dispute. She makes a generalized
assertion as to why she disagreed with it (stating that she eventually addressed the matter with
Hughes), but she does nothing more. Finally, regarding the performance review, Ford’s argument
relates to Wisecup’s handling of the matter—in particular, allegedly laughing at her and leaving
the room. Although that conduct, if true, is certainly distasteful, those allegations do not
specifically rebut the accuracy of the performance review. Consequently, having closely reviewed
Ford’s disputes over Wisecup’s assessment of her performance, the Court finds Ford’s contentions
to be nothing more than “mere disputes” insufficient to create an issue of fact.10
Ford also points to the testimony of other individuals regarding Wisecup’s purported racial
bias. Tina Hannah, a black female who previously worked for Wal-Mart and at times worked under
Ford’s supervision, testified as follows:
Q.

Do you think your race or age had anything to do with the
way you were being treated by Mr. Wisecup?

A.

My age? No. Race? Maybe sometime.

Q.

Why did you feel that sometimes?

A.

Okay. For instance, if a Caucasian supervisor is doing
something wrong, it’s no problem. But if a black or an
African American is doing something, that’s a whole
different ballgame.

[44], Ex. 4 at p. 3.
Hannah also testified about the way in which the racial composition of Assistant Store
Managers changed at Louisville following Wisecup’s arrival:

Again, cognizant of the Fifth Circuit’s directive in Owens, the Court does not summarily reject Ford’s
opposition to the disciplinary actions or the performance review but, instead, relies on the above analysis
to support its conclusion that Ford’s particular disputes here do in fact constitute “mere disputes.”
10

23

Q.

After [Mr.] Wisecup came, did the racial makeup of the
assistant managers change drastically?

A.

It did.

Q.

And my understanding is sometime in 2019 Ms. Birta and
three other black assistant managers were sent to other
stores?

A.

They were.

Q.

And two white managers came in?

A.

Uh-huh (Indicating yes).

Id. at p. 4.
Ford additionally points to the deposition testimony of Gloria Moore, another former WalMart employee who worked under Ford’s supervision for some period of time. Moore testified as
follows regarding Wisecup:
Q.

Do you think your age or your race had anything to do with
the way you were being treated by Mr. Wisecup?

A.

Yes. Some of the time, yes.

Q.

Do you think it was your age, your race or both?

A.

Both.

...
Q.

Did he ever make any comments that you thought were racist
or maybe racially insensitive against black people that you
heard?

A.

That I heard? No. Only thing, he just made me feel like -- he
just -- I don’t know. He just want me to work. When it’s time
for me to get off -- and I couldn’t never get off on time. If I
supposed to get off at 7:00, I be there until 9:00 or 10:00 in
the morning to try to satisfy him. You know, whatever he
want you to do if you don’t do it he always won’t have
anything -- he already don’t speak. And he just don’t have

24

anything else to say. I want this done. I want this done, you
know.
[44], Ex. 6 at p. 5.
Moore also testified as follows concerning how the night shift was treated differently than
other shifts:
Q.

. . . Let me show you some pictures that were introduced
yesterday as Exhibit Number 2. Let me pass those over to
you. Let me just tell you, we introduced – these were
introduced yesterday, and Ms. Ford testified that this was a
mess that you guys would come into a lot of times when you
started the shift.

A.

It was.

Q.

Does that look like the mess that you would come into when
you started your shift?

A.

Yes, sir.

Q.

Are you aware of the people who left the place like that for
you to come in, whether they got disciplined or not?

A.

Who was the people that left it here?

Q.

The people who left that mess for you?

A.

I don’t know the people that – it has been a while. I can’t
even think of their name who left this here. But this is what
we did come into.

Q.

Often or rarely?

A.

We came in it very often.

Q.

Very often you would come in and it would be a mess?

A.

Uh-huh (Indicating yes).

Q.

And when your shift was over were you held accountable for
the shape that the store was in by Mr. Wiseceup?

25

A.

Yes. When we come into this, we have to clean it up and
have it done. So, like I was saying when I get off in the
morning time, it would be about 9:00 or 10:00. And he’ll
come back there and tell me, you can leave now. Even I
could be on the floor doing something else.

Q.

