Sahlein et al v. Red Oak Capital, Inc. et al
Filing
88
ORDER granting 67 Motion to Dismiss; denying 71 Motion for Default Judgment; denying 77 Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings; denying 78 Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings; denying 79 Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings. Signed by District Judge Debra M. Brown on 2/20/15. (bds)
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF MISSISSIPPI
OXFORD DIVISION
HUGO SAHLEIN; RITA SAHLEIN;
STEVEN SAHLEIN; and EMELINE
SAHLEIN
V.
PLAINTIFFS
NO. 3:13-CV-00067-DMB-JMV
RED OAK CAPITAL, INC., its successors
and assigns; MORTGAGE ELECTRONIC
REGISTRATION SYSTEMS, INC., its
successors and assigns; MERSCORP
HOLDINGS, INC., its successors and
assigns; FLAGSTAR BANK, FSB, its
successors and assigns; LSF7 MORTGAGE
ACQUISITIONS II, LLC, its successors and
assigns; LSF7 BERMUDA NPL V TRUST,
its successors and assigns; US BANK
TRUST, NA, its successors and assigns;
VERICREST FINANCIAL, INC., its
successors and assigns; VOLT 2011-NPL1
HOLDINGS, LLC, its successors and
assigns; VERICREST OPPORTUNITY
LOAN TRUST 2011-NPL1, its successors
and assigns; VOLT NPL IX, LLC, its
successors and assigns; VOLT NPL IX
ASSET HOLDINGS TRUST, its successors
and assigns; WELLS FARGO DELAWARE
TRUST COMPANY, NA, its successors and
assigns; MARINOSCI LAW GROUP, PC,
its successors and assigns; JANE DOE
TRUSTS; and JOHN DOES
DEFENDANTS
OPINION AND ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO DISMISS
This declaratory judgment and quiet title action is before the Court on the Rule 12(b)(1)
motion to dismiss of Defendants Caliber Home Loans, Inc. f/k/a Vericrest Financial, Inc.; LSF7
Bermuda NPL V Trust; LSF7 Mortgage Acquisitions II, LLC; Merscorp Holdings, Inc.
(“MERSCORP”); Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems, Inc. (“MERS”); US Bank Trust,
NA; Vericrest Opportunity Loan Trust 2011-NPL1; Volt 2011-NPL1 Holdings, LLC; VOLT
NPL IX, LLC; VOLT NPL IX Asset Holdings Trust; and Wells Fargo Delaware Trust Company,
NA (collectively, “Caliber Defendants”). Doc. #67.
The Caliber Defendants contend that
dismissal is required because this Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over Plaintiffs’ amended
complaint. Id.
I
12(b)(1) Standard
“Motions filed under Rule 12(b)(1) ... allow a party to challenge the subject matter
jurisdiction of the district court to hear a case. Lack of subject matter jurisdiction may be found
in any one of three instances: (1) the complaint alone; (2) the complaint supplemented by
undisputed facts evidenced in the record; or (3) the complaint supplemented by undisputed facts
plus the court's resolution of disputed facts.” Ramming v. U.S., 281 F.3d 158, 161 (5th Cir.
2001) (internal citations omitted). Because the burden of proof rests on the party asserting
jurisdiction, when considering a motion to dismiss for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction, “the
plaintiff constantly bears the burden of proof that jurisdiction does in fact exist.” Id.
II
Procedural History
On March 11, 2013, Plaintiffs Rita Sahlein, Steven Sahlein, and Emeline Sahlein,1 filed
this action asserting numerous state and federal claims against a wide variety of defendants.
Doc. #1. Plaintiffs claimed that the Caliber Defendants and Defendant Red Oak fraudulently
represented to Plaintiffs that Red Oak loaned Plaintiffs money and that the same defendants
1
A fourth plaintiff, Hugo Sahlein, died during the pendency of this litigation and has been dismissed from this case.
Doc. #53.
2
fraudulently asserted that Plaintiffs’ property (“Property”) was subject to a Promissory Note
signed by Rita and Hugo, and a Deed of Trust executed by Plaintiffs.2 See Doc. #1 at ¶ 30.
On September 13, 2013, the Caliber Defendants filed a motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’
complaint. Doc. #21. Following a round of briefing, this Court issued an order granting the
motion to dismiss and providing Plaintiffs an opportunity to file an amended complaint. Doc.
