SI03, Inc. v. Musclegen Research, Inc.

Filing 134

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER re: 108 Second MOTION to Compel Depositions filed by Plaintiff SI03, Inc., 106 MOTION for Leave to Amend Answer MOTION for Protective Order filed by Defendant Musclegen Research, Inc., 111 First SEALED MOTION to Enjoin Defendant's Continued Sales filed by Plaintiff SI03, Inc., 132 Third MOTION to Compel Discovery Responses filed by Plaintiff SI03, Inc., 114 SEAL ED MOTION to Freeze Defendant's Assets and For Expedited Discovery filed by Plaintiff SI03, Inc., 121 MOTION for Leave to File Second Amended Complaint filed by Plaintiff SI03, Inc. IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Def endant Musclegen Research, Inc.'s Motion for Leave to File Amended Answer and for a Protective Order (ECF No. 106) is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part; the Motion is GRANTED as to the Motion for Leave to File Amended Answer and DENIED as to th e Motion for Protective Order. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Clerk of the Court shall detach and docket Defendant's Second Amended Answer and Affirmative Defenses, which was submitted as an attachment 106-3 to the Motion for Leave, and termina te the counterclaim parties on the docket sheet. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Plaintiff's Motion for Leave to File a Second Amended Complaint (ECF No. 121) is DENIED without prejudice. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Plaintiff's Motion to Compel the Depositions of Defendant and its Employees (ECF No. 108) is GRANTED, and Defendant shall cooperate with Plaintiff and make its witnesses available for deposition on separate days between March 10, 2021, and March 22, 2021. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that on the Court's own motion, the Case Management Order (ECF No. 75) is AMENDED as follows: The parties shall complete all discovery by April 2, 2021, and file all dispositive motions by May 3, 2021, with oppositions due 30 days after the mot ion is filed, and replies due 14 days after the opposition is filed. The CMO otherwise remains in full force and effect, including the August 16, 2021 trial date. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Plaintiff's Motion for a Temporary Restraining Order Di recting Defendant to Immediately Cease Sales and Marketing of Genepro (ECF No. 111), and Plaintiff's Motion for a Temporary Restraining Order Freezing Defendant's Assets (ECF No. 114), are DENIED.IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Plaintiff's Motions for Expedited Discovery (ECF Nos. 111, 114) are GRANTED to the extent that Defendant shall respond to all outstanding discovery requests by March 8, 2021. IT IS FINALLY ORDERED that Plaintiff's Third Motion to Compel Discovery Responses (ECF No. 132) is DENIED as moot, without prejudice. (Discovery Completion due by 4/2/2021, Dispositive Motions due by 5/3/2021.) Signed by District Judge Ronnie L. White on 2/26/21. (CSG)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF MISSOURI
SOUTHEASTERN DIVISION
SI03, INC.,
Plaintiff,
v.
MUSCLEGEN RESEARCH, INC.,
Defendant.

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No. 1:16-CV-274 RLW

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
This matter is before the Court on several motions: Defendant Musclegen Research,
Inc.’s (“Defendant”) Motion for Leave to File Amended Answer and for a Protective Order (ECF
No. 106); Plaintiff SI03, Inc.’s (“Plaintiff”) Motion to Compel the Depositions of Defendant and
its Employees (ECF No. 108), Plaintiff’s Motion for Leave to File a Second Amended Complaint
(ECF No. 121), Plaintiff’s Motion for a Temporary Restraining Order Directing Defendant to
Immediately Cease Sales and Marketing of Genepro, and for Expedited Discovery (ECF No.
111), and Plaintiff’s Motion for a Temporary Restraining Order Freezing Defendant’s Assets,
and for Expedited Discovery (ECF No. 114). Each motion is opposed and is fully briefed. The
Court will also address Plaintiff’s Third Motion to Compel Discovery Responses (ECF No. 132).
Factual and Procedural Background
This is an action between competitors who manufacture and sell protein powder to
consumers. Plaintiff’s original complaint, filed in November 2016, asserted claims for false
advertising under § 43(a) of the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a) (Count I), unfair competition
under Missouri common law (Count II), and unjust enrichment under Missouri common law
(Count III). Plaintiff obtained a Default Judgment and Permanent Injunction against Defendant
in December 2017, which enjoined Defendant from claiming (1) that any amount of a nutritional

