Myles v. Dominos Pizza, LLC et al

Filing 77

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER granting re 67 MOTION to Dismiss for Lack of Jurisdiction Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Subject Matter Jurisdiction, or in the Alternative, Motion for Summary Judgment filed by Waymond James, Dominos Pizza , LLC, dismissing without prejudice 62 Amended Complaint filed by Diana D. Myles, denying as moot 69 MOTION for Summary Judgment Defendants' Partial Motion for Summary Judgment on Damages filed by Waymond James, Dominos Pizza, LLC, denying as moot 50 MOTION for Summary Judgment filed by Waymond James, Dominos Pizza, LLC,. Signed by District Judge Debra M. Brown on 1/19/17. (tab)

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF MISSISSIPPI
GREENVILLE DIVISION
DIANA D. MYLES, Individually And As
Administrator Of The Estate of Johnny
Lee Myles And For And On Behalf Of All
Other Parties Entitled To Recover For The
Wrongful Death Of Johnny Lee Myles,
Deceased
V.

PLAINTIFF

NO. 4:14-CV-00107-DMB-JMV

DOMINO’S PIZZA, LLC, A Foreign
Corporation; and WAYMOND JAMES,
An Individual

DEFENDANTS

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
This automobile collision case is before the Court on the joint motions of Domino’s
Pizza, LLC, and Waymond James (1) to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, Doc. #67;
and (2) for partial summary judgment, Doc. #50; Doc. #69. Because Diana Myles lacks statutory
standing to pursue this wrongful death action, the motion to dismiss will be granted and the
motions for partial summary judgment will be denied as moot.
I
Procedural History
A. Chancery Court Proceedings
On January 7, 2013, Diana Myles filed in the Chancery Court of Bolivar County,
Mississippi, a “Petition for Appointment of Administratrix and for Issuance of Letters of
Administration.” Doc. #72-1 at 1. The petition represented that Diana1 was the widow of the
decedent Johnny Lee Myles, who passed away in an automobile accident on December 30, 2012.
1

To avoid confusion, the Court will refer to those members of the Myles family with the same last names by their
first names.

Id. The petition listed five children and declared “that the principal asset of the estate is a chose
in action for the wrongful death of the decedent.” Id. at 2–3.
On January 9, 2013, the Chancery Court appointed Diana as Administratrix. Doc. #68-1
at 12–13. The following day, Diana filed a “Petition for Determination of Heirs at Law and
Wrongful Death Beneficiaries.” Doc. #72-2 at 1. This petition sought to designate as heirs and
wrongful death beneficiaries: (1) Diana, as wife; (2) Johnnie Carmicle, as a son; (3) Ketrick
Douglas, as a son; (4) Amesha Myles, as a daughter; (5) Kaquisha Myles, as a daughter; and (6)
Shaunessia Douglas, as a daughter. Id. at 2. On February 21, 2013, the Chancery Court
determined the persons listed in the January 10 petition to be Johnny’s “sole and only heirs at
law ... and his sole and only statutory wrongful death beneficiaries ....” Doc. #72-3.
B. Filing of This Action
On July 28, 2014, Diana filed a complaint in this Court “Individually And As
Administrator Of The Estate Of Johnny Lee Myles And For And On Behalf Of All Other Parties
Entitled To Recover For The Wrongful Death Of Johnny Lee Myles, Deceased.” Doc. #1. The
complaint sought recovery from Waymond James and Domino’s Pizza, LLC (“Domino’s”), for
the injury and death suffered by Johnny when a vehicle driven by him collided with a
commercial vehicle owned by Domino’s and driven by James. Id.
On September 2, 2014, Domino’s filed a motion to dismiss the original complaint. Doc.
#4. On September 22, 2014, Diana filed an amended complaint pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 15(a)(1)(B).

Doc. #7.

Diana’s amended complaint asserted a negligence claim

against James for his role in the collision and multiple claims against Domino’s based on its
alleged oversight and control of James and his vehicle. Id.
On October 5, 2014, Domino’s filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint, Doc.

