Thompson v. Epps et al
Filing
34
Memorandum Opinion and Order. Granting Defendants' 29 Motion for Summary Judgment and dismissing the Complaint with prejudice. Final Judgment in favor of Defendants to be entered. Signed by Magistrate Judge Linda R. Anderson on 6/30/2014. (ACF)
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF MISSISSIPPI
JACKSON DIVISION
ALVIN DA’ VON THOMPSON
VS.
PLAINTIFF
CIVIL ACTION NO. 3:12cv369-LRA
CHRISTOPHER EPPS, ET AL
DEFENDANTS
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
The parties appeared and participated in an omnibus hearing before the
undersigned United States Magistrate Judge on October 25, 2012, at the Jackson Federal
Courthouse in Jackson, Mississippi. Alvin Da’ Von Thompson (“Plaintiff” or
“Thompson”) appeared pro se; Defendants were represented by Keith Gates and Tommy
Goodwin, Office of the Attorney General of the State of Mississippi, Jackson,
Mississippi. On September 5, 2013, Defendants filed a Motion for Summary Judgment
[29] which is now before the Court. Plaintiff's pleading filed on March 10, 2014, has
been considered in response to the motion, as well as his sworn testimony at the hearing.
After consideration of the motion, the supporting pleadings, and the applicable law, the
Court finds that the motion of Defendants is well-taken and should be granted.
I. Plaintiff’s Claims
Jurisdiction of this case is based upon 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Plaintiff was housed as a
convicted inmate in the custody of the Mississippi Department of Corrections [MDOC] in
the Central Mississippi Correctional Facility in Pearl, Mississippi, in 2012. According to
Plaintiff, on January 12, 2012, he received a Rules Violation Report [RVR] for having a
cellphone, and the phone was not his. The emergency response team did a shakedown of
his zone on that date, and everyone’s property was scattered on the floor. Approximately
90 inmates live on the zone, with no individual cells. Plaintiff was asked if certain shoes
were his, and he told the officer they were not his. Yet a phone was in one of the boots
they said were his, and the officer wrote him up for it. He tried to tell the officer they
were not his boots, but he was written up anyway.
Plaintiff did appeal the RVR. He did have a hearing, but it was not conducted until
the eighth working day after the incident. According to procedure, Plaintiff asserts that it
should have been conducted within seven working days. Plaintiff contends that no
investigation occurred within 24 hours, as it should have, because no investigator ever
talked to him. Plaintiff tried to tell the hearing officer (Defendant Summerville) these
facts at the hearing, but she just told him to appeal it. Plaintiff wanted to call witnesses,
but he was not allowed to do so. He completed all the steps for appeal, but nobody ever
really listened.
According to Plaintiff, the RVR damaged him because he lost privileges, including
his trusty earned time and the loss of his job. He was placed in another job, ground
maintenance for the canine unit; this job assignment was considered punishment, and he
could not get earned time for that job. After that, on March 19, 2012, he was reclassified
to go to a special unit for only prisoners who are found in possession of a cellphone; this
unit was not created until February 15, 2012. A prisoner assigned to that unit cannot
work outside of the building. Plaintiff had to start anew trying to complete two months as
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RVR free. The conditions of the housing are poor— he had to sleep by a vent that was
welded shut, so the filter could not be changed. Water leaked all over the bathroom. The
food was not sanitary. He was denied religious services. The unit is dangerous, and at
least three other inmates have been stabbed. It is actually a gang unit. There are no
televisions or other electronics in the unit. A prisoner is given no hygiene products
unless he buys them in the canteen.
Thompson testified that it was Defendant Studaway who found the cellphone and
wrote the RVR. Defendant Summerville was the original RVR hearing officer, and she
served him his RVR after eight working days. Defendant Ward is the person who says
that she investigated the RVR; Plaintiff has never met her, as she did not interview him.
According to Plaintiff, he has been set back for a total of about eight months, as he
lost the earned time he would have gotten, as well as the time already accumulated. As
relief, he asks that the RVR be removed from his file; that he be returned to A custody;
that his earned time be restored. Specifically, his request for relief contained in the
Complaint, pages 4, 7-8, is quoted as follows:
Premise being considered based on the facts the remedy I seek
is restoration to my custody and status that I was in prior to
1/24/2012. Supplementation of all time lost from institutional
job assignment in the form of MET time I would of
accumulated from then to present a total of 40 plus days as
well as 40 plus more days of MET that I would have earned
by participating in the Chaplain Dept. Bible Study program.
