Halkmon v. Wallace

Filing 47

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER - IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Petitioner's motion [Doc. 20] is DENIED. Petitioner's original federal habeas petition remains pending. Signed by Magistrate Judge Thomas C. Mummert, III on March 13, 2015. (MCB)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF MISSOURI
EASTERN DIVISION
RONALD K. HALKMON,
Petitioner,
vs.
IAN WALLACE,
Respondent.

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MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
This matter is before the Court on a "first supplemental motion to add new claims"
("motion") [Doc. 20] filed by Ronald K. Halkmon1 ("Petitioner"). Ian Wallace ("Respondent")
opposes the motion.
In 2009 Petitioner was convicted, after a jury trial, of one count each of first-degree
murder and first-degree robbery, and two counts of armed criminal action. During trial, the
State presented the testimony of several witnesses, including Petitioner's younger brother,
Avedou Harkmon ("Avedou").2
On direct appeal, the Missouri Court of Appeals described the circumstances
surrounding the shooting as follows:
In February 2008, Avedou . . . lived in the second-floor apartment at 5241
Lotus in St. Louis with his friend Edmond Mack (["Victim"]). The building was
owned by [Avedou]'s uncle, Leon Lewis (Lewis). [Avedou] and [Victim] sold
drugs out of the apartment. In early February, [Carlos] Vaughn, [Petitioner]'s
cousin[ and one of Petitioner's co-defendants], and his girlfriend . . . were living
in the first-floor apartment. At some point, Lewis evicted Vaughn and [his

1

Throughout the state court proceedings, Petitioner's last name was spelled either "Halkmon"
or "Halkman." The Court is spelling it the way Petitioner spelled it in his federal habeas petition.
2

Because this witness and Petitioner have the same last name, the Court will refer to this
witness by his first name.