supplement product contained more protein than was actually present in such amount of the
product; and (2) that any product contained protein designated as “medical grade,” unless such
designation was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (ECF No. 28 at 7.)
Defendant moved to vacate the Default Judgment and Permanent Injunction on the basis that it
was void because Defendant had not been properly served with summons and complaint. After
careful consideration of the facts and issues with respect to service on Defendant, the Court
vacated the Default Judgment and Permanent Injunction on December 9, 2019. (ECF No. 59.)
The Court denied Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss with respect to Counts I and II of the
original complaint and dismissed Count III without prejudice. See Mem. and Order of May 13,
2020 (ECF No. 67). Defendant filed an Answer, Affirmative Defenses, and Counterclaim on
May 27, 2020. (ECF No. 70.) Defendant’s Counterclaim asserted claims for false advertising
under § 43(a) of the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a) (Count I), and unfair competition under
Missouri common law (Count II), based on Plaintiff’s marketing of its products as “medical”
proteins. (ECF No. 70 at 10-11.) After the parties submitted a joint proposed scheduling plan,
the Court issued a Case Management Order (“CMO”) (ECF No. 75). The CMO’s deadline for
motion to amend pleadings was August 14, 2020, and for completion of discovery was February
12, 2021. (Id. at 3.) The dispositive motion deadline is March 12, 2021, and the trial date is
August 16, 2021. (Id.)
Plaintiff was granted leave of Court to file its First Amended Complaint (“Complaint”) in
August 2020 (ECF No. 88).

The Complaint asserts claims against Defendant for false

advertising under the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a) (Count I); unfair competition under
Missouri common law (Count II); and declaratory judgment that (i) Plaintiff is not infringing any
rights Defendant may have in the marks NECTAR PROTEIN and/or PROMINA, (ii) Defendant
has no rights in the marks; and (iii) any trademark registration obtained by Defendant in either
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mark is invalid and unenforceable (Count III). The Complaint alleges that Defendant markets its
Genepro protein powder product by falsely claiming it contains 30 grams of protein in a roughly
11.15 gram (1 tablespoon) serving, when Genepro actually has 10 or fewer grams of protein per
11.15 gram (1 tablespoon) serving; and by claiming the protein in Genepro is absorbed by the
human body at a rate that is 300% higher than the rate at which a human body absorbs
“traditional whey.” (ECF No. 88 ¶¶ 9-14.) Plaintiff also alleges that Genepro’s marketing and
packaging statement that it contains “medical grade” protein is incorrect, false, and misleading,
as no industry or FDA standard exists for “medical grade” protein. (Id. ¶¶ 17-20.)
Defendant filed its Amended Answer, Affirmative Defenses, and Counterclaims
(“Answer”) in September 2020 (ECF No. 92). In the Answer, Defendant admits among other
things, that:
1 tablespoon of its Genepro product does not contain 10 grams of
protein and further admits that its Genepro product has three times
the protein absorption rate as traditional whey protein—meaning
that consuming one scoop of Genepro is the functional equivalent
of consuming 30 grams of whey protein. Attached as Exhibit 2 is a
true and correct copy of the clinical trial NCTO2919657, which
supports this equivalency statement; [and]
....
the protein in Genepro is absorbed by the human body at a rate that
is 300% higher than the rate at which the human body absorbs
traditional whey proteins, such that consuming one serving of
Musclegen is the functional equivalent of consuming 30 grams of
traditional whey protein[.]”
(Id. at 2 ¶ 10; 3 ¶ 13.) Defendant’s Counterclaims, asserted in the alternative, are for false
advertising under § 43(a) of the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a) (Count I), and unfair
competition under Missouri common law (Count II), based on Plaintiff’s marketing of its
products as “medical” proteins; as specifically formulated for renal dialysis and bariatric surgery
patients; with misleading statements regarding the protein content and quality of its whey protein
products; and as failing to contain required disclaimers on trade dress. (Id. at 16-18, ¶¶ 21-39.)
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Discussion
A.