Also to have RVR #1227655 removed from my working file.
I also request that the double jeopardy punishment for
cellphone RVRs be investigated, examined, acknowledged,
and put to a stop to this cruel and unusual punishment and
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practices of deliberate indifference. I request that all MET
and earn-time be restored immediately and that I be returned
to minimum non-community custody. The facts listed and
errors and neglect warrant such relief as requested and
deemed necessary by Your Honor.
Thompson was allowed to amend to state that he only sues Defendants Preletia
Studaway (ERT Officer), Merrilyn Summerville (CMCF Area 1 Hearing Officer), and
Vicki Ward (CMCF 1A Investigator) in their individual capacities, not in their official
capacities [22]. Apparently, the remaining Defendants, Christopher Epps (MDOC
Commissioner), Emmit Sparkman (Deputy Commissioner), and James Holman
(Superintendent of CMCF) are sued in their official capacities.
Thompson was also allowed to amend to clarify the relief he seeks [21]. In this
pleading, he amended to ask for monetary damages in addition to injunctive and
declaratory relief.
At the omnibus hearing, Defendants made an ore tenus motion to dismiss
Thompson's claims regarding religious services, food, dangerous living conditions in the
cellphone unit, and his challenges to being punished again by being housed in that unit.
Plaintiff admitted that his ARP did not cover those issues, and that he had not exhausted
his administrative remedies on these claims. In support of their request to dismiss on this
basis, Defendants have submitted Thompson’s ARP file as Exhibit A to their Motion for
Summary Judgment [29-1].
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II. Standard of Review
“Summary judgment is appropriate if the moving party can show that ‘there is no
genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law.’” United States v. Renda Marine, Inc., 667 F.3d 651, 655 (5th Cir.2012) (quoting
Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a)). “A factual dispute is ‘genuine’ where a reasonable party would return
a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Chiu v. Plano Indep. Sch. Dist., 339 F.3d 273, 282 (5th
Cir.2003) (quoting Lukan v. North Forest Indep. Sch. Dist., 183 F.3d 342, 345 (5th Cir.1999).
When considering a summary judgment motion, a court “must review all facts and evidence
in the light most favorable to the non-moving party.” Juino v. Livingston Parish Fire Dist.
No. 5, 717 F.3d 431, 433 (5th Cir.2013). However, “[u]nsubstantiated assertions, improbable
inferences, and unsupported speculation are not sufficient to defeat a motion for summary
judgment.” Brown v. City of Houston, 337 F.3d 539, 541 (5th Cir.2003) (citing Bridgmon v.
Array Sys. Corp., 325 F.3d 572, 577 (5th Cir.2003); Hugh Symons Group, plc v. Motorola,
Inc., 292 F.3d 466, 468 (5th Cir.2002)).
III. Discussion
A.
Unexhausted Claims
The Court finds that all of Thompson’s claims, other than his claim that his RVR
conviction violated due process, must be dismissed due to his failure to exhaust his
administrative remedies. His certified ARP file contains the RVR regarding his conviction
for the cellphone, and no other ARPs exist. Plaintiff confirmed at the omnibus hearing that
he knew he had “none of that” in his ARP, referring to the conditions in the cellphone unit.
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The Fifth Circuit has confirmed that “the PLRA pre-filing exhaustion requirement is
mandatory and non-discretionary,” and that “district courts have no discretion to waive the
PLRA’s pre-filing exhaustion requirement.” Gonzalez v. Seal, 702 F.3d 785, 787-88 (5th Cir.
2012) (per curiam); Moussazadeh v. Texas Dept. of Criminal Justice, 703 F.3d 781, 788 (5th
Cir. 2012) (quoting Gonzalez). Accordingly, only the properly exhausted claim that his
cellphone possession conviction violated Due Process shall be considered herein; the
unexhausted claims shall be dismissed.
B.
Eleventh Amendment Immunity
Any claim for money damages against the Defendants in their official capacity is
barred by the Eleventh Amendment. A claim ‘against a state official that is in fact a [claim]
against a State is barred regardless of whether it seeks damages or injunctive relief.”