girlfriend], and allowed [Petitioner] and his girlfriend . . . to live in the
downstairs apartment . . . . A few weeks later, Lewis evicted [Petitioner] and his
girlfriend . . . .
On February 25, 2008, [Petitioner] and [his girlfriend] were in the process
of moving out of the apartment while Vaughn and [his girlfriend] were moving
back in. [Kerry] Green, a friend of Vaughn's [and the other of Petitioner's two codefendants], was at the apartment to help Vaughn move in.
During the move, [Avedou] and [Victim] were upstairs watching
television. At some point, [Petitioner] knocked on the door to their apartment
and asked to use [Avedou]'s cell phone to call Lewis. During the call,
[Petitioner] became upset and argued with Lewis about the refund of
[Petitioner]'s deposit on the apartment. Later that day, [Petitioner] knocked on
the door to the upstairs apartment again and asked [Avedou] for a cigarette.
[Avedou] gave [Petitioner] a cigarette and [Petitioner] left the apartment.
[Petitioner] knocked on the [apartment] door again and, this time, [Victim]
answered the door. After [Victim] answered the door, [Avedou] heard [Victim]
come back up the stairs. [Petitioner] called [Victim] back downstairs, saying,
"Let me holler at you for a moment." As [Victim] went back down the stairs,
[Avedou] got up from his seat and went to the top of the stairs to see what was
going on. [Avedou] saw [Petitioner], Green, and Vaughn on the front porch as
[Victim] approached the door. [Avedou] heard [Petitioner] say to [Victim],
"What's going on with you and [my girlfriend]?" [Victim] responded, "Ain't
nothing going on with me and [her], go get [her]," and stepped out onto the
porch. [Avedou] returned to his chair inside the apartment. [Avedou] then heard
[Victim] say, "You tripping, Ron," and then a single gunshot.
[Avedou] ran to the top of the stairs where he saw [Victim] backing up the
stairs while [Petitioner] held [Victim]'s collar with one hand and a gun in the
other. [Victim] was trying to hold himself up while [Petitioner] was pulling him
down the stairs. [Petitioner] pulled [Victim] onto the porch, then Green and
Vaughn reached into [Victim]'s pants pockets. [Avedou] did not see if Green and
Vaughn took anything from [Victim]'s pockets but stated that [Victim] usually
carried approximately $50 on his person.
[Avedou] ran into the living room and called 911. [Avedou] told the 911
operator that he did not know who shot [Victim]. [Avedou] ran down to the
porch in time to see [Petitioner], Green, and Vaughn run off the porch and into
Green's vehicle. [Vaughn's girlfriend] was on the porch and began giving
[Victim] CPR. [Victim] was bleeding badly, and told [Avedou], "Your brother
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was tripping." [Avedou] testified that he called his sister Marnesa [Lewis]3 and
told her that [Petitioner] had just shot [Victim]. [Victim] died from a single
gunshot to his back that entered his chest.
When the police arrived, [Victim]'s right pants pocket was pulled inside
out and no money was found on [Victim]'s body. At the scene, [Avedou] gave
the police a false name but an accurate birthday, social security number, and
contact information. [Avedou] initially told police that he did not know anything
about the shooting, and did not tell them that [Petitioner] was the shooter. When
Marnesa arrived at the scene, [Avedou] again told her that it was [Petitioner] who
had shot [Victim]. [Avedou] testified that after he left the scene he received
threatening phone calls from [Petitioner]. Later that night, the police contacted
[Avedou], and [Avedou] told the detective that [Petitioner] had shot [Victim].
[Petitioner] testified in his own defense. [Petitioner] stated that he,
[Avedou], and [Victim] had all been selling drugs from the apartment building.
[Petitioner] stated that he had a special arrangement with [Victim], wherein
[Petitioner] would supply the drugs and [Victim] would receive one-third of the
proceeds of the sales he made. [Petitioner] stated that [Avedou] was upset and
jealous because of this arrangement. [Petitioner] acknowledged that he talked
to Lewis that day but denied being upset or angry. [Petitioner] claimed that
[Avedou] was the one who was being evicted by Lewis and was angry.
[Petitioner] testified that later that evening, he was on the porch having a
conversation with Green when two or three customers approached the residence
to buy drugs. [Petitioner] stated that he yelled for [Victim] to come downstairs
and handle the sale. [Victim] came downstairs and made the transaction,
grossing $40. [Petitioner] said that [Avedou] came to the top of the stairs
whining, and that [Avedou] and [Victim] got into an argument about the
customers. [Petitioner] testified that he heard a gunshot, pushed the door open,
and saw [Victim] in the stairwell crumpled over while [Avedou] stood at the top
of the stairs. [Petitioner] said he tried to pull [Victim] onto the porch, and then
left the scene because he was carrying narcotics. After he was arrested,
[Petitioner] initially denied being at the apartment at the time of the shooting but
subsequently asserted that Green was the shooter. At trial, [Petitioner] testified
that neither statement was true. [Petitioner] denied that Green or Vaughn went
through [Victim]'s pockets after he was shot. [Petitioner] testified that he did not
leave the scene with Green because Green was already gone, and that Vaughn

3

Because her last name is the same as several other persons mentioned, the Court will refer to her by her
first name.
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was inside his apartment when [Victim] was shot.
Green testified that he was at the apartment that day to help Vaughn and
[his girlfriend] move into the downstairs apartment but he left before the shooting
occurred.
Vaughn did not testify at trial but presented [his girlfriend] as an alibi
witness. [She] testified that she and Vaughn were in the back area of the firstfloor apartment fixing a leak when they heard a commotion on the front porch.
When she opened the front door, [Victim] had already been shot and was lying
on the porch. [She] testified that no one else was outside when she opened the
front door and she did not see anyone going through [Victim]'s pockets. Vaughn
left the apartment while [she] attempted CPR on [Victim].
Mem. Supplementing Unpublished Per Curiam Order Affirming J. Pursuant to Rule 30.25(b),
dated Sept. 28, 2010, Resp't Ex. E, at 3-6 (footnote added). The trial court sentenced Petitioner
to concurrent terms of imprisonment of life without parole on the first-degree murder offense
and thirty-years on each of the other three offenses. Before filing this federal habeas
proceeding, Petitioner filed several state court proceedings challenging the conviction.
In his direct appeal, Petitioner presented two challenges to the sufficiency of the
evidence and two challenges to allegedly erroneous trial court rulings, one focusing on the
denial of his request for severance of trial from his two co-defendants and the other focusing
on the admission of hearsay evidence. Pet'r Br., Resp't Ex. C. The Missouri Court of Appeals
affirmed his conviction.

