Forbis v. Astrue

Filing 18

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER: IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that the relief sought by plaintiff in his brief in support of complaint [#12] is denied. Signed by District Judge Carol E. Jackson on 1/28/2014. (KMS)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF MISSOURI
NORTHERN DIVISION
JOHN J. FORBIS,
Plaintiff,
vs.
CAROLYN W. COLVIN, Commissioner
of Social Security,
Defendant.1

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Case No. 2:12-CV-85 (CEJ)

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
This matter is before the Court for review of an adverse ruling by the Social
Security Administration.
I. Procedural History
On January 7, 2009, plaintiff John Forbis filed an application for disability
insurance benefits, Title II, 42 U.S.C. §§ 401 et seq., with an alleged onset date of
December 22, 2008. (Tr. 89-90). After plaintiff’s application was denied on initial
consideration (Tr. 61-65), he requested a hearing from an Administrative Law Judge
(ALJ). (Tr. 69-70).
Plaintiff and counsel appeared for a video conference hearing on June 2, 2011.
(Tr. 32-51). The ALJ issued a decision denying plaintiff’s application on June 10, 2011
(Tr. 10-27), and the Appeals Council denied plaintiff’s request for review on October
9, 2012. (Tr. 1-4). Accordingly, the ALJ’s decision stands as the Commissioner’s final
decision. See 42 U.S.C. § 405(g).
II. Evidence Before the ALJ

1

Carolyn W. Colvin became the Acting Commissioner of Social Security on February 14,
2013, and should be substituted for Michael J. Astrue as the defendant in this suit. No further
action need be taken to continue this suit by reason of the last sentence of section 205(g) of
the Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. § 405(g).

A. Disability Application Documents
In his Disability Report (Tr. 114-23), plaintiff listed his disabling conditions as
bipolar disorder, severe depression, attention deficit disorder (ADD), hypertension,
ataxia, high cholesterol, shaking hands, and decreased memory. In the past, plaintiff
worked as a cook at a fast food restaurant, a health aide with two home health care
services, a taxi driver, a laborer, a phone representative with a catalog order company,
and a remodeling temp at a discount store. Plaintiff reported taking Adderall for ADD,
Lexapro for depression, and Lisinopril for high blood pressure.
In his Function Report (Tr. 151-61), plaintiff wrote that he lives in a house with
his family. On an average day, he wakes up, takes a shower, and then stays in his
room until his mother requires help with household tasks. He enjoys watching TV and
being on the internet. He talks on the telephone on a daily basis. He also goes outside
every day, and is able to go out alone and unsupervised.

He goes shopping for

clothing and sporting goods, and although he needs help budgeting, he is able to pay
bills and count change. He stated that, with verbal encouragement, he does chores
such as making his bed, cleaning his room, mowing the lawn, and taking care of his
daughter and pets. He said that he prepares meals, such as cereal, sandwiches, and
TV dinners, on a weekly basis. Plaintiff also stated that he visits family members on
a weekly basis.
Plaintiff explained that, on some days, he does not want to do anything at all,
and stays in bed in his pajamas. He requires reminders to take his medication, and
reported

difficulty

completing

tasks,

concentrating,

understanding,

following

instructions, using his hands, and getting along with others. He said that he handles
changes in routine moderately well, but has a quick and explosive temper.

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Several individuals submitted third-party function reports or questionnaires on
plaintiff’s behalf. Plaintiff’s mother completed a third-party function report in July
2009. She stated that plaintiff lives at home with her and his father. She wrote that
plaintiff spends his days talking on the phone, eating, watching TV, and going for
walks, and that he helps to care for his daughter and the pet cat. She explained that
plaintiff was diagnosed with ataxia when he was 8 years old, and is clumsy and
unmotivated, with a short attention span and a low tolerance for stress. (Tr. 140 147).
In May 2010, plaintiff’s sister and two family friends submitted questionnaires
on plaintiff’s behalf. Plaintiff’s sister stated that plaintiff experiences pain in his hands,
is easily distracted, cannot multitask, and cannot work without constant supervision.
She also stated that plaintiff is unable to tell the truth. (Tr. 181-83). A family friend
wrote that plaintiff struggles with motor skills, complains of pain in his hands, has
difficulty following instructions, and is a “habitual liar.” (Tr. 185-187). Another family
friend said that plaintiff is immature and childlike, and has a short attention span. She
remarked that plaintiff’s ability to work is “questionable,” and that plaintiff “doesn’t
know how to tell the truth” and “makes up stories or tells lies.” (Tr. 189-191).
B. Hearing on June 2, 2011
At the time of the hearing, plaintiff was 29 years old, 5'8" tall, and weighed 269
pounds. He lived in northern Missouri with his family. Plaintiff confirmed that he has
a high school education, and that he had been a student in special education classes.
After high school, plaintiff gained certifications in first-aid and CPR, and worked as a
medical aide in a group home.

