Melton Properties, LLC et al v. Illinois Central Railroad Company et al

Filing 262

OPINION AND ORDER denying 225 Motion for Reconsideration. Signed by District Judge Debra M. Brown on 12/14/2020. (jwr)

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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF MISSISSIPPI
GREENVILLE DIVISION
MELTON PROPERTIES, LLC., et al.
V.

PLAINTIFFS
NO. 4:18-CV-79-DMB-JMV

ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD
COMPANY, et al.

DEFENDANTS

OPINION AND ORDER
Following this Court’s dismissal of the plaintiffs’ Clean Water Act claim, the plaintiffs
moved for reconsideration arguing that Hamker v. Diamond Shamrock Chemical Co.,1 the Fifth
Circuit authority on which this Court relied, has been implicitly overruled by the United States
Supreme Court. In the alternative, the plaintiffs ask that the Court certify for interlocutory appeal
the question of whether Hamker remains good law. Because the Supreme Court has not overruled
Hamker and because certification will not materially advance the resolution of this case, the
plaintiffs’ motion will be denied.
I
Procedural History
On March 27, 2018, Melton Properties, LLC, Floyd M. Melton, Jr., Floyd M. Melton III,
and Moss B. Melton (“Melton Plaintiffs”); and McMillan Acres, Danny Hargett, Jane Hart
McMillan Hargett, and David Hargett (“McMillian/Hargett Plaintiffs”) filed this action in the
United States District Court for the Northern District of Mississippi against Illinois Central
Railroad Company; Canadian National Railway; Union Tank Car Company, Inc.; and certain

1

756 F.2d 392 (5th Cir. 1985).

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fictitious parties. Doc. #1. The complaint, as amended,2 asserted state and federal claims arising
from a toxic spill caused by the March 30, 2015, derailment of a railcar owned by Union Tank,
which was being transported by “Illinois Central and/or Canadian National” on tracks “owned by
Illinois Central and/or Canadian National.” Doc. #92 at ¶¶ 14–15, 36–114. The plaintiffs, all
property owners or farmers near the site of the spill in Leflore County, Mississippi (known as the
Minter City site), also asserted claims related to the remediation of the spill. Id. at ¶¶ 69–72.
On February 11, 2020, Illinois Central filed a “Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs’ Claims
Related to Remediation.” Doc. #108. Although not clearly delineated in its motion to dismiss,
Illinois Central appeared to seek dismissal of the remediation related claims (1) as unripe under
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1), Doc. #109 at 12; (2) “under the primary jurisdiction
and/or Burford abstention doctrines,” id. at 16; and (3) as unexhausted, id. As an alternative,
Illinois Central sought a stay until the plaintiffs exhaust their administrative remedies. Id. at 18.
Illinois Central also moved to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction the plaintiffs’ claims under the
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (“RCRA”) and the Clean Water Act (“CWA”) as
improperly noticed, and to dismiss the plaintiffs’ CWA claim for failure to allege an ongoing
violation. Id. at 4–5.
On September 29, 2020, the Court granted in part and denied in part the motion to dismiss.
Doc. #222 at 27. Among other things, the September 29 order dismissed the CWA claim because
the plaintiffs had not alleged an ongoing violation, as that term was defined in Hamker v. Diamond
Shamrock Chemical Co., 756 F.2d 392 (5th Cir. 1985). Id. at 17–20. On this point, the Court held
that County of Maui v. Hawaii Wildlife Fund, 140 S. Ct. 1462 (2020), did not implicitly overrule

2

On November 6, 2019, the Court directed the plaintiffs to file an amended complaint to correct deficiencies in the
jurisdictional allegations. Doc. #91. The plaintiffs filed a “First Amended Complaint” two days later. Doc. #92. But
for the corrections to the jurisdictional allegations, the two pleadings are identical.
2

