Arford v. Colvin

Filing 21

MEMORANDUM: Accordingly, Judgment will be entered separately in favor of Defendant in accordance with this Memorandum. Signed by Magistrate Judge Abbie Crites-Leoni on 3/7/2018. (JMC)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF MISSOURI
SOUTHEASTERN DIVISION
APRIL ARFORD,
Plaintiff,
vs.
NANCY A. BERRYHILL,
Acting Commissioner of Social Security,
Defendant.

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MEMORANDUM
Plaintiff April Arford brings this action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. ' 405(g), seeking judicial
review of the Social Security Administration Commissioner’s denial of her applications for
Disability Insurance Benefits (“DIB”) under Title II of the Social Security Act and Supplemental
Security Income (“SSI”) under Title XVI of the Act.
An Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”) found that, despite Arford’s severe physical and
mental impairments, she was not disabled as she had the residual functional capacity (“RFC”) to
perform jobs that existed in significant numbers in the national economy.
This matter is pending before the undersigned United States Magistrate Judge, with
consent of the parties, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(c). A summary of the entire record is
presented in the parties’ briefs and is repeated here only to the extent necessary.
For the following reasons, the decision of the Commissioner will be affirmed.
I. Procedural History
Arford filed applications for DIB and SSI on November 14, 2013, claiming that she
became unable to work on June 15, 2010, because of polyneuropathy, muscle deterioration and
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nerve damage, neck pain, hypertension, and depression. (Tr. 10, 290.) Arford was 32 years of
age at the time she filed her applications. Id. Her claims were denied initially. (Tr. 160-66.)
Following an administrative hearing, Arford’s claims were denied in a written opinion by an
ALJ, dated November 19, 2015. (Tr. 10-23.) Arford then filed a request for review of the ALJ’s
decision with the Appeals Council of the Social Security Administration (SSA), which was denied
on September 13, 2016. (Tr. 5, 1-4.) Thus, the decision of the ALJ stands as the final decision of
the Commissioner. See 20 C.F.R. '' 404.981, 416.1481.
In the instant action, Arford first argues that “[s]ubstantial evidence on the record as a
whole does not support the ALJ’s finding that Arford can perform a wide range of light work.”
(Doc. 15 at 10.) She next claims that the ALJ “impermissibly drew his own inferences from the
medical evidence.” Id. at 13.
II. The ALJ=s Determination
The ALJ first noted that Arford had previously applied for disability benefits, and these
applications were denied on December 11, 2012. (Tr. 10, 153-55.) The ALJ found no basis to
reopen any of these prior applications. (Tr. 10.) He next found that Arford met the insured status
requirements of the Social Security Act through September 30, 2013, and did not engage in
substantial gainful activity since June 15, 2010, her alleged onset date. (Tr. 12.)
In addition, the ALJ concluded that Arford had the following severe impairments:
degenerative disc disease (DDD) of the lumbar spine, status post fusion surgery at level L4-L5 in
2004; polyneuropathy; obesity; and depression. (Tr. 13.) The ALJ found that Arford did not
have an impairment or combination of impairments that meets or medically equals the severity of
one of the listed impairments. Id.

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As to Arford’s RFC, the ALJ stated:
After careful consideration of the entire record, the undersigned
finds that the claimant has the residual functional capacity to
perform light work as that term is defined in 20CFR404.1567(b) and
416.967(b) and SSR 83-10, except that the following nonexertional
limitations reduce the claimant’s capacity for light work; only
occasionally climb ladders, ropes and scaffolds or stoop; and limited
to jobs that involve understanding, remembering, and carrying out
only simple instructions, and that involve no more than occasional
contact with the public.
(Tr. 15.)
The ALJ found that Arford’s allegations regarding the extent of her limitations were not
entirely credible. (Tr. 16.) In determining Arford’s RFC, the ALJ indicated that he was
assigning “some weight” to the opinions of consultative psychologist Hester B. Samuel, and
neurosurgeon Kee B. Park; and “substantial weight” to the opinions of State agency medical
consultants. (Tr. 20-21.)
The ALJ further found that Arford was unable to perform past relevant work, but was
capable of performing other jobs existing in the national economy, such as hospital products
assembler, bindery machine feeder, and final inspector. (Tr. 22-23.) The ALJ therefore
concluded that Arford was not under a disability, as defined in the Social Security Act, from June
15, 2010 through the date of the decision. (Tr. 23.)
The ALJ’s final decision reads as follows:
Based on the application for a period of disability and disability
insurance benefits protectively filed on November 14, 2013, the
claimant is not disabled under sections 216(i) and 223(d) of the
Social Security Act.
Based on the application for supplemental security income
protectively filed on November 14, 2013, the claimant is not
disabled under section 1614(a)(3)(A) of the Social Security Act.
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Id.
III. Applicable Law
III.A. Standard of Review
The decision of the Commissioner must be affirmed if it is supported by substantial
evidence on the record as a whole. 42 U.S.C. § 405(g); Richardson v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 401
(1971); Estes v. Barnhart, 275 F.3d 722, 724 (8th Cir. 2002). Substantial evidence is less than a
preponderance of the evidence, but enough that a reasonable person would find it adequate to
support the conclusion. Johnson v. Apfel, 240 F.3d 1145, 1147 (8th Cir. 2001). This “substantial
evidence test,” however, is “more than a mere search of the record for evidence supporting the
Commissioner’s findings.” Coleman v. Astrue, 498 F.3d 767, 770 (8th Cir. 2007) (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted). “Substantial evidence on the record as a whole . . .
requires a more scrutinizing analysis.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
To determine whether the Commissioner’s decision is supported by substantial evidence
on the record as a whole, the Court must review the entire administrative record and consider:
1.

