Bell et al v. Texaco, Inc. et al
Filing
157
ORDER granting Defendant's 143 Motion to Dismiss for Plaintiffs' failure to comply with the Court's discovery orders. Plaintiffs' claims are dismissed with prejudice. All other pending motions are denied as moot. A separate Judgment pursuant to Rule 58 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure shall be entered. Signed by District Judge Keith Starrett on June 15, 2011 (dsl)
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF MISSISSIPPI
WESTERN DIVISION
VERNITA BELL, INDIVIDUALLY, AND
ON BEHALF OF E.A.B., DECEASED, ET AL.
PLAINTIFFS
V. CIVIL ACTION NO. 5:09‐CV‐192‐KS‐MTP
TEXACO, INC.
DEFENDANT
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Before the Court is Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss [143] for Plaintiffs’ failure to
comply with the Court’s discovery orders. For the reasons outlined below, the motion is
granted and the claims of each Plaintiff are dismissed with prejudice.
Before the Court can address the legal arguments surrounding Defendant’s motion,
it must outline the events leading to this opinion. A full account of the events leading to
this opinion requires an inordinate amount of space, but the length of this opinion is
overshadowed by the resources that have already been expended due to Plaintiffs’ and
their counsel’s indolence and brazen disregard for the Court’s orders and procedural rules.
I. BACKGROUND
This is a toxic tort case in which over a dozen plaintiffs allege that they were
exposed to fumes from abandoned gasoline storage tanks. Plaintiffs allege a variety of
injuries, including cognitive disorders, miscarriages, birth defects, and other serious
1
conditions. On October 13, 2010, Defendant Texaco Inc. served Plaintiffs with
interrogatories and requests for production [82, 83]. On December 1, 2010, Defendant filed
a Motion to Compel [91], representing to the Court that Plaintiffs had failed to respond to
the discovery requests within thirty days.1 Accordingly, Defendant argued that the Court
should compel Plaintiffs to respond, and that Plaintiffs had waived any objections to the
interrogatories.2
Plaintiffs did not respond to Defendant’s first motion to compel, and on December
20, 2010, the Court granted it [93]. The Court ordered each Plaintiff to provide full
responses to the interrogatories and requests for production on or before January 4, 2011,3
but the Court denied Texaco’s demand for costs and fees related to the motion.
On January 3, 2011, Plaintiffs filed a Motion for Extension of Time [95] to respond
to Defendant’s discovery requests. Therein, Plaintiffs stated: “Due to the Christmas
holidays and the inability of counsel for the Plaintiffs to confer with all of the individual
Plaintiffs, the Plaintiffs will be unable to file their discovery responses on or before the
1
See FED. R. CIV. P. 33(b)(2), 34(b)(2)(A).
2
See FED. R. CIV. P. 33(b)(4).
3
The Court’s order contained a typographical error, stating that the discovery
response were due on or before January 4, 2010. Plaintiffs obviously understood the
Court’s meaning, as they filed a Motion for Extension of Time [95] on January 3, 2011.
2
deadline of January 4, 2011.”4 Defendant opposed the motion, citing Plaintiffs’ prior failure
to provide discovery response and Defendant’s impending expert designation deadline of
April 15, 2011 [98]. On January 5, 2011, the Court – via text order – granted Plaintiffs an
extension of time to respond to Defendant’s discovery requests, ordering Plaintiffs to
respond by January 15, 2011. On January 14, 2011, Plaintiffs filed notices that they had
served responses to Defendant’s discovery requests [100, 101].
On February 1, 2011, Defendant filed its Second Motion to Compel [105]. Therein,
Defendant represented that it did not receive any discovery responses until January 20,
2011, despite Plaintiffs’ filing notices of service on January 14, 2011. Further, Defendant
represented that Plaintiffs only provided interrogatory responses. While Plaintiff’s counsel
represented in a cover letter that responses to Defendant’s requests for production had
been sent separately, Defendant never received them.5 Additionally, the purported
interrogatory responses had not been signed or verified, and Defendant identified various
4
Prior to filing the motion for an extension, Plaintiffs’ counsel had represented to
Defendant’s counsel that he was not even aware that the Court had entered an order
granting the motion to compel [98‐1].
5
Regardless of whether Plaintiffs actually mailed Defendant responses to the
requests for production, it is undisputed that Plaintiffs did not provide Defendant with
an additional copy once they were aware that Defendant never received them.
Defendant did not receive responses to its requests for production until after the Court’s
hearing on April 21, 2011.
3
other deficiencies in the interrogatory responses.6
Plaintiffs responded to the motion on February 7, 2011 [106]. Plaintiffs represented
that Defendant had received Plaintiffs’ responses to the requests for production, which
were forwarded on January 14, 2011. They also provided specific responses to the alleged
deficiencies in their interrogatory responses.7 Plaintiff failed to address the fact that the
6
The following non‐exhaustive list of deficiencies is a fair representation of the
whole: 1) some Plaintiffs failed to provide their home address; 2) some Plaintiffs failed
to provide the adult mother’s and minor child’s date of birth; 3) some Plaintiffs failed to
provide the dates on which they sought medical treatment related to injuries allegedly
caused by Defendant; 4) some Plaintiffs failed to identify the medical providers and/or
facilities at which they sought treatment for injuries allegedly caused by Defendants; 5)
in response to an interrogatory requesting the identities of persons with discoverable
knowledge of matters related to the case, some Plaintiffs merely objected that the
question was ambiguous and overly broad, while others objected but provided an
answer nonetheless; 6) some plaintiffs failed to provide any information regarding the
date, time, and duration of their exposure to the harmful substance which allegedly
caused their injuries; 7) some of the plaintiffs failed to provide any information
whatsoever regarding any medical conditions and physical or mental symptoms from
which they suffer as a result of their alleged exposure; 8) those Plaintiffs who provided
information regarding their medical conditions failed to provide the dates on which
they discovered the conditions and/or symptoms; 9) none of the Plaintiffs identified the
specific condition, injury, or illness which they allege was caused by Defendant; 10)
none of the Plaintiffs identified any medical expenses related to the injuries allegedly
caused by Defendant; and 11) some of the Plaintiffs failed to provide any response to an
interrogatory seeking an itemization of damages, and no Plaintiff provided a complete
response to it.