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the holding in Hamker. Id. at 19. On October 9, 2020, the plaintiffs filed a motion seeking
reconsideration of the dismissal of the CWA claim or, in the alternative, for certification of an
interlocutory appeal on the dismissal. Doc. #225. The motion is fully briefed. Docs. #235, #238.
II
Reconsideration Standard
Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(b), any “order … that adjudicates fewer
than all the claims or the rights and liabilities of fewer than all the parties does not end the action
as to any of the claims or parties and may be revised at any time before the entry of a judgment
adjudicating all the claims and all the parties’ rights and liabilities.” This rule, which by its terms
applies to orders dismissing fewer than all the claims against a defendant,3 grants a court discretion
to “reconsider and reverse its decision for any reason it deems sufficient, even in the absence of
new evidence or an intervening change in or clarification of the substantive law.” Austin v. Kroger
Tex., L.P., 864 F.3d 326, 336 (5th Cir. 2017).
III
Reconsideration
In seeking reconsideration, the plaintiffs argue that (1) County of Maui, as read in
conjunction with two other Supreme Court opinions—Gwaltney of Smithfield, Ltd. v. Chesapeake
Bay Foundation4 and Rapanos v. United States5—has overturned Hamker; and (2) even if Hamker
remains good law, it is distinguishable from the facts in the case. Doc. #226 at 2–10.

3

See McKay v. Novartis Pharm. Corp., 751 F.3d 694, 701 (5th Cir. 2014) (Rule 54(b) applies to order granting partial
summary judgment).
4

484 U.S. 49 (1987).

5

547 U.S. 715 (2006).
3

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A. The Viability of Hamker
In the absence of a conflicting en banc decision, published Fifth Circuit panel decisions
like Hamker are binding unless there has been an intervening change in law. Spong v. Fid. Nat’l
Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., 787 F.3d 296, 306 (5th Cir. 2015); see Thompson v. Beasley, 309 F.R.D.
236, 247 (N.D. Miss. 2015) (“[I]t is well-settled law that a district court may recognize when a
precedent has been explicitly or implicitly overruled by a subsequent Supreme Court decision.”)
(cleaned up). When a party argues that there has been an intervening change of law based on a
Supreme Court decision, the relevant “decision must be more than merely illuminating with
respect to the case.” In re Henry, 944 F.3d 587, 591 (5th Cir. 2019) (quoting Martin v. Medtronic,
Inc., 254 F.3d 573, 577 (5th Cir. 2001)).

Rather, the overruling of the decision must be

“unequivocally directed by [the] Supreme Court precedent.” Id. Accordingly, this Court must
decide whether the three opinions identified by the plaintiffs— County of Maui, Gwaltney, and
Rapanos—have “unequivocally directed” the overruling of Hamker.6 To answer this question, a
brief recap of the relevant authority is required.
1. The CWA and Hamker
The CWA citizen suit provision provides that “any citizen may commence a civil action
on his own behalf … against any person … who is alleged to be in violation of (A) an effluent
standard or limitation under this chapter or (B) an order issued by the Administrator or a State with
respect to such a standard or limitation.” 33 U.S.C. § 1365(a)(1).
The CWA “forbids the ‘addition’ of any pollutant from a ‘point source’ to ‘navigable
waters’ without the appropriate permit from the Environmental Protection Agency.” Cnty. of
Maui, 140 S. Ct. at 1468. Of relevance here, the CWA defines the term “point source” as “any

6

Given this limited inquiry, the out-of-circuit authority cited by the plaintiffs is irrelevant.
4

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discernible, confined and discrete conveyance, including but not limited to any pipe, ditch,
channel, tunnel, conduit, well, discrete fissure, container, rolling stock, concentrated animal
feeding operation, or vessel or other floating craft, from which pollutants are or may be
discharged.” 33 U.S.C. § 1362(14).
In Hamker, property owners filed a CWA suit against owners of a pipeline seeking a
remedial injunction based on a pipeline leak which had since been shut down by the defendant.
756 F.2d at 394. The Hamker panel held that the CWA “does not authorize citizen suits seeking
either injunctive relief or the imposition of civil penalties where the defendant is not alleged to be
in violation of an effluent standard, limitation or order.” Id. at 396. The court then held:
[E]ven if the complaint is construed to allege a continuing seepage into
groundwater of the now-dispersed leaked oil, we cannot say this amounts to a
continuing violation of section 1311 [prohibiting unlicensed discharges of
pollutants] because that section prohibits only “discharges of any pollutant,” which
in turn are defined in section 1362(12) to be “any addition of any pollutant to
navigable waters, from any point source.” A “point source” is a “discernible,
confined and discrete conveyance, including but not limited to any pipe….” 33
U.S.C. § 1362(14). No continuing addition to the ground water from a point source
is alleged, nor could it be alleged under the facts set forth in this complaint. Rather,
the complaint alleges, necessarily, only that there are continuing effects from the
past discharge, and such an allegation is insufficient for the purposes of section
1365.
…
The complaint alleges facts constituting only one “discharge” of oil from the
defendant’s pipe; the complaint does not allege a continuing discharge from a point
source. Mere continuing residual effects resulting from a discharge are not
equivalent to a continuing discharge.
Id. at 397.
Shortly after Hamker, the Fifth Circuit in Sierra Club v. Shell Oil Co. again addressed the
scope of the citizen suit provision with respect to isolated discharges. 817 F.2d 1169 (5th Cir.
1987).