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Plaintiff explained that he has ataxia, a form of cerebral palsy, which causes his
hands to cramp if he writes or grips for more than 15 to 20 minutes. The cramps
subside after approximately an hour of rest. The ataxia also causes him to stumble
once or twice each day, and occasionally he falls down. He can walk 15 to 20 steps
before he must use the walls to steady himself. He stated that he has no trouble
sitting or standing, and can lift 15 to 20 pounds without pain.
Plaintiff testified that he suffers from bipolar disorder, depression, and affective
mood disorder. He explained that one or two days per week are “bad days,” during
which he does not want to get out of bed. Approximately four days per week are
“good days,” during which he feels “uppity” and is able to play with his daughter. He
explained that he has friends whom he interacts with online, not in person. Plaintiff
stated that he also has ADHD, for which he used to take Adderall, and post-traumatic
stress disorder (PTSD) arising from childhood molestation. His PTSD manifests in
suicidal tendencies, and he recalled three suicide attempts, one of which resulted in his
hospitalization after he tried to jump off a bridge in 2008. Plaintiff stated that he
attends group therapy three days per week, meets with his social worker once per
week, and sees his psychiatrist once every six weeks.

He takes Lexapro for

depression, Lithium for bipolar disorder, and Lisinopril for hypertension. (Tr. 32-46).
Amy Kutschbach, who holds a masters degree in rehabilitation counseling,
testified as a vocational expert. The ALJ asked Ms. Kutschbach about the employment
opportunities for a hypothetical individual with plaintiff’s education and age, who is
moderately limited in the ability to understand, remember and carry out detailed
instructions, maintain attention and concentration for extended periods of time,
perform at a consistent pace without rest, and respond appropriately to changes in the

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work setting.

The ALJ added that this individual is able to use his hands only

intermittently, must sometimes lean on a wall when walking, and can lift up to twenty
pounds.

Ms. Kutschbach responded that there was no work such a person could

perform. The ALJ then altered the hypothetical and asked if jobs would be available
for the same individual if he had less restricted use of his hands. Ms. Kutschbach
testified that such an individual could be employed as a laundry worker in a smaller
hotel, as the individual would have time to rest his hands between loads of laundry.
She further stated that 200 to 250 of these positions exist in the region of rural
northern Missouri, 17,000 of these positions in the state of Missouri, and 900,000 of
these positions nationally. (Tr. 47-51).
C. Records
Plaintiff was diagnosed with ataxia at the age of eight. In 1990, plaintiff was
evaluated by a multi-disciplinary team that included a doctor, a psychologist, and a
speech and language pathologist. The team concluded that plaintiff had low-average
intellectual ability, difficulty with manipulative and writing tasks, and significant deficits
in visual-spatial-integrative and grapho-motor skills.

(Tr. 386-404).

High school

records show that plaintiff continued to struggle with motor skills as an adolescent.
(Tr. 423).
As an adult, plaintiff has been diagnosed with ataxia, ADD/ADHD, bipolar
disorder, and depression. In 2006, plaintiff was approved for services at the Hannibal
Regional Center due to his diagnosis of cerebral palsy with ataxia. (Tr. 241-48). On
June 20, 2008, plaintiff visited his primary care physician, Larry Nichols, D.O., who
observed that plaintiff was very depressed. Dr. Nichols prescribed Lexapro, and a few
weeks later plaintiff returned for a follow-up visit and reported feeling “a lot better.”

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(Tr. 326-27). Shortly thereafter, plaintiff stopped taking his medication. He was
admitted to the hospital on September 29, 2008, after threatening to commit suicide.
(Tr. 303-18). Plaintiff was diagnosed with acute depression, and was discharged from
the hospital on October 3, 2008. He returned to Dr. Nichols on October 8, 2008, and
reported feeling good again. Dr. Nichols prescribed Strattera for ADD and Lexapro for
depression. (Tr. 328). On November 3, 2008, Dr. Nichols diagnosed plaintiff with
hypertension, and started him on Lisinopril.