7
For example: 1) Plaintiffs argued that their dates of birth were irrelevant to the
statute of limitations, as many of them have suffered from a legal disability, thereby
tolling any applicable statute of limitations; and 2) Plaintiffs argued that any statute of
limitations was tolled by Defendant’s concealment of the its ownership of the site. The
remainder of Plaintiffs’ responses appear to be mere restatements of their objections
and/or assertions that they do not have the information requested.
4
interrogatory responses were neither signed nor verified.8
Defendant filed a rebuttal on February 15, 2011 [110]. Therein, Defendant noted that
its counsel had sent a letter to Plaintiffs’ counsel on January 24, 2011 – ten days after
Plaintiffs filed notices of service – notifying counsel that Defendant had not received
responses to the requests for production,9 yet Plaintiffs failed to forward an additional
copy. Defendant also attached a copy of an email from its counsel to Plaintiffs’ counsel sent
on February 8, 2011 [110‐1] – the date Plaintiff filed its response to the Motion to Compel
– in which Defendant’s counsel again requested a copy of the production responses.
Despite the correspondence from Defendant’s counsel notifying Plaintiffs’ counsel
that Defendant’s had not received any production responses, Plaintiffs failed to provide the
requested documents. Further, Plaintiffs did not attach the purported production responses
to their response to the second motion to compel – despite representing to the Court that
the responses had been sent.
On February 23, 2011, the Court entered an Order [112] granting in part and denying
in part Defendant’s Second Motion to Compel. The Court granted the motion as to most
8
In the cover letters accompanying their purported discovery responses [106‐1,
106‐2], Plaintiff’s counsel acknowledged that they (both the received interrogatory
responses and the phantom production responses) were unsigned. Counsel represented
that he would have Plaintiffs sign them and forward copies at a later date.
9
Defendant attached a copy of this letter as an exhibit to its Second Motion to
Compel [105‐4].
5
of the interrogatories, specifically noting the evasive nature of some of Plaintiff’s responses.
For example, when asked to provide an itemized list of medical expenses, some Plaintiffs
merely responded that their expenses were ongoing and continued to accrue, but they
failed to provide any actual information. The Court specifically noted that some Plaintiffs
failed to respond to Defendants’ request for an itemized list of damages, while others
responded evasively. In summary, the Court largely granted Defendant’s Second Motion
to Compel as it relates to the interrogatory responses, noting myriad deficiencies in
Plaintiffs’ purported responses. The Court also ordered Plaintiffs to sign their interrogatory
responses and supplementation under oath, as required by Rule 33.
With respect to Plaintiffs’ production responses, the Court ordered Plaintiffs to
provide Defendants with a copy of the production responses. Regardless of Plaintiffs’
representation that the responses had already been mailed, Plaintiffs had been on notice
for weeks that Defendant never received them. The Court ordered Plaintiffs to supplement,
sign, and serve their interrogatory responses; serve responses to the requests for
production; produce documents in response to the requests for production; and otherwise
comply with the Court’s order by March 9, 2011.
Regarding sanctions, the Court observed that Plaintiff’s participation in discovery
had been “casual, if not dilatory.” The Court noted: 1) Plaintiffs failed to respond to initial
discovery; 2) Plaintiffs failed to return Defendant’s good faith certificate or otherwise
6
respond to the first motion to compel; and 3) after the Court’s first order compelling
discovery responses, Plaintiffs refused to provide basic information regarding their claims.
Plaintiffs’ failure to cooperate in good faith had forced Defendant to incur the cost of filing
two motions to compel. Nonetheless, the Court deferred ruling on sanctions pending
Plaintiffs’ compliance with the second ordering compelling discovery. The Court ordered
Plaintiffs to provide the Court with written certification that they had complied on or
before March 14, 2011. The Court further ordered Plaintiffs to submit any additional
arguments regarding sanctions on that date and permitted Defendant to file any rebuttal
on the issue by March 21, 2011.
On March 1, 2011, Defendant filed a motion [115] requesting a status conference and
an amendment to the scheduling order. At that time, the scheduling order [77] set
Defendant’s expert designation deadline as April 15, 2011; the discovery deadline as June
1, 2011; and the dispositive motions deadline as June 15, 2011. Defendant represented that
it would be unable to collect and review medical records for all fourteen Plaintiffs; schedule
and conduct depositions of the Plaintiffs and their medical providers; schedule and
conduct independent medical examinations of the Plaintiffs; and produce finalized expert
reports in the time between Plaintiffs’ discovery deadline (March 9, 2011) and its
designations deadline (April 15, 2011), assuming that Plaintiffs fully complied with the
Court’s orders. Defendant also represented that it was unlikely discovery could be
7
completed by June 1, 2011. Accordingly, the Court set a status conference for March 31,
2011, to discuss Defendant’s motion for an amended scheduling order [115] and a motion
to sever [113] the Plaintiffs’ claims.
On March 9, 2011, twelve of the Plaintiffs filed a notice [120] that they had served
Defendant with interrogatory responses. On that same day, Keith Culbert, the wrongful
death beneficiary and/or successor of Plaintiff Mary Culbert, filed a suggestion of Plaintiff
Culbert’s death [121] pursuant to Rule 25(a)(1). On March 14, 2011, Plaintiffs’ counsel sent
a letter to the Court [124‐1], advising that he had met with ten of the fourteen Plaintiffs and
conducted telephone conferences with two of the remaining Plaintiffs to address the
outstanding discovery issues. Counsel represented that several of the Plaintiffs were absent
from their homes on a daily basis receiving medical attention, and that several of the
Plaintiffs did not have telephone service, further complicating communication with them.