In Shell Oil, the Sierra Club brought six CWA actions against multiple industrial
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dischargers based on “past, sporadic or largely unconnected permit violations by each of the
[defendants].” Id. at 1173. During the pendency of the suits, the Fifth Circuit issued the Hamker
opinion. Id. at 1171. Consistent with Hamker, all six cases were dismissed for lack of an ongoing
violation—five on a Rule 12(b)(1) motion, and one on a motion for summary judgment. Id. Sierra
Club appealed these decisions, and the appeals were consolidated.
On appeal, the Shell Oil panel clarified that dismissal pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) for lack of
an ongoing violation is proper when the “court may determine it lacks jurisdiction based on
pleadings alone” but that “when a plaintiff has alleged an ongoing violation for purposes of §
1365(a), but … fails to demonstrate a fact issue about whether a defendant is ‘in violation,’ the
court should grant summary judgment for the defendant on the merits under Fed.R.Civ.P. 56,
instead of dismissing for want of jurisdiction.” Id. at 1172.
Turning to the merits, the panel noted that “[o]ne industrial facility may have numerous
point sources of discharge” and that “when determining whether a permit-holder has violated an
effluent limitation, one must look at each parameter within each point source independently.” Id.
at 1173. Because the undisputed evidence showed only isolated discharges at individual point
sources and because Sierra Club did not attempt to show that “these isolated permit violations were
the product of [a] systematic neglect of discharge limitations or of inadequate pollution control
facilities” so as to render the violations ongoing, the panel held that the claims failed. Id.
In concluding that the claims failed, the Shell Oil panel rejected two challenges to
Hamker—that Hamker did not apply to cases involving National Pollutant Discharge Elimination
System permits and that the opinion was wrongly decided. Id. at 1174–75. As to the first
argument, the court held that there was no reason for standards for a facility being “in violation”
of the CWA to depend “on whether an NPDES permit is in force.” Id. at 1174. As to the second,
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the court held that it was “unpersuaded … that Hamker was wrongly decided” and that “[e]ven if
Hamker were erroneously decided, [the] panel could not overrule a prior controlling decision in
this Circuit.” Id.
2.

Gwaltney

Gwaltney of Smithfield, Ltd. v. Chesapeake Bay Foundation Inc., considered the
applicability of the citizen suit provision to past violations of an NPDES permit when the
discharger had taken steps to prevent future discharges. 484 U.S. 49, 53–54 (1987). Justice
Thurgood Marshall, writing for a five-justice majority, held that § 1365 “does not permit citizen
suits for wholly past violations.” Id. at 64. Specifically, Justice Marshall held that to invoke the
citizen suit provision, a plaintiff must “make a good-faith allegation of [a] continuous or
intermittent violation.” Id. Ultimately, the majority opinion held that “[b]ecause the court below
erroneously concluded that respondents could maintain an action based on wholly past violations
of the Act,” the case must be remanded for consideration of whether the “complaint contained a
good-faith allegation of ongoing violation.” Id. at 67. While the majority opinion did not purport
to address what such allegations may look like, Justice Antonin Scalia, concurring in part with
Justices John Paul Stevens and Sandra Day O’Connor, did.
Justice Scalia declined to join Part III of the majority opinion—the part which remanded
the case for consideration of whether the plaintiffs had made a good faith allegation of an ongoing
violation—which he believed improperly held “that the requirement for commencing a suit is the
same as the requirement for maintaining it.” Id. at 68 (Scalia, J., concurring). Justice Scalia argued
that because “subject-matter jurisdiction can be called into question either by challenging the
sufficiency of the allegation or by challenging the accuracy of the jurisdictional facts alleged,” in