Dr. Nichols noted that plaintiff was

morbidly overweight and prediabetic. (Tr. 330-31).
On November 13, 2008, plaintiff presented for an initial psychosocial clinical
assessment at Preferred Family Healthcare. He was diagnosed with major depressive
disorder-severe without psychotic features, and chronic PTSD, with a GAF of 40. He
was approved for medication management, weekly meetings with a social worker, and
a psychosocial rehabilitation program. (Tr. 346-58). A few days later, on November
18, 2008, plaintiff presented for a psychiatric evaluation with Robert Parsonson, D.O.
Dr. Parsonson observed that plaintiff was alert and oriented, and exhibited a
cooperative attitude, an essentially appropriate affect with some flattening of
expression, spontaneous motor activity, depressed mood, normal to slightly monotone
speech, organized thoughts, no suicidal ideation, fairly good insight, impulse control,
and judgment, and intact recent and remote memory. He diagnosed plaintiff with
major depression, polysubstance abuse by history, and a remote history of ADD, with
a GAF of 50.

Dr. Parsonson recommended that plaintiff continue on his current

medications, Strattera and Lexapro, and return for a follow-up appointment in one
week. (Tr. 344-45).

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On March 23, 2009, plaintiff visited Dr. Nichols for a routine follow-up. The
doctor noted that plaintiff was morbidly obese, intellectually challenged, with
hypertension, a history of major depression with suicidal ideation, ataxia, ADD, and
slight hyperlipidemia.

Dr. Nichols renewed plaintiff’s prescriptions for Strattera,

Lexapro, and Lisinopril. (Tr. 332). Plaintiff returned to Dr. Nichols on May 11, 2009.
Plaintiff told Dr. Nichols that he was unable to keep a job because he was unable to
stay focused.

Dr. Nichols switched plaintiff’s ADD medication from Strattera to

Adderall. The doctor noted that plaintiff was going to Mark Twain Mental Health Center
the next day for an evaluation. (Tr. 333).
On August 25, 2009, plaintiff was examined by Ted Oliver, M.S.W., L.C.S.W., at
the Mark Twain Center for Behavioral Health. Mr. Oliver’s report on plaintiff’s condition
was read and approved by Andrew Lovy, D.O. Plaintiff’s thoughts were clear, his
insight and judgment intact, his memory good, and his affect unremarkable. Overall,
he was observed to be cooperative and pleasant. Mr. Oliver noted that plaintiff was
trying to get back on Medicaid. Plaintiff was diagnosed with bipolar I and depression
(by history), ADHD (by history), obesity, and ataxia, with a GAF of 50. Mr. Oliver
remarked that plaintiff’s ataxia made it difficult for plaintiff to maintain employment,
and this difficulty was exacerbated by plaintiff’s mood disorders when left untreated.
(Tr. 337-38).
On November 17, 2009, Marc Maddox, Ph.D., completed a psychiatric review
technique form. Dr. Maddox noted that plaintiff suffered from ADD/ADHD, bipolar
disorder, and depression, but his restrictions on activities of daily living and difficulty
maintaining social functioning were mild. He indicated that plaintiff has moderate
difficulties maintaining concentration, persistence, and pace. Plaintiff told Dr. Maddox

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that he had memory problems, difficulty tolerating stress and understanding and
completing tasks, mood swings, difficulty standing, bending, and walking, and that he
frequently falls. Dr. Maddox found these allegations to be mostly credible. (Tr. 36576).
Dr. Maddox also completed a mental RFC assessment on November 17, 2009.
He found that plaintiff had no marked limitations, but moderate limitations in the
following: understanding and remembering detailed instructions; carrying out detailed
instructions; maintaining attention and concentration for extended periods; accepting
instructions and responding appropriately to criticism from supervisors; responding
appropriately to changes in the work setting; completing a normal workday and
workweek without interruptions from psychologically based symptoms; and performing
at a consistent pace without an unreasonable number and length of rest periods. (Tr.
377-80).
In October 2010, plaintiff was evaluated for ataxia by Matthew Harms, M.D., at
Washington University Neuromuscular Clinic. Dr. Harms wrote that plaintiff’s “difficulty
with balance and fine motor coordination leveled off in his teenage years and has not
worsened.” He found that plaintiff exhibited mild leg spasticity and intact coordination.
Plaintiff was able to walk on his heels and toes, and could turn around without
bobbling.

Dr. Harms concluded that plaintiff had ataxic cerebral palsy, and

recommended that plaintiff see a neurologist, try Baclofen, a muscle relaxer, to
improve his gait, and pursue gait rehabilitation physical therapy. (Tr. 460-62).
On October 16, 2009, plaintiff returned to Dr. Nichols. Plaintiff told Dr. Nichols
that Adderall was helping his ADD, but he was still depressed. He also mentioned that
he had been approved for Medicaid and wanted to see a psychiatrist. Dr. Nichols

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continued plaintiff on his medication regime, and made arrangements for plaintiff to
see a psychiatrist. (Tr. 383). On January 15, 2010, during a follow-up visit to Dr.
Nichols, plaintiff reported worsening depression.