Pennhurst State School & Hosp. v. Halderman, 465 U.S. 89, 101 (1984). A cause of action
“against a state official in his or her official capacity is not a suit against the official but
rather is a suit against the official’s office.” Will v. Michigan Dept. of State Police, 491 U.S.
58, 71 (1989). A state that has not consented to federal jurisdiction “is immune from suits
brought in federal court by her own citizens as well as by the citizens of another state.”
Pennhurst, 465 U.S. at 100.
Thompson’s official capacity claims against Defendants Epps, Sparkman, and Holman
are essentially claims against the State of Mississippi. Mississippi has not consented to suit
in this Court or otherwise waived its immunity; therefore, neither it nor Defendant prison
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officials can be held liable for money damages.1 Thompson’s claims for monetary damages
against the Defendants in their official capacities must be dismissed. Further, any claim for
injunctive relief must also be dismissed because the Ex Parte Young exception does not
apply.
In Ex Parte Young, the Supreme Court recognized a narrow exception to Eleventh
Amendment immunity which allows a state official to be sued in his or her official capacity
for injunctive relief. 209 U.S. 123, 159-160 (1908). “This exception strips the individual
state actor of immunity and allows a private citizen to sue that individual in federal court for
prospective injunctive relief based on allegations that the actor violated federal law.”
McKinley v. Abbott, 643 F.3d 403, 406 (5th Cir.2011). A state official can be sued in his or
her official capacity for injunctive relief under § 1983 because “official-capacity actions for
prospective relief are not treated as actions against the State.” Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S.
159, 167, n. 14 (1985) (citing Ex parte Young, 209 U.S. at 159-160).
In this case, Thompson seeks primarily retroactive injunctive relief. He requests that
the RVR at issue be removed from his prison record and the consequences revoked. Since
he does not seek prospective relief, the Ex Parte Young exception does not apply in this case.
Accordingly, Defendants are entitled to summary judgment on the claims for money and
injunctive relief asserted against them in their official capacities.
1
See Oliver v. Scott, 276 F.3d 736, 742 (5th Cir.2002) (the Eleventh Amendment bars
claims for money damages asserted against prison officials in their official capacities).
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C.
Qualified Immunity
“[G]overnment officials performing discretionary functions generally are shielded
from liability for civil damages insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established
statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known.” Easter
v. Powell, 467 F.3d 459, 462 (5th Cir.2006) (quoting Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818
(1982)). “This entitlement, qualified immunity, is “an immunity from suit rather than a mere
defense to liability; and like an absolute immunity, it is effectively lost if a case is
erroneously permitted to go to trial.” Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511, 526 (1985) (stating
that qualified immunity is “an entitlement not to stand trial or face the other burdens of
litigation” under certain circumstances).
For a government official to be found entitled to qualified immunity, a two-part test
is used: a finding that “(1) the plaintiff failed to state a constitutional claim or (2) the
defendant’s conduct was objectively reasonable in light of the clearly established law.”
Easter, 467 F.3d at 462. Once the defense of qualified immunity is raised, “the burden shifts
to the plaintiff who may rebut entitlement to immunity by demonstrating that ‘the official’s
allegedly wrongful conduct violated clearly established law.’” Sama v. Hannigan, 669 F.
3d 585, 591 (5th Cir.2012) (quoting Kovacic v. Villarreal, 628 F.3d 209, 211-12 (5th
Cir.2010)).
In determining whether Thompson has stated a constitutional claim, the Court must
review the evidence used to support the RVR. [See ARP file, 29-1]. The initial RVR was
written by Defendant Officer Precetia Studaway. She wrote:
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On the above date (1/12/2012) at approximately 1400 hours, I
ERT Precetia Studaway conducted a property search on
Offender Alvin Davon Thompson #123907, I (Studaway) did
find a LT AT&T Black cell with Sims card in Offender
Thompson’s shoe, Offender Alvin Thompson #123927 was
advised that would receive an RVR for this infraction.
[29-1, p. 9].
Merrilyn Summerville was the hearing officer for the RVR. She noted that the
incident was investigated by “V. Ward”, that Thompson’s statement was that he was “not
guilty,” but that he was found guilty due to “evidence presented at the hearing.” Presumably,
this was the testimony of Officer Studaway, along with any evidence revealed by the
investigator, Defendant Ward. When Thompson appealed, he received his First Step
Response dated March 2, 2012, based upon Defendant Summerville’s statement that she saw
“no reason to change my decision.” [29-1, p. 11].