Unpublished Per Curiam Order, accompanied by a Mem.

Supplementing Order Affirming J. Pursuant to Rule 30.25(b), dated Sept. 28, 2010, Resp't Ex.
E.
Petitioner then filed a pro se post-conviction motion, presenting six claims for relief.
Pet'r Pro Se Post-Conviction Mot., Legal File, Resp't Ex. F, at 4-25. In particular, Petitioner

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contended he was entitled to relief based on prosecutorial misconduct, the ineffective assistance
of counsel provided by his trial attorney,4 the insufficiency of the evidence, the prosecutor's
refusal to sever his trial from that of his co-defendants, because there existed a conspiracy to
convict Petitioner, and due to the admission of certain testimony of Marnesa and Cyntoria
Lewis ("the Lewises").
In an amended post-conviction motion filed by Petitioner's appointed attorney, Petitioner
sought relief based on three claims and requested an evidentiary hearing. Pet'r Am. PostConviction Mot., Legal File, Resp't Ex. F, at 29-41. Specifically, Petitioner contended he was
entitled to relief due to the ineffective assistance of his trial attorney, the ineffective assistance
of his attorney on direct appeal, and prosecutorial misconduct. In relevant part, his ineffective
assistance of trial counsel claim was based on the attorney's failure to investigate and present
evidence rebutting Avedou's testimony. Id. at 34-35. Petitioner urged that
At some point prior to trial, or during trial, [Petitioner]'s trial counsel was
contacted in writing by Demetrius Ingram [(Ingram)]. . . . Ingram wrote
[Petitioner]'s trial counsel that Avedou . . . admitted to [Ingram] that [Avedou]
fabricated information he gave to the police related to the criminal case at issue.
Despite this, . . . Ingram was not contacted by [Petitioner]'s counsel nor called at
trial. In that Avedou['s] testimony and credibility were vital factors in the case,
defense counsel's failure to follow up and investigate this possible rebuttal
information/witness was professionally unreasonable. Further, [Petitioner] was
prejudiced by trial counsel's inaction because if . . . Ingram was called in rebuttal,
the State's key witness linking [Petitioner] to the charge, would have been
discredited.
Id. For his claim that his attorney on direct appeal provided ineffective assistance of counsel,