With respect to Defendant’s requests for production, Plaintiffs’ counsel stated that
he had some of Plaintiffs’ medical records in his possession and was attempting to acquire
complete copies of the medical records. Rather than produce what he had, Plaintiffs’
counsel stated that he “would prefer to present the records to the Defendant once all of the
records” were in his possession. As for sanctions, Plaintiffs’ counsel argued that Plaintiffs
had made, and were continuing to make, diligent efforts to comply with the Court’s
discovery orders. Therefore, Plaintiffs argued that sanctions would be an extreme
8
punishment, unwarranted under the circumstances.
On March 21, 2011, Defendant filed a rebuttal [124] to Plaintiffs’ correspondence of
March 14, 2011. Defendant represented that Plaintiffs had not responded to its requests for
production or otherwise produced documents, despite having filed a notice of service of
responses on January 14, 2011. Defendant further noted that all fourteen Plaintiffs had not
supplemented their interrogatory responses, and that the supplements provided were
unsigned, unverified, and still contained significant deficiencies. Defendant contended that
Plaintiffs once again failed to provide information regarding the medical conditions,
illnesses, or injuries allegedly caused by their exposure to gasoline fumes. Likewise,
Defendants argued that Plaintiffs failed to provide any information regarding their medical
expenses and other components of damages. Finally, Defendants argued that postponing
production of any documents until Plaintiffs’ counsel had obtained all responsive
documents would necessarily slow Defendant’s review process.
The Court10 held a status conference on March 31, 2011, intending to address
Defendant’s motion for an amended scheduling order [115] and motion to sever [113]
Plaintiffs’ claims.11 At the beginning of the hearing, Defendant briefly stated its positions
10
Both the March 31, 2011, and April 21, 2011, proceedings were held jointly
before the undersigned and the Magistrate Judge.
11
Defendant attached a transcript of the hearing as an exhibit to its Motion to
Dismiss [144‐2].
9
regarding the two motions. With regard to the scheduling order, Defendant maintained
that it was impossible for it to meet the looming deadlines,12 in light of Plaintiffs’ failure to
provide any meaningful information regarding their claims.
Plaintiffs were represented by Mr. Ronald Stutzman, who first appeared in this
matter on March 4, 2011 [117], after Plaintiffs had already failed to comply with two
discovery orders. Stutzman represented to the Court that Mr. Eduardo Flechas – who had
appeared on behalf of Plaintiffs throughout the previous months of inactivity – brought
him into the case to facilitate Plaintiffs’ participation in discovery. Stutzman further
represented to the Court that Plaintiffs’ inability to cooperate in discovery stemmed from
the following factors: 1) many of the Plaintiffs did not have telephones, and counsel could
never be sure whether they would catch them at home during personal visits; 2) eight of
the fourteen Plaintiffs have “substantial mental deficiencies,” making it difficult to obtain
detailed information from them;13 and 3) Plaintiff Mary Culbert had died on October 15,
12
Under the original scheduling order [77], Defendant’s expert designation
deadline was April 15, 2011; the discovery deadline was June 1, 2011, and the
dispositive motions deadline was June 15, 2011.
13
Plaintiffs’ counsel represented that only one of the eight Plaintiffs displaying
“substantial mental deficiencies” had any sort of guardian or conservator. Plaintiff Carl
Ellis purportedly lives with his mother, and Plaintiffs’ counsel represented that she was
able to provide more information than the other allegedly disabled Plaintiffs. Plaintiffs’
counsel further represented that, despite their alleged disabilities, these other Plaintiffs
were given full charge of their own resources, such as Supplemental Security Income
payments.
10
2010, and Plaintiffs’ counsel first learned of her death in March 2011. Stutzman further
represented that Plaintiffs would sign HIPAA releases, allowing Defendants to obtain
whatever medical records they desired. Finally, Plaintiffs agreed with Defendant that an
amendment to the scheduling order was necessary to ensure the proper disposition of the
case.
At this point, the Court began to question Plaintiff’s counsel in an effort to
understand why Plaintiffs had failed to comply with the Court’s discovery orders.
Throughout the Court’s questioning, it became apparent that Mr. Stutzman was unable to
provide the Court with any explanation for Plaintiffs’ failure to comply with the Court’s
orders. He represented to the Court that he first began working on the case on February
15, 2011. When the Court asked him how an amendment to the scheduling order would
alleviate the alleged difficulties he had mentioned (lack of telephone access, “substantial
mental deficiencies”), Mr. Stutzman merely asserted that he needed more time to gather
discovery responses. When asked why that hadn’t been done during the preceding months,
he candidly answered that he had no explanation, as he was not involved in the case at that
point. Later in the hearing, Mr. Stutzman admitted that much of Plaintiffs’ basic
background information was, in fact, available to Plaintiffs’ counsel as early as November
2010. He had no explanation for why it was not provided to Defendant at that time.
The Court made several observations throughout the course of the hearing. Plaintiffs
11
had not yet provided any meaningful response to Defendant’s initial discovery requests,
which had been served approximately five and a half months before the hearing. At this
point, the discovery deadline was only two months away. Beyond initial responses to
interrogatories and requests for production, there was still the possibility of independent
medical examinations, depositions, and follow‐ups to each. Plaintiffs had missed their
expert designations deadline on March 1, 2011, and Plaintiffs’ counsel admitted that it was
impossible for Plaintiffs to prove their case without expert testimony. Finally, the Court
observed that Plaintiffs’ counsel served discovery responses on behalf of Plaintiff Mary
Culbert during the five‐month interim between her death and their filing of a suggestion
of death. The Court candidly asked how Plaintiffs’ counsel could not have known Plaintiff
Culbert died if they were actually making effort to participate in discovery. Plaintiffs’
counsel had no explanation.