Dr. Nichols increased plaintiff’s

Lexapro dosage, and again referred plaintiff to a psychiatrist. He also diagnosed
plaintiff with type 2 diabetes. (Tr. 384).
On January 19, 2011, plaintiff presented for a psychosocial assessment with Lisa
Ansell, Q.M.H.P., at Preferred Family Healthcare. Plaintiff said that he was bipolar and
depressed, and was just now seeking help because he was back on Medicaid. He
stated that, despite his ataxia, he could use a computer keyboard without problem
because that did not require gripping a pen or pencil. He also said that he is good at
household management, and that he

loads the dishwasher, vacuums the house,

cleans his room, and does laundry. Ms. Ansell found plaintiff to be cooperative and
oriented, with below average intellect, flat affect, and judgment in the normal range.
She observed that plaintiff walked without problem.

She prescribed Lithium and

Lexapro, and assessed plaintiff’s GAF at 50. (Tr. 447-55).
On February 18, 2011, plaintiff appeared for a consultative examination with
Frank Froman, Ed.D. Dr. Froman observed that plaintiff had trouble writing during the
evaluation, and would shake his hand out when it cramped. Dr. Froman noted that
plaintiff was friendly, animated, and fully oriented.

Plaintiff’s cognitive ability, as

measured by the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV, was difficult to summarize,
because plaintiff’s verbal reasoning was much more developed than his non-verbal
reasoning. Dr. Froman concluded that plaintiff’s moodiness might be attributed to
bipolar disorder, but might also be due to the fact that plaintiff is bored and has
nothing to do all day. He wrote that plaintiff has learned a “take care of me” mentality

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and has become increasingly helpless.

Dr. Froman diagnosed plaintiff with a

documented history of bipolar I disorder, PTSD not currently expressed, and borderline
intellectual functioning. He assessed plaintiff’s GAF at 56. Finally, he observed that
if plaintiff truly has periods where he cannot function because he is so severely
depressed, then he would not be able to function in a work setting. Dr. Froman stated
that the only evidence of these periods of extreme depression was plaintiff’s word, but
he felt that plaintiff was being honest. He also opined that plaintiff could manage the
stress of customary employment if plaintiff was restarted in his previous career of
caregiving. (Tr. 431-45).
III. The ALJ’s Decision
In the decision issued on June 10, 2011, the ALJ made the following findings:
1.

Plaintiff meets the insured status requirements of the Social Security Act
through December 31, 2013.

2.

Plaintiff has not engaged in substantial gainful activity since December
22, 2008, the alleged onset date.

3.

Plaintiff has the following severe impairments: ataxia, bipolar
disorder/depression, history of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obesity, and borderline
intellectual functioning.

4.

Plaintiff does not have an impairment or combination of impairments that
meets or medically equals one of the listed impairments in 20 C.F.R. Part
404, Subpart P, Appendix 1.

5.

Plaintiff has the residual functional capacity (RFC) to perform light work
with the following exceptions: he may have only minimal interaction with
others, including supervisors and co-workers, he is limited to one- and
two-step operations as well as limited stress tasks without highly
competitive production quotas, he may only intermittently use his hands,
and he may lift 15 to 20 pounds.

6.

Plaintiff is unable to perform any past relevant work.

7.

Plaintiff was born on December 16, 1981 and was 27 years old on the
alleged disability onset date.
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8.

Plaintiff has at least a high school education, and is able to communicate
in English.

9.

Transferability of job skills is not material to the determination of disability
because using the Medical-Vocational Rules as a framework supports a
finding that the plaintiff is not disabled, whether or not the plaintiff has
transferable job skills.

10.

Considering plaintiff’s age, education, work experience, and residual
functional capacity, there are jobs that exist in significant numbers in the
national economy that the plaintiff can perform.

11.