4

Petitioner also generally urged that his attorney on direct appeal provided ineffective
assistance of counsel but did not specify the basis for that claim.
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Petitioner contended that the attorney failed to raise on appeal the insufficiency of the evidence
to support any degree of murder, and instead raised only the insufficiency of the evidence to
support a finding of the "cool reflection" needed to establish first-degree murder. Id. at 35-36.
The post-conviction motion court denied Petitioner's post-conviction motion without
holding a hearing. Concls. of Law and Order, dated May 17, 2012, Legal File, Resp't Ex. F,
at 42-49.
In his post-conviction appeal, Petitioner presented three points, two challenging the
assistance of his trial attorney and one challenging a statement the prosecutor made during the
State's opening argument. Pet'r Br., Resp't Ex. G. In relevant part, Petitioner argued for his
second point that his trial attorney was ineffective in failing to investigate and to present the
rebuttal testimony of Ingram that Avedou told Ingram that he lied to the police regarding
Petitioner's involvement in the crimes. Id. at 15, 33.
The state appellate court affirmed the motion court's judgment. Unpublished Per Curiam
Order, supplemented with a memorandum sent to the parties only, dated Sept. 17, 2013, Resp't
Ex. I. With respect to point two, that court stated:
In his second point, [Petitioner] claims the motion court clearly erred in
denying his Rule 29.15 motion without an evidentiary hearing because trial
counsel was ineffective in failing to investigate and to present the rebuttal
testimony of . . . Ingram that Avedou told Ingram that he lied to the police
regarding [Petitioner]'s involvement in the crimes. [Petitioner] claims defense
counsel received a letter from Ingram declaring that Avedou had admitted to
Ingram he fabricated information he gave to the police about the shooting.
[Petitioner] maintains counsel unreasonably failed to contact Ingram and this
failure constituted ineffective assistance because Avedou's testimony and
credibility were vital factors in the case leading to [Petitioner]'s conviction, and
if Ingram had been called to rebut Avedou's testimony, the State's key witness
linking [Petitioner] to the shooting would have been discredited.
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[Petitioner] fails to allege what information was allegedly fabricated by
Avedou or how it would have rebutted Avedou's testimony implicating
[Petitioner] in [Victim]'s murder. To obtain a hearing based on counsel's failure
to investigate, a movant must specifically identify who the witness is, what his
testimony would be, whether or not counsel was informed of his existence, and
whether or not he was available to testify. Morrow v. State, 21 S.W.3d 819, 823
(Mo. banc 2000). [Petitioner] did not allege what Ingram would have testified
to if he had been called to do so. Therefore it is impossible to say with any
certainty Ingram's testimony would have rebutted Avedou's testimony and
discredited him as a witness, leading to [Petitioner]'s acquittal. Id. at 823-24;
Leisure v. State, 828 S.W.2d 872, 878 (Mo. banc 1992).
Based on the foregoing, we find [Petitioner] did not allege facts
demonstrating ineffective assistance of counsel based on failure to investigate,
and thus the motion court did not err in denying this claim without an evidentiary
hearing. Point II is denied.
Unpublished Per Curiam Order, supplemented with a memorandum sent to the parties only,
dated Sept. 17, 2013, Resp't Ex. I, at 8-9.
After the state court proceedings concluded, Petitioner filed his federal habeas petition
setting forth seven grounds for relief. In ground one, Petitioner asserts that his trial attorney
provided ineffective assistance by failing to investigate witnesses Icey Lewis (who is
Petitioner's mother) and Ingram, by disclosing to the State "attorney client work product," by
constructively waiving Petitioner's right to remain silent, by failing to object to the prosecutor's
misconduct, by failing to object to evidence of uncharged misconduct, and by failing to
subpoena Shante Jennings. Petitioner also states that "trial counsel's obvious reluctance to
make an ope[]ning, proves he had 'no strategy.'"
For his second ground, Petitioner seeks relief based on prosecutorial misconduct.
Specifically, Petitioner urges the State knowingly withheld Jennings' absence until the fifth day
of trial; the prosecutor misled the trial court with "statements of uncharged conduct through the
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testimony of witness[es] who w[]ere suppose[d] to be reh[a]bilita[]ting a prior consistent
statement"; and the prosecutor failed to advise the defense and the trial court that Jennings had
two active warrants at the time of Petitioner's trial.
The denial of severance is the basis of Petitioner's third ground for federal habeas relief.
Petitioner contends the lack of severance was improper because, through opening and closing
statements, as well as cross-examination of Petitioner, his co-defendants' defense was that
Petitioner did the shooting and the other two defendants had no involvement, and a "message
[was conveyed] to [the] jurors that [two] or more parties were guilty."
In ground four, Petitioner contends the admission of hearsay evidence, through the
Lewises' testimony, allowed admission of evidence of uncharged conduct, bolstered the State's
case, and allowed the portrayal of these two witnesses, who are Petitioner's sisters, as victims.
For ground five, Petitioner asserts he is entitled to relief due to "newly discovered
evidence," specifically a letter from Ingram to Petitioner's trial attorney which was discovered
when preparing for Petitioner's post-conviction appeal and had not been revealed at any time
earlier. The letter reportedly states that Ingram had information about two witnesses, Avedou
and Marnesa, and the first-degree murder charge against Petitioner. Petitioner further argues
that Ingram's affidavit, created after discovery of the letter, states that "both the state[']s
witness[es] spoke of a set-up in [Ingram's] presence, [and] Petitioner[']s mother was made
aware of this plot by . . . Ingram." Petitioner reports that his mother, Icey Lewis, "spoke of this
set up in personal letters sent to [him], that [Petitioner then] gave to trial counsel."
Petitioner's sixth ground for relief is based on the allegedly ineffective assistance of the