The credibility findings made by the ALJ.

2.

The plaintiff’s vocational factors.

3.

The medical evidence from treating and consulting physicians.

4.

The plaintiff’s subjective complaints relating to exertional and
non-exertional activities and impairments.

5.

Any corroboration by third parties of the plaintiff’s
impairments.

6.

The testimony of vocational experts when required which is
based upon a proper hypothetical question which sets forth the
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claimant’s impairment.
Stewart v. Secretary of Health & Human Servs., 957 F.2d 581, 585-86 (8th Cir. 1992) (internal
citations omitted). The Court must also consider any evidence which fairly detracts from the
Commissioner’s decision. Coleman, 498 F.3d at 770; Warburton v. Apfel, 188 F.3d 1047, 1050
(8th Cir. 1999). However, even though two inconsistent conclusions may be drawn from the
evidence, the Commissioner's findings may still be supported by substantial evidence on the
record as a whole. Pearsall v. Massanari, 274 F.3d 1211, 1217 (8th Cir. 2001) (citing Young v.
Apfel, 221 F.3d 1065, 1068 (8th Cir. 2000)). “[I]f there is substantial evidence on the record as a
whole, we must affirm the administrative decision, even if the record could also have supported an
opposite decision.” Weikert v. Sullivan, 977 F.2d 1249, 1252 (8th Cir. 1992) (internal quotation
marks and citation omitted). See also Jones ex rel. Morris v. Barnhart, 315 F.3d 974, 977 (8th
Cir. 2003).
III.B. Determination of Disability
A disability is defined as the inability to engage in any substantial gainful activity by
reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment which can be expected to
result in death or that has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than
twelve months. 42 U.S.C. §§ 423(d)(1)(A), 1382c(a)(3)(A); 20 C.F.R. § 416.905. A claimant
has a disability when the claimant is “not only unable to do his previous work but cannot,
considering his age, education and work experience engage in any other kind of substantial gainful
work which exists … in significant numbers either in the region where such individual lives or in
several regions of the country.” 42 U.S.C. § 1382c(a)(3)(B).
To determine whether a claimant has a disability within the meaning of the Social Security
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Act, the Commissioner follows a five-step sequential evaluation process outlined in the
regulations. 20 C.F.R. § 416.920; see Kirby v. Astrue, 500 F.3d 705, 707 (8th Cir. 2007). First,
the Commissioner will consider a claimant’s work activity. If the claimant is engaged in
substantial gainful activity, then the claimant is not disabled. 20 C.F.R. § 416.920(a)(4)(i).
Second, if the claimant is not engaged in substantial gainful activity, the Commissioner
looks to see “whether the claimant has a severe impairment that significantly limits the claimant’s
physical or mental ability to perform basic work activities.” Dixon v. Barnhart, 343 F.3d 602,
605 (8th Cir. 2003). “An impairment is not severe if it amounts only to a slight abnormality that
would not significantly limit the claimant’s physical or mental ability to do basic work activities.”
Kirby, 500 F.3d at 707; see 20 C.F.R. §§ 416.920(c), 416.921(a).
The ability to do basic work activities is defined as “the abilities and aptitudes necessary to
do most jobs.” 20 C.F.R. § 416.921(b). These abilities and aptitudes include (1) physical
functions such as walking, standing, sitting, lifting, pushing, pulling, reaching, carrying, or
handling; (2) capacities for seeing, hearing, and speaking; (3) understanding, carrying out, and
remembering simple instructions; (4) use of judgment; (5) responding appropriately to
supervision, co-workers, and usual work situations; and (6) dealing with changes in a routine work
setting. Id. § 416.921(b)(1)-(6); see Bowen v. Yuckert, 482 U.S. 137, 141 (1987). “The
sequential evaluation process may be terminated at step two only when the claimant’s impairment
or combination of impairments would have no more than a minimal impact on her ability to work.”
Page v. Astrue, 484 F.3d 1040, 1043 (8th Cir. 2007) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Third, if the claimant has a severe impairment, then the Commissioner will consider the
medical severity of the impairment. If the impairment meets or equals one of the presumptively
disabling impairments listed in the regulations, then the claimant is considered disabled, regardless