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order to maintain a suit under the CWA, “allegations that are required to commence it must, if
contested, be proved.” Id. Accordingly, Justice Scalia concluded:
[T]he issue to be resolved by the Court of Appeals on remand of this suit is not
whether the allegation of a continuing violation on the day suit was brought was
made in good faith after reasonable inquiry, but whether petitioner was in fact “in
violation” on the date suit was brought. The phrase in § 505(a), “to be in violation,”
unlike the phrase “to be violating” or “to have committed a violation,” suggests a
state rather than an act—the opposite of a state of compliance. A good or lucky day
is not a state of compliance. Nor is the dubious state in which a past effluent
problem is not recurring at the moment but the cause of that problem has not been
completely and clearly eradicated. When a company has violated an effluent
standard or limitation, it remains, for purposes of § 505(a), “in violation” of that
standard or limitation so long as it has not put in place remedial measures that
clearly eliminate the cause of the violation. It does not suffice to defeat subjectmatter jurisdiction that the success of the attempted remedies becomes clear months
or even weeks after the suit is filed.
Id. at 69.
Justice Scalia’s concurrence was cited with approval by the Fifth Circuit in Carr v. Alta
Verde Industries, Inc., a case which considered a CWA citizen suit brought by two individuals
against a cattle feed lot alleging that a series of heavy rains caused discharges into nearby navigable
waters. 931 F.2d 1055, 1057–58 (5th Cir. 1991). The district court dismissed the claim for lack
of standing because “[a]ny violations that had occurred … were wholly past.” Id. at 1058. The
plaintiffs appealed.
On appeal, the Carr panel held that “[i]n order to establish standing for a citizen suit, the
plaintiff must ‘make a good faith allegation of continuous or intermittent violation.’” 931 F.2d at
1061 (quoting Gwaltney, 484 U.S. at 64). The panel then adopted a two-part test under which an
ongoing violation may be one “that continue[s] on or after the date the complaint is filed,” or one
for which there is a “continuing likelihood of recurrence in intermittent or sporadic violations.”
Id. at 1062. The panel found an ongoing violation existed under either test.

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The Carr panel first noted that “concentrated animal feeding operations,” defined as
operations which “contain more than a specified number of animals and [which] discharge
pollutants into navigable waters,” are point sources within the meaning of the CWA, subject to the
NPDES permit requirement. Id. at 1059. Then, citing Justice Scalia’s concurrence from Gwaltney,
the panel held that “[a] concentrated animal feeding operation that violates the Act by discharging
without a permit … remains in a continuing state of violation until it either obtains a permit or no
longer meets the definition of a point source”—that is, no longer contains the specified number of
animals or discharges pollutants into navigable waters. Id. at 1062–63. Because the plaintiffs
“adduced evidence from which a reasonable trier of fact could find a likelihood of a recurrence in
intermittent or sporadic discharges” and because there was no indication the number of animals
had decreased, the Fifth Circuit found that the defendant’s “failure to obtain an NPDES permit
was and is a violation of the Act.” Id. at 1062. This same evidence satisfied the second prong of
the test—that there be a likelihood of intermittent or sporadic violations. Id. at 1063.
3. Rapanos and County of Maui
Rapanos involved CWA civil and criminal enforcement proceedings against John
Rapanos, a landowner in Michigan, who backfilled wetlands without applicable permits. 547 U.S.
at 719–20. Rapanos challenged the enforcement actions on the grounds that the wetlands were not
“waters of the United States” to implicate the CWA. Id. at 729. The lower courts held that the
wetlands were waters of the United States, and Rapanos appealed. Id. The Supreme Court granted
certiorari “to decide whether the[] wetlands constitute ‘waters of the United States’ under the
[CWA].” Id. at 730. In a plurality opinion authored by Justice Scalia, the Supreme Court vacated
the lower court opinions. Id. at 757.