Mr. Wisecup wouldn’t let you leave if the store looked like
that, would he?

A.

No. If we left it like this, we couldn’t leave. But we come
into this. He don’t never make them stay there to do it, but
we always have to clean up behind somebody else.

Q.

Were you working overnight at that time, stocking
overnight?

A.

Yes, sir. I was, you know, in support. Yes, sir.

[44], Ex. 6 at p. 5-6.
In addition, Ford herself testified that Wisecup made hostile comments toward her:
Q.

Like what?

A.

The little comments.

Q.

Give me an example.

A.

Okay. Example of a comment. It was like you are lost under
the radar. What you got away with you won’t get away with
no more.

[44], Ex. 1 at p. 17 (emphasis added).11
The Court first turns to the testimony of Tina Hannah. Hannah testified that, under
Wisecup’s leadership, it was a “whole different ballgame” if a black manager was doing something

In his deposition, Wisecup denied making this particular comment or any other comment related to race
or age. However, at the summary judgment stage, the Court’s duty is to view the evidence in the light most
favorable to the non-moving party—in this case, Ford. See, e.g., McCarty v. Hillstone Rest. Grp., Inc., 864
F.3d 354, 358 (5th Cir. 2017) (quoting Boudreaux v. Swift Transp. Co., 402 F.3d 536, 540 (5th Cir. 2005))
(“When considering summary judgment evidence, [the reviewing court] must view all facts and inferences
in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.”).

11

26

wrong, as opposed to a white manager. However, when asked to provide an example, Hannah
testified as follows:
Q.

Can you give me any examples of that?

A.

For instance, like the back room. If we come in at 4:00 in the
morning, if the supervisor worked that night, overnight,
whatever, she was African American but, still, everybody
there got a job to do. When you come in at night, everybody
got a job to do. When you come in in the morning it
shouldn’t be freight still left from the night before, the day
before still there on the floor. And he expect for us to move
it. You can’t move freight like that if the back room is full
and it’s overflowing. You can’t move freight like that.

[44], Ex. 4 at p. 3 (emphasis added).
As this excerpt makes clear, the example Hannah provided involved another black
manager, thereby undercutting the impact of her contention that it was race-based. This leaves only
her previous generalized statement that it was a “whole different ballgame,” but without any
specific evidence to support that statement, the Court views it as insufficient to preclude summary
judgment. See, e.g., Carr v. Air Line Pilots Association, Int’l, 866 F.3d 597, 601 (5th Cir. 2017)
(quoting Ragas v. Tenn. Gas Pipeline Co., 136 F.3d 455, 458 (5th Cir. 1998)) (“[T]he nonmovant
must ‘identify specific evidence in the record and . . . articulate the precise manner in which that
evidence supports his or her claim.’”) (emphasis added). By that same token, Gloria Moore’s
testimony likewise falls below the requisite threshold. She similarly provides a general allegation
that her race and age played a role in the way Wisecup treated her when she arrived for her shift.
However, the explanations she gave do not, in this Court’s view, provide any specific example of
black employees being treated less favorably than white employees. She provided a general
grievance with the manner in which she was treated; however, she did not provide any explanation
as to how that alleged treatment related to her race or how white employees were treated

27

differently. Additionally, as to Wisecup’s purported statement that “[w]hat you got away with you
won’t get away with no more,” Ford has not provided any explanation as to how that statement
pertains to her race.
Ford also emphasizes, as was referenced above in the prima facie portion of the analysis,
that following the institution of the reduction in force, four Assistant Store Managers (including
Ford) were displaced from the Louisville store. All four of the displaced Assistant Store Managers
were black. The new Assistant Store Managers, both of whom were white, were moved into the
Louisville store. The Defendants contend that the change in the racial composition of Assistant
Store Managers was simply happenstance and the decisions were made during the “talent
balancing” meeting without regard to race. In large part, the Defendants aver that the placement
decisions had to do with the size of the Louisville store—particularly, that it is a smaller store
which is oftentimes utilized as a location for Assistant Store Managers to gain experience before
being moved to larger stores. While cognizant that it must view all evidence in the light most
favorable to Ford, the Court notes that her only real argument in opposition to the Defendants’
explanation is that the reduction in force must have been an orchestrated ruse to eliminate certain
Assistant Store Managers. However, her argument to support that contention is: “this was most
likely a ruse to get rid of some ASMs the stores wanted to get rid of because WalMart in Louisville
went back to overnight stocking a year later in October 2020.” [45] at p. 10. While the Defendants
do not dispute that the Louisville store went back to overnight stocking about a year after the
reduction in force, Ford provides no evidence whatsoever to support her speculative assertion that
the entire reduction in force was a ruse, and the Court finds it insufficient.
The Court also notes that Ford attaches to her Response [44] an unsigned and undated
letter, which begins with the following statement:

28

On behalf of the Associates of Walmart Store #183 in Louisville,
MS, we have a compiled list of unfair and unjust treatment,
discrimination, and harassment, lack of respect, poor
communication, intimidation and retaliation, unjust firing of
employees, unprofessionalism, ethics and integrity, poor leadership,
and misconduct. We believe that these actions of our store manager
violate Walmart ethics and is a form [of] bullying in the workplace.
[44], Ex. 27 at p. 1.
The letter then lists several incidents of alleged discrimination and unfair treatment which
occurred under Wisecup’s leadership. In her deposition, Ford was questioned about the origin of
the letter and how she got in possession of it:
Q.

I think we were talking about this document. You referenced
this document before we took our last break. Tell me how
you obtained this document?

A.

They gave it to my daughter at work. She was working at
Pizza Hut. And she brought it home and said, “Mama,” say,
“they told me to give you this document.” I’m thinking it
come from Thomas or Tina. I don’t know which one. Well,
they brought it to her. She said I think it’s Thomas that
brought her this to work. And she brought it to me. And
that’s how I obtained this.

...
Q.

You’re not sure who brought it to you?

A.

I don’t remember which one she said brought it to her.

...
Q.

Okay. All right. Now, it is not signed by anybody. Did you
- - - after receiving this, did you - - - were you working in
Philadelphia? When did you receive it?

A.

I was in Philadelphia when I received it. Because, like I said,
they gave it to her , gave it to my daughter Katrina.

...
Q.

Do you know who typed this document?
29

A.

No, sir.

[48], Ex. 1 at p. 8-11.
Ford was then specifically questioned about the allegations contained in the letter,
expressing little to no personal knowledge of each of the allegations contained therein. The Court
rejects Ford’s argument that this unsigned, undated letter can be utilized to thwart summary
judgment. As noted above, Ford herself admits she does not know who prepared the document and
she has minimal knowledge of the allegations contained therein. Although, at the summary
judgment stage, the evidence cited need not in its current form be admissible in evidence, materials
must be “capable of being ‘presented in a form that would be admissible in evidence.’” LSR
Consulting, LLC v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 835 F.3d 530, 534 (5th Cir. 2019) (quoting Fed. R.
Civ. P. 56(c)(2)). Here, Ford has no personal knowledge of who prepared the letter, the date it was
prepared, or whether it is authentic—and she has only minimal knowledge regarding the
allegations contained therein. Further, she makes no argument as to how she intends to clear the
evidentiary hurdles for such a document to be admissible. To preclude summary judgment on this
ground would, in the Court’s view, inappropriately lower the requisite threshold that a plaintiff
must surpass.12
Furthermore, although certainly not dispositive, the Court also notes that, despite now
claiming that her termination was based on race, Ford admitted in her deposition that she never

The Court additionally notes Ford’s contention that Wisecup told her she had could not continue working
at the Louisville store following the reduction in force but that she had to move to a different store. Ford,
citing the deposition of Searcy and HR Manager Michael Hooker, contends: “[h]owever, it is not an ironclad
rule and could have been approved by someone above market level.” [45] at p. 25. The Court finds this
argument unpersuasive. While Ford contends that Wisecup’s statement establishes purported animus
toward her (because he did not want her at the Louisville store anymore), she does not contend that she in
fact applied for a position at the Louisville store nor does she make any contention that she would not
otherwise have been impacted by the reduction in force if she could have been placed in a different position
within the same store. Simply put, the Court finds this argument to be a non-starter.