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of age, education, and work experience. 20 C.F.R. §§ 416.920(a)(4)(iii), 416.920(d); see Kelley
v. Callahan, 133 F.3d 583, 588 (8th Cir. 1998).
Fourth, if the claimant’s impairment is severe, but it does not meet or equal one of the
presumptively disabling impairments, then the Commissioner will assess the claimant’s RFC to
determine the claimant’s “ability to meet the physical, mental, sensory, and other requirements” of
the claimant’s past relevant work. 20 C.F.R. §§ 416.920(a)(4)(iv), 416.945(a)(4). “RFC is a
medical question defined wholly in terms of the claimant’s physical ability to perform exertional
tasks or, in other words, what the claimant can still do despite his or her physical or mental
limitations.” Lewis v. Barnhart, 353 F.3d 642, 646 (8th Cir. 2003) (internal quotation marks
omitted); see 20 C.F.R. § 416.945(a)(1). The claimant is responsible for providing evidence the
Commissioner will use to make a finding as to the claimant’s RFC, but the Commissioner is
responsible for developing the claimant’s “complete medical history, including arranging for a
consultative examination(s) if necessary, and making every reasonable effort to help [the claimant]
get medical reports from [the claimant’s] own medical sources.” 20 C.F.R. § 416.945(a)(3).
The Commissioner also will consider certain non-medical evidence and other evidence listed in
the regulations. See id. If a claimant retains the RFC to perform past relevant work, then the
claimant is not disabled. Id. § 416.920(a)(4)(iv).
Fifth, if the claimant’s RFC as determined in Step Four will not allow the claimant to
perform past relevant work, then the burden shifts to the Commissioner to prove that there is other
work that the claimant can do, given the claimant’s RFC as determined at Step Four, and his or her
age, education, and work experience. See Bladow v. Apfel, 205 F.3d 356, 358-59 n.5 (8th Cir.
2000). The Commissioner must prove not only that the claimant’s RFC will allow the claimant to
make an adjustment to other work, but also that the other work exists in significant numbers in the

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national economy. Eichelberger v. Barnhart, 390 F.3d 584, 591 (8th Cir. 2004); 20 C.F.R. §
416.920(a)(4)(v). If the claimant can make an adjustment to other work that exists in significant
numbers in the national economy, then the Commissioner will find the claimant is not disabled. If
the claimant cannot make an adjustment to other work, then the Commissioner will find that the
claimant is disabled. 20 C.F.R. §416.920(a)(4)(v). At Step Five, even though the burden of
production shifts to the Commissioner, the burden of persuasion to prove disability remains on the
claimant. Stormo v. Barnhart, 377 F.3d 801, 806 (8th Cir. 2004).
The evaluation process for mental impairments is set forth in 20 C.F.R. '' 404.1520a,
416.920a. The first step requires the Commissioner to “record the pertinent signs, symptoms,
findings, functional limitations, and effects of treatment” in the case record to assist in the
determination of whether a mental impairment exists. See 20 C.F.R. '' 404.1520a(b)(1),
416.920a(b)(1). If it is determined that a mental impairment exists, the Commissioner must
indicate whether medical findings “especially relevant to the ability to work are present or absent.”
20 C.F.R. '' 404.1520a(b)(2), 416.920a(b)(2). The Commissioner must then rate the degree of
functional loss resulting from the impairments in four areas deemed essential to work: activities
of daily living, social functioning, concentration, and persistence or pace. See 20 C.F.R. ''
404.1520a(b)(3), 416.920a(b)(3). Functional loss is rated on a scale that ranges from no
limitation to a level of severity which is incompatible with the ability to perform work-related
activities. See id. Next, the Commissioner must determine the severity of the impairment based
on those ratings. See 20 C.F.R. '' 404.1520a(c), 416.920a(c). If the impairment is severe, the
Commissioner must determine if it meets or equals a listed mental disorder. See 20 C.F.R. ''
404.1520a(c)(2), 416.920a(c)(2). This is completed by comparing the presence of medical
findings and the rating of functional loss against the paragraph A and B criteria of the Listing of the