The Court attempted to impress upon Plaintiffs’ counsel the gravity of the situation:
Plaintiffs had failed to comply with two orders compelling discovery, and upon the Court’s
scheduling of a status conference to address a possible amendment to the scheduling order,
counsel was unable to provide the Court with any explanation for Plaintiffs’ failure to
abide by the Court’s orders or any reason to believe that they would comply if the case
moved forward. Further, Plaintiffs’ counsel had filed pleadings and served purported
discovery responses on behalf of a dead client, and Plaintiffs had missed their expert
12
designation deadline. The Court specifically advised Plaintiffs’ counsel that while it is
typically generous with extensions of time for good cause, it is unable to address such
issues when parties display indolence of the sort displayed by Plaintiffs in the months
preceding the hearing.
The Court decided that any further discussion was futile, as Mr. Stutzman could
only provide answers for Plaintiffs’ actions during the six weeks prior to the hearing.
Further, the Court noted the injustice in sending an associate who had only been working
on a case for six weeks to answer for months of non‐compliance with Court orders.
Accordingly, the Court continued the hearing until April 21, 2011 [126], and specifically
ordered all counsel of record, all parties, and any representatives of parties claimed to be
deceased or mentally incompetent to attend in person. The Court further ordered Plaintiffs’
counsel to bring a copy of Mary Culbert’s death certificate to the hearing, and that all of
Plaintiffs’ files regarding the case were to be available at the courthouse on the day of the
hearing. Finally, the Court stayed Defendant’s expert designations deadline pending
further order.
During the next couple of weeks, Plaintiffs made some progress in complying with
their discovery obligations. On April 5, 2011, they filed a motion to extend the expert
designation deadlines [127], citing the same difficulties in communication that were
alluded to in the Court’s March 31, 2011, hearing. On April 14, 2011, Plaintiffs filed a notice
13
of their intent to serve subpoenas [128] on the Southwest Mississippi Mental Health
Complex for any records relating to the treatment of seven of the Plaintiffs.
At 4:56 p.m. on April 20, 2011 – the evening prior to the continued hearing to
address Plaintiffs’ failure to participate in discovery and potential amendment of the case
management order – Plaintiffs filed a Motion for Recusal of the undersigned pursuant to
28 U.S.C. §§ 144 and 455. Therein, Plaintiffs argued that recusal was appropriate because
1) Plaintiffs believed that the undersigned had displayed bias or prejudice against one or
more Plaintiffs or their counsel, as evidenced by the Court’s rulings in this matter;14 2)
Plaintiffs believed that the undersigned possessed financial interests which may be affected
by this matter’s outcome;15 and 3) Plaintiffs believed that the deceased father of the
undersigned was a member of the Board of Trustees of Southwest Mississippi Regional
Medical Center, which had a “close relationship” with former Defendant Southwest
14
“[J]udicial rulings alone almost never constitute a valid basis for a bias or
partiality motion.” Liteky v. United States, 510 U.S. 540, 555, 114 S. Ct. 1147, 127 L. Ed. 2d
474 (1994).
15
While the undersigned receives royalties from certain oil and gas leases,
Defendant is not a party to any of those transactions, and Plaintiffs failed to present any
evidence that the parties from whom the undersigned receives royalties are connected
to Defendant in any manner. Likewise, Plaintiffs failed to present any persuasive
argument or evidence that the outcome of a civil action involving one oil company
would have any impact on the financial interests of an individual who receives royalties
from oil and gas leases with a different oil company.
14
Mississippi Mental Health Foundation.16
On the morning of April 21, 2011,17 the Court received notice of Plaintiffs’ last‐
minute motion for recusal. Accordingly, the Court addressed it before any of the discovery
and scheduling issues. In addition to the arguments included in their motion, Plaintiffs
asserted that recusal was appropriate because former contributors to the undersigned’s
past campaign for public office were connected to Chevron Corporation, a corporate entity
related to Defendant Texaco.18 Plaintiffs asserted that they had no reason to look into
potential arguments for the undersigned’s recusal until the status conference of March 31,
2011, the events of which are recited above.
The Court found that Plaintiffs had failed to file their motion for recusal within ten
16
The undersigned’s father died over twenty years ago and had been retired from
the Board of Trustees of Southwest Mississippi Regional Medical Center for at least five
years prior to his death. Furthermore, Plaintiffs failed to present any evidence or
persuasive argument that Southwest Mississippi Regional Medical Center had any
relationship with the Southwest Mississippi Mental Health Complex or Southwest
Mississippi Mental Health Foundation beyond mere physical proximity.
17
Defendant attached a copy of the transcript of the April 21, 2011, hearing to its
Motion to Dismiss [144‐1].
18
Notwithstanding Plaintiffs’ representation that the campaign contributions
were made “over the last several years,” the undersigned has not campaigned for
public office in almost nine years. The contribution reports [139, 139‐1] presented by
Plaintiffs are dated October 10, 2000, and October 27, 2000. Furthermore, candidates for
Mississippi’s judicial offices are insulated from knowledge of their campaign
contributor’s identities by a campaign committee. Therefore, the undersigned was
unaware that the contributors identified by Plaintiffs had made campaign contributions
until Plaintiffs asserted as much at the April 21, 2011, hearing.
15
days of the hearing or demonstrate good cause for said failure, as required by 28 U.S.C. §
144. The Court further found that the affidavit accompanying the motion was insufficient,
insofar as the factual allegations therein were nothing more than rank speculation which
– even if accepted as true – did not provide grounds for recusal. As Plaintiffs failed to file
a “timely and sufficient affidavit” as required by 28 U.S.C. § 144, the undersigned was not
required to assign another judge to hear the proceeding. As Plaintiffs failed to present any
valid grounds for recusal, the Court denied their motion.19
The Court then proceeded to address the ongoing discovery issues in the case. To
begin, Defendant represented to the Court that Plaintiffs had failed to produce any further
discovery response since the March 31, 2011, hearing. Defendant stated that while Plaintiff
filed a notice of intent to subpoena records from Southwest Mississippi Mental Health
Complex, Defendant had not yet received any notice that the subpoena was actually
served.