#63.
On July 17, 2014, Plaintiffs filed an amended complaint. Doc. #64. Plaintiffs’ amended
complaint repeats the general allegations of their first complaint; that is, that Plaintiffs jointly
own the Property and that Defendants fraudulently created the Promissory Note and Deed of
Trust. Doc. #64. However, unlike the original complaint, the amended complaint asserts just
two causes of action: (1) a claim seeking various declaratory judgments relating to the Property
and the allegedly fraudulent Deed of Trust;3 and (2) a claim to quiet title in the Property.
Plaintiffs’ amended complaint does not allege any federal claims and pleads that Defendant Red
Oak and Rita both are citizens of California. Id. at ¶¶ 2, 4.
On August 15, 2014, the Caliber Defendants filed a motion to dismiss for lack of subject
matter jurisdiction. Doc. #67. Plaintiffs timely responded, Doc. #72, and the Caliber Defendants
timely replied, Doc. #74.
2
In the interest of clarity, the Court will refer to the Sahleins by their first names.
3
Specifically, Plaintiffs seek the following declaratory judgments:
(i) Plaintiffs do not owe a debt to any Defendant; (ii) Defendants unlawfully collected and retained
monies from Plaintiff; (iii) Defendants unlawfully claimed default against Plaintiff; (iv)
Defendants unlawfully claimed an interest in Plaintiffs’ Property; (v) Defendants unlawfully
foreclosed Plaintiffs’ Property; (vi) Defendants unlawfully clouded title to Plaintiff’s Property;
and (vii) Plaintiffs hold title to Property in fee simple absolute and unencumbered by the Deed of
Trust appearing in the Lafayette County title registry.
Doc. #64 at 12.
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III
Analysis
“The basic statutory grants of federal-court subject-matter jurisdiction are contained in 28
U.S.C. §§ 1331 and 1332. Section 1331 provides for ‘federal question’ jurisdiction, § 1332 for
‘diversity of citizenship’ jurisdiction.” Arbaugh v. Y&H Corp., 546 U.S. 500, 513 (2006)
(internal quotation marks and punctuation omitted).
Here, there is no dispute that Plaintiffs’
amended complaint, which names a plaintiff and a defendant from California and does not raise
any federal claims, does not implicate diversity or federal question jurisdiction. Nevertheless,
Plaintiffs ask that this Court exercise its supplemental jurisdiction over the remaining claims or,
in the alternative, to allow the filing of a second amended complaint so that Plaintiffs may drop
Rita as a party, thereby creating diversity jurisdiction. Doc. #73.
A. Supplemental Jurisdiction
Under 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c): “The district courts may decline to exercise supplemental
jurisdiction [if] (1) the claim raises a novel or complex issue of State law, (2) the claim
substantially predominates over the claim or claims over which the district court has original
jurisdiction, (3) the district court has dismissed all claims over which it has original jurisdiction,
or (4) in exceptional circumstances, there are other compelling reasons for declining
jurisdiction.” Courts in the Fifth Circuit treat these four categories as “statutory factors” to
consider when evaluating supplemental jurisdiction. Enochs v. Lampasas Cnty., 641 F.3d 155,
159 (5th Cir. 2011). Additionally, the Fifth Circuit requires consideration of “common law
factors [of] judicial economy, convenience, fairness, and comity.” Id. (citing Carnegie-Mellon
Univ. v. Cohill, 484 U.S. 343, 350 (1988)).
In evaluating supplemental jurisdiction, “[t]he Fifth Circuit has stated that its general rule
is to decline to exercise jurisdiction over pendent state-law claims when all federal claims are
4
dismissed or otherwise eliminated from a case prior to trial ….” McGhiey v. Metro News Serv.,
Inc., No. 12–cv–00578, 2013 WL 3338598, at *6 (W.D. Tex. July 1, 2013) (quoting Batiste v.
Island Records, Inc., 179 F.3d 217, 227 (5th Cir. 1999)) (internal citations and quotation marks
omitted).
Here, Plaintiffs’ amended complaint seeks to resolve property and contract disputes
between almost twenty parties. This level of complexity weighs against exercising supplemental
jurisdiction under the first statutory factor. The second statutory law factor also weighs in favor
of remand because the state law claims predominate over the non-existent federal law claims.