12

30

mentioned race in her conversations with Wisecup or Searcy, and she did not pursue Wal-Mart’s
internal protocols for reporting purported race discrimination. Again, the Court does not view
Ford’s failure to do so as outcome-determinative, but the Court does feel compelled to note that,
despite being in communication with Searcy on multiple occasions about Wisecup’s management,
race was never raised.
Additionally, the Court notes that there was a relatively significant lapse in time between
the allegedly discriminatory disciplinary actions and the poor performance review and the
reduction in force. The allegedly wrongful conduct occurred in February and March of 2019, yet
the reduction in force occurred in August 2019. Ford makes no allegation that Wisecup engaged
in discriminatory conduct against her between March 2019 and the implementation of the
reduction in force in August 2019.
In sum, having carefully considered all of this evidence, the Court finds that Ford has come
forward with only “scant evidence of discriminatory treatment.” Owens. 33 F.4th at 833. This is,
as noted above, insufficient to preclude summary judgment. See id. Although the Court
understands Ford’s dissatisfaction with being impacted by a reduction in force, the Fifth Circuit
has on multiple occasions made clear that “employment laws do not transform federal courts into
human resources managers[.]” Id. at 826 (citing Bryant v. Compass Grp. USA Inc., 413 F.3d 471,
478 (5th Cir. 2005)). Instead, the appropriate inquiry is whether, “viewing all of the evidence in a
light most favorable to the plaintiff, a reasonable factfinder could infer discrimination.” Id.
(quoting Crawford v. Formosa Plastics. Corp., La., 234 F.3d 899, 902 (5th Cir. 2000)). For the
reasons set forth above, the Court finds that a reasonable factfinder could not do so. Summary

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judgment is therefore appropriate and is hereby GRANTED in the Defendants’ favor on Ford’s
race discrimination claims.13
II.

Age Discrimination

Ford also asserts an ADEA claim against Wal-Mart, alleging she was unlawfully
discriminated against because of her age.
“Under the ADEA, it is unlawful for an employer . . . to fail or refuse to hire or to discharge
any individual or otherwise discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation,
terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual’s age.” Koteras v.
Briggs Equipment, Inc., 854 F. App’x 586, 584 (5th Cir. 2021) (quoting Reeves v. Sanderson
Plumbing Prods., Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 141, 120 S. Ct. 2097, 147 L. Ed. 2d 105 (2000); 29 U.S.C. §
623(a)(1)) (citations omitted). As under Title VII, when a plaintiff attempts to establish an ADEA
claim with circumstantial evidence, the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting framework is
applicable. Id. at 584-85 (citations omitted). However, it should be noted that, unlike Title VII,
“[a]n ADEA plaintiff must show that his age was the but-for cause of his employer’s adverse
action.” Id. at 584 (citing Salazar, 982 F.3d at 389).
Prior to doing so, the Court notes the cat’s paw theory of liability issue addressed in detail
above. This Court has relatively recently noted that “[t]he Fifth Circuit has never applied the cat’s
paw theory in an ADEA case[.]” East v. Walgreen Co., 2021 WL 706761, at *3 n. 1. (N.D. Miss.
Feb. 23, 2021). Although the Fifth Circuit has not explicitly sanctioned the utilization of the cat’s
paw theory of liability in an ADEA case since the Supreme Court’s 2011 decision in Staub, this
Court has nevertheless applied it in that context. See, e.g., Harkness v. Bauhaus U.S.A., Inc., 86 F.
Supp. 3d 544, 559 (N.D. Miss. 2015); Cash, 2020 WL 1846535 at *9. Nevertheless, for the same

Having reached this conclusion, the Court sees no need to further address whether liability could be
imputed to Wal-Mart under the cat’s paw theory on these facts.
13

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reasons articulated above in connection with Ford’s race discrimination claims, the Court turns
directly to the viability of her underlying claim.
The parties’ arguments as to Ford’s ADEA claim are largely synonymous with their
arguments on her race discrimination claims. For the sake of brevity, the Court will not recite each
of those arguments again nor will it fully outline the McDonnell Douglas framework. Rather, for
the same reasons set forth above, the Court concludes that Ford can satisfy a prima facie case and
that Wal-Mart has carried its burden of production as to its reason for the adverse employment
action. The Court will therefore transition directly to the pretext analysis.
In addition to the evidence considered above—some of which (such as the comments of
Gloria Moore and Tina Hannah concerning race) are not relevant to the ADEA claim, Ford testified
that Wisecup made relevant comments toward her specifically concerning her age:
Q.

