Bachman v. Berryhill

Filing 28

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER: IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that the decision of the Commissioner is AFFIRMED, and Plaintiff's Complaint is DISMISSED, with prejudice. A separate judgment shall be entered incorporating this Memorandum and Order. Signed by Magistrate Judge Noelle C. Collins on 9/29/2020. (TMT)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF MISSOURI
NORTHERN DIVISION

JOELY D. BACHMAN,
Plaintiff,
v.
ANDREW M. SAUL,
Commissioner of Social Security
Defendant.

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Case No. 2:19-CV-00031-NCC

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
This is an action under Title 42 U.S.C. § 405(g) for judicial review of the final decision
of the Commissioner denying the applications of Joely D. Bachman (“Plaintiff”) for
Supplemental Security Income (“SSI”) under Title XVI of the Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C.
§§ 1381, et seq. Plaintiff has filed a brief in support of the Complaint (Doc. 22) and Defendant
has filed a brief in support of the Answer (Doc. 27). The parties have consented to the
jurisdiction of the undersigned United States Magistrate Judge pursuant to Title 28 U.S.C.
§ 636(c) (Doc. 10).
I. PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Plaintiff filed her application for SSI on June 7, 2012 (Tr. 239-247). She alleged an onset
date of December 28, 2011, later amended to February 28, 2011 (Tr. 239, 261). She had
previously filed for SSI and disability insurance benefits (“DIB”) in Minnesota in 2007, claiming
similar impairments, and that application was denied (Tr. 123-138). In the instant matter,
Plaintiff’s claim was initially denied on November 9, 2012, and she filed a Request for Hearing
before an Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”) on January 10, 2013 (Tr. 153, 160). An ALJ held a

hearing on March 18, 2014 (Tr. 85-108). During the course of that hearing, the ALJ determined
he had insufficient records to formulate a proper hypothetical question to the vocational expert
(Tr. 107). As a result, the ALJ halted the hearing and ordered Plaintiff to undergo consultative
examinations with an internist and a psychologist, as well as having her hands and wrists x-rayed
(Id.). After the results of those additional exams were submitted, the ALJ held a supplemental
hearing on September 4, 2014 (Tr. 109-122). After the supplemental hearing, by decision dated
September 26, 2014, the ALJ found Plaintiff not disabled (Tr. 13-23). On January 12, 2014, the
Appeals Council denied Plaintiff’s request for review (Tr. 1-6).
Upon appeal by Plaintiff to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of
Missouri, the undersigned reversed and remanded the case on March 27, 2017 (Tr. 706-30).
After a second hearing, by decision dated March 8, 2019, a different ALJ found Plaintiff not
disabled (Tr. 596-622). The Appeals Council denied Plaintiff’s request for review on March 8,
2019 (Tr. 586-592). As such, the ALJ’s March 8, 2019 decision stands as the final decision of
the Commissioner.
II. DECISION OF THE ALJ
The ALJ determined that Plaintiff has not engaged in substantial gainful activity since
June 7, 2012, the application date (Tr. 601). The ALJ found Plaintiff has the severe impairments
of Factor V deficiency with history of chronic deep vein thrombosis and placement of an inferior
vena cava filter, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (“COPD”), migraines, degenerative joint
disease of the cervical spine, hypothyroidism, mild obstructive sleep apnea, spondylosis and
osteopenia of the lumbar spine, history of obesity, depression, attention deficit disorder
(“ADD”), bipolar disorder, social anxiety disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder (“PTSD”)
but that no impairment or combination of impairments met or medically equaled the severity of