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The plurality opinion held that “only those wetlands with a continuous surface connection
to bodies that are ‘waters of the United States’ in their own right, so that there is no clear
demarcation between ‘waters’ and wetlands, are … covered by the Act.” Id. at 742. In advancing
this approach, Justice Scalia considered the contention that under his definition of wetlands, “water
polluters will be able to evade the permitting requirement … simply by discharging their pollutants
into noncovered intermitted watercourses that lie upstream of covered waters.” Rapanos, 547 U.S.
at 742–43. With respect to this argument, Justice Scalia wrote:
Though we do not decide this issue, there is no reason to suppose that our
construction today significantly affects the enforcement of § 1342, inasmuch as
lower courts applying § 1342 have not characterized intermittent channels as
“waters of the United States.” The Act does not forbid the “addition of any pollutant
directly to navigable waters from any point source,” but rather the “addition of any
pollutant to navigable waters.” § 1362(12)(A) (emphasis added); § 1311(a). Thus,
from the time of the CWA's enactment, lower courts have held that the discharge
into intermittent channels of any pollutant that naturally washes downstream likely
violates § 1311(a), even if the pollutants discharged from a point source do not emit
“directly into” covered waters, but pass “through conveyances” in between.
Id. at 743.
In County of Maui, certain environmental groups sued the County of Maui under the
CWA’s citizen suit provision. 140 S. Ct. at 1469. According to the complaint, the County of Maui
operated a wastewater reclamation facility which pumped treated water through four wells
“hundreds of feet underground,” and the discharge, which amounted to approximately four million
gallons a day, traveled a “half mile or so, through groundwater, to the ocean,” which is a navigable
water under the CWA. Id. Based on the discharges, the plaintiffs argued that the County of Maui,
without an appropriate permit, was discharging a pollutant into navigable waters. Id. at 1469. The
district court granted summary judgment in the plaintiffs’ favor, and the Ninth Circuit affirmed.
Id.

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On appeal, the Supreme Court considered the issue of how the CWA “applies to a pollutant
that reaches navigable waters only after it leaves a ‘point source’ and then travels through
groundwater before reaching navigable waters.” Id. at 1469. In considering this question, Justice
Stephen Breyer, writing for a six-justice majority, acknowledged the CWA’s prohibition against
“the discharge of any pollutant by any person without an appropriate permit.” Id. at 1469 (internal
quotation marks omitted). Because the CWA defined the term “discharge of a pollutant” as “any
addition of any pollutant to navigable waters … from any point source,” Justice Breyer observed
that “[t]he linguistic question … concerns the statutory word ‘from.’ Is pollution that reaches
navigable waters only through groundwater pollution that is ‘from’ a point source, as the statute
uses the word?” Id. at 1469–70.
Citing Justice Scalia’s observation in Rapanos that the CWA “does not say ‘directly’ from
or ‘immediately’ from,” Justice Breyer rejected the position that the statute “refer[s] only to the
pollutant’s immediate origin.” Id. at 1475. Rather, after considering “the statute’s language,
structure, and purposes,” Justice Breyer held that the CWA “requires a permit when there is a
direct discharge from a point source into navigable waters or when there is the functional
equivalent of a direct discharge” from the point source into navigable waters. Id. at 1476.
According to the majority opinion, this inquiry depends on a multi-factor test in which the “transit
time” and “distance traveled” by the pollutant “will be the most important factors in most cases.”
Id. at 1476–77.
4.