Plaintiff has not been under a disability, as defined in the Social Security
Act, from December 22, 2008, through the date of the decision.
(Tr. 12-27).
IV. Legal Standards

The Court must affirm the Commissioner’s decision “if the decision is not based
on legal error and if there is substantial evidence in the record as a whole to support
the conclusion that the claimant was not disabled.” Long v. Chater, 108 F.3d 185, 187
(8th Cir. 1997). “Substantial evidence is less than a preponderance, but enough so that
a reasonable mind might find it adequate to support the conclusion.” Estes v. Barnhart,
275 F.3d 722, 724 (8th Cir. 2002) (quoting Johnson v. Apfel, 240 F.3d 1145, 1147 (8th
Cir. 2001)). If, after reviewing the record, the Court finds it possible to draw two
inconsistent positions from the evidence and one of those positions represents the
Commissioner’s findings, the Court must affirm the decision of the Commissioner.
Buckner v. Astrue, 646 F.3d 549, 556 (8th Cir. 2011) (quotations and citation omitted).
To be entitled to disability benefits, a claimant must prove he is unable to
perform any substantial gainful activity due to a medically determinable physical or
mental impairment that would either result in death or which has lasted or could be
expected to last for at least twelve continuous months. 42 U.S.C. § 423(a)(1)(D),
(d)(1)(A); Pate-Fires v. Astrue, 564 F.3d 935, 942 (8th Cir. 2009). The Commissioner

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has established a five-step process for determining whether a person is disabled. See
20 C.F.R. § 404.1520; Moore v. Astrue, 572 F.3d 520, 523 (8th Cir. 2009). “Each step
in the disability determination entails a separate analysis and legal standard.” Lacroix
v. Barnhart, 465 F.3d 881, 888 n.3 (8th Cir. 2006).
Steps one through three require the claimant to prove (1) he is not currently
engaged in substantial gainful activity, (2) he suffers from a severe impairment, and (3)
his disability meets or equals a listed impairment. Pate-Fires, 564 F.3d at 942. If the
claimant does not suffer from a listed impairment or its equivalent, the Commissioner’s
analysis proceeds to steps four and five. Id.
“Prior to step four, the ALJ must assess the claimant’s residual functioning
capacity (‘RFC’), which is the most a claimant can do despite [his] limitations.” Moore,
572 F.3d at 523 (citing 20 C.F.R. § 404.1545(a)(1)).
assessment

of

the

extent

to

which

an

individual’s

“RFC is an administrative
medically

determinable

impairment(s), including any related symptoms, such as pain, may cause physical or
mental limitations or restrictions that may affect his or her capacity to do work-related
physical and mental activities.” Social Security Ruling (SSR) 96-8p, 1996 WL 374184,
*2. “[A] claimant’s RFC [is] based on all relevant evidence, including the medical
records, observations by treating physicians and others, and an individual’s own
description of his limitations.” Moore, 572 F.3d at 523 (quotation and citation omitted).
In determining a claimant’s RFC, the ALJ must evaluate the claimant’s credibility.
Wagner v. Astrue, 499 F.3d 842, 851 (8th Cir. 2007); Pearsall v. Massanari, 274 F.3d
1211, 1217 (8th Cir. 2002). This evaluation requires that the ALJ consider “(1) the
claimant’s daily activities; (2) the duration, intensity, and frequency of the pain; (3) the
precipitating and aggravating factors; (4) the dosage, effectiveness, and side effects

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of medication; (5) any functional restrictions; (6) the claimant’s work history; and (7)
the absence of objective medical evidence to support the claimant’s complaints.”
Buckner v. Astrue, 646 F.3d 549, 558 (8th Cir. 2011) (quotation and citation omitted).
“Although ‘an ALJ may not discount a claimant’s allegations of disabling pain solely
because the objective medical evidence does not fully support them,’ the ALJ may find
that these allegations are not credible ‘if there are inconsistencies in the evidence as a
whole.’” Id. (quoting Goff v. Barnhart, 421 F.3d 785, 792 (8th Cir. 2005)). After
considering the seven factors, the ALJ must make express credibility determinations and
set forth the inconsistencies in the record which caused the ALJ to reject the claimant’s
complaints. Singh v. Apfel, 222 F.3d 448, 452 (8th Cir. 2000); Beckley v. Apfel, 152
F.3d 1056, 1059 (8th Cir. 1998).
At step four, the ALJ determines whether claimant can return to his past
relevant work, “review[ing] [the claimant’s] [RFC] and the physical and mental
demands of the work [claimant has] done in the past.” 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(e). The
burden at step four remains with the claimant to prove his RFC and establish that he
cannot return to his past relevant work. Moore, 572 F.3d at 523; accord Dukes v.
Barnhart, 436 F.3d 923, 928 (8th Cir. 2006); Vandenboom v. Barnhart, 421 F.3d 745,
750 (8th Cir. 2005).
If the ALJ holds at step four of the process that a claimant cannot return to past
relevant work, the burden shifts at step five to the Commissioner to establish that the
claimant maintains the RFC to perform a significant number of jobs within the national
economy. Banks v. Massanari, 258 F.3d 820, 824 (8th Cir. 2001). See also 20 C.F.R.
§ 404.1520(f).