Eleven of the fourteen Plaintiffs were prepared to supply Defendant with verified
and signed interrogatory responses. Plaintiffs’ counsel represented that Plaintiff Levander
19
In their motion for recusal, Plaintiffs also referred to 28 U.S.C. § 455, but they
offered no argument specific to that statute at the hearing. Section 455 requires that
“[a]ny judge . . . of the United States . . . disqualify himself in any proceeding in which
his impartiality might reasonably be questioned.” 28 U.S.C. § 455(a). It further requires
that a judge recuse himself in certain other situations. 28 U.S.C. § 455(b). For the same
reasons already stated, Plaintiffs failed to present any evidence or argument that recusal
was required.
16
Davis was bedridden, and, therefore, they were not able to contact her. Additionally,
Plaintiffs’ counsel was unable to supply interrogatory responses for Plaintiff Mary Culbert,
who was deceased. However, Plaintiffs produced Culbert’s death certificate, which the
Court admitted into evidence [139‐8]. Finally, Plaintiff John Scott had not yet signed his
responses, and he was not present at the hearing.
The Court briefly recounted the history of the matter, attempting to elicit an
explanation from Plaintiffs’ counsel as to why Plaintiffs had failed to comply with the
Court’s discovery orders. Plaintiffs’ counsel admitted that the medical records responsive
to Defendant’s requests for production should have been produced as part of the pre‐
discovery disclosures. Nonetheless, Plaintiffs had failed to produce any documents
whatsoever to Defendant. Plaintiffs’ counsel explained that they were unable to
consistently communicate with any of the Plaintiffs because they did not have telephone
service and/or could not be reliably located.20 With respect to Plaintiffs’ failure to meet their
expert designations deadline, Plaintiffs’ counsel represented to the Court that they had
missed the deadline because they did not have sufficient funding to pay the expert’s fee or
sufficient manpower to gather the documents necessary to support the expert’s report.
As the hearing proceeded, it became clear that at least some of the supplemental
interrogatory responses supplied by Plaintiff that morning were still deficient. For example,
20
Plaintiffs’ counsel did not, in the presence of their clients, refer to the
aforementioned “substantial mental deficiencies.”
17
in response to Defendant’s interrogatory regarding components and amounts of damages,
Plaintiff Carl Ellis again merely responded that his damages “continue to accrue on a daily
basis,” with no explanation or specific information. Also, in response to Defendant’s
interrogatory regarding medical conditions, symptoms, or injuries alleged to have been
caused by exposure to gasoline fumes, Plaintiff Ellis merely provided the names of
Plaintiffs’ purported experts, without enumerating any symptoms or injuries. Plaintiffs’
counsel argued that it was inappropriate to expect Plaintiffs to answer an interrogatory
regarding causation, a subject to be addressed by Plaintiffs’ experts. However, the Court
observed that the interrogatory was not necessarily seeking expert testimony on causation.
Rather, at a minimum, it sought a list of Plaintiffs’ alleged symptoms or injuries.
After hearing counsel’s arguments, the Court addressed Plaintiffs directly and
briefly related what had occurred in their case. The Court advised Plaintiffs that their
counsel had represented to the Court that they were unable to comply with the Court’s
discovery orders because they were unable to reliably communicate with Plaintiffs. The
Court explicitly warned Plaintiffs that they had reached the end of the Court’s leniency,
and that their case would be dismissed if they did not stay in contact with their attorneys
and participate in discovery. To be clear: the Court specifically warned Plaintiffs that it
would dismiss their case if they continued to defy the Court’s orders. The Court instructed
Plaintiffs to provide their counsel with their telephone numbers and addresses or, if
18
necessary, the telephone numbers and addresses of neighbors or any other party who could
reach them on short notice.
The Court ordered Plaintiffs to provide sufficient responses to Defendant’s requests
for production of documents, and all documents responsive thereto within seven days. The
Court held that Plaintiffs had waived all objections to the production requests, except for
attorney‐client privilege. If Plaintiffs objected to any request for production on the basis of
attorney‐client privilege, they were required to provide a privilege log. Furthermore, the
Court ordered that any Plaintiff who had not served sworn interrogatory responses was
required to do so within seven days. The Court assumed that the interrogatory responses
that were served that morning were sufficient, but it warned Plaintiffs that if they had not
provided the basic information sought therein – information regarding treating doctors,
specific damages, specific witnesses, etc. – they had seven days to supplement.
The Court set July 21, 2011, as Plaintiffs’ expert designations deadline; September
21, 2011, as Defendants’ expert designations deadline; November 21, 2011, as the discovery
deadline; December 5, 2011, as the dispositive motions deadline; and May 7, 2012, as the
beginning of the case’s trial term.
With regard to sanctions, the Court noted the wide range of options available to it
under Rule 37. In an act of mercy – rather than justice – the Court imposed the least severe
of these sanctions, and awarded Defendants the costs and fees they had incurred in filing
19
the motions to compel [91, 105], the motion to amend the scheduling order [115], and the
hearings of March 31, 2011, and April 31, 2011. The Court ordered Defendant to submit an
itemized statement of fees and expenses no later than May 2, 2011, and it ordered Plaintiffs
to file any objections no later than May 9, 2011. All of the Court’s bench rulings regarding
discovery, scheduling, and sanctions were set out in an Order [132] dated April 22, 2011,
and on April 28, 2011, Plaintiffs filed a notice [135] that they had served their responses to
Defendant’s requests for production of documents.
