Housel v. The Home Depot U.S.A., Inc. et al
Filing
180
ORDER granting 42 motion for summary judgment; finding as moot 141 motion to strike ; finding as moot 149 motion to strike ; finding as moot 160 motion to strike ; finding as moot 161 motion to strike ; finding as moot 162 motion to strike ; finding as moot 163 motion to strike ; finding as moot 164 motion to strike ; finding as moot 167 motion to strike. Signed on 7/21/2016 by District Judge M. Douglas Harpool. (Hance, Breanna)
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
WESTERN DISTRICT OF MISSOURI
SOUTHWESTERN DIVISION
EDIE HOUSEL,
)
)
Plaintiff,
)
)
v.
)
)
HD DEVELOPMENT OF MARYLAND, INC., )
and HOME DEPOT U.S.A., INC.,
)
)
Defendants.
)
Case No. 3:14-cv-05084-MDH
ORDER
Before the Court is Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. 42). Upon careful
review of the issues raised and arguments provided, the Court hereby GRANTS Defendants’
motion and enters judgment in favor of Defendants and against Plaintiff on all remaining claims.
I. BACKGROUND
Plaintiff commenced the present action in state court seeking compensation for the
alleged wrongful death of her family members who perished in the Joplin tornado of May 22,
2011. The petition alleges that Plaintiff’s husband and two minor children sought refuge inside
the Joplin Home Depot store and that “Plaintiff’s decedents were directed to the training room in
the back of the building . . . but before they could reach the area, the large unsupported wall
panels collapsed on top of them” and “Plaintiff’s decedents were killed as a result of injuries
sustained during the tornado.” Plaintiff brought the action against Home Depot U.S.A., Inc.
d/b/a Home Depot and HD Development of Maryland, Inc. (collectively, “Home Depot”) as the
alleged owner/operator of the Joplin Home Depot store and against Casco Diversified
Corporation (“Casco”) as the alleged architect/builder of the Joplin Home Depot store.
Home Depot removed the case to federal district court on the basis of diversity
jurisdiction and fraudulent joinder. Home Depot argued that in-state defendant Casco was
fraudulently joined because Plaintiff’s claims against Casco were barred as a matter of law by
Missouri’s ten-year statute of repose for tort actions against architects and builders arising from
defective improvements to real property. See generally Mo. Rev. Stat. § 516.097 (ten-year
statute of repose for tort actions against architects, engineers, or builders arising from alleged
defective improvements to real property). The Court agreed and dismissed Plaintiff’s claims
against Casco.
Home Depot’s summary judgment motion now argues that summary judgment is
appropriate because: (1) the Act of God defense relieves Home Depot of liability, (2) Home
Depot is not liable for the acts of CASCO and Home Depot had no knowledge of any of the
alleged defects in its building, (3) there is insufficient evidence to allow a reasonable fact-finder
to conclude that any act or omission on the part of Home Depot was a proximate cause of the
decedents’ deaths, (4) there is insufficient evidence beyond mere surmise or conjecture to show
that decedents would have escaped the harm caused by the tornado. Plaintiff counters that the
Act of God defense does not apply where there is a negligent actor and, here, Home Depot was a
negligent actor because Home Depot “breached [its] duty of care in designing and constructing
the Joplin Home Depot building” because “the building failed to meet minimum design
standards and Defendants failed to inspect the roof structure’s welds.” Plaintiff argues Home
Depot’s negligence caused the decedents’ deaths because the building “failed prematurely during
the tornado at the exact location of design weakness and missing inspections” and “[i]f the roof
diaphragm and walls had lasted longer, Rusty and the children would have had time to get to a
survivable area.”
2
After Defendant’s motion was fully briefed, the Court allowed an additional period of
discovery. The Court held oral arguments on the motion and gave the parties an opportunity to
submit post-hearing briefs.
The issues are now fully briefed and Defendants’ motion for
summary judgment is ripe for review.
II. STANDARD
Summary judgment is proper where, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to
the non-moving party, there are no genuine issues of material fact and the moving party is
entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); Reich v. ConAgra, Inc., 987 F.2d
1357, 1359 (8th Cir. 1993). “Where there is no dispute of material fact and reasonable fact
finders could not find in favor of the nonmoving party, summary judgment is appropriate.”
Quinn v. St. Louis County, 653 F.3d 745, 750 (8th Cir. 2011). Initially, the moving party bears
the burden of demonstrating the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Celotex Corp. v.
Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). If the movant meets the initial step, the burden shifts to the
nonmoving party to “set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.”
Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986).
To satisfy this burden, the
nonmoving party must “do more than simply show there is some metaphysical doubt as to the
material facts.” Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986).