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one of the listed impairments in 20 C.F.R. Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1 (Tr. 601-04). After
considering the entire record, the ALJ determined Plaintiff has the residual functional capacity
(“RFC”) to perform sedentary work with the following limitations (Tr. 604). Plaintiff can
frequently reach overhead and in all directions bilaterally (Tr. 604-05). Plaintiff can
occasionally climb ramps or stairs, but not ladders, ropes, or scaffolds (Tr. 605). Plaintiff can
occasionally balance, stoop, kneel, crouch, or crawl (Id.). Plaintiff can never work at
unprotected heights, around moving mechanical parts, or operating a motor vehicle as a job duty
(Id.). She can never work in humidity and wetness, extreme heat, or in vibration (Id.). Plaintiff
can occasionally be exposed to dust, odors, fumes, and pulmonary irritants (Id.). She can work
in a moderate noise environment (Id.). Plaintiff can perform simple, routine, and repetitive tasks
but not at a production pace rate such as an assembly line work (Id.). She can make simple
work-related decisions (Id.). She can have occasional interaction with supervisors and
coworkers and no interaction with the general public (Id.). The ALJ found Plaintiff did not have
any past relevant work but that there are jobs that exist in significant numbers in the national
economy that Plaintiff can perform such as document preparer and addressing clerk (Tr. 612-13).
The ALJ specifically also found that the evidence did not indicate any conflicts between
occupational evidence provided by the vocational expert and the information in the Dictionary of
Occupational Titles (DOT) (Tr. 613).1 Thus, the ALJ concluded that Plaintiff has not been under
a disability from June 7, 2012, through the date of the decision (Id.). Plaintiff appeals, arguing a
lack of substantial evidence to support the Commissioner’s decision.

U.S. Department of Labor (4th ed. rev.1991) (hereinafter “DOT”). The Social Security
Administration takes administrative notice of the DOT. See 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1566(d)(1),
416.966(d)(1).
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III. LEGAL STANDARD
Under the Social Security Act, the Commissioner has established a five-step process for
determining whether a person is disabled. 20 C.F.R. §§ 416.920, 404.1529. “If a claimant fails
to meet the criteria at any step in the evaluation of disability, the process ends and the claimant is
determined to be not disabled.” Goff v. Barnhart, 421 F.3d 785, 790 (8th Cir. 2005) (quoting
Eichelberger v. Barnhart, 390 F.3d 584, 590-91 (8th Cir. 2004)). In this sequential analysis, the
claimant first cannot be engaged in “substantial gainful activity” to qualify for disability benefits.
20 C.F.R. §§ 416.920(b), 404.1520(b). Second, the claimant must have a severe impairment. 20
C.F.R. §§ 416.920(c), 404.1520(c). The Social Security Act defines “severe impairment” as
“any impairment or combination of impairments which significantly limits [claimant’s] physical
or mental ability to do basic work activities. . . .” Id. “‘The sequential evaluation process may
be terminated at step two only when the claimant’s impairment or combination of impairments
would have no more than a minimal impact on [his or] her ability to work.’” Page v. Astrue, 484
F.3d 1040, 1043 (8th Cir. 2007) (quoting Caviness v. Massanari, 250 F.3d 603, 605 (8th Cir.
2001), citing Nguyen v. Chater, 75 F.3d 429, 430-31 (8th Cir. 1996)).
Third, the ALJ must determine whether the claimant has an impairment which meets or
equals one of the impairments listed in the Regulations. 20 C.F.R. §§ 416.920(d), 404.1520(d).
If the claimant has one of, or the medical equivalent of, these impairments, then the claimant is
per se disabled without consideration of the claimant’s age, education, or work history. Id.
Fourth, the impairment must prevent the claimant from doing past relevant work. 20
C.F.R. §§ 416.920(f), 404.1520(f). The burden rests with the claimant at this fourth step to
establish his or her RFC. Steed v. Astrue, 524 F.3d 872, 874 n.3 (8th Cir. 2008) (“Through step
four of this analysis, the claimant has the burden of showing that she is disabled.”). The ALJ

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will review a claimant’s RFC and the physical and mental demands of the work the claimant has
done in the past. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(f).
Fifth, the severe impairment must prevent the claimant from doing any other work. 20
C.F.R. §§ 416.920(g), 404.1520(g). At this fifth step of the sequential analysis, the
Commissioner has the burden of production to show evidence of other jobs in the national
economy that can be performed by a person with the claimant’s RFC. Steed, 524 F.3d at 874
n.3. If the claimant meets these standards, the ALJ will find the claimant to be disabled. “The
ultimate burden of persuasion to prove disability, however, remains with the claimant.” Young v.
Apfel, 221 F.3d 1065, 1069 n.5 (8th Cir. 2000). See also Harris v. Barnhart, 356 F.3d 926, 931
n.2 (8th Cir. 2004) (citing 68 Fed. Reg. 51153, 51155 (Aug. 26, 2003)); Stormo v. Barnhart, 377
F.3d 801, 806 (8th Cir. 2004) (“The burden of persuasion to prove disability and to demonstrate
RFC remains on the claimant, even when the burden of production shifts to the Commissioner at
step five.”). Even if a court finds that there is a preponderance of the evidence against the ALJ’s
decision, the decision must be affirmed if it is supported by substantial evidence. Clark v.
Heckler, 733 F.2d 65, 68 (8th Cir. 1984). “Substantial evidence is less than a preponderance but
is enough that a reasonable mind would find it adequate to support the Commissioner’s
conclusion.” Krogmeier v. Barnhart, 294 F.3d 1019, 1022 (8th Cir. 2002). See also Cox v.
Astrue, 495 F.3d 614, 617 (8th Cir. 2007).
It is not the job of the district court to re-weigh the evidence or review the factual record
de novo. Id. Instead, the district court must simply determine whether the quantity and quality
of evidence is enough so that a reasonable mind might find it adequate to support the ALJ’s
conclusion. Davis v. Apfel, 239 F.3d 962, 966 (8th Cir. 2001) (citing McKinney v. Apfel, 228
F.3d 860, 863 (8th Cir. 2000)). Weighing the evidence is a function of the ALJ, who is the fact-