The third statutory factor weighs in favor of remand because the federal claims were dismissed
by this Court’s July 3, 2014, order. Finally, as explained below, the fourth factor, which
incorporates the common law factors, weighs in favor of remand. See Enochs, 641 F.3d at 159
(“The fourth [statutory] factor also favors remand, as the heavy balance of the common law
factors in favor of remand constitutes another compelling reason to decline jurisdiction.”).
Turning to the common law factors, the judicial economy factor weighs in favor of
remand because “at the time the federal claims were deleted hardly any federal judicial
resources, let alone a significant amount of resources, had been devoted to the ... consideration of
the ... state law claims (or to any claims).” Id. Next, neither party has offered any argument as
to convenience. Accordingly, the Court deems this factor neutral. The third common law factor
also weighs in favor of dismissal without prejudice because “it [is] certainly fair to have ... the
purely ... state law claims heard in ... state court ....” Id. Finally, insofar as federal courts are
“not as well equipped for determinations of state law as are state courts,” the fourth common law
factor of comity is served by dismissal without prejudice. Id.; see Diaz v. Estate of Lampton, No.
5
3:09-cv-324, 2013 WL 3213087, at *16 (S.D. Miss. June 26, 2013) (dismissing state law claims
“without prejudice so that a state court of competent jurisdiction may resolve them”).
Upon consideration of the statutory and common law factors, the Court will follow the
Fifth Circuit’s “general rule” and decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the state law
claims.4
B. Leave to Amend
In their response, Plaintiffs state that “in the alternative that the Court declines to exercise
supplemental jurisdiction over the remaining claims … Plaintiffs request leave to amend the
Amended Complaint in order to dismiss Plaintiff Rita Sahlein.
Doing so would establish
complete diversity ….” Doc. #73 at 4.
“Though a court should freely grant leave to amend, see Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a), ‘a district
court acts within its discretion when dismissing a motion to amend that is frivolous or futile.’”
Ayers v. Johnson, 247 Fed. App’x 534, 535 (5th Cir. 2007) (quoting Martin’s Herend Imports,
Inc. v. Diamond & Gem Trading U.S. of Am. Co., 195 F.3d 765, 771 (5th Cir. 1991)). The
Caliber Defendants argue that such an amendment should be denied as futile because the
proposed amended complaint would be subject to dismissal because Rita is a necessary party to
the asserted causes of action. Doc. #74 at 3.
As an initial matter, the Fifth Circuit recently counseled against allowing amendment
where, a plaintiff, “[h]aving had their first theory of jurisdiction fail [then] seek[s an amendment]
to create diversity jurisdiction.” Jackson v. N.A.A.C.P., 575 Fed. App’x 256, 259 (5th Cir.
2014). In so doing, the Fifth Circuit noted that it has “repeatedly held … the district court is well
4
In reaching this conclusion, the Court rejects Plaintiffs’ contention that supplemental jurisdiction is justified
because Defendant Red Oak is in default and “absent Defendant Red Oak’s California citizenship, complete
diversity of citizenship exists ….” Default, standing alone, does not render a party nominal for the purpose of
evaluating diversity jurisdiction. See Schlegle & Sons Printing v. United English Breeders & Fanciers Ass'n, Inc.,
682 F. Supp. 36, 37 (C.D. Ill. 1988) (default of non-diverse defendant did not deprive court of jurisdiction).
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within its discretion to deny such attempts to present legal theories seriatim.” Id. (emphasis in
original).
Having sought (and failed) to invoke supplemental jurisdiction, Plaintiffs now seek
amendment to present a new theory of jurisdiction. This type of pleading is disallowed, even
under Rule 15’s liberal standard. See S. Constructors Grp., Inc. v. Dynaelectric Co., 2 F.3d 606,
612 (5th Cir. 1993) (“[W]e have affirmed denials [of amendments] when the moving party
engaged in undue delay or attempted to present theories of recovery seriatim to the district
court.” (internal footnote omitted)). Accordingly, Plaintiff’s request for leave to amend will be
denied on the grounds it seeks to present legal theories seriatim.