Then you go on to state in Paragraph 5, “Wisecup expressly
held plaintiff’s age against her.” Tell me when he expressly
held age against you?

A.

Okay. It was when Mr. Moore was going to retire. And they
call us in the office -- they sent a memo out, because he had
a memo. And all of us come in the office. It was about four
of us, four or five. And he tells us that Mr. Moore was going
to retire and that the old hands was holding Walmart back
from changes. And he goes on to tell about a 24-year-old was
going to take his place and did anybody – any other assistant
know Mr. Moore. Didn’t nobody raise their hand because
they were all younger than us anyway. And he made the
comment, “Birta, you know him.” I said, “Yes, I do.” And
he went on to say that the older hands -- about the older
hands was holding Walmart back.

Q.

Okay. And you understood that to be a reference in
connection with Mr. Moore?

A.

Yes, sir.

...

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Q.

Okay. So what I’m trying to do, Ms. Ford, is just place a time
stamp on when this conversation occurred. So, obviously,
we have the e-mail. So the conversation that you’re
referencing that Mr. Wisecup had occurred sometime after
December 14, 2018; is that accurate?

A.

Yes, sir.

Q.

Okay. Did Mr. Wisecup ever refer to you as an old hand?

A.

Well, when he asked, “Birta, how long you been here? You
probably remember him.” But –

Q.

Okay. That’s what you can remember?

A.

Yes, sir. Yes, sir.

Q.

And so you took that to mean that Mr. Wisecup was making
a negative comment about your age?

A.

Yes, sir. I do.

[39], Ex. 3 at p. 37-38.
Wal-Mart contends that those alleged comments are only stray remarks that cannot
preclude summary judgment. The Fifth Circuit has articulated the following standard as it pertains
to discriminatory remarks:
A plaintiff can show pretext and discriminatory motive by pointing
to age-related comments made by a person in charge of firing. A
plaintiff can use these comments in both direct and indirect evidence
cases. In direct evidence cases, comments must meet a demanding
standard because the plaintiff relies on them to prove the entire case
of discrimination. For age-related comments to show pretext in a
direct evidence case, they must be more than “stray remarks.” To
rise above the level of a stray remark, an age-related comment must
be direct and unambiguous, allowing a reasonable jury to conclude
without any inferences or presumptions that age was an
impermissible factor in the decision to terminate the employee. . . In
indirect evidence cases, courts apply a less demanding standard
because the discriminatory remarks are just one ingredient in the
overall evidentiary mix. . . Under this less demanding standard, the
plaintiff must show that the comments involve (1) discriminatory
animus (2) on the part of a person that is either primarily responsible
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for the challenged employment action or by a person with influence
or leverage over the relevant decisionmaker.
McMichael v. Transocean Offshores Deepwater Drilling, Inc., 934 F.3d 447, 457-58 (5th Cir.
2019) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).
The Court turns to the comments at issue here. First, Ford alleges that Wisecup stated that
the older hands were holding Wal-Mart back. And although Wisceup did not specific refer to her
as an “older hand,” he allegedly asked Ford how long she had been working at Wal-Mart. Ford
contends that this follow-up question and the setting of the conversation as a whole implied that
Wisecup was negatively referring to her age.
The Court does not wholly discount this statement. However, the Court does note that it
was not a comment made specifically to her and that it requires some inference to believe that
Wisecup intended it to be discriminatory toward her. Nevertheless, even viewing this evidence in
the light most favorable to her, when considered in light of the minimal evidentiary support
(analyzed at length above), the Court finds that she has not come forward with evidence to support
her contention that her age was the but-for cause of her being impacted by the reduction in force.
In fact, the Court finds that the evidence to support her age claim, taken as a whole, is weaker than
the support for her race claims. At best, Ford has come forward with “scant evidence of
discriminatory treatment.” Owens. 33 F.4th at 833.
Ultimately, the Court finds that Ford’s age claim must also be dismissed. Summary
judgment is therefore GRANTED in Wal-Mart’s favor as to that claim.
III.