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#9; and on October 17, 2014, Diana responded in opposition, Doc. #11. On October 29, 2014,
James filed a “Notice of Joinder,” purporting to join and adopt the motion to dismiss the
amended complaint. Doc. #22.
On May 5, 2015, this Court entered an order: (1) denying the motion to dismiss the
original complaint as moot; (2) finding James’ joinder to be untimely; and (3) granting in part
and denying in part Domino’s motion to dismiss the amended complaint. Doc. #30. The Court,
noting that “neither Domino’s memorandum nor the motion to dismiss itself addresses any
claims other than conspiracy and aiding and abetting,” dismissed for failure to state a claim the
claims for conspiracy and aiding and abetting but denied the motion in all other respects. Id. at
4, 9.
C. Discovery and Dispositive Motions
After the Court’s disposition of the motion to dismiss, the parties engaged in a period of
discovery during which Diana, in a May 12, 2016, deposition, testified that she and Johnny were
married at the courthouse in Helena, Arkansas, on November 25, 1995,2 before a state court
judge named Don Gentry. Doc. #68-1 at 20–21.
On May 19, 2016, Domino’s and James filed a motion for partial summary judgment.
Doc. #50. With leave of the Court, Diana filed a second amended complaint on July 5, 2016.3
Doc. #62. The second amended complaint, like the previous two complaints filed in this action,
purports to be brought by Diana “Individually And As Administrator Of The Estate Of Johnny

2

This testimony conflicted with an earlier response to an interrogatory in which Diana represented that she married
Johnny on November 24, 1995.
3

On June 8, 2016, this Court issued an order directing Diana to show cause why her complaint should not be
dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Doc. #59. On June 22, 2016, Diana responded to the order to show
cause and moved for leave to file a second amended complaint for the purpose of establishing diversity jurisdiction.
Doc. #60; Doc. #61. United States Magistrate Judge Jane M. Virden granted Diana’s motion to amend on June 29,
2016.

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Lee Myles And For And On Behalf Of All Other Parties Entitled To Recover For The Wrongful
Death Of Johnny Lee Myles, Deceased.” Id.
On September 13, 2016, the defendants filed a motion to dismiss for lack of subject
matter jurisdiction pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Doc. #67.
The motion and accompanying memorandum argue that, contrary to her testimony, Diana was
never married to Johnny. Id; Doc. #68. Six days later, the defendants filed a second motion for
partial summary judgment. Doc. #69. Diana responded to the motion to dismiss on September
30, 2016, and to the second motion for partial summary judgment on October 7, 2016. Doc. #71;
Doc. #73. The defendants replied in support of their motion to dismiss on October 7, 2016, and
in support of their second motion for partial summary judgment on October 13, 2016. Doc. #75;
Doc. #76.
II
Applicable Standard
In seeking dismissal for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, the defendants, citing
depositions and other evidence, argue that Diana lacks standing to pursue this action.
A. Federal Standing Doctrines
In the federal courts, Article III “standing is perhaps the most important of the
jurisdictional doctrines.” United States v. Hays, 515 U.S. 737, 742 (1995) (internal quotation
marks and alterations omitted). “[T]o satisfy Article III’s standing requirements, a plaintiff must
show (1) it has suffered an ‘injury in fact’ that is (a) concrete and particularized and (b) actual or
imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical; (2) the injury is fairly traceable to the challenged
action of the defendant; and (3) it is likely, as opposed to merely speculative, that the injury will
be redressed by a favorable decision.” Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Envtl. Servs. (TOC),
Inc., 528 U.S. 167, 180–81 (2000).
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“Prudential standing requirements exist in addition to the immutable requirements of
Article III as an integral part of judicial self-government.” Superior MRI Servs., Inc. v. Alliance
Healthcare Servs., Inc., 778 F.3d 502, 504 (5th Cir. 2015). “One principle of prudential standing
requires that a plaintiff generally must assert his own legal rights and interests, and cannot rest
his claim to relief on the legal rights or interests of third parties.” Id. “[P]rudential standing,
while not jurisdictional, nonetheless affects justiciability.” Cibolo Waste, Inc. v. City of San
Antonio, 718 F.3d 469, 474 n.4 (5th Cir. 2013); but see Superior MRI, 778 F.3d at 506 (rejecting
argument that recent United Supreme Court precedent “prevents this court from applying the
prudential standing doctrine as a jurisdictional bar”). Beyond the Article III and prudential
standing inquiries, under a statutory standing inquiry, a court asks whether a plaintiff “has a
cause of action under [a particular] statute.” Lexmark Intern., Inc. v. Static Control Components,
Inc., 134 S.Ct. 1377, 1387 & n.4 (2014). “Unlike a dismissal for lack of constitutional standing,
which should be granted under Rule 12(b)(1), a dismissal for lack of prudential or statutory
standing is properly granted under Rule 12(b)(6).” Harold H. Huggins Realty, Inc. v. FNC, Inc.,
634 F.3d 787, 795 n.2 (5th Cir. 2011).
B. Issue Here
In seeking dismissal, the defendants contend that Diana was never married to Johnny and
that, therefore, she “lacks standing under Mississippi’s wrongful death statute.” Doc. #68 at 5–7.
Additionally, the defendants submit that Diana lacks standing to bring this action as
Administratrix of Johnny’s estate because she obtained her appointment as Administratrix
through fraud.4 Id. at 7–8.