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attorneys who represented him during his post-conviction motion proceeding and in his postconviction appeal. Specifically, Petitioner contends that, under Martinez v. Ryan, 132 S. Ct.
1309, 1315 (2012), his post-conviction motion counsel failed properly to raise the
ineffectiveness of his attorney on direct appeal on the ground that the appellate attorney raised
a prosecutorial misconduct claim as a sufficiency of the evidence claim rather than as a standalone claim subject to plain error review. Additionally, Petitioner urges that his post-conviction
motion attorney failed to investigate Ingram and, after Petitioner received Ingram's affidavit,
failed to present it to the court reportedly because "it was too late to use." Petitioner argues
that Ingram's letter had not been available earlier because Petitioner's trial attorney never made
the existence of Ingram known to Petitioner and the "evidence" from Ingram was "received"
after Petitioner's post-conviction motion was filed and appealed.
Petitioner's seventh ground for federal habeas relief contends there is insufficient
evidence to support the first-degree murder conviction in that evidence refuted any "bad blood"
or "ill will" between Victim and the shooter, and to support the first-degree robbery conviction
in that there no showing whether or not Victim had "U.S. currency" on him at the time of the
shooting.
By his motion, which he pursues under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 15(c) and
15(d), Petitioner seeks to add four claims to his pending habeas petition. In his first proposed
claim, designated as "ground nine,"5 Petitioner alleges that his direct appeal attorney provided

5

There is no "ground eight" in either Petitioner's original habeas petition or Petitioner's motion.
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ineffective assistance of counsel by failing to raise a Brady violation based on the prosecutor's
alleged failure to provide Petitioner with information that Avedou was acting as a confidential
informant. Petitioner urges such information is both "critical impeachment information," due
to Avedou's allegedly false testimony that he had not worked with law enforcement officials
before, and evidence material to Petitioner's guilt or innocence.
For Petitioner's second proposed claim, which is designated as "ground ten," he contends
that his attorney on direct appeal was ineffective for failing to raise on appeal that the
prosecution knowingly used false testimony of Avedou, who "falsely testified that . . . he never
worked with law enforcement officials before, [and] the prosecutor did nothing to correct this
false testimony."
In Petitioner's third proposed claim, designated as "ground eleven," Petitioner argues,
pursuant to Martinez, supra, that his post-conviction motion attorney provided ineffective
assistance by failing to include in the amended post-conviction motion a claim that Petitioner's
trial attorney provided ineffective assistance by "failing to investigate, uncover, and present at
trial and in a motion for new trial" information regarding the State's Brady violation allegedly
occurring when the prosecutor failed to disclose that Avedou was a confidential informant.
For his fourth and final proposed claim, which is designated as "ground twelve,"
Petitioner urges, pursuant to Martinez, supra, that his post-conviction motion attorney provided
ineffective assistance by failing to include in the amended PCR motion a claim that Petitioner's
trial attorney provided ineffective assistance in failing to object to and preserve for appellate
review the State's alleged "knowing use of false testimony" by Avedou. In particular Petitioner
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points to Avedou's testimony that he never worked with law enforcement officials before,
which "false testimony" was not corrected by the prosecutor.
The Rule "governing pleading amendments, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15, [which
is] made applicable to habeas proceedings by [28 U.S.C. ] § 2242, Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 81(a)([4]), and Habeas Corpus Rule [12], allows pleading amendments with ['the
court's leave' at] any time during a proceeding. See Fed. Rule Civ. Proc. 15(a)." Mayle v.
Felix, 545 U.S. 644, 655 (2005) (addressing whether an amended habeas petition related back
to the original petition under prior Rule 15(c)(2), the predecessor to what is now Rule
15(c)(1)(B)). The decision whether or not to allow the amendment of a pleading is within this
Court's discretion, Moore-El v. Luebbers, 446 F.3d 890, 901 (8th Cir. 2006), keeping in mind
the directive of Rule 15(a) that a court "should freely give leave [to amend] when justice so
requires."
The court may disallow amendment [of a pleading] for various reasons, . . .
including 'undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motive on the part of the [petitioner],
repeated failures to cure deficiencies by amendments previously allowed, undue
prejudice to the opposing party by virtue of allowance of the amendment, [or]
futility of amendment.' Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 . . . (1962).
Moore-El, 446 F.3d at 901-02 (third alteration in the original).
Importantly, claims in an amended habeas petition filed after the expiration of the oneyear limitations period for the filing of a federal habeas petition under the Anti-Terrorism and
Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 ("AEDPA") may not be considered if they do not "relate
back" to the date of the original habeas petition. Mayle, 545 U.S. at 655 (discussing an
amended petition under prior Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(c)(2), the predecessor of what
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is now Rule 15(c)(1)(B)); accord McKay v. Purkett, 255 F.3d 660 (8th Cir. 2001) (per curiam)
(same, and finding no abuse of discretion in the district court's dismissal of an amended habeas
petition as untimely when the claims in that petition did not relate back to the claims in the
original, timely-filed habeas petition). In relevant part, claims relate back to the original claims
when the amended claims arise out of the "conduct, transaction, or occurrence set out – or
attempted to be set out – in the original pleading." Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(c)(1)(B). To relate back
in federal habeas proceedings, the original and amended claims must be "tied to a common core
of operative facts"; it is not enough that the new claims "relate to the same trial, conviction, or
sentence" as the original claims.