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appropriate mental disorders. See id. If there is a severe impairment, but the impairment does
not meet or equal the listings, then the Commissioner must prepare an RFC assessment. See 20
C.F.R. '' 404.1520a(c)(3), 416.920a(c)(3).
IV. Discussion
Arford challenges the ALJ’s RFC determination and the ALJ’s evaluation of the medical
opinion evidence in determining Arford’s RFC.
RFC is what a claimant can do despite her limitations, and it must be determined on the
basis of all relevant evidence, including medical records, physician’s opinions, and claimant’s
description of his limitations. Dunahoo v. Apfel, 241 F.3d 1033, 1039 (8th Cir. 2001). Although
the ALJ bears the primary responsibility for assessing a claimant’s RFC based on all relevant
evidence, a claimant’s RFC is a medical question. See Lauer v. Apfel, 245 F.3d 700, 704 (8th Cir.
2001); Singh v. Apfel, 222 F.3d 448, 451 (8th Cir. 2000). Therefore, an ALJ is required to
consider at least some supporting evidence from a medical professional. See Lauer, 245 F.3d at
704 (some medical evidence must support the determination of the claimant’s RFC); Casey v.
Astrue, 503 F.3d 687, 697 (8th Cir. 2007) (the RFC is ultimately a medical question that must find
at least some support in the medical evidence in the record). An RFC determination made by an
ALJ will be upheld if it is supported by substantial evidence in the record. See Cox v. Barnhart,
471 F.3d 902, 907 (8th Cir. 2006).
Arford first argues that the ALJ’s RFC determination is not supported by substantial
evidence because the record shows that she is not capable of the prolonged standing and walking
required for light work, that is six hours out of an eight-hour work day. (Doc. 15 at 10-13.)
Arford points to her testimony that she quit working in June 2010 due to her inability to stand for
prolonged periods, and that she could only stand for about 15-30 minutes at a time, and could only

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walk about 15-20 minutes before she has to sit down due to the polyneuropathy in her feet. (Tr.
62-63, 66-70.) Arford argues that the medical evidence supports these limitations.
The ALJ provided a detailed summary of the objective medical evidence. (Tr. 17-20.)
He first discussed the fact that Arford underwent lumbar spine surgery in April of 2004 for a
laminectomy, microdiscectomy and fusion at level L5-S1, due to discogenic pain she experienced
after a February 2004 lifting injury. (Tr. 17, 388, 415.) Arford’s neurosurgeon, Dr. Park, found
in July of 2004 that the fusion appeared stable. (Tr. 17, 549.) During a follow-up in October of
2005, Dr. Park noted that Arford had done very well following her lumbar surgery, but that she
was now complaining of “some vague pain involving the lower back and her midback.” (Tr. 17,
550.) Dr. Park stated that he was “unable to determine the source of these symptoms,” and
referred Arford to a pain management physician—Dr. Steven Soeter. Id. The ALJ pointed out
that there is no evidence in the record that Arford ever followed-up on this referral. (Tr. 17.)
The ALJ stated that in February of 2010, a few months prior to her alleged disability onset
date, Arford saw primary care physician Joseph B. Pierce, M.D., for treatment of back pain and
depression. (Tr. 17, 609-16.) She also complained of right foot pain due to kicking a door the
week prior. (Tr. 613.) Upon examination, Arford’s gait was normal, she was able to undergo
exercise testing, and she had normal range of motion and strength in the lower extremity other than
swelling in the right foot. (Tr. 614-15.) No depression, anxiety, or agitation was observed on
mental status exam. (Tr. 615, 611.) Dr. Arford prescribed Hydrocodone1 and Soma.2 Id.
The ALJ noted the record reflects a lengthy gap of no treatment until Arford followed up

1

Hydrocodone contains a combination of an opioid (narcotic) pain reliever—hydrocodone—and a
non-opioid pain reliever—acetaminophen. See WebMD, http://www.webmd.com/drugs (last
visited February 12, 2018).
2