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In a single paragraph, the defendants argue that “it is also appropriate for this Court to dismiss this action with
prejudice in light of Plaintiff’s false representations in court proceedings.” Doc. #68 at 9. In support, the defendants
cite Brown v. Oil States Skagit Smatco, 664 F.3d 71 (5th Cir. 2011), for the broad proposition that “false testimony

5

Mississippi’s wrongful death statute provides that an action for wrongful death:
may be brought in the name of the personal representative of the deceased person
or unborn quick child for the benefit of all persons entitled under the law to
recover, or by widow for the death of her husband, or by the husband for the death
of the wife, or by the parent for the death of a child or unborn quick child, or in
the name of a child, or in the name of a child for the death of a parent, or by a
brother for the death of a sister, or by a sister for the death of a brother, or by a
sister for the death of a sister, or a brother for the death of a brother, or all parties
interested may join in the suit, and there shall be but one (1) suit for the same
death which shall ensue for the benefit of all parties concerned, but the
determination of such suit shall not bar another action unless it be decided on its
merits.
Miss. Code Ann § 11-7-13. The Mississippi Supreme Court has held that authorization to sue
under the wrongful death statute is an issue of standing. See Burley v. Douglas, 26 So.3d 1013,
1016 (Miss. 2009) (“This Court’s analysis of who has standing to bring a wrongful-death action
must necessarily begin and end with Mississippi's wrongful-death statute ....”). Lower courts in
Mississippi have treated authorization to sue under the wrongful death statute as a jurisdictional
issue. See, e.g., Tolliver ex rel. Green v. Mladineo, 987 So.2d 989, 995 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007)
(“Although the decedent's brother, Malone, brought the wrongful death claim within the
applicable statute of limitations, his complaint lacked standing. This lack of standing robs the
court of jurisdiction to hear the case.”) (internal quotation marks omitted). However, “state-court
determinations of standing are not binding on the lower federal courts.” United States ex rel.

under oath” justifies dismissal with prejudice. Id. at 9–10. In Brown, the Fifth Circuit held that “[u]nder this
circuit's precedent, we ordinarily will affirm a dismissal with prejudice only if: (1) there is a clear record of delay or
contumacious conduct by the plaintiff, and (2) lesser sanctions would not serve the best interests of justice.” 664
F.3d at 77 (internal quotation marks omitted). However, the Fifth Circuit cautioned that “the facts of each case
largely determine the appropriateness of dismissal.” Id. In their motion to dismiss, the defendants make no effort to
tie the authority in Brown to the specific facts of this case beyond saying that both cases involve false testimony.
Under these circumstances, the Court deems the argument waived. See El–Moussa v. Holder, 569 F.3d 250, 257
(6th Cir. 2009) (“Issues adverted to in a perfunctory manner, unaccompanied by some effort at developed
argumentation, are deemed waived. It is not sufficient for a party to mention a possible argument in [a] skeletal way,
leaving the court to put flesh on its bones.”).