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If the claimant is prevented by his impairment from doing any other work, the
ALJ will find the claimant to be disabled.
V. Discussion
Plaintiff argues that the ALJ erred in discrediting his subjective complaints,
ignoring Dr. Frank Froman’s opinion that he could not function in a competitive work
setting, and relying on testimony from the vocational expert that was unreliable and in
conflict with the Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT).
A.

The Credibility Determination

An ALJ may discount a claimant’s subjective complaints “if there are
inconsistencies in the evidence as a whole.” Polaski v. Heckler, 739 F.2d 1320, 1322
(8th Cir. 1984). The ALJ must consider all evidence relating to those complaints,
“including the claimant’s prior work record, and observations by third parties and
treating and examining physicians relating to such matters as: the claimant’s daily
activities; the duration, frequency and intensity of the pain; precipitating and
aggravating factors;

dosage, effectiveness and side effects of medication; and

functional restrictions.” Id. The Court “will defer to an ALJ’s credibility finding as long
as the ALJ explicitly discredits a claimant’s testimony and gives a good reason for doing
so.”

Schultz v. Astrue, 479 F.3d 979, 983 (8th Cir. 2007) (internal citations and

quotations omitted).
In this case, the ALJ concluded that plaintiff’s statements regarding the intensity
and limiting effects of his symptoms were not fully credible.2 Plaintiff testified that, due
to his ataxia, he could use his hands for only 20 minutes before he required at least an

2

The Court notes that this finding is consistent with the third-party questionnaires
submitted by family and friends on behalf of plaintiff - all of which indicated that plaintiff cannot
be trusted and frequently invents stories and tells lies.

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hour-long break. However, as the ALJ observed, records show that plaintiff’s ataxia and
difficulty with motor skills has remained static and essentially unchanged since plaintiff’s
adolescence. Plaintiff’s employment history demonstrates that he could hold a job
despite his symptoms of ataxia. Furthermore, plaintiff was able to play computer
games, chat online, and perform household chores on a daily basis.

All of these

activities require some use of his hands. The ALJ also discounted plaintiff’s statements
regarding his difficulty walking and frequent stumbling, as these statements were
contradicted by the evidence as a whole. Dr. Harms found that plaintiff possessed
intact coordination and the ability to walk on his heels and toes and turn around without
bobbling. The ALJ noted that plaintiff did not follow Dr. Harms’ recommendation for gait
rehabilitation, calling into question the severity of plaintiff’s condition. The ALJ also
pointed to the observation of plaintiff’s mental health treatment provider, Lisa Ansell,
who observed that plaintiff had no trouble walking.
The ALJ also concluded that plaintiff’s subjective complaints about his mental
health problems conflicted with the majority of the evidence. The ALJ observed that
plaintiff’s mental health improved with medication. See Davidson v. Astrue, 578 F.3d
838, 846 (8th Cir. 2009) (conditions that can be controlled with treatment are not
disabling). The only suicide attempt documented in the record occurred after plaintiff
stopped taking his medications. The ALJ also noted that plaintiff’s mental health care
providers frequently found plaintiff’s ADD and PTSD in remission and not currently
expressed. The ALJ also considered plaintiff’s sporadic treatment record, and remarked
that plaintiff repeatedly did not follow referrals to mental health centers and
psychiatrists. See Page v. Astrue, 484 F.3d 1040, 1044 (8th Cir. 2007) (suggesting
that the ALJ properly considered plaintiff’s failure to seek mental health treatment as

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evidence supporting a determination that the plaintiff’s mental health issues were not
severe). Finally, the ALJ gave significant weight to the opinion of Dr. Froman, who
observed that plaintiff’s mood swings could be greatly attributed to idleness and
boredom.
Plaintiff challenges the ALJ’s credibility determination on several grounds. First,
plaintiff takes issue with the boilerplate language used by the ALJ to summarize her
credibility findings.3 However, when a credibility determination is otherwise explained
and adequately supported by consideration of the relevant factors, the presence of this
boilerplate language is unproblematic. See Blackwell v. Colvin, No. 2:12-CV-58 (RWS),
2013 WL 5275954, at *11-12 (E.D. Mo. Sept. 18, 2013) (rejecting the same challenge
to the same boilerplate language).
Plaintiff also contends that the ALJ erred in considering his sporadic treatment
record and failure to comply with recommended treatment as evidence that his
limitations were not as severe as he professed. Plaintiff claims that his failure to pursue
treatment is explained by his mental illness, borderline intellectual functioning, and
difficulty obtaining Medicaid. Mental illness may justify an individual’s noncompliance
with treatment recommendations, when the illness deprives that individual of “the
rationality to decide whether to continue treatment or medication.” Pates-Fires v.
Astrue, 564 F.3d 935, 945-46 (8th Cir. 2009). However, the evidence in the instant
case does not link plaintiff’s mental limitations to his noncompliance. Instead, the
evidence shows that plaintiff had sound judgment, insight into his illnesses, and the

3

That language reads: “After careful consideration of the evidence, the undersigned
finds that the claimant’s medically determinable impairments could reasonably be expected to
cause the alleged symptoms; however, the claimant’s statements concerning the intensity,
persistence and limiting effects of these symptoms are not credible to the extent they are
inconsistent with the above residual functional capacity assessment.” (Tr. 17).