The Parties’ Motions to Amend their Pleadings

As a threshold matter, both parties seek leave to amend their pleadings pursuant to Rule
15, which states that a “court should freely give leave when justice so requires.” Rule 15(a)(2),
Fed. R. Civ. P. Where a party seeks leave to amend its complaint after the deadline in the CMO
has passed, as here, the standard of Rule 16(b)(4) applies, not Rule 15(a)(2). “[A] motion for
leave to amend filed outside the district court’s Rule 16(b) scheduling order requires a showing
of good cause.” Williams v. TESCO Servs., Inc., 719 F.3d 968, 977 (8th Cir. 2013); see Fed. R.
Civ. P. 16(b)(4). “The primary measure of good cause is the movant’s diligence.” Harris v.
FedEx Nat’l LTL, Inc., 760 F.3d 780, 786 (8th Cir. 2014) (quotation omitted). Neither party
addresses applicable the good cause standard in its motion.
1. Defendant’s Motion to Amend its Answer and for Protective Order
Defendant states that its proposed amended Answer abandons its counterclaims, admits
“most of the allegations” in the Complaint, admits liability under the Lanham Act and Missouri
unfair competition law in Counts I and II, and consents to the entry of the injunction Plaintiff
seeks. (ECF No. 106 at 1.) Defendant contends Plaintiff’s declaratory judgment claim in Count
III is moot because Defendant has withdrawn its trademark registration applications and admitted
in discovery responses that it has no trademark rights in the marks in the categories for which it
applied to register to marks. (ECF No. 106-1 at 6-7.)
Defendant also moves for a protective order “pausing all discovery while the Court
determines whether to enter final judgment or whether any issues remain to be resolved.” (ECF
No. 106 at 1-2.) Defendant states, “If the Court determines some issues remain, [it] requests that
the Court hold a status conference and then issue an order allowing discovery only on the narrow
remaining issues. [Defendant] consents to an appropriate extension of the discovery period to
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allow any additional discovery to take place.”

(Id. at 2.) 1

Defendant denies making any

knowing misstatements or intentionally misleading or deceiving anyone, and asserts that Plaintiff
is not entitled to actual damages. (ECF No. 106-1 at 1.) Defendant asserts that “[i]n light of the
posture of this case and the concessions [it] seeks to make in its answer, . . . no additional facts
are relevant to Plaintiff’s claims and Plaintiff needs no more discovery.” (Id. at 2.)
Defendant also states that Dr. Brian Parks, its founder and Chief Operating Officer, pled
guilty in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Virginia to a felony count of
distributing unapproved new drugs with the intent to defraud and mislead, between June 2017
and September 2019, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 331(d), 333(a)(2), and 355. United States v.
Parks, No. 1:20-CR-00046 (W.D. Va.). Defendant represents that as part of Dr. Parks’ guilty
plea, he must forfeit $1,189,245.36 to the federal government. 2 Defendant also asserts it is
“experiencing severe financial distress,” has reevaluated its position in this litigation as a result
of these “collateral challenges,” and therefore seeks to resolve the case. (Id. at 3-4.)
The Court finds that Defendant’s desire to resolve the case in light of the recent criminal
conviction of its founder constitutes good cause to amend its Answer under Rule 16(b)(4),