6

Daneff v. Henderson, 501 F.2d 1180, 1183 (2d Cir. 1974); see Coleman v. Miller, 307 U.S. 433,
466 (1939) (“[I]t by no means follows that a state court ruling of the adequacy of legal interest is
binding here.”).
In this case, the defendants’ arguments relate to Diana’s ability to bring this wrongful
death action under Mississippi’s wrongful death statute and, relatedly, whether Diana is asserting
rights which do not belong to her under the statute. The defendants’ arguments do not implicate
Diana’s standing under Article III but rather Diana’s statutory and prudential standing to pursue
the wrongful death action at issue here. See Lawrence v. City of San Bernardino, No. 12-1112,
2005 WL 5950105, at *10 (C.D. Cal. July 27, 2005) (siblings’ inability to bring wrongful death
action under state wrongful death statute implicated statutory standing); Williams v. United
States, 477 F. App’x 9, 11 n.1 (3d Cir. 2012) (“The District Court did not address [plaintiff’s]
argument that her father has statutory standing to recover for his son’s allegedly wrongful death
under Pennsylvania law.”). See Cox, Cox, Filo, Camel & Wilson, LLC v. Sasol N. Am., Inc., No.
2:11-cv-856, 2013 WL 4516007, at *2 (W.D. La. Aug. 22, 2013) (“As noted by the Fifth Circuit
..., a dismissal based on lack of [statutory] standing should be construed as a motion to dismiss ...
under Rule 12(b)(6) ....”) (citing Cox, Cox, Filo, Camel & Wilson, LLC v. Sasol N. Am., Inc., 544
F. App’x 455 (5th Cir. 2013)).
C. 12(b)(6) Standard
“A motion to dismiss for lack of standing may be either ‘facial’ or ‘factual.’” Superior
MRI Servs., Inc., 778 F.3d at 504 (prudential standing case). Where, as here, “the defendant
submits affidavits, testimony, or other evidentiary materials” in support of the motion, the attack
on standing is considered factual. Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). “To defeat a factual
attack, a plaintiff must prove the existence of [standing] by a preponderance of the evidence and

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is obliged to submit facts through some evidentiary method to sustain his burden of proof.” Id.
(internal quotation marks omitted); Niemi v. Lasshofer, 728 F.3d 1252, 1261 (10th Cir. 2013)
(“The burden of proving statutory standing rests on the plaintiffs’ shoulders ….”).
III
Analysis
Under the Mississippi wrongful death statute, “a wrongful-death action may be brought:
(1) by the personal representative on behalf of the estate and all other persons entitled to recover;
(2) by one of the wrongful death beneficiaries ... on behalf of all persons entitled to recover; or
(3) by all interested parties.” Clark Sand Co., Inc. v. Kelly, 60 So.3d 149, 155 (Miss. 2011)
(internal quotation marks, emphases, and footnote omitted). In seeking dismissal, the defendants
argue that Diana may not bring this action because she is neither a wrongful death beneficiary,
interested party, nor personal representative of Johnny. Doc. #68. Diana responds that the
defendants’ argument is barred by the probate exception doctrine to federal jurisdiction; that she
“does not concede that she was not legally married to Johnny Myles;” and that, even if she were
not legally married, she remains the valid representative of Johnny’s estate. Doc. #72 at 4–5.
A. Probate Exception
“Federal jurisdiction ordinarily exists over lawsuits that could have been brought in a
state court, so long as complete diversity of citizenship and the requisite amount in controversy
are present. For compelling historical reasons, however, a federal court has no jurisdiction to
probate a will or administer an estate.” Breaux v. Dilsaver, 254 F.3d 533, 536 (5th Cir. 2001)
(internal citation and quotation marks omitted).
Diana argues that the defendants’ motion interferes with the state probate proceedings
because “it is wholly dependent on an attack of the validity of the Chancery Court proceeding”
and that, therefore, “while the Court has subject matter over the Plaintiff’s wrongful death claim,
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it is precluded from considering whether the appointment of the Plaintiff as the estate
representative is valid.” Doc. #72 at 4–5. The defendants respond that the probate exception
does not apply here because the probate exception does not apply to claims which could be
brought in a court of general jurisdiction. Doc. #75 at 3–4.
As an initial matter, the Court is aware of no authority which supports Diana’s argument
that the probate exception can bar a defense but allow an underlying claim to proceed. Indeed, it
is clear that, “[i]n determining whether a suit in federal court ‘interferes’ with state probate
proceedings, this court considers whether the plaintiff’s claim implicates the validity of the
probate proceedings ....” Dilsaver, 254 F.3d at 536 (emphasis added and internal quotation
marks omitted). What is less clear, however, is whether a defense to a plaintiff’s claim can bring
the claim itself within the probate exception so as to divest the court of jurisdiction.
At least one district court has held that an asserted defense invokes the probate exception
as to the relevant claim. In Berman v. Berman, a plaintiff sued a trustee and his partner for an
accounting and declaratory relief relating to alleged assets of a decedent. No. 07-2506, 2009 WL
1617758, at *1 (D.N.J. June 9, 2009). The defendants removed the case and answered, asserting
as an affirmative defense and counterclaim that the will which formed the basis of the plaintiff’s
claims “was the product of undue influence by Plaintiff ....” Id. at *2. Acting on the plaintiff’s
motion to remand, the district court, citing the probate exception, held that “[b]ecause defendants
seek a declaration that the will underlying Plaintiff’s claim is void and unenforceable, the
adjudication of this case would call upon the Court to determine whether or not to ‘annul a will,’
a determination which this Court lacks jurisdiction to entertain.” Id. at *2 (internal citation
omitted).
Berman’s approach, in which a defense to a claim can invoke the probate exception,