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rationality to make decisions about his treatment. See Wildman v. Astrue, 596 F.3d
959, 966 (8th Cir. 2010) (concluding plaintiff’s mental illness did not justify her failure
to treat when “there is little or no evidence expressly linking [her] mental limitations
to such repeated noncompliance”); see also, Blackwell, 2013 WL 5275954, at *21
(same).
There is similarly no causal link between plaintiff’s difficulty regaining Medicaid
coverage and his failure to follow treatment recommendations and referrals. Records
show that plaintiff was, in fact, covered by Medicaid during the period of time
throughout which he ignored his physicians’ recommendations.

Plaintiff regained

Medicaid coverage in 2009 (Tr. 383), and yet did not follow Dr. Nichols’ repeated
referrals to psychiatrists or any of Dr. Harms’ recommendations to improve his gait.
In 2011, plaintiff told medical providers that he had deferred seeking treatment because
he had only recently regained Medicaid coverage (Tr. 488). However, as noted by the
ALJ, this statement is contradicted by the record which shows that plaintiff regained
coverage in 2009.
Finally, plaintiff points to his GAF scores as evidence that the ALJ was mistaken
in his credibility assessment and RFC determination. Plaintiff was assigned a GAF score
of 50 by several practitioners in 2008, 2009, and 2011. His GAF has been assessed as
low as 40 in November 2008, and as high as 56 by Dr. Froman during his consultative
examination in 2011. According to the DSM-IV, a GAF score of 41 to 50 indicates
“serious symptoms... or any serious impairment in social, occupational, or school
functioning....” A GAF of 51 to 60 indicates moderate symptoms. It is evident from the
ALJ’s decision that these GAF scores were considered, but the ALJ determined plaintiff’s
credibility, and ultimately the RFC, based upon the evidence on the record as a whole.

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This was not error. A GAF score is just one piece of evidence on the degree of an
individual’s mental impairment. See 65 Fed. Reg. 50746, 50765-65 (Aug. 21, 2000)
(“[The GAF scale] does not have a direct correlation to the severity requirements in our
mental disorder listings.”).

Furthermore, the Court notes that the ALJ gave Dr.

Froman’s opinion significant weight, and Dr. Froman assessed plaintiff’s GAF at 56, a
score indicative of only moderate limitation.
The ALJ considered the appropriate factors before discounting plaintiff’s
subjective complaints, and reached a credibility determination that is supported by
substantial evidence.
B.

The Opinion of Dr. Froman

The ALJ gave significant weight to the opinion of Dr. Froman, who conducted a
consultative examination in 2011. Plaintiff argues that, although the ALJ heavily relied
on this opinion, she ignored the following sentence:
If what John [Forbis] says is correct - namely that he has periods of three
or four days, twice a month, when he cannot function because he is so
severely depressed, he then would not be able to function in a
competitive work setting, since no one would cope with this. As this time
I have only his word about this, although I felt he was being honest in his
presentation.
(Tr. 438). Plaintiff contends that by declining to adopt this portion of Dr. Froman’s
opinion, the ALJ engaged in the impermissible practice of drawing her own medical
conclusions. However, because Dr. Froman based this particular statement solely on
plaintiff’s word, and the ALJ determined that plaintiff’s word was unreliable, it was
proper to discount this portion of Dr. Froman’s opinion. See McCoy v. Astrue, 648 F.3d
605, 617 (8th Cir. 2011) (finding that substantial evidence supported the ALJ’s decision
to discredit the portion of a physician’s opinion that was based on plaintiff’s discredited
self-reported symptoms); Teague v. Astrue, 638 F.3d 611, 615-16 (8th Cir. 2011)
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(finding no error in ALJ’s decision to discount doctor’s opinion based only upon plaintiff’s
discredited subjective complaints).
C.