On May 2, 2011, Defendant filed its itemization of fees and expenses [137] as ordered
by the Court. However, Plaintiffs did not respond by May 9, 2011. Rather, Plaintiffs sought
leave to file their objections out‐of‐time [151] on May 31, 2011 – approximately three weeks
after their response deadline had passed. Plaintiffs’ counsel represented that he was
unaware that Defendant had filed their itemization of fees and expenses, even though it
was filed on the day it was due under the Court’s order of April 22, 2011. On June 1, 2011,
the Court held a telephonic motion hearing on Plaintiffs’ request to file out‐of‐time
objections. At that hearing, Plaintiffs’ counsel admitted that he received notices from the
Court’s electronic filing system and that there were no technological errors which
prevented him from receiving notice of filings. The only explanation provided by Plaintiffs’
counsel was that his paralegal failed to notify him of the filing while he was out of town.
The Court noted that Plaintiffs’ failure to respond reflected a continuing lack of attention
20
by Plaintiffs’ counsel. However, the Court ultimately granted the motion, in light of the size
of Defendant’s fee request. The Court eventually awarded Defendant $23,617.44 in fees and
expenses for its costs in pursuing discovery [156].
Defendant filed its Motion to Dismiss [143] for Plaintiffs’ failure to comply with the
Court’s orders on May 17, 2011, and it is ripe for the Court’s review.
II. DISCUSSION
Rule 37 provides, in pertinent part: “If a party . . . fails to obey an order to provide
or permit discovery, . . . the court where the action is pending may issue further just
orders,” including “dismissing the action or proceeding in whole or in part.” FED. R. CIV.
P. 37(b)(2)(A)(v). The Fifth Circuit has held:
First, dismissal is authorized only when the failure to comply with the court’s
order results from willfulness or bad faith, and not from the inability to
comply. Next, dismissal is proper only in situations where the deterrent
value of Rule 37 cannot be substantially achieved by the use of less drastic
sanctions. Another consideration is whether the other party’s preparation for
trial was substantially prejudiced. Finally, dismissal may be inappropriate
when neglect is plainly attributable to an attorney rather than a blameless
client, or when a party’s simple negligence is grounded in confusion or
sincere misunderstanding of the court’s orders.
Prince v. Poulos, 876 F.2d 30, 32 (5th Cir. 1989) (quoting Bluitt v. Arco Chem. Co., 777 F.2d 188,
191 (5th Cir. 1985)); see also United States v. $49,000 Currency, 330 F.3d 371, 376 (5th Cir.
2003).
21
A.
Compliance with the Court’s Orders
The first issue is whether Plaintiffs actually failed to comply with a Court order
regarding discovery. The factual background of this matter is more than sufficient to
demonstrate that Plaintiffs have failed to comply with multiple discovery orders. Without
further elaboration, Plaintiffs: 1) failed to comply with the Court’s order compelling
discovery [93] entered December 20, 2010; 2) failed to comply with the Court’s second
order compelling discovery [112] entered on February 23, 2011; and 3) failed to comply
with the Court’s order [132] of April 22, 2011, in which the Court allowed Plaintiffs one last
chance to provide full responses to Defendant’s discovery requests. The discovery requests
in question were propounded on October 13, 2010 – approximately eight months ago – and
Plaintiffs have not yet provided sufficient responses.
Plaintiffs argue that they have, in fact, complied with the Court’s April 22, 2011,
order. They contend that they provided verified interrogatory responses, responses to
Defendant’s requests for production, multiple releases for each Plaintiff, and approximately
seven hundred pages of medical records.
However, it is undisputed that Plaintiffs John Scott, Thelma Sanders, and Mary
Culbert did not provide sworn interrogatory responses to Defendant by the April 28, 2011,
deadline. Although Plaintiffs’ counsel promptly provided Plaintiff Sanders’ responses
upon the filing of Defendant’s motion to dismiss, Plaintiff Sanders nonetheless failed to
22
comply with the Court’s order of April 22, 2011. Regardless, her responses are insufficient,
as the Court explains below.
As for Plaintiff Scott, Plaintiffs’ counsel represent that they were simply unable to
locate him. Therefore, he failed to comply with the Court’s order.
Plaintiff Culbert died in October 2010. On May 10, 2011, the Chancery Court of
Jefferson County, Mississippi appointed her daughter, Ledrekia Culbert, as administratrix
of her estate [148‐2]. On May 20, 2011, Plaintiffs filed a motion [148] seeking to substitute
Ledrekia Culbert to pursue the claims of Mary Culbert. Plaintiff Culbert’s children were
present at the April 21, 2011, hearing. Therefore, they were aware of their obligation to
respond to Defendant’s interrogatories. Furthermore, an administratrix for Plaintiff
Culbert’s estate was appointed approximately four weeks ago, and there is no reason she
could not provide answers to Defendant’s interrogatories. Although the Court has not
ruled on Plaintiffs’ motion to substitute parties, Plaintiffs’ counsel had no qualms about
filing pleadings on behalf of a dead client for almost five months before they filed a
suggestion of death. There is no reason they could not have made a cursory effort to obtain
answers to Defendant’s interrogatories from the administratrix of Plaintiff Culbert’s estate.
With regard to the remaining Plaintiffs, who served responses to Defendant’s
interrogatories, the Court finds that the responses are insufficient. In the Court’s second
order compelling discovery responses [112], entered on February 23, 2011, it held:
23
Plaintiffs are asked about their damages, and they respond evasively. If they
claim no damages, they should so state. If they do claim damages, they are
to outline the components of what they claim, the sources and dollar
amounts, how the damages are calculated, identify the supporting
documents and who is making the calculation. Not a single plaintiff
attempted to answer the interrogatory completely. . . . All Plaintiffs are
ordered to supplement their responses and to answer each subpart.