Soma is indicated for the treatment of muscle pain. See WebMD, http://www.webmd.com/drugs
(last visited February 12, 2018).
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with Dr. Pierce in April of 2012. (Tr. 18, 637-40.) At that time, Arford complained of
significant pain and numbness in the toes of her right foot that had started one year prior. (Tr. 18,
637.) Upon examination, Dr. Pierce noted Arford’s gait was “waddling,” she had paravertebral
spasm, and a positive straight leg raise at 40 degrees bilaterally; but normal range of motion and
strength of the lower extremities, intact sensation, and normal strength and tone. (Tr. 18, 638-39.)
Dr. Pierce noted Arford’s mood was depressed on mental status exam. (Tr. 18, 639.) He listed
“neuropathy” as a new problem for which he prescribed Neurontin;3 he also noted existing
problems of foot pain, hyperlipidemia, neck pain, back pain, gastroesophageal reflux disease
(“GERD”), and hypertension. Id. In September 2012, Arford continued to complain of
neuropathy; Dr. Pierce prescribed Lyrica.4 (Tr. 18, 655.) In April 2013, Arford reported
continued pain in her legs and feet and indicated that she preferred not to take the Hydrocodone.
(Tr. 18, 641.) On examination, Dr. Pierce noted that Arford was morbidly obese and waddled.
Id. In July 2013, Arford reported some slight improvement in the pain in her legs, although she
still experienced numbness. (Tr. 18, 658.) On examination, Dr. Pierce noted decreased neck
flexion, paravertebral spasm, and normal range of motion and strength. (Tr. 660.) Dr. Pierce
also found that Arford was depressed on mental status exam. Id. He diagnosed muscle spasm
and lumber radiculopathy as new problems. Id. Dr. Pierce administered a Depo-Medrol
injection into Arford’s left deltoid for the lumbar radiculopathy; and prescribed Cymbalta5 for her
depression. Id.
The ALJ pointed out that, despite Dr. Pierce’s diagnosis of lumbar radiculopathy, an MRI

3

Neurontin is indicated for the treatment of nerve pain. See WebMD,
http://www.webmd.com/drugs (last visited February 12, 2018).
4
Lyrica is indicated for the treatment of pain caused by nerve damage. See WebMD,
http://www.webmd.com/drugs (last visited February 12, 2018).
5
Cymbalta is indicated for the treatment of depression and anxiety. See WebMD,
http://www.webmd.com/drugs (last visited February 12, 2018).
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Arford underwent two days later, July 11, 2013, revealed a normal postoperative appearance at
L5-S1, with no findings at the other levels. (Tr. 18, 649-50.)
Arford saw neurologist Mario Cauli, M.D., upon the referral of Dr. Pierce, on September 6,
2013. (Tr. 18, 685.) Arford complained of numbness and tingling in both feet for one year that
had been worsening. Id. She reported her chronic lower back pain had mildly improved with her
2004 surgery. Id. Upon examination, Arford’s gait was normal, and her neurological and
mental status exams were normal. (Tr. 686-87.) Dr. Cauli diagnosed Arford with
anxiety/depression, lumbar back pain, pain in limb, and paresthesia. (Tr. 687.) He prescribed
Lyrica and Cymbalta. Id. Dr. Cauli performed nerve conduction studies and an EMG of the
bilateral lower extremities, which revealed no electrophysiological evidence of myopathy or
radiculopathy; but evidence of moderate to severe sensory polyneuropathy, left greater than the
right. (Tr. 689.)
Arford presented to Rickey L. McGrath, M.D., to establish care as her new primary care
physician in February of 2014. (Tr. 18, 712-15.) Arford complained of burning and tingling in
her feet and ankles that was better when she takes Lyrica. (Tr. 712.) She also reported chronic
low back pain, GERD, and generalized anxiety disorder with depression. Id. On examination,
Dr. McGrath noted decreased sensation in her feet and lower ankles; tenderness in the lumbar
spine; and pain with flexion beyond 30 degrees; she also had a flat affect and somewhat depressed
mood without suicidal or homicidal ideation. (Tr. 713.) Dr. McGrath adjusted Arford’s
medications. Id.
Arford starting seeing pain management specialist Benjamin H. Soeter, M.D., in March of
2014, upon the referral of Dr. McGrath. (Tr. 19, 727.) Upon examination, Dr. Soeter noted
decreased sensation of the bilateral feet, motor strength of 4/5, negative straight leg raise test,