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strikes this Court as most consistent with the probate exception’s blanket prohibition that federal
courts lack jurisdiction to probate a will or administer an estate. Additionally, it resonates with
the approach applied by courts to the political question doctrine – an analogous jurisdictional
rule which prohibits consideration of a class of cases.
Under the political question doctrine, a federal court lacks jurisdiction to decide a dispute
which “involves a political question where there is a textually demonstrable constitutional
commitment of the issue to a coordinate political department; or a lack of judicially discoverable
and manageable standards for resolving it.” Zivotofsky ex rel. Zivotofsky v. Clinton, 132 S.Ct.
1421, 1427 (2012) (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted). An asserted defense will
deprive a court of jurisdiction under the political question doctrine if:

(1) the defense is

supported by “sufficient evidence;” and (2) the defense implicates a political question. See
Harris v. Kellogg Brown & Root Servs., Inc., 724 F.3d 458, 469 (3d Cir. 2013) (“If there is
sufficient evidence to support the defense, then the District Court must determine whether the
defense actually presents a nonjusticiable issue.”).
While the probate exception and political question doctrines arise from different sources
– the probate exception derives from the Judiciary Act of 17895 while the political question
doctrine is based on Article III’s requirement of justiciability6 – both doctrines remove from
federal jurisdiction a district court’s ability to decide a particular species of case. In this regard,
the Court finds the political question doctrine’s treatment of defenses both analogous and
persuasive, and holds that a claim must be dismissed for lack of jurisdiction under the probate
exception if the defense is supported by sufficient evidence and if the defense would cause the

5

Marshall v. Marshall, 547 U.S. 293, 308 (2006).

6

Spectrum Stores, Inc. v. Citgo Petro. Corp., 632 F.3d 938, 948 (5th Cir. 2011).

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court to probate a will or administer an estate.
Here, the defendants argue in defense of Diana’s claims that Diana lacks standing to
pursue this action as a wrongful death beneficiary of Johnny because she was not married to
Johnny. Doc. #68 at 6–7. The defendants further argue in defense that Diana lacks standing to
pursue the action as Administratrix because her appointment as Administratrix should be set
aside for fraud. Id. at 7–9.
1. Sufficient Evidence
As evidence of the lack of marriage, the defendants have introduced evidence showing
that neither Arkansas (the alleged state of marriage) nor Mississippi (Johnny’s state of residence)
have record of a marriage between Johnny and Diana, and that the judge who allegedly officiated
the marriage did not obtain his commission until approximately two years after the alleged
marriage date. Doc. #68-1 at Ex. 6–8. The defendants have also introduced Chancery Court
records showing that Diana obtained her appointment as Administratrix based upon a
representation that she was married to Johnny at the time of his death. Doc. #68-1 at Ex. 1.
There is no dispute that Diana’s lack of marriage to Johnny would deprive her of statutory
standing to pursue the wrongful death action as a wrongful death beneficiary. Kelly, 60 So.3d at
155.

There is also no dispute that, if obtained through fraud, Diana’s appointment as

Administratrix would be subject to a collateral attack which would result in her removal as
Administratrix. City of Starkville v. Thompson, 260 So.2d 191, 192 (Miss. 1972) (“Fraud vitiates
everything, and a judgment obtained by fraud may be collaterally attacked, and this applies to the
judgments and decrees of all courts.”) (internal punctuation omitted).