Mayle, 545 U.S. at 664, 662. More specifically, "[a]n

amended habeas petition . . . does not relate back (and thereby escape AEDPA's one-year time
limit) when it asserts a new ground for relief supported by facts that differ in both time and type
from those the original pleading set forth." Id. at 650.
Whether a motion to amend a federal habeas petition is timely under the AEDPA, or
untimely and contains claims that relate back to Petitioner's original claims, the Court may deny
leave to file if the amendment would be futile. Moore-El, 446 F.3d at 902. Here, Petitioner's
proposed amended claims are futile.
With respect to Petitioner's proposed claims that his attorney on direct appeal provided
ineffective assistance of counsel based on a failure to pursue on direct appeal either a Brady
violation claim (proposed "ground nine") or a claim the prosecutor knowingly used Avedou's
allegedly false testimony (proposed "ground ten"), these claims are procedurally barred from
consideration on their merits in this federal habeas proceeding due to Petitioner's failure to
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present the claims in his post-conviction proceeding. See Moore-El, 446 F.3d at 901-03
(affirming the denial of the petitioner's motion to amend his habeas petition on the ground the
amended petition included a defaulted claim).
A state prisoner must fairly present each of his claims in each appropriate state court
before seeking federal habeas review of the claim. Baldwin v. Reese, 541 U.S. 27, 29 (2004).
Absent a showing of cause and prejudice or a miscarriage of justice, a federal habeas court may
not reach the merits of a claim procedurally defaulted due to a petitioner's failure to follow
applicable state procedural rules in raising the claim in state court. Sawyer v. Whitley, 505
U.S. 333, 338 (1992). Missouri state law requires the raising of constitutional claims at the
first available opportunity in the state court proceedings. See In re T. E., 35 S.W.3d 497, 504
(Mo. Ct. App. 2001). The earliest point and exclusive procedure for raising a claim that an
attorney on direct appeal provided ineffective assistance of counsel is in a post-conviction
motion; a motion court's decision on such motions are subject to appeal; and successive postconviction motions are not permitted. Mo. S. Ct. Rule 29.15(a), 29.15(k), and 29.15(l); MooreEl, 446 F.3d at 896. Claims that should have been but were not presented in a post-conviction
motion or on appeal from a denial of a post-conviction motion are procedurally defaulted and
may not be considered in a federal habeas proceeding. See Interiano v. Dormire, 471 F.3d
854, 856 (8th Cir. 2006) (finding that claims not presented in an amended Rule 29.15 postconviction motion or appeal from the denial of that motion are procedurally defaulted).
Here, then, Petitioner had to present his proposed "ground nine" and proposed "ground
ten" no later than Petitioner's post-conviction motion proceeding. The record demonstrates that
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the two claims that Petitioner's attorney on direct appeal provided ineffective assistance of
counsel, which are Petitioner's proposed "ground nine" and proposed "ground ten," were not
presented in Petitioner's pro se post-conviction motion, Petitioner's amended post-conviction
motion, or Petitioner's post-conviction appeal. Therefore, those claims are procedurally
defaulted.
"Unless a habeas petitioner shows cause and prejudice or that he is actually innocent of
the charges, a [federal habeas] court may not reach the merits of procedurally defaulted
claims in which the petitioner failed to follow applicable state procedural rules in raising the
claims." Skillicorn v. Luebbers, 475 F.3d 965, 976-77 (8th Cir. 2007). "'[T]he existence of
cause for a procedural default must ordinarily turn on whether the prisoner can show that some
objective factor external to the defense impeded counsel's efforts to comply with the State's
procedural rule.'" Greer v. Minnesota, 493 F.3d 952, 957 (8th Cir. 2007) (quoting Murray v.
Carrier, 477 U.S. 478, 488 (1986)).