Now, approximately six months later, Plaintiffs have once again provided evasive,
incomplete answers to Defendant’s interrogatory concerning damages. Each Plaintiff
identified various components of damages, but no Plaintiff identified the amounts of the
components, the methods of calculation, the supporting documents, or the persons who
made the calculations. Plaintiffs argue that they are unable to provide further information
regarding economic damages, as an expert opinion on that subject is necessary. Further,
they contend that they can not obtain an expert opinion until they obtain further medical
records and medical bills.
In its order of February 23, 2011, the Court clearly outlined the information it
expected Plaintiffs to provide in response to Defendant’s damages interrogatory.
Regardless of their reasons for doing so, Plaintiffs failed to comply with the Court’s order.
Furthermore, Plaintiffs admit that they have already gathered and produced some medical
records. There is no reason they could not attempt to answer the damages interrogatory
based on those records and supplement their responses later, if necessary. However,
Plaintiffs did not even attempt to answer the question. Rather, they continued to hide the
24
ball on an issue as basic as medical expenses. Accordingly, it is not necessary for the Court
to further analyze Plaintiffs’ discovery responses. Plaintiffs have now failed to comply with
three Court orders compelling discovery responses.
B.
Willfulness or Bad Faith
Dismissal under Rule 37(b) “is authorized only when the failure to comply with the
court’s order results from willfulness or bad faith, and not from the inability to comply.”
Prince, 876 F.2d at 32. When a party indisputably understands what is expected in the way
of discovery responses, yet repeatedly fails to comply with the Court’s orders, the Court
may infer that their non‐compliance results from willfulness or bad faith. See Chisesi v. Auto
Club Family Ins. Co., 374 F. App’x 475, 477 (5th Cir. 2010) (willfulness was demonstrated by
party’s “failure to comply with the court’s discovery order even after he was personally
instructed to do so by the magistrate judge and stated that he understood what was
required of him”). A party’s willfulness may also be inferred from their repeated failure
to comply with the Court’s orders despite the Court’s specific instructions detailing
inadequacies in their discovery responses. See Yazdchi v. Am. Honda Fin. Corp., 217 F. App’x
299, 303 (5th Cir. 2007) (where plaintiff failed to provide sufficient discovery responses
after the court provided detailed instructions regarding inadequacies therein, the plaintiff’s
willfulness was evident); Smith v. Smith, 145 F.3d 335, 344 (5th Cir. 1998) (“dilatory and
obstructive conduct” is demonstrative of bad faith and may merit the ultimate sanction of
25
dismissal or default judgment). In determining whether a party willfully delayed
discovery, the Court may “rely on its complete understanding of the parties’ motivations.”
Smith, 145 F.3d at 344.
Plaintiffs argue that they have not delayed discovery, asserting that they “have
answered every interrogatory presented, executed every release requested and have
provided hundreds of pages of medical records in an effort to get discovery in this matter
completed.” This argument has no merit. Frankly, the Court is astonished by Plaintiffs’
audacity in presenting it. A cursory examination of the docket reveals numerous actions
and inactions by Plaintiffs which have delayed or obstructed the resolution of this matter.
The following represents an non‐exhaustive list of Plaintiffs’ malfeasances:
•
Plaintiffs failed to complete remand‐related discovery within the time
allowed by the Court.
•
Plaintiffs filed a notice of voluntary dismissal as to some Defendants,
and then later filed a motion to withdraw their voluntary dismissal.
•
Plaintiffs failed to provide sufficient pre‐discovery disclosures to
Defendant.
•
Plaintiffs represented to the Court in the Case Management
Conference that they had provided sufficient pre‐discovery
disclosures, when they had not.
•
Plaintiffs failed to respond to Defendant’s discovery requests.
•
Plaintiffs failed to provide the Court with timely notice that Plaintiff
Mary Culbert had died.
26
•
Plaintiffs failed to respond to Defendant’s first motion to compel.
•
Plaintiffs failed to provide discovery responses by the deadline set in
the Court’s first order compelling discovery, forcing them to seek an
extension.
•
Plaintiffs provided unsigned, unverified, incomplete responses to
Defendant’s interrogatories.
•
Plaintiffs continued to file pleadings and serve documents on behalf
of Plaintiff Mary Culbert, although she had been dead for months.
•
In response to Defendant’s second Motion to Compel, Plaintiffs
represented to the Court they had provided Defendant with responses
to the requests for production, but Defendant maintained that it never
received any responses. Regardless, there is no dispute that Plaintiffs
failed to provide any documents whatsoever after the Court’s first
order compelling discovery, and, despite being aware that Defendant
had not received the responses, Plaintiffs failed to provide Defendant
with another copy.
•
Plaintiffs failed to provide Defendant with signed, verified, and
complete interrogatory responses by the deadline set in the Court’s
second order compelling discovery.
•
Plaintiffs failed to produce any documents to Defendant by the
deadline set in the Court’s second order compelling discovery.
•
Plaintiffs failed to designate their expert witnesses by the deadline set
in the Court’s original scheduling order.
•
The Court scheduled a hearing to address the outstanding discovery
issues, and Plaintiffs sent an associate who had only been working on
the case for six weeks and was unable to provide the Court with any
explanation for Plaintiffs’ failure to comply with the Court’s orders.
•
After the Court continued the hearing, Plaintiffs used their time and
resources to pursue a frivolous motion for recusal – rather than to
27
comply with their discovery obligations – which they filed on the eve
of the hearing in a blatant attempt to further derail the case.
•
After the Court clearly warned Plaintiffs and their counsel that the
case would be dismissed if they continued to defy the Court’s
discovery orders, Plaintiffs again failed to provide Defendant with
complete interrogatory responses.
•
Plaintiffs failed to file a timely response to Defendant’s itemization of
expenses and costs, and they later sought leave to file a response out‐
of‐time. When asked why they failed to respond, Plaintiffs had no
good reason.
As demonstrated by the above facts, Plaintiffs’ “dilatory actions demonstrated by their
lengthy delays and their obstructive behavior as exemplified by their evasive and
incomplete responses constituted bad faith.” $49,000 Currency, 330 F.3d at 379.