Under these

circumstances, the Court concludes that there is sufficient evidence supporting the defendants’
asserted defenses regarding Diana’s statutory standing to invoke the probate exception, if

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applicable.
2. Whether Defenses Implicate Probate Exception
The probate exception “reserves to state probate courts the probate or annulment of a will
and the administration of a decedent’s estate; it also precludes federal courts from endeavoring to
dispose of property that is in the custody of a state probate court. But it does not bar federal
courts from adjudicating matters outside those confines and otherwise within federal
jurisdiction.” Marshall v. Marshall, 547 U.S. 293, 311–12 (2006). Put differently, it removes
from federal court jurisdiction “proceedings that ‘interfere with’ state probate proceedings,
assume general jurisdiction of the probate, or assume control of property in the custody of the
probate court.” Lemery v. Ford Motor Co., 244 F.Supp.2d 720, 725 (S.D. Tex. 2002) (collecting
cases). As explained above, “[i]n determining whether a suit in federal court ‘interferes’ with
state probate proceedings, this court considers whether the plaintiff’s claim implicates the
validity of the probate proceedings ....” Dilsaver, 254 F.3d at 536
“Removing and/or appointing a personal representative has the practical effect of
impermissibly drawing the property of the estate into the jurisdiction of this court.” Jones v.
Harper, 55 F.Supp.2d 530, 533–34 (S.D.W.V. 1999) (citing Byers v. McAuley, 149 U.S. 608,
615 (1893)). Accordingly, “the appointment of personal representatives falls squarely within the
probate exception.” Hassanati v. Int’l Lease Fin. Corp., 51 F.Supp.3d 887, 896 (C.D. Cal.
2014).

In this case, adjudication of the standing defense based on Diana’s status as

Administratrix would call upon the Court to determine whether or not to invalidate the Chancery
Court’s order appointing Diana as the administratrix of Johnny’s estate. Therefore, the Court
must conclude that this action, to the extent it is purportedly brought by Diana in her role as

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Administratrix of Johnny’s estate, implicates the probate exception to federal jurisdiction.7 See
generally Thomas & Agnes Carvel Found. v. Carvel, 736 F.Supp.2d 730, 764 (S.D.N.Y. 2010)
(“The probate exception to diversity jurisdiction thus applies to Ms. Carvel's expense claim since
it precludes the use of the federal courts as a forum for a collateral attack on the rulings of a
surrogate's court in allocating the assets and income of an estate.”); Alexander v. Tyson, No.
3:11-cv-710, 2013 WL 1798896, at *3 (D. Conn. Apr. 29, 2013) (“[T]his court still cannot
entertain a collateral attack on the judgment of a probate court by virtue of the probate exception
to diversity jurisdiction.”).
Although the removal of a personal representative clearly falls within the probate
exception, there is no bar to this Court considering the other issue raised in the defendants’
motion – whether Diana has statutory standing under Mississippi’s wrongful death statute. As
framed, the defendants’ argument merely asks this Court to determine whether Diana is entitled
to bring this action under the statute as a “widow for the death of her husband.” While this
determination may relate to issues before the probate court,8 the probate exception does not

7

“An exception to the general rule that federal courts are without jurisdiction to entertain matters affecting probate
proceedings ... exists where a state by statute or custom gives parties a right to bring an action in courts of general
jurisdiction.” Moore v. Lindsey, 662 F.2d 354, 361 (5th Cir. 1981). However, there is no indication that an action to
remove an administrator may be brought in a Mississippi state court of general jurisdiction. Rather, it is “the
chancery court [that] is given wide discretion in the appointment and revocation of administrators ....” Estate of
Wallace ex rel. Wallace v. Mohamed, 55 So.3d 1057, 1060 (Miss. 2011).
Furthermore, while the Mississippi Supreme Court has held that “a judgment obtained by fraud may be collaterally
attacked, and this applies to the judgments and decrees of all courts,” City of Starkville v. Thompson, 260 So.2d 191,
192 (Miss. 1972) (internal punctuation omitted); the Court is aware of no authority which would authorize a
collateral attack on a letter of administration while the estate is open. To the contrary, where a defendant in a
wrongful death action wishes to challenge an administrator’s authority to bring an action, the proper course is to do
so by intervention in the chancery court. See generally Mohamed, 55 So.3d at 1060 (defendant in wrongful death
action brought in chancery court as separate challenge to administrator’s appointment based on alleged fraud). See
Jones, 55 F.Supp.2d at 533 (“While state circuit courts may remove personal representatives for failing to pursue
wrongful death claims, the probate exception prevents this federal Court from interfering with an open state probate
proceeding by removing and directing the appointment of a new personal representative.”) (emphasis added).
8