As discussed below, Defendant has refused to participate in discovery, including the depositions
of its corporate designee and officers, pending the resolution of its motion to amend and for protective
order.
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Defendant filed an article about the charges against Parks as an exhibit to its Motion. The article
states in part, “In pleading guilty, Parks admitted that he intended to mislead and defraud the FDA and
consumers by omitting ingredients on MedFitRX product labels, falsely claimed MedFitRX was licensed
and registered to sell these new drugs, imported raw drug ingredients with the intent to avoid regulatory
scrutiny, and misrepresented MedFitRX products as ‘dietary supplements’ or ‘sports supplements’ to
create the impression they were safe and legal to use.” (ECF No. 106-5 at 2.) The Court takes judicial
notice that Parks was sentenced on February 16, 2021, to imprisonment of twelve months and one day,
and was permitted to defer surrender to the Bureau of Prisons until after July 1, 2021. Parks, 1:20-CR0046 (W.D. Va.) (Judgment in a Criminal Case, ECF No. 28 at 2.) The court also imposed a Money
Judgment Order of Forfeiture in the amount of $350,000 against Parks and co-defendant MedFit
Sarmacuticals, Inc., jointly and severally, representing “in aggregate the value of the unapproved new
drugs[.]” (Id. at 8.) The $350,000 was paid on February 15, 2021, by Parks and/or MedFit. Defendant’s
Motion fails to inform the Court that the sum Parks owed would increase to $1,189,245.36 only if the
$350,000 payment was not timely made. Defendant’s representation to the Court was misleading.
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despite Defendant’s failure to address the standard of Rule 16(b)(4). The Court will grant
Defendant leave to file its Second Amended Answer and Affirmative Defenses.
The Court will deny Defendant’s motion for protective order to pause discovery, as live
issues remain in the case. These include but are not limited to whether Defendant willfully
misstated facts and/or sought to mislead the public, Defendant’s clinical trial, whether Plaintiff is
entitled to damages and/or potential disgorgement of Defendant’s profits, and whether this is an
“exceptional” case under the Lanham Act. The Court also disagrees with Defendant’s assertion
that Plaintiff’s claims for declaratory judgment are necessarily moot.
2. Plaintiff’s Motion for Leave to Amend its Complaint
Plaintiff filed a Motion for Leave to File a Second Amended Complaint (ECF No. 121)
after filings its opposition to Defendant’s Motion for leave to amend its Answer. Plaintiff’s
proposed Second Amended Complaint does not add any claims for relief, but instead “includes
significant details regarding each of Defendant’s Lanham Act and Missouri common law
violations, on an element-by-element basis, as well as SI03’s declaratory judgment claim.” (ECF
No 121 at 1.) Plaintiff asserts that Defendant has made and continues to make “at least 10 false
and misleading statements” about Genepro on its packaging and in advertisements. (ECF No.
122 at 1-2.) Plaintiff contends that Defendant’s Answer to its proposed Second Amended
Complaint will “provide the Court and the parties a clear picture of what Defendant is actually
willing to admit so that discovery can be completed efficiently and quickly.” (ECF No. 121 at
1.)
As previously stated, Plaintiff fails to address the “good cause” standard of Rule 16(b)(4),
including the issue of its diligence in seeking leave to amend. As to the substance of its Motion,
Plaintiff seeks to add additional factual allegations in support of its Lanham Act and unfair
competition claims, but cites no legal authority for the proposition that is it necessary or
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appropriate to amend a complaint to additional factual allegations about existing claims.
Plaintiff also does not assert that absent amendment, it cannot present at trial or include in a
dispositive motion facts and evidence to support its Lanham Act and unfair competition claims
other than those alleged in its Complaint. Plaintiff’s proposed amendment to its Complaint to
add numerous factual allegations in support of its claims strikes the Court as unnecessary.
The Court agrees with Plaintiff that its declaratory judgment claim is not moot and as
discussed more fully below it is entitled to obtain discovery responses from Defendant. That
said, under the Court’s scheduling order, this matter must be moving toward conclusion. The