C.
Less Drastic Sanctions
Rule 37 dismissal “is proper only in situations where the deterrent value of Rule 37
cannot be substantially achieved by the use of less drastic sanctions.” Prince, 876 F.2d at 32.
In its first order compelling discovery [93], the Court declined to impose any sanctions on
Plaintiffs or their counsel. In its second order compelling discovery [112], the Court
deferred ruling on sanctions to see whether Plaintiffs would comply with the Court’s
orders. After Plaintiffs again failed to comply, the Court imposed monetary sanctions on
Plaintiffs’ counsel [132, 156]. At the hearing held on April 21, 2011, the Court clearly
warned Plaintiffs and their counsel that the case would be dismissed if Plaintiffs continued
to defy the Court’s discovery orders. Nonetheless, Plaintiffs failed to provide complete
28
interrogatory responses to Defendant by the deadline imposed by the Court. Accordingly,
it is clear that less drastic sanctions have no deterrent effect on Plaintiffs or their counsel.
D.
Prejudice
Plaintiff argues that Defendant’s ability to prepare for trial has not been prejudiced
insofar as the Court amended the scheduling order to allow more time for discovery and
expert witness designations. However, if the Court’s ability to continue deadlines mitigated
the prejudice to one party caused by an opposing party’s discovery violations, no case
could ever be dismissed pursuant to Rule 37, as the Court always has the power to control
its own docket. Furthermore, Plaintiffs have not given the Court any reason to believe that
they will fully comply with the Court’s orders from this point forward. Rather, at every
turn they have responded to the Court’s leniency with excuses, delays, and dissembling.
Regardless of whether Defendant’s ability to prepare for trial was prejudiced by
Plaintiffs’ latest failure to comply with the Court’s orders, it is indisputable that
Defendants’ trial preparation has already been substantially prejudiced. This case was
removed over a year and half ago, and Plaintiffs have yet to provide complete
interrogatory responses or any expert witness designations. As recently as several weeks
ago, Plaintiffs had not served Defendant with responses to its requests for production of
documents or any signed or verified responses to its interrogatories. In short, the
procedural history of this matter is more than sufficient to show that Defendant has been
29
prejudiced.
E.
Attorneys or Client?
“Finally, dismissal may be inappropriate when neglect is plainly attributable to an
attorney rather than a blameless client.” Id. at 32. As early as Plaintiffs’ response [106] to
Defendant’s second motion to compel, Plaintiffs’ counsel attempted to shift blame to the
Plaintiffs themselves for the failure to provide discovery responses, representing to the
Court that they were unable to reliably communicate with Plaintiffs because many of the
Plaintiffs were “not readily accessible via telephone.” At the hearing of March 31, 2011,
Plaintiffs’ counsel additionally represented to the Court that they were unable to provide
discovery responses because Plaintiffs suffered from “substantial mental deficiencies.” At
the hearing of April 21, 2011, Plaintiffs’ counsel once again represented that they were
unable to reliably communicate with their clients. Therefore, the record contains evidence
indicating that Plaintiffs are at least partially to blame for their failure to comply with the
Court’s discovery orders.
Regardless, the United States Court of Appeals for Fifth Circuit has stated:
There is no question, however, that a party is bound by the acts of his
attorney. “If an attorney’s conduct falls substantially below what is
reasonable under the circumstances, the client’s remedy is against the
attorney in a suit for malpractice. But keeping this suit alive merely because
plaintiff should not be penalized for the omissions of his own attorney would
be visiting the sins of plaintiff’s lawyer upon the defendants.”
Woodson v. Surgitek, Inc., 57 F.3d 1406, 1418 (5th Cir. 1995) (quoting Link v. Wabash R. Co.,
30
370 U.S. 626, 632‐34, 82 S. Ct. 1386, 1390, 8 L .Ed. 2d 734 (1962)). Plaintiffs’ counsel certainly
bears a significant portion of the blame. A minimal amount of effort could have mitigated
whatever communication difficulties existed between them and Plaintiffs. However, the
Court is not required to measure and weigh Plaintiffs’ blame against their counsel’s.
Regardless of who is at fault, continuing this matter would just waste more of the Court’s
resources and unfairly subject Defendant to more litigation expenses.
III. CONCLUSION
The Court takes no pleasure in sanctioning parties or their counsel, but it is
periodically forced to do so, “not merely to penalize those whose conduct may be deemed
to warrant such a sanction, but to deter those who might be tempted to such conduct in the
absence of such a deterrent.” NHL v. Metro. Hockey Club, 427 U.S. 639, 643, 96 S. Ct. 2778,
49 L. Ed. 2d 747 (1976). The Court enjoys considerable discretion in this arena, as
“[d]iscovery disputes are, for better or worse, the daily bread of magistrate and district
judges in the age of the disappearing trial,” while appellate courts “encounter these issues
rarely and then only from a distance.” Lee v. Max Int’l, LLC, 638 F.3d 1318, 2011 U.S. App.
LEXIS 8969, at *5‐*6 (10th Cir. 2011). “Deliberate, repeated refusals to comply with
discovery orders have been held to justify the use of this ultimate sanction.” Bonaventure
v. Butler, 593 F.2d 625, 626 (5th Cir. 1979).
Plaintiffs failed to comply with three Court orders regarding discovery [93, 112, 132],
31
in addition to various other actions and inactions outlined above which have delayed this
matter, consumed Court resources, and unfairly subjected Defendant to considerable
expense. “[T]hree strikes is more than enough to allow the . . . court to call a litigant out.”
Lee, 638 F.3d 1318, 2011 U.S. App. LEXIS 8969 at *6. Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss [143]
is granted, and this matter is dismissed with prejudice.
SO ORDERED AND ADJUDGED this 15th day of June, 2011.
s/Keith Starrett
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
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