There is no exhaustive catalog of the objective

impediments, nor have the precise contours of the cause requirement been clearly defined. Ivy
v. Caspari, 173 F.3d 1136, 1140 (8th Cir. 1999).
Petitioner has not set forth any reason for his failure to pursue these two proposed
grounds in his post-conviction proceeding and, therefore, has not shown any cause to avoid the
default. To the extent the Court should consider Martinez, supra, as supporting a finding of
cause, that case is inapplicable because the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth
Circuit has concluded that case does not support a finding of cause unless the underlying
federal habeas claim is a claim that a trial attorney, as opposed to an attorney on direct appeal,
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provided ineffective assistance of counsel. Dansby v. Hobbs, 766 F.3d at 809, 833 (8th Cir.
2014). Because no cause has been established for Petitioner's procedural default, it is
unnecessary to consider whether he has demonstrated prejudice, Abdullah v. Groose, 75 F.3d
408, 413 (8th Cir. 1996) (en banc). Cause and prejudice does not support consideration of the
merits of these two defaulted claims.
The merits of these two proposed ineffective assistance of direct appeal counsel claims
may be reached, absent a showing of cause and prejudice, if Petitioner establishes that a failure
to consider their merits will result in a fundamental miscarriage of justice. "Procedurally
barring a claim that establishes actual innocence is considered a fundamental miscarriage of
justice." Cox v. Burger, 398 F.3d 1025, 1031 (8th Cir. 2005). A showing of actual innocence
requires new reliable evidence and a "show[ing] that 'it is more likely than not that no
reasonable juror would have convicted him in light of th[at] new evidence.'" Osborne v.
Purkett, 411 F.3d 911, 920 (8th Cir. 2005) (quoting Schlup v. Delo, 513 U.S. 298, 327 (1995)).
More specifically, Petitioner must present new reliable evidence that he was innocent of the
crime of which he was convicted." Storey v. Roper, 603 F.3d 507, 524 (8th Cir. 2010) (citing
House v. Bell, 547 U.S. 518, 537 (2006)). "The evidence is new only if it was not available at
trial and could not have been discovered earlier through the exercise of due diligence. Amrine
v. Bowersox, 128 F.3d 1222, 1230 (8th Cir. 1997) (en banc); accord Kidd v. Norman, 651
F.3d 947, 951-54 (8th Cir. 2011). "'Without any new evidence of innocence, even the existence
of a concededly meritorious constitutional violation is not in itself sufficient to establish a
miscarriage of justice that would allow a habeas court to reach the merits of a barred claim.'"
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Cagle v. Norris, 474 F.3d 1090, 1099 (8th Cir. 2007) (quoting Schlup, 513 U.S. at 316).
Petitioner has not presented any new evidence of his actual innocence to support
consideration of the merits of these two proposed claims. Nor does the Court consider Ingram's
information as new evidence of Petitioner's actual innocence. Ingram's letter was reportedly
sent to Petitioner's trial attorney prior to or during trial. See Pet'r Am. Post-Conviction Mot.,
Legal File, Resp'ts Ex. F, at 34. Therefore, it is not clear that the letter, which reportedly
resulted in a subsequent affidavit, constitutes "new" evidence even though Petitioner may not
have known about the letter prior to trial. It is not clear why Petitioner or his trial attorney
could not have discovered Ingram's information through the exercise of due diligence prior to
or during trial. Nor is it clear that Ingram's information in either the letter or affidavit, which
are not available in the record, constitutes "reliable" new evidence or establishes Petitioner's
"actual innocence" with respect to the charged offenses. Having concluded that Ingram's
reported information is not new or reliable evidence, the Court does not need to conduct further
analysis under Schlup. Nooner v. Hobbs, 689 F.3d 921, 937 (8th Cir. 2012). Without more,
Ingram's reported letter and affidavit do not support a determination that actual innocence
permits consideration of the merits of Petitioner's proposed new claims designated as grounds
nine and ten.
For the foregoing reasons, the two ineffective assistance of direct appeal counsel claims
proposed by Petitioner are procedurally barred and may not be considered on their merits.
Because the merits of those two proposed claims may not be addressed in this federal habeas
proceeding, pursuit of those claims is futile and the Court will deny Petitioner's motion as to
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grounds nine and ten.
With respect to Petitioner's proposed "ground eleven" and proposed "ground twelve,"
which are based on Martinez, the Court concludes those grounds are also futile. In those
claims, Petitioner argues that his post-conviction counsel was ineffective in failing to raise in
Petitioner's post-conviction motion claims that his trial attorney was ineffective (a) for failing
to investigate, uncover, and present at trial and in a motion for new trial the prosecutor's failure
to provide favorable evidence, in particular, information that would correct Avedou's allegedly
false testimony that he had not worked for law enforcement before ("ground eleven"), and (b)
for failing to object to and preserve for appellate review the prosecutor's knowing use of that
allegedly false testimony (ground twelve). Petitioner is not entitled to federal habeas relief due
to the ineffective assistance of post-conviction counsel.