Thompson appealed, complaining that the hearing was conducted on the eighth
working day afer the offense, instead of the seventh working day, violating MDOC policy.
Additionally, Thompson charges that the investigator failed to interview him or give a factual
basis for her response, and that the hearing officer did not give a reason for her findings.
Thompson claimed that had she investigated in a timely manner, she would have found that
the boot in which the cellphone was found was not his size.
Thompson appealed, stating that “this whole RVR was served and heard in violation
of several MDOC policy and procedures which are written in original ARP. Failure to
examine all the evidence....” [29-1, p. 12]. The Second Step Response was issued by
Superintendent James Holman, dated April 17, 2012. His response stated in part as follows:
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... You presented no new evidence to reverse the findings.
There were no administrative errors found on the original rule
violation report.
Disciplinary staff heard your RVR and you were found guilty of
the specific charges against you.
My investigation determined that all necessary due process
requirements were adhered to and all applicable policies and
procedures were followed. Therefore, the rule violation will
remain a part of your file.
[29-1, p. 16].
Thompson claimed that CMCF officers searched his cell during a “shakedown” of the
building. He was asked if the shoes were his, and he replied “no.” However, Officer
Studaway still issued the RVR, believing that the shoes were either his or that he had put the
cellphone in the shoes. Thompson concedes he was given notice of the hearing, had a
hearing, and was allowed to testify regarding the situation. He contends he was not allowed
to bring witnesses, but he did not name any witnesses he could have brought whose
testimony would have changed the findings. He says he was not interviewed during the
investigation by Defendant Ward, but he was allowed to give his testimony at the hearing.
He charges that the shoe sizes should have been compared.
Due Process’s fundamental requirement is that the prisoner be granted the opportunity
be heard “at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner.” Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S.
319, 333 (1976) quoting Armstrong v. Manzo, 380 U.S. 545, 552 (1965). This Court must
determine first whether there has been a “liberty or property interest which has been
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interfered with by the State,” and then determine whether that process “was constitutionally
inadequate.” Zinermon v. Burch, 494 U.S. 114, 125 (1990).
In reviewing the record, this Court finds that Thompson has not shown he was denied
Due Process through the ARP process. He has merely shown that he disagrees with the
ruling at his hearing and on appeal. Yet, prisoners do not have a protected liberty interest in
having grievances resolved in their favor or to their satisfaction. Geiger v. Jowers, 404 F.3d
371, 374 (5th Cir. 2005). Thompson charges that not all MDOC policies were followed, and
the Court takes this as true. This still does not rise to the level of a constitutional violation,
however, as "a prison official's failure to follow the prison's own policies, procedures, or regulations
does not constitute a violation of due process." Myers v. Kelvenhagen, 97 F.3d 91, 94 (5th Cir.
1996).
Thompson denies that the shoe was his. Even he had been able to show that the shoe
was not his, due to size, that fact along would not have exonerated him. The Court shall
accept that his shoe size may have different from the shoe which had the cellphone.
Certainly during a shakedown, inmates with phones in their possession could attempt to hide
them in someone else’s shoes. The reviewing officers found that there was no new evidence
which would have caused the result to be different. The reason for the one-day delay for the
hearing was due to “holiday/weekend,” according to Defendant Summerville’s findings.
Thompson had notice of the hearing, could testify, and was given two appeals in the ARP
process. He never named any persons during these appeals whose testimony would have
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exonerated him. Although he claims he was not allowed witnesses, he does not name
witnesses or recite or describe their proposed testimony.
The United States Supreme Court has held that “the requirements of due process are
satisfied if some evidence supports the decision by the prison disciplinary board to revoke
good time credits. This standard is met if ‘there was some evidence from which the
conclusion of the administrative tribunal could be deduced ....’” Superintendent, Mass.
Correctional Inst., Walpole v. Hill, 472 U.S. 445, 455 (1985) (quoting United States ex rel.
Vajtauer v. Commissioner of Immigration, 273 U.S. 103, 106 (1927). The evidence in this
case was Officer Studaway’s testimony that she conducted a search and found a cellphone
that she believed to be Thompson’s in a shoe near his belongings. This evidence was
affirmed by Defendants Summerville and Holman and is supportive of the findings of guilt.