The Vocational Expert’s Testimony

Plaintiff argues that the ALJ erred in relying on the testimony of the vocational
expert, because it conflicted with the Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT) and was
unreliable.
The portion of the testimony to which plaintiff objects includes the following
exchange between the ALJ and the vocational expert:
Q: And if [plaintiff] can use his hands I’m going to say - - I’m not sure - not exactly normally because he has some limitation, a job without a lot
of use of hands. How is - - is that possible past work or other work?
A: No past work, Your Honor, but I would say there would be other work
that could be performed such as a laundry worker who would use their
hands in between loads of laundry so it wouldn’t be - - it’s defined as
requiring frequent use of the hands by the Dictionary of Occupational
Titles but there would be rest in between loads. The environment I’m
thinking of as such in hotels or - - not large ones, but smaller hotels.
That DOT code number is 302.685.010. That position is defined as light
and unskilled according to the Dictionary of Occupational Titles. In the
non-metropolitan areas of northern Missouri, there are approximately
200, to 250 of those type of positions. At the State level there’s
approximately 17,000, and at the national level there’s nearly 900,000.
Q: Now you’re saying the person would use their hands for how long
before they would have a rest?
A: I’m trying to remember my observation of people employed in that
position and the cycle of laundry was approximately 30 minutes. It took
them about one-third to one-half of that time, so 10 to 15 minutes of
use, with 10 to 15 minutes of rest before they would need to do it
again....
(Tr. 49-50).
An ALJ must inquire about any apparent conflicts between the DOT and a
vocational expert’s testimony.
1898704, at *4.

See Social Security Ruling (SSR) 00-4p, 2000 WL

If there is indeed a conflict, the DOT controls unless the DOT
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classifications are rebutted. See Jones v. Astrue, 619 F.3d 963, 978 (8th Cir. 2010).
In the instant case, the vocational expert addressed the discrepancy between her
testimony and the DOT, without any prompting from the ALJ. She explained that,
although the DOT defines the occupation of laundry worker as requiring frequent use
of hands, specific jobs exist within that occupation that require less frequent use of
hands. She stated that employment at a small hotel in rural northern Missouri would
allow plaintiff to rest his hands for 10 to 15 minutes between each load of laundry. She
clarified that her opinion was based upon her own observation of people employed in
such positions.
The vocational expert’s testimony rebutted the DOT’s generic description of the
occupation of laundry worker. The DOT addresses only “occupations,” broad categories
representing numerous jobs. See SSR 00-4p, at *2. “‘DOT definitions are simply
generic job descriptions that offer the approximate maximum requirements for each
position, rather than the range.’ The DOT itself cautions that its descriptions may not
coincide in every respect with the content of jobs as performed in particular
establishments or at certain localities. In other words, not all of the jobs in every
category have requirements identical to or as rigorous as those listed in the DOT.”
Wheeler v. Apfel, 224 F.3d 891, 897 (8th Cir. 2000) (quoting Hall v. Chater, 109 F.3d
1255, 1259 (8th Cir. 1997)). The vocational expert testified that, based upon her
observation of laundries in small hotels in rural areas, specific jobs exist within the
occupation of laundry worker which plaintiff could perform.4 See SSR 00-4P, at *3
(explaining that an apparent conflict between the DOT and expert testimony may be
reasonably explained by the fact that the DOT “lists maximum requirements of
4

The vocational expert also explained how the limitation to small hotel laundries would
affect the number of jobs available to plaintiff. See Tr. 50.

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occupations as generally performed, not the range of requirements of a particular job
as it is performed in specific settings”). Because the vocational expert provided a
reasonable explanation for the apparent conflict, the ALJ was justified in relying on the
expert’s testimony. See Lamke v. Astrue, No. 10-3386-CV-S-ODS, 2011 WL 2360175,
at *2-3 (W.D. Mo. June 9, 2011) (holding that any inconsistency between the DOT and
expert testimony was explained by the expert’s observation of specific jobs within a
broader occupation); Welsh v. Colvin, No. C12-0102, 2013 WL 3338419, at *18 (N.D.
Iowa July 2, 2013) (finding that the expert’s own observations of people at work
constituted a reasonable explanation for inconsistencies between her testimony and the
DOT, when the expert concluded that plaintiff could perform some specific jobs within
broad categories of occupations).
In conclusion, plaintiff has raised no persuasive argument that would discredit
the vocational expert’s testimony. The ALJ’s reliance on that testimony was not error.
VI. Conclusion
For the reasons discussed above, the Court finds that the Commissioner’s
decision is supported by substantial evidence in the record as a whole.
Accordingly,
IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that the relief sought by plaintiff in his brief in
support of complaint [#12] is denied.

___________________________
CAROL E. JACKSON
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
Dated this 28th day of January, 2014.

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