Hamker Today

As explained above, this Court may deem Hamker overruled only if its holding has been
“unequivocally” overturned by a Supreme Court decision. Hamker’s holding that an isolated spill
cannot support a CWA citizen suit was based on two primary holdings: (1) that the citizen suit
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provision does not apply to wholly past violations; and (2) spills cannot be ongoing violations
because there is no continuous or intermittent addition of a pollutant to navigable waters from a
point source. See 756 F.2d at 397 (“No continuing addition to the ground water from a point
source is alleged, nor could it be alleged under the facts set forth in this complaint. Rather, the
complaint alleges, necessarily, only that there are continuing effects from the past discharge, and
such an allegation is insufficient for the purposes of section 1365.”). Neither of these holdings has
been called into question, much less unequivocally overruled, by the Supreme Court.
First, the holding that the citizen suit provision requires an ongoing violation was
confirmed by the Supreme Court in Gwaltney, which required a continuous or intermittent
violation. 484 U.S. at 64.
Second, while the plaintiffs argue that based on Justice Scalia’s concurrence in Gwaltney,
“Hamker’s formulation that the removal of the point source inherently meant the plaintiffs alleged
only a single past discharge was … called into question,” Doc. #226 at 3, concurrences are not
controlling. See Ainsworth v. Moffett Eng’g, Ltd., 716 F.3d 174, 178 (5th Cir. 2013) (“The
reasoning of a Supreme Court opinion that does not command a majority vote is not binding
precedent.”) (citing CTS Corp. v. Dynamics Corp. of Am., 481 U.S. 69, 81 (1987)). More
fundamentally, it is not at all clear that Justice Scalia’s concurrence called Hamker into question.
Justice Scalia’s concurrence stated that a defendant remains in violation of a standard
limitation “so long as it has not put in place remedial measures that clearly eliminate the cause of
the violation.” 484 U.S. at 69 (Scalia, J., concurring) (emphasis added). This language “strongly
indicates that the causes of the violation, not the lingering effects, should be used to determine
whether there is an ongoing violation.” Day, LLC v. Plantation Pipe Line Co., 315 F. Supp. 3d
1219, 1239 (N.D. Ala. 2018); but see Benham v. Ozark Materials River Rock, LLC, 885 F.3d 1267,
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1277 & n.1 (concurrence supported proposition that a violation is continuing when material “has
been placed in a wetland” and not removed). Consistent with this analysis, the opinion in Carr,
which quoted Justice Scalia’s concurrence, was unconcerned with the presence (or absence) of
lingering pollution. Rather, the Carr panel focused on whether there was a likelihood of future
discharges and, having found such a likelihood, considered whether the defendants had remedied
the cause of the violation (the absence of a permit). This analytical framework, which addressed
a point source for which there was a likelihood of future discharges, is wholly inapplicable to the
reasoning of Hamker, which involved no such likelihood.
Similarly, neither the dicta portion of the Rapanos non-precedential plurality opinion relied
on by the plaintiffs nor the opinion in County of Maui purported to address the ongoing violation
requirement. To the contrary, both opinions addressed the very limited question of what it means
for a pollutant to be added to navigable waters from a point source. Put differently, as applied to
this case, the opinions did not address whether the remnants of the spill amounted to an ongoing
violation; instead, they addressed whether, within the meaning of the CWA, the migration of the
remnants to a navigable water could be deemed from the relevant point source (the railcar). They
would thus support the conclusion that if there was an ongoing leak from the railcar, there would
likely be a violation even if the leak was not directly into a navigable water.
For all these reasons, this Court concludes that Hamker has not been unequivocally
overruled by Supreme Court precedent and thus remains good law.
B. Hamker Applied
The plaintiffs next argue that even if Hamker is still good law, “[t]he fact that pollutants
remain present in the ground beneath Plaintiffs’ property, which continues to discharge into such
hydrologically connected groundwater, is an important distinction from the Hamker plaintiffs’
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misplaced reliance on pollution of groundwater and grasslands alone, and not of jurisdictional
waters subject to the Clean Water Act.” Doc. #226 at 11. The plaintiffs’ argument rests primarily
on the Fourth Circuit’s decision in Upstate Forever v. Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, L.P., a
case in which a Fourth Circuit panel distinguished Hamker on the grounds that the complaint in
Hamker “alleged only that the discharged oil was ‘leaking into ground water’ and ‘grasslands,’ not
into navigable waters.” 887 F.3d 637, 649 (4th Cir. 2018). The Court finds the plaintiffs’ argument
unpersuasive.
As an initial matter, the Upstate Forever opinion was vacated by the Supreme Court in the
wake of County of Maui. Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, L.P. v. Upstate Forever, 140 S. Ct.
2736 (2020). Furthermore, the Hamker opinion was not based on the absence of a discharge into
navigable waters. Rather, it was based on the broader holding that an allegation “that there are
continuing effects from [a] past discharge” is insufficient to allege an ongoing CWA violation.
756 F.2d at 397. The dissent to the Fourth Circuit’s opinion in Upstate Forever recognized as
much, noting that “the court’s analysis in Hamker did not turn on the issue of navigable waters;
rather, it turned on the fact that the continuing addition of pollutants did not come from any point
source.” 887 F.3d at 661–62 (Floyd, J., dissenting). Indeed, in Upstate Forever, the Fourth Circuit
did not attempt to distinguish this aspect of Hamker. It merely held that “to the extent Hamker’s
reasoning suggests that an ongoing violation requires that the point source continually discharge a
pollutant, Hamker contravenes our decision in Goldfarb [v. Mayor & City Council of Balt., 791
F.3d 500 (4th Cir. 2015)].” Id. at 649 n.9. Thus, the plaintiffs’ allegations here regarding
discharges into navigable waters do not distinguish this case from Hamker.