Fundamental fairness does not require this Court to set aside decisions of prison
administrators that “have some basis in fact.” Hill, 472 U.S. at 456. The courts cannot retry
every prison disciplinary dispute; rather, the court may act only where arbitrary or capricious
action is shown. Reeves v. Pettcox, 19 F.3d 1060, 1062 (5th Cir. 1994). Prison disciplinary
decisions will be overturned only where there is no evidence whatsoever to support the
prison official’s decision. Id.
The Court finds that Thompson does have a due process right to not having his trusty
time taken away, although he has no due process rights regarding his remaining punishments,
the loss of privileges for 30 days or being housed in a special unit. Sandin v. Conner, 515
U.S. 472, 484 (1995). However, the record confirms that there was evidence to support the
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conviction, and due process requirements were satisfied. He was given notice of the charges
and the hearing, allowed an opportunity to testify, and given two separate appeals. Under
the circumstances of this case, this satisfies due process. No constitutional violation has been
stated, and Defendants are entitled to qualified immunity from this civil suit.
D. Thompson’s claims are barred by Heck v. Humphrey
As an alternative basis for dismissal, the Court finds that Thompson’s claims are also
barred by Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477, 486-87 (1994). In Heck, the Supreme Court
held that no cause of action exists under § 1983 when judgment for a plaintiff would
“necessarily imply” that his conviction or sentence was invalid, unless the conviction or
sentence has already been invalidated. Id. To demonstrate that his conviction or sentence
has already been invalidated, the plaintiff may show that it has been reversed on direct
appeal, expunged by executive order, declared invalid by a state tribunal, or questioned by
the issuance of a writ of habeas corpus. Id. In the absence of one of these events, there is
no cause of action, even if the plaintiff has successfully exhausted his state remedies. Id. at
489.
Thompson’s primary requests for relief are injunctive and declaratory in nature. He
asks this Court to restore him to the custody status that he was in prior to January 24, 2012.
He also asks that the Court direct that his MET time be supplemented for all the time he lost
due to his job change, a total of over 40 days. He requests that the RVR be removed from
his record and that his “double punishment,” due to his placement in the cellphone unit be
investigated. He requests that all of his earned time be restored immediately and that he be
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returned to minimum non-community custody. Thompson testified at the hearing that he has
a “total set back of about eight months” of delay in being released from prison.
The RVR states that Thompson’s punishment was 180 days of trusty time and the loss
of all privileges for 30 days. [29-1, p. 9]. According to Thompson, the actual effect of
receiving the RVR was that he lost his job, causing him to forfeit being able to accumulate
MET time. He also lost his custody status and the ability to earn trusty time.
As stated, a § 1983 claim that challenges the fact or duration of a state sentence “is
barred (absent prior invalidation) . . . if success in that action would necessarily demonstrate
the invalidity of confinement or its duration.” Wilkinson v. Dotson, 544 U.S. 74, 81-82
(2005). Thompson’s claims are barred by the ruling in Heck because he has failed to assert
or present proof that his “conviction” on the RVR has been invalidated. Thompson has not
only asked for monetary damages, but he has also asked for restoration of all or some of his
180 days of trusty time. The restoration of good time relief, if granted, would result in
Thompson receiving an accelerated release. As such, a § 1983 civil action is not the proper
vehicle to pursue that request. See Clarke v. Stalder, 154 F.3d 186, 189 (5th Cir. 1998) (en
banc), cert. denied, 525 U.S. 1151 (1999); Wilkinson v. Dotson, 544 U.S. 74, 78 (2005) (a
prisoner cannot use §1983 to challenge the fact or duration of his sentence). Thompson must
pursue his request for the restoration of good time credit through a petition for habeas corpus
relief which requires him to exhaust his available state remedies. See Edwards v. Balisok,
520 U.S. 641, 648 (1997) (habeas corpus is the exclusive remedy for a claim of restoration
of good time credits because “[t]he principal procedural defect complained of by respondent
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would, if established, necessarily imply the invalidity of the deprivation of his good-time
credits” and would imply a speedier release from prison).
IV. Conclusion
IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED AND ADJUDGED that:
That Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment [29] is hereby GRANTED.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Complaint is dismissed with prejudice, and a
separate Final Judgment in favor of all Defendants shall be entered on this date.
SO ORDERED this the 30th day of June, 2014.
/s/ Linda R. Anderson
UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
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