28 U.S.C. § 2254(i) ("[t]he

ineffectiveness or incompetence of counsel during Federal or State collateral post-conviction
proceedings shall not be a ground for relief in a proceeding arising under section 2254").
Martinez did not change that principle and "create a freestanding [federal habeas] claim for
challenging a conviction or sentence based on the alleged ineffective assistance of state postconviction counsel." Lambrix v. Secretary, Fla. Dep't of Corr., 756 F.3d 1246, 1262-63
(11th Cir.), cert. denied, 135 S. Ct. 64 (2014) and pet. for cert. filed, Nos. 14-8193 and 14A-470
(filed Jan. 16, 2015). Rather, the opinion in Martinez provides a basis, through the allegedly
ineffective assistance of post-conviction counsel, for establishing cause to avoid a procedural
default of an ineffective assistance of trial attorney claim. Martinez, 132 S. Ct. at 1320.
Because Petitioner would not be entitled to federal habeas relief on his proposed "ground
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eleven" and "ground twelve," those claims are futile.
Having concluded that all four of Petitioner's proposed claims are futile, the Court will
deny Petitioner's motion to the extent it seeks to amend his pending federal habeas petition to
include those claims.
The Court will also deny the motion to the extent Petitioner seeks leave under Fed. R.
Civ. P. 15(d) to supplement his petition with the four proposed claims. That Rule allows the
supplementation of a pleading through the addition of claims based on circumstances "that
happened after the date of the pleading to be supplemented" (emphasis added). To the contrary,
Petitioner's four proposed claims arise out of circumstances that occurred before he filed the
federal habeas petition he seeks to supplement. Therefore, Rule 15(d) does not support the
granting of his motion.
Under the circumstances, the Court will deny Petitioner's motion.
Accordingly, after careful consideration,
IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Petitioner's motion [Doc. 20] is DENIED.
Petitioner's original federal habeas petition remains pending.
/s/ Thomas C. Mummert, III
THOMAS C. MUMMERT, III
UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
Dated this 13th day of March, 2015.

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