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diffuse tenderness to palpation of the low back, and tender points in the neck area. (Tr. 728.) Dr.
Soeter diagnosed Arford with peripheral neuropathy, enthesopathy6 of the neck, apparent lower
extremity radiculopathy, and postlaminectomy syndrome. Id. He recommended an MRI, trigger
point injections, an increased dosage of Neurontin, and an evaluation for a stimulator trial for
peripheral neuropathy. Id. The ALJ noted that Dr. Soeter continued treating Arford for her pain
and neuropathy symptoms through at least October 5, 2015 with lumbar steroid injections,
medication, and an epidural stimulator trial. (Tr. 19, 766-75.)
Arford starting seeing Philma B. Opinaldo, M.D., instead of Dr. McGrath as her primary
care physician in May of 2014, for her back and leg impairments. (Tr. 19, 756.) On Arford’s last
documented visit, on October 17, 2014, she complained of numbness in the fingers of her right
hand. (Tr. 747.) Dr. Opinaldo assessed “probable carpal tunnel syndrome on the right.” (Tr.
749.) He advised her to try using a right wrist splint and heating pad, and refilled her pain
medications. (Tr. 19, 750.) The ALJ noted that a diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome has not
been established by the medical evidence of record, nor was there evidence that this condition has
existed for twelve continuous months. (Tr. 19.)
As to Arford’s mental impairments, the ALJ noted that Arford underwent a consultative
psychological evaluation performed by Hester B. Samuel, Ph.D. on November 12, 2013. (Tr. 19,
693-700.) Arford reported sadness about her health decline but did not report a history of suicidal
ideations or intent. (Tr. 693.) She indicated that she noticed increased frustration and irritability
when she was not taking Sertraline,7 but did not report clinical anxiety disorder symptoms. Id.

6

A disease process occurring at the site of insertion of muscle tendons and ligaments into bones or
joint capsules. Stedman’s Medical Dictionary 1729 (27th ed. 2000).
7

Sertraline, or Zoloft, is indicated for the treatment of depression and anxiety. See WebMD,
http://www.webmd.com/drugs (last visited February 12, 2018).

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Dr. Samuel stated that Arford’s mental health treatment history consisted solely of seeing her
primary care physician for the past two years and being prescribed Sertraline for irritability. (Tr.
694.) Dr. Samuel noted Arford had no history of problems relating to interacting with others on
the job. (Tr. 695.) Upon mental status examination, Arford was appropriately dressed and
groomed, her hygiene was good, she did not display any pain indicators, her attitude was good and
cooperative, her mood was not depressed or anxious, her affect was appropriate, no abnormalities
of speech were noted, and her thought content was normal. (Tr. 695-97.) Dr. Samuel diagnosed
Arford with pain disorder associated with both medical and psychological factors, depressive
disorder NOS, and a GAF score of 52.8 (Tr. 698-99.) Dr. Samuel found that Arford was able to
tend to her self-care needs; communicate and interact in a socially adequate manner; communicate
in an intelligible and effective manner; cope with the typical mental demands of basic school or
work-like tasks; attend and sustain concentration on basic tasks; sustain persistence in completing
tasks; and complete school or work-like tasks within an acceptable timeframe, as long as tasks do
not exacerbate her pain issues. (Tr. 699-700.)
The ALJ concluded that Arford has functional limitations resulting from her impairments,
but her allegation of disability was not credible. (Tr. 20.) He found that Arford is limited to
work at the light level of physical exertion due to the combination of her DDD, peripheral
neuropathy, and obesity, which also accounts for her postural limitations. Id. The ALJ further
found that Arford’s mental limitations restrict her to jobs that involve understanding,

8

A GAF score of 51 to 60 denotes “[m]oderate symptoms (e.g., flat affect and circumstantial
speech, occasional panic attacks) OR moderate difficulty in social, occupational, or school
functioning (e.g., few friends, conflicts with peers or co-workers).” See American Psychiatric
Ass’n., Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 34 (Text Revision 4th ed. 2000)
(“DSM IV–TR”).

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remembering, and carrying out only simple instructions with no more than occasional contact with
the public due to her symptoms from severe depression and nonsevere anxiety. Id.
In determining Arford’s RFC, the ALJ also performed a credibility analysis and found her
allegations were not entirely credible. Before determining a claimant’s RFC, the ALJ must first
evaluate the claimant’s credibility. Wagner v. Astrue, 499 F.3d 842, 851 (8th Cir. 2007); Tellez v.
Barnhart, 403 F.3d 953, 957 (8th Cir. 2005). Credibility questions are “primarily for the ALJ to
decide, not the courts.” Baldwin v. Barnhart, 349 F.3d 549, 558 (8th Cir. 2003).
The ALJ first noted that Arford’s alleged extreme limitations in lifting, sitting, and
standing, yet her daily activities was unsupported by the medical evidence of record. (Tr. 20.)
An ALJ may consider the lack of objective medical evidence supporting a plaintiff’s subjective
complaints as one factor in assessing credibility. Forte v. Barnhart, 377 F.3d 892, 895 (8th Cir.
2004). Although some medical evidence in the record supports Arford’s complaints of pain, the
medical evidence as a whole belies Arford’s allegations to the extent she claims disabling
limitations. Notably, Arford’s July 2013 MRI was normal, EMG testing revealed no evidence of
radiculopathy, and her neurologic examinations were normal. (Tr. 18, 649-50, 686-87, 689.)
The ALJ also noted there were gaps in Arford’s treatment after her alleged onset date: from March
2011 to April 2012, and from January 2015 to August 2015. (Tr. 18.)
The ALJ also found Arford’s daily activities were inconsistent with her testimony
regarding extreme limitations. Arford testified that that she was only able to sit and stand for 15
to 30 minutes, was able to walk for 15 to 20 minutes, and was “not really” able to lift any amount
of weight. (Tr. 69.) The ALJ found that Arford’s testimony regarding her limitations was
inconsistent with her testimony that she drives 20 to 30 miles a week. (Tr. 20, 64.) He further
found her testimony that she has difficulty with concentration and memory inconsistent with the