The Chancery Court issued a determination of heirs. Diana has not argued that this determination is binding on the
defendants. Accordingly, the Court will not apply collateral estoppel to the Chancery Court’s determination. See

13

apply “even though the judgment may be intertwined with and binding on … state proceedings
….” Lefkowitz v. Bank of N.Y., 528 F.3d 102, 106 (2d Cir. 2007). Rather, “so long as [an action]
is not seeking to have a federal court administer a probate matter or exercise control over a res in
the custody of a state court,” the probate exception does not apply. Id. Consistent with this rule,
federal courts routinely consider whether litigants qualify as wrongful death beneficiaries under
state statutes. See, e.g., Matter of Borgmann, 176 B.R. 172, 175 (Bankr. D. Neb. 1994) (“[T]he
debtors in this case do not qualify as beneficiaries or as surviving dependents of the beneficiary
….”); Melvin v. Patterson, 965 F.Supp. 1212, 1220 (S.D. Ind. 1997) (concluding child not
wrongful death beneficiary). Diana’s right to recover under the wrongful death statute is not a
matter of administration over a probate matter or control over a res and, therefore, does not
implicate the probate exception.
B. Statutory Standing
Having found that this Court has jurisdiction to consider Diana’s statutory standing as a
wrongful death beneficiary, the Court must next consider whether Diana qualifies as such a
beneficiary. Of relevance here, the wrongful death statute authorizes a “widow” to bring a
wrongful death action for the death of her husband. See Kelly, 60 So.3d at 156. Accordingly, the
burden rests with Diana to show that she was married to Johnny at the time of his death.
Alliance Healthcare Servs., Inc., 778 F.3d at 504. To this end, “the law favors marriage and will
indulge every reasonable presumption in favor of the validity thereof.” Walker v. Matthews, 3
So.2d 820, 823–24 (Miss. 1941).9

Campbell v. City of Indianola, 117 F.Supp.3d 854, 864–65 (N.D. Miss. 2015) (“[C]ourts have held that the party
asserting collateral estoppel bears the burden of establishing the doctrine’s requirements.”).
9

“[I]n a diversity tort case the applicability of any presumption … is governed by state law.” Clayton v. Burston,
493 F.2d 429, 431 (5th Cir. 1974).

14

While Diana testified that she was married to Johnny in Arkansas in 1995, the defendants
have introduced evidence, described above, severely undermining this claim. Diana has offered
no additional argument or evidence which would show she was ever married to Johnny. Under
these circumstances, the Court must conclude that Diana has failed to show that she is Johnny’s
widow. Accordingly, her claim as a wrongful death beneficiary must be dismissed for lack of
statutory standing. Such dismissal will be without prejudice and with leave to amend within
twenty-one days of this order. See Freight Drivers and Helpers Local Union No. 557 Pension
Fund v. Penske Logistics LLC, No. ELH-12-2376, 2013 WL 3895011, at *14 (D. Md. July 25,
2013) (dismissing without prejudice complaint for lack of statutory standing with leave to amend
to add proper plaintiff); Alliance Labs, LLC v. Stratus Pharms., Inc., 2013 WL 273309, at *6 (D.
Ariz. Jan. 24, 2013) (same). Having dismissed the operative complaint in this action, the
defendants’ motions for partial summary judgment, Doc. #50; Doc. #69, will be denied as moot.
IV
Conclusion
For the reasons above, the defendants’ motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter
jurisdiction, which this Court construes as a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim for
statutory standing [67] is GRANTED. The second amended complaint [62] is DISMISSED
without prejudice, with leave to refile within twenty-one (21) days of the issuance of this order.
The defendants’ motions for partial summary judgment [50][69] are DENIED as moot.
SO ORDERED, this 19th day of January, 2017.

/s/ Debra M. Brown
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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