Tortious Interference with Employment

Finally, Ford asserts a tortious interference with employment claim against Wisecup. The
Mississippi Supreme Court has described a plaintiff’s burden to prevail on such a claim as follows:
The four elements of tortious interference with employment are:
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(1)

that the acts were intentional and willful;

(2)

that they were calculated to cause damage to the plaintiffs in
their lawful business;

(3)

that they were done with the unlawful purpose of causing
damage and loss, without right or justifiable cause on the
part of the defendant (which constitutes malice); and

(4)

that actual damage and loss resulted.

McClinton v. Delta Pride Catfish, Inc., 792 So.2d 968, 976 (Miss. 2001) (quoting Hollywood
Cemetery Ass’n v. Bd. of Mayor & Selectmen, 760 So.2d 715, 719 (Miss. 2000)) (additional
citation omitted).
To support her tortious interference with employment claim, Ford relies on the same
evidence analyzed above in connection with her race and age claims.
As to the first two elements, the Court notes one of its prior cases involving Wal-Mart and
the same progressive discipline plan at issue in the present case. Morris v. Young, 2016 WL
2354642 (N.D. Miss. May 3, 2016). In Morris, this Court held that “the claim of tortious
interference does not require an intention to terminate, but merely an intention to interfere with
employment . . . The decision to issue a coaching which could result in termination—and in this
case did—constitutes a potentially actionable interference.” Id. at *4 (N.D. Miss. May 3, 2016)
(citing Wertz v. Ingalls Shipbuilding Inc., 790 So.2d 841, 845-46 (Miss. Ct. App. 2000)) (emphasis
in original). However, despite recognizing that the initiation of a disciplinary action (or coaching)
could create an actionable basis for interference, the Court, for the same reasons articulated above
in connection with Ford’s previous claims, finds that she has not done so here. Specifically, she
has provided no specific evidence tending to establish that Wisecup took any actions that were
calculated to damage her in her employment. As noted above, she points to the disciplinary actions

36

and the performance review which occurred several months prior to the reduction in force. Nor
can Ford show that Wisecup’s conduct was without right or justifiable cause.14
Furthermore, a defendant occupying a position of responsibility on behalf of another in this
context (such as Wisecup) may raise an additional defense: “one occupying a position of
responsibility on behalf of another is privileged, within the scope of that responsibility and absent
bad faith, to interfere with his principal’s contractual relationship with a third person.” Levens v.
Campbell, 733 So.2d 753, 760 (Miss. 1999) (quoting Shaw v. Burchfield, 481 So.2d 247, 255
(Miss. 1985)). For the same reasons articulated above, the Court finds that Ford has not come
forward with sufficient evidence to show that Wisecup acted outside the scope of his authority or
in bad faith. The imposition of disciplinary actions and a poor performance review were directly
within the scope of Wisecup’s authority as a Store Manager. And the Court relies on its analysis
above (on the race claims and the age claim) for the conclusion that there is insufficient evidence
to show that Wisecup acted in bad faith.
Summary judgment is hereby GRANTED in Wisecup’s favor on Ford’s tortious
interference claim.

In reaching this conclusion, the Court reiterates its analysis above regarding Wisecup’s initiation of the
disciplinary actions and the poor performance review, as well as Ford’s contention that the same was not
warranted. As noted above, the Court finds Ford’s opposition to those disciplinary actions and the poor
performance review to be mere disputes. By that same token, the Court finds that Ford cannot show that
Wisecup’s conduct was taken without right or justifiable cause.

14

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Conclusion
The Court has carefully considered the record as a whole, as well as the parties’ arguments.
Any arguments not specifically addressed herein (including any of the 29 reasons which Ford
contends support her pretext argument) would not have changed the outcome in this case. For the
reasons set forth above, the Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment [39] is GRANTED.
Ford’s claims are hereby dismissed with prejudice. A Final Judgment consistent with this Order
and Memorandum Opinion will issue this day.
SO ORDERED, this the 1st day of August, 2022.

/s/ Sharion Aycock
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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