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fact that she was taking four online college classes at the time of the hearing and had earned As and
Bs in her previous semester of classes. (Tr. 20, 69-70, 76.) Arford also reported that she
prepared meals, watched television, did homework, played video games, took care of pets, did
laundry, washed dishes, and shopped for groceries. (Tr. 71, 309-13.) The ALJ concluded that
the overall evidence shows that if Arford’s medical and psychological conditions were disabling,
her activities would be more severely restricted. (Tr. 20.) While the undersigned appreciates
that a claimant need not be bedridden before she can be determined to be disabled, Arford’s daily
activities can nonetheless be seen as inconsistent with her subjective complaints of a disabling
impairment and may be considered in assessing her credibility. See Eichelberger, 390 F.3d at 590
(holding that the ALJ properly considered that claimant watched television, read, drove, and
attended church upon concluding that subjective complaints of pain were not credible).
The ALJ next stated that Arford’s work history during the 15 year period prior to her
alleged onset date was steady, but she only worked at the substantial gainful activity level in 4 of
those 15 years. (Tr. 20, 252-53.) He found that her inconsistent work history suggests a lack of
motivation to work, and that her underemployment and recent unemployment is related to
non-disability factors. Id. A poor work history lessens a claimant’s credibility. See
Fredrickson v. Barnhart, 359 F.3d 972, 976-77 (8th Cir. 2004) (holding that claimant was properly
discredited due, in part, to her sporadic work record reflecting low earnings and multiple years
with no reported earnings, pointing to potential lack of motivation to work).
As to the opinion evidence, the ALJ first noted that he was giving “some weight” to the
February 2004 opinion of Dr. Park that Arford was limited to lifting no more than 20 pounds and
could not bend or twist. (Tr. 20, 531.) The ALJ acknowledged that Dr. Arford imposed this
restriction more than 6 years prior to Arford’s alleged onset date and expressly stated that these

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restrictions were only effective until March 2, 2004. (Tr. 21.)
The ALJ indicated that he was assigning “substantial weight” to the opinions of the state
agency medical consultants—Ronald Crow, D.O., and Mel Moore, M.D.—regarding Arford’s
physical limitations. (Tr. 21.) On January 9, 2014, Dr. Crow completed a Physical Residual
Functional Capacity Assessment, in which he expressed the opinion that Arford could
occasionally lift and carry 20 pounds and frequently lift or carry 10 pounds; stand or walk 6 hours
in an 8-hour workday; and sit for 6 hours in an 8-hour workday. (Tr. 104-05.) On May 21, 2014,
Dr. Moore found that Arford had the same exertional limitations as found by Dr. Crow, but
imposed the additional postural limitation of only occasional climbing ladders, ropes, or scaffolds;
and occasional stooping. (Tr. 145.) The ALJ indicated that he was assigning more weight to Dr.
Moore’s opinion, as he had the opportunity to review updated medical records. (Tr. 21.)
As to Arford’s mental limitations, the ALJ indicated he was giving “substantial weight” to
the opinion of State agency psychological consultant Sheri Simon, Ph.D., and Joan Singer, Ph.D.
(Tr. 21.) On January 9, 2014, Dr. Simon expressed the opinion that Arford was moderately
limited in her ability to complete a normal workday and workweek without interruptions from
psychologically based symptoms and perform at a consistent pace without an unreasonable
number and length of rest periods; and in her ability to accept instructions and respond
appropriately to criticism from supervisors. (Tr. 107.) On May 20, 2014, Dr. Singer found that
Arford had the additional moderate limitation in her ability to work in coordination with or in
proximity to others without being distracted by them. (Tr. 147.)
“‘It is the ALJ’s function to resolve conflicts among the various treating and examining
physicians.’” Tindell v. Barnhart, 444 F.3d 1002, 1005 (8th Cir. 2006) (quoting Vandenboom v.
Barnhart, 421 F.3d 745, 749-50 (8th Cir. 2005) (internal marks omitted)). The opinion of a