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C. Summary
Because Hamker’s holding that an allegation “that there are continuing effects from [a]
past discharge” is insufficient to allege an ongoing CWA violation remains good law, the
plaintiffs’ motion for reconsideration is denied.
IV
Certification of Interlocutory Appeal
Generally, an order is not appealable if it “disposes of one or more but fewer than all of the
claims for relief asserted.” Sch. Bd. of Avoyelles Par. v. U.S. Dep’t of Interior, 647 F.3d 570, 577
(5th Cir. 2011) (quoting Tower v. Moss, 625 F.2d 1161, 1164 (5th Cir. 1980)). Unless certified as
a final judgment pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(b), such orders are appealable
only if they “have been properly certified for appeal by the district court [pursuant to] 28 U.S.C. §
1292(b).” Gibson v. Davis, 790 F. App’x 11, 12 (5th Cir. 2020) (quoting Askanase v. Livingwell,
Inc., 981 F.2d 807, 809–10 (5th Cir. 1993)).
Section 1292(b) provides:
When a district judge, in making in a civil action an order not otherwise appealable
under this section, shall be of the opinion that such order involves a controlling
question of law as to which there is substantial ground for difference of opinion and
that an immediate appeal from the order may materially advance the ultimate
termination of the litigation, [s]he shall so state in writing in such order.
Under the plain terms of the statute, § 1292(b) certification is appropriate where “(1) a controlling
question of law is involved, (2) there is substantial ground for difference of opinion about the
question of law, and (3) immediate appeal will materially advance the ultimate termination of the
litigation.” Rico v. Flores, 481 F.3d 234, 238 (5th Cir. 2007).
The plaintiffs argue that § 1292(b) certification is warranted because the viability of
Hamker satisfies the three requirements of the statute. Doc. #226 at 11. Illinois Central does not
object to the request for certification. Doc. #235 at 11.
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Under section 1292(b), “a question is controlling if its incorrect disposition would require
reversal of a final judgment, either for further proceedings or for dismissal that might have been
ordered without the ensuing district court proceedings.” Hood v. JPMorgan Chase & Co., &
Chase Bank USA, N.A., No. 3:12-cv-565, 2013 WL 12092108, at *2 (S.D. Miss. Sept. 12, 2013).
Ordinarily,“ a substantial ground for difference of opinion exists where the circuits are in dispute
on the question and the court of appeals of the circuit has not spoken on the point, if complicated
questions arise under foreign law, or if novel and difficult questions of first impression are
presented.” Couch v. Telescope Inc., 611 F.3d 629, 633 (9th Cir. 2010) (quotation marks omitted).
As to the third requirement, “[a]lthough the availability of review is not limited to those situations
in which decision on an issue would result in a complete dismissal, the Fifth Circuit has held that
certification is particularly inappropriate when a party has claims remaining for adjudication by
the finder of fact.” McCollum v. Livingston, No. 4:14-cv-3253, 2017 WL 2215627, at *5 (S.D.
Tex. May 19, 2017) (collecting cases).
Here, even if the two requirements for § 1292(b) certification were satisfied, the third
requirement is wholly absent. The issue to be certified on appeal—the viability of Hamker—could
conceivably dispose of only the plaintiffs’ CWA claims. Such a disposition would leave an array
of state and federal claims to be resolved by this Court. Under these circumstances, certification
would not materially advance the ultimate termination of the litigation. See Jay Bearden Constr.,
Inc. v. Unlimited Constr., Inc., No. 1:10-cv-480, 2011 WL 4737572, at *3 (S.D. Miss. Oct. 5,
2011) (“This order does not involve a controlling question of law that could materially advance
the ultimate termination of the litigation; if the twelve month limitation period in § 85–7–141
applies, only the stop payment claims against Three Rivers would be potentially time-barred.

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Breach of contract and unjust enrichment claims remain.”). Therefore, the plaintiffs request for §
1292(b) certification is denied.
V
Conclusion
The plaintiffs’ motion for reconsideration or, in the alternative, for certification of an
interlocutory appeal [225], is DENIED.
SO ORDERED, this 14th day of December, 2020.
/s/Debra M. Brown
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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