Court will deny Plaintiff’s Motion for Leave to File a Second Amended Complaint without
prejudice.
B. Plaintiff’s Motion to Compel the Depositions of Defendant and its Employees
In this Motion (ECF No. 108), Plaintiff states that it diligently conducted discovery to
meet the CMO’s February 12, 2021 deadline, and asked Defendant on December 30, 2020, to
identify available dates for the depositions of Defendant and other witnesses, including its
officers Brian Parks, Darria Parks, Zac Cain; Defendant’s expert Marc Shapiro, and a Rule
30(b)(6) deposition of Defendant. Plaintiff states that while Defendant initially agreed to work
with it to schedule the depositions, it later refused because of its motion for leave to file an
amended answer and for a protective order against further discovery. Plaintiff seeks an order
requiring Defendant to make its witnesses available on separate days between February 1 and
February 12, 2021.
The Court will grant this Motion to the extent that Defendant shall cooperate with
Plaintiff and make its witnesses available for deposition on separate days between March 10,
2021, and March 22, 2021. On its own motion, the Court will amend the Case Management
Order to extend the discovery and dispositive motion deadlines, but will not change the trial date.
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C. Plaintiff’s Motions for Temporary Restraining Orders and for Expedited Discovery
1. Motions for TRO
Plaintiff filed a Motion for a Temporary Restraining Order Directing Defendant to
Immediately Cease Sales and Marketing of Genepro, and for Expedited Discovery (ECF No.
111), and a Motion for a Temporary Restraining Order Freezing Defendant’s Assets, and for
Expedited Discovery (ECF No. 114). Plaintiff has not requested a hearing on its TRO motions
and the Court finds none is warranted.
Four factors are relevant in determining whether to issue a temporary restraining order:
(1) the threat of irreparable harm to the movant; (2) the state of the balance between this harm
and the injury that granting the injunction will inflict on other parties litigant; (3) the probability
that movant will succeed on the merits; and (4) the public interest. Dataphase Sys., Inc. v. C L
Sys., Inc., 640 F.2d 109, 113 (8th Cir. 1981) (en banc). The likelihood of success on the merits
is the most important factor. Roudachevski v. All-Am. Care Centers, Inc., 648 F.3d 701, 706
(8th Cir. 2011).
When assessing a movant’s probability of success on the merits, the standard is whether
that party has a “fair chance of prevailing.” Planned Parenthood Minn., N. Dak., S. Dak. v.
Rounds, 530 F.3d 724, 732 (8th Cir. 2008) (en banc). The fair-chance standard does not require
the movant to “show a greater than fifty per cent likelihood that he will prevail on the merits.”
Id. at 731. But even when a plaintiff has a strong claim on the merits, injunctive relief is
improper absent a showing of a threat of irreparable harm. Dataphase Sys., 640 F.2d at 113.
The moving party bears the burden of proof for injunctive relief. General Motors Corp. v. Harry
Brown’s, LLC, 563 F.3d 312, 318-19 (8th Cir. 2009).
Here, Plaintiff does not establish that it has a fair chance of prevailing on the merits of
either motion. The evidentiary support it offers for the TRO motions is fairly slim at this point
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and based in part on speculation, and the Court finds the motions are premature. Plaintiff points
to Defendant’s refusal to participate in discovery, but this cannot serve as a substitute for
evidence to show Plaintiff’s likelihood of success.
Further, as legal authority in support of its Motion for TRO to freeze Defendant’s assets,
Plaintiff cites Lanham Act trademark infringement and counterfeiting cases, which do not
establish that similar relief is available or appropriate in a Lanham Act false advertising case
such as this one. 3 Similarly, Plaintiff has not cited any legal authority to establish the Court’s
authority to order that Defendant to cease sales and recall its products in a Lanham Act false
advertising case. Instead, Plaintiff argues it can show that Defendant’s mislabeling of Genepro
violates the Federal Food, Drug & Cosmetic Act, 21 U.S.C. §§ 301, et seq., “and by extension
. . . the Lanham Act.” (ECF No. 112 at 5.) The FDCA is not at issue here.
The Court also finds Plaintiff has not shown it will suffer irreparable harm absent the
TROs. Plaintiff attempts to rely on a presumption of irreparable harm for its TRO to cease
Defendant’s sales. 4