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finder. Masterson v. Barnhart, 363 F.3d 731, 736 (8th Cir. 2004). Thus, an administrative
decision which is supported by substantial evidence is not subject to reversal merely because
substantial evidence may also support an opposite conclusion or because the reviewing court
would have decided differently. Krogmeier, 294 F.3d at 1022.
IV. DISCUSSION
In her appeal of the Commissioner’s decision, Plaintiff argues that the ALJ’s
determination that Plaintiff retains the residual functional capacity to perform significant
numbers of jobs that exist in the national economy is not supported by substantial evidence.
Specifically, Plaintiff asserts that the two jobs identified by the vocational expert, document
preparer (DOT #249.587-018) and addressing clerk (DOT #209.587-010), conflict with the
ALJ’s determination to limit Plaintiff to simple, routine, and repetitive tasks and simple workrelated decisions because they require level 3 and level 2 reasoning, respectively. Therefore,
Plaintiff argues that there is a conflict between the DOT and the vocational expert’s testimony
and, as such, the vocational expert’s testimony cannot constitute substantial evidence upon which
that ALJ may rely. For the following reasons, the Court finds that Plaintiff’s arguments are
without merit, and that the ALJ’s decision is based on substantial evidence and is consistent with
the Regulations and case law.
In his opinion, the ALJ determined that, in addition to other limitations, Plaintiff can
perform simple, routine, and repetitive tasks and can make simple work-related decisions (Tr.
605). The ALJ thereafter determined that there were other jobs that exist in significant numbers
in the national economy that Plaintiff can perform, including document preparer (DOT
#249.587-018) and addressing clerk (DOT #209.587-010) (Tr. 613). The ALJ specifically also
found that the evidence did not indicate any conflicts between occupational evidence provided

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by the vocational expert and the information in the Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT) and
cited to Social Security Ruling 00-4p (Id.). In doing so, the ALJ relied on the testimony of
vocational expert Holly Berquist Neal (“Ms. Neal”) (Tr. 659-665).
During the December 6, 2017 hearing, the ALJ presented Ms. Neal with a hypothetical
which included the following limitations of an individual: “they would be limited to simple,
routine, and repetitive tasks, but not at a production rate pace, like assembly line work; they are
limited to simple work-related decisions” (Tr. 662). Ms. Neal testified that Plaintiff could
perform the jobs of document preparer (DOT #249.587-018) and addressing clerk (DOT
#209.587-010) (Id.). Prior to presenting Ms. Neal with this hypothetical, Ms. Neal responded in
the affirmative when the ALJ asked, “And do you understand if you give us an opinion which
conflicts with the information in the DOT that you need to advise of the conflict and the basis for
your opinion?” (Tr. 661). While Ms. Neal addressed other conflicts with the DOT when asked
about additional limitations, Ms. Neal did not indicate that there was any conflict with the
positions she identified and the DOT (See Tr. 659-665). Plaintiff did not raise any objections to
Ms. Neal’s testimony at the hearing.
At Step Five of the sequential analysis, the Commissioner has the burden of production to
show evidence of other jobs in the national economy that can be performed by a person with the
claimant’s RFC. Steed, 524 F.3d at 874 n.3. To that end, Social Security Ruling 00-4p requires
an ALJ who takes testimony from a vocational expert about the requirements of a particular job
to determine whether that testimony is consistent with the DOT. Social Security Ruling (“SSR”)
00-4p, 2000 WL 1898704, at *2 (Dec. 4, 2000). The ALJ must ask the VE if there is a conflict.
Id. If there is an apparent conflict, the ALJ must then “elicit a reasonable explanation for the
conflict before relying on the VE . . . evidence to support a determination or decision about