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treating physician will be given “controlling weight” only if it is “well supported by medically
acceptable clinical and laboratory diagnostic techniques and is not inconsistent with the other
substantial evidence in [the] record.” Prosch v. Apfel, 201 F.3d 1010, 1012-13 (8th Cir. 2000).
The record, though, should be “evaluated as a whole.” Id. at 1013 (quoting Bentley v. Shalala, 52
F.3d 784, 785-86 (8th Cir. 1997)). The ALJ is not required to rely on one doctor’s opinion
entirely or choose between the opinions. Martise v. Astrue, 641 F.3d 909, 927 (8th Cir. 2011).
Arford’s second argument is that “the ALJ impermissibly drew his own inferences from
the medical evidence.” (Doc. 15 at 13.) Specifically, she argues that the ALJ erred in relying on
the opinions of non-examining State agency consultants, and the ALJ should have further
developed the record by obtaining an opinion from a treating or consultative physician regarding
her physical work-related limitations.9 Id. at 13-15.
The ALJ is only required to order further medical examinations where a “critical issue is
undeveloped” and the existing medical record does not provide “sufficient medical evidence to
determine whether the claimant is disabled.” Martise, 641 F.3d at 926-27. In this case, Arford
has not established that such an issue is underdeveloped.
The undersigned finds that substantial evidence on the record as a whole supports the
ALJ’s RFC decision. See Buford v. Colvin, 824 F.3d 793, 796-97 (8th Cir. 2016) (ALJ did not err
in failing to obtain an opinion from a treating or consultative doctor where RFC was based on State
agency medical consultants’ assessments and claimant’s medical records that showed examination
and treatment by various medical providers over a two-year period). Drs. Crow and Moore both
found that Arford was capable of performing a range of light work. They reviewed the medical
record of evidence, including the treatment notes of Arford’s treating and examining physicians,

9

Arford does not challenge the ALJ’s determination as to her mental RFC, and the undersigned
finds that this determination is supported by substantial evidence.
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which noted some improvement of her neuropathy in the lower extremities with medication, a gait
within normal limits, and intact strength and sensation. (Tr. 106, 146.) The State agency
physicians indicated that findings on examination have typically been normal, other than a
waddling gait, which can be attributed to Arford’s obesity. (Tr. 146.) They also reviewed the
records from imaging, including a CT scan and MRI of the cervical spine in 2008 revealing
reversal of the normal lordotic curvature of the cervical spine and degenerative changes; the 2013
normal MRI of the lumbar spine; and the nerve conduction studies and EMG revealing no
evidence of myopathy or radiculopathy, but evidence of moderate to severe sensory
polyneuropathy. Id. Their opinions constitute medical evidence supporting the ALJ’s decision.
See 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1527(f)(2)(i), 416.927(f)(2)(i) (State agency medical consultants are highly
qualified experts in Social Security disability evaluation; therefore, ALJs must consider their
findings as opinion evidence.).
In sum, the ALJ did not err in assigning weight to the opinions of the State agency
physicians. The ALJ assessed Arford’s physical RFC based on the treatment notes of Arford’s
physicians, the objective imaging, and Arford’s testimony. The ALJ performed a proper
credibility determination and found Arford’s allegations of total disability were not entirely
credible. Arford did not meet her burden to establish a more restrictive RFC. The record, when
considered as a whole, supports a conclusion that Arford is capable of performing a limited range
of light work. The fact that the record might also support a contrary conclusion is not a basis for
reversing the ALJ’s decision in this case. See Reece v. Colvin, 834 F.3d 904, 908 (8th Cir. 2016);
McNamara v. Astrue, 590 F.3d 607, 610 (8th Cir. 2010).
The hypothetical question the ALJ posed to the vocational expert was based on the RFC
formulated by the ALJ, which accounted for all of Arford’s credible limitations. Consequently,

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the hypothetical question posed to the ALJ was proper. See Martise, 641 F.3d at 927 (“Based on
our previous conclusion ... that ‘the ALJ’s findings of [the claimant’s] RFC are supported by
substantial evidence,’ we hold that ‘[t]he hypothetical question was therefore proper, and the VE’s
answer constituted substantial evidence supporting the Commissioner’s denial of benefits.’”)
(quoting Lacroix v. Barnhart, 465 F.3d 881, 889 (8th Cir. 2006)).
Accordingly, Judgment will be entered separately in favor of Defendant in accordance with
this Memorandum.

/s/ Abbie Crites-Leoni
ABBIE CRITES-LEONI
UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
Dated this 7th day of March, 2018.

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