However, in a false advertising case “where a defendant is guilty of

misrepresenting its own product without targeting any other specific product, it is erroneous to
apply a rebuttable presumption of harm in favor of a competitor.” Porous Media Corp. v. Pall
Corp., 110 F.3d 1329, 1334 (8th Cir. 1997). Even when such a presumption “applies in a
Lanham Act dispute between competitors, the plaintiff ‘must show that it will suffer irreparable
harm absent the injunction.’” Buetow v. A.L.S. Enters., Inc., 650 F.3d 1178, 1183 (8th Cir.

Plaintiff primarily cites 3M Company v. Individuals, P’ships, and Unincorporated Assn’s, 2020
WL 6817650, at *3 (D. Minn. Nov. 20, 2020), in which the plaintiff asserted trademark infringement and
counterfeiting in violation of the Lanham Act against defendants allegedly selling counterfeit EM N955
respirator masks, and other trademark infringement and counterfeiting cases cited in 3M Company. (ECF
No. 115 at 3-4.)
3

Plaintiff cites Warner Brothers Entertainment, Inc. v. X One X Productions, 840 F.3d 971, 982
(8th Cir. 2016) (stating in a trademark infringement case that “a finding that likelihood of confusion exists
results in a presumption that a threat of irreparable harm exists.”) (emphasis added). (ECF No. 112 at 11.)
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2011). Plaintiff does not make such a showing here. And Plaintiff does little more than assert it
is being irreparably harmed in its TRO to freeze Defendant’s assets. (ECF No. 115 at 7.) The
Court will deny Plaintiff’s Motions for Temporary Restraining Order.
2. Motions for Expedited Discovery
Plaintiff’s TRO Motions also ask for expedited discovery, specifically that Defendant be
ordered to respond to all pending discovery requests within seven days, to all further written
discovery within seven days of service, and to make its witnesses available before the nowpassed discovery deadline of February 12, 2021. The Court will grant these Motions to the
extent that Defendant is ordered to respond to all pending discovery requests by March 8, 2021.
D. Plaintiff’s Third Motion to Compel Discovery Responses
Plaintiff filed a Third Motion to Compel Discovery Responses (ECF No. 132) on
February 18, 2021, to compel Defendant’s responses to Plaintiff’s Seventh Set of Requests for
Production, Third Set of Interrogatories, and Third Set of Requests for Admission. Plaintiff
states that Defendant’s responses to each discovery request were due on the discovery deadline
of February 12, 2021, and that it filed the motion “to avoid any claim that [it] did not abide by”
the CMO’s deadline for motions to compel. (Id. at 2.) Defendant’s response to the Third Motion
to Compel is not yet due. This Motion will be denied as moot, without prejudice, based on the
Court’s order that Defendant respond to all pending discovery requests by March 8, 2021.
Accordingly,
IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Defendant Musclegen Research, Inc.’s Motion for
Leave to File Amended Answer and for a Protective Order (ECF No. 106) is GRANTED in
part and DENIED in part; the Motion is GRANTED as to the Motion for Leave to File
Amended Answer and DENIED as to the Motion for Protective Order.

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IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Clerk of the Court shall detach and docket
Defendant’s Second Amended Answer and Affirmative Defenses, which was submitted as an
attachment 106-3 to the Motion for Leave, and terminate the counterclaim parties on the docket
sheet.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Plaintiff’s Motion for Leave to File a Second
Amended Complaint (ECF No. 121) is DENIED without prejudice.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Plaintiff’s Motion to Compel the Depositions of
Defendant and its Employees (ECF No. 108) is GRANTED, and Defendant shall cooperate with
Plaintiff and make its witnesses available for deposition on separate days between March 10,
2021, and March 22, 2021.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that on the Court’s own motion, the Case Management
Order (ECF No. 75) is AMENDED as follows: The parties shall complete all discovery by
April 2, 2021, and file all dispositive motions by May 3, 2021, with oppositions due 30 days
after the motion is filed, and replies due 14 days after the opposition is filed. The CMO
otherwise remains in full force and effect, including the August 16, 2021 trial date.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Plaintiff’s Motion for a Temporary Restraining
Order Directing Defendant to Immediately Cease Sales and Marketing of Genepro (ECF No.
111), and Plaintiff’s Motion for a Temporary Restraining Order Freezing Defendant’s Assets
(ECF No. 114), are DENIED.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Plaintiff’s Motions for Expedited Discovery (ECF
Nos. 111, 114) are GRANTED to the extent that Defendant shall respond to all outstanding
discovery requests by March 8, 2021.

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IT IS FINALLY ORDERED that Plaintiff’s Third Motion to Compel Discovery
Responses (ECF No. 132) is DENIED as moot, without prejudice.

__________________________________
RONNIE L. WHITE
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
Dated this 26th day of February, 2021.

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