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whether the claimant is disabled.” Id. at *2-*3. The ALJ must also explain in his decision how
he resolved the conflict. Id. at *3. Accordingly, “an ALJ cannot rely on expert testimony that
conflicts with the job classifications in the [DOT] unless there is evidence in the record to rebut
those classifications.” Jones ex rel. Morris v. Barnhart, 315 F.3d 974, 979 (8th Cir. 2003)
(citing Porch v. Chater, 115 F.3d 567, 572 (8th Cir.1997)).
The Court finds that the reasoning requirements of the jobs identified by the VE, and
relied upon by the ALJ in his determination, do not create an apparent, unresolved conflict with
Plaintiff’s RFC. The jobs of document preparer (DOT #249.587-018) and addressing clerk
(DOT #209.587-010) as described in the DOT require reasoning of level 3 and level 2,
respectively. Reasoning level 3 is defined as the ability to: “Apply commonsense understanding
to carry out instructions furnished in written, oral, or diagrammatic form. Deal with problems
involving several concrete variables in or from standardized situations.” DOT 249.587-018.
Reasoning level 2 requires the following abilities: “Apply commonsense understanding to carry
out detailed but uninvolved written or oral instructions. Deal with problems involving a few
concrete variables in or from standardized situations.” DOT 209.587.010. However, there is not
an apparent conflict between these reasoning levels and Plaintiff’s RFC limiting her to simple,
routine, and repetitive tasks and making only simple work-related decisions. The ALJ did not
limit Plaintiff to “simple one- or two- step instructions” or otherwise indicate that Plaintiff could
perform only occupations at a Level one reasoning level. Welsh v. Colvin, 765 F.3d 926, 930
(8th Cir. 2014) (“The failure to address any potential inconsistency between the RFC’s limitation
to simple, routine, repetitive work and the DOT’s requirement of level three reasoning does not
require a remand.”). Cf. Stanton v. Comm’r, Soc. Sec. Admin., 899 F.3d 555, 558 (8th Cir. 2018)
(finding the Commissioner’s step five analysis not to be supported by substantial evidence when

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the hypothetical posed by the ALJ to the vocational expert limited plaintiff to level 1 reasoning,
the vocational expert identified jobs with level 2 reasoning, and neither the ALJ nor the
vocational expert addressed the apparent conflict); Thomas v. Berryhill, 881 F.3d 672, (8th Cir.
2018) (similarly finding the Commissioner’s step five analysis warranted remand when the ALJ
limited plaintiff to “1 to 2 step tasks” but the vocational expert identified a position with level 3
reasoning and failed to address the apparent conflict). Moreover, the reasoning level definition is
an upper limit across all jobs in the occupational category, not a requirement of every job within
the category. Moore v. Astrue, 623 F.3d 599, 604 (8th Cir. 2010). Indeed, the Eighth Circuit
directs the Court to treat the DOT as “generic job descriptions that offer the approximate
maximum requirements for each position, rather than their range.” Welsh, 765 F.3d at 929.
When substantial evidence supports the hypothetical and when there is no conflict between the
VE’s testimony and the DOT, the articulation requirement of SSR 00-4p does not apply. Moore,
623 F.3d at 605 (“Because substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s phrasing of the hypothetical
to the vocational expert, and there was no conflict between the vocational expert’s testimony and
the DOT, the ALJ properly relied on the testimony.”). As such, the Court finds that the ALJ
posed a proper hypothetical to the VE; and that the ALJ properly relied on the VE’s testimony
that there was work existing in significant numbers which Plaintiff could perform. Accordingly,
the Court concludes that the ALJ’s determination at Step Five is supported by substantial
evidence.
V. CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth above, the Court finds that substantial evidence on the record as
a whole supports the Commissioner’s decision that Plaintiff is not disabled.
Accordingly,

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IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that the decision of the Commissioner is AFFIRMED, and
Plaintiff’s Complaint is DISMISSED, with prejudice.
A separate judgment shall be entered incorporating this Memorandum and Order.
Dated this 29th day of September, 2020.

/s/ Noelle C. Collins
NOELLE C. COLLINS
UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

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