Even if the proposed amendment did not present legal theories seriatim, it would still be
denied as futile for failing to include a necessary party. In considering whether dismissal for
failure to join a necessary party is appropriate, “[t]he court must first determine under Rule 19(a)
whether a person should be joined to the lawsuit. If joinder is warranted, then the person will be
brought into the lawsuit. But if such joinder would destroy the court’s jurisdiction, then the court
must determine under Rule 19(b) whether to press forward without the person or to dismiss the
litigation.” HS Res., Inc. v. Wingate, 327 F.3d 432, 439 (5th Cir. 2003).
1.
Is Rita Sahlein a Required Party?
A party must be joined under Rule 19(a) if:
(A) in that person’s absence, the court cannot accord complete relief among
existing parties; or
(B) that person claims an interest relating to the subject of the action and is so
situated that disposing of the action in the person’s absence may:
(i) as a practical matter impair or impede the person’s ability to protect the
interest; or
(ii) leave an existing party subject to a substantial risk of incurring double,
multiple, or otherwise inconsistent obligations because of the interest.
7
Here, Plaintiffs seek to adjudicate rights to a piece of property for which Rita holds a
deed of trust. However, under Mississippi law, “no proper adjudication of rights” on a piece of
property can be made in the absence of a holder of a deed of trust on that property. Aldridge v.
Aldridge, 527 So.2d 96, 98 (Miss. 1988). Accordingly, insofar as both of Plaintiffs’ causes of
action seek to resolve rights to the Property, the Court could not afford complete relief among
the existing parties under either cause.
Furthermore, even if the Court could afford complete relief to the parties, adjudication
without Rita would subject Defendants to a substantial risk of incurring inconsistent obligations
with regard to the Property, the Note, and the Deed of Trust. Under these circumstances, the
Court concludes that Rita is a required party under Rule 19(a). See Howard v. ABN AMRO
Mortg. Grp., Inc., No. 1:13-cv-543, 2014 WL 1237317, at *5 (S.D. Miss. Mar. 26, 2014)
(collecting cases for proposition that property owner is required party to action challenging
asserted security interest, even where wife and co-owner are parties to litigation); see also
Sucklal v. Fremont Reorganizing Corp., No. Civ. 09-1058, 2009 WL 3208683, at *1 (D. Md.
Sep. 30, 2009) (co-owner of subject property is necessary party to quiet title action).
2.
Would Rita’s Absence Require Dismissal?
There is no dispute that Rita’s presence in the lawsuit destroys subject matter jurisdiction
and thus she could not be joined. Accordingly, having found that Rita is a required party, the
question becomes whether her absence would warrant dismissal of the proposed amended
complaint under Rule 19(b). To this end, Rule 19(b) directs the court to consider four factors:
“(1) prejudice to an absent party or others in the lawsuit from a judgment; (2) whether the
shaping of relief can lessen prejudice to absent parties; (3) whether adequate relief can be given
8
without participation of the party; and (4) whether the plaintiff has another effective forum if the
suit is dismissed.”
As explained above, Rita’s absence would prejudice Defendants by subjecting them to a
substantial risk of inconsistent obligations.
Furthermore, Plaintiffs have not offered a
mechanism by which this Court could shape relief to lessen the prejudice or afford adequate
relief to all parties. Finally, for the reasons discussed above, it appears that the state courts of
Mississippi provide Plaintiffs an effective forum in the event of dismissal.
In balancing the 19(b) factors, the Court concludes that Plaintiffs’ proposed amended
complaint would be subject to dismissal for failure to join a necessary party. Accordingly,
Plaintiffs will not be granted leave to amend their complaint to drop Rita as a party. Thus, this
matter will be dismissed without prejudice for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Having
determined that this case should be dismissed, the Court will deny all pending motions as moot.
V
Conclusion
For the reasons above: (1) the Caliber Defendants’ motion to dismiss, Doc. #67, is
GRANTED; and (2) Plaintiffs’ motion for leave to amend, Doc. #73, is DENIED. Accordingly,
this action is DISMISSED without prejudice and the following motions are DENIED as moot:
(1) Plaintiffs’ motion for default judgment, Doc. #71; and (2) the three outstanding motions for
judgment on the pleadings, Doc. #77, Doc. #78, Doc. #79.
SO ORDERED, this 20th day of February, 2015.
/s/ Debra M. Brown
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
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