III. DISCUSSION
Defendants’ motion for summary judgment turns on two disputed issues: (1) whether
there is sufficient evidence to show that Home Depot breached a legal duty owed to the
decedents, and (2) whether there is sufficient evidence to show that any breach by Home Depot
caused the decedents’ deaths.1 Upon review of the evidence and arguments provided, the Court
1
As discussed by the parties, the Act of God defense does not apply where the resulting harm is in some part
attributable to the defendant. See generally Kennedy v. Union Electric Co. of Missouri, 358 Mo. 504, 216 S.W.2d
3
finds Plaintiff failed to present sufficient evidence to allow a reasonable fact-finder to conclude
that Home Depot breached a duty that caused the decedents’ deaths.
A. Undisputed Material Facts
Background of the Joplin Tornado
On Sunday, May 22, 2011, a catastrophic multiple-vex EF-5 tornado with maximum
winds speeds over 200 miles per hour struck Joplin, Missouri. The tornado reached a width of
nearly three-fourths of a mile during its 22-mile path through the southern part of the city. The
Joplin tornado resulted in 161 fatalities, injured more than 1,150 others, caused catastrophic
damage to more than 8,000 homes, 500 commercial properties, and 18,000 vehicles, and caused
nearly $3 billion in damage. The Joplin tornado is considered the deadliest tornado to hit the
United States since 1947, it is ranked seventh among the deadliest tornadoes in United States
history, and it is considered the single costliest tornado in United States history.2
According to an article in the Natural Hazards Observer, “[o]ne unique aspect of the
Joplin tornado was the broad range of building systems it affected.” The article explained that
“[w]hile most buildings damaged by tornadoes are typically low-rise, marginally or non
756, 763 (Mo.banc 1948) (“When the result in part is ascribable to the participation of man, either through active
intervention or neglect or failure to act, ‘the whole occurrence is thereby humanized, as it were, and removed from
the operation of the rules applicable to the acts of God.’”); see, e.g., Robinson v. Missouri State Highway & Transp.
Comm'n, 24 S.W.3d 67, 80 (Mo. Ct. App. 2000) (“As such, the fact that the rainstorm on September 22, 1993, was
an act of God did not relieve the respondents of their liability for any acts of negligence on their part in constructing
and maintaining their levees.”). Here, Plaintiff argues the Act of God defense does not apply because Defendants
failed to exercise due care prior to the tornado and because Defendants’ actions/inactions concurred with the Act of
God to cause Plaintiff’s injuries. Thus, the Court must decide whether sufficient evidence supports Plaintiff’s
argument that Home Depot failed to exercise reasonable care and its conduct was a cause of Plaintiff’s injuries.
2
As a point of comparison, about 95% of all tornadoes in the United States are below EF-3 intensity and only about
0.1% of all tornadoes in the United States achieve EF-5 status. The Joplin tornado was the first EF-5 tornado to
touch down in Missouri since May 20, 1957 and it was only the second EF-5 tornado in Missouri recordkeeping
history. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (“NOAA”), “2011 was an unusually
active and deadly year for tornadoes across the U.S. . . . more than any other year on record except for 2004” and
May of 2011 “was the deadliest May since 1933.” A report completed by FEMA’s Mitigation Assessment Team
(MAT) following the tornado explained that “the May 22 Joplin, MO, tornado was an isolated occurrence on a day
forecasted by the SPC as having only a moderate risk for tornado activity” and “[t]he atmospheric conditions and
thunderstorm dynamics rapidly evolved during the afternoon hours to produce a complex interaction of
circumstances leading to the Joplin, MO tornado.”
4
engineered buildings like manufactured homes, the Joplin tornado damaged non-engineered and
engineered buildings alike.” Both the Natural Hazards Observer article and a FEMA Mitigation
Assessment Team (MAT) report observed that building code requirements do not require a
building to withstand extreme wind events such as an EF-4 or EF-5 tornado. The MAT report
stated that even buildings designed and constructed in accordance with applicable building codes
in Joplin “experienced failure of the building envelope and structural systems when loaded
beyond code parameters.”
The Decedents
On May 22, 2011, Edie Housel ate dinner at McAllister’s Deli on Rangeline Road in
Joplin, Missouri with her husband, Russell Howard, and their two children, Harli Howard, age
five, and Hayze Howard, age nineteen months. After they were finished eating, Edie headed to
Freeman Hospital, where she was scheduled to work the night shift as a nurse. Edie and Russell
spoke on their cell phones at 5:43 p.m. as the tornado sirens were going off. Russell told Edie
that he was going inside the Joplin Home Depot store with the children. Russell’s truck was
found under the canopy in front of the lumbar entrance of the Joplin Home Depot store. The
bodies of Russell and his two children were later found under the west wall panel in the
southwest corner of the Joplin Home Depot store.
Steve Cope testified that he saw the
decedents’ bodies after the storm passed and the bodies were located at the base of the west wall,
just inside the store, in a crouched position. He testified that the decedents’ bodies were found
near the same vicinity as the body of Dean Wells, a Home Depot Employee, who was located
approximately 20 to 30 feet east of the decedents’ bodies, closer to the back of the store.
5
The Joplin Tornado at the Joplin Home Depot
As the tornado watches and warnings progressed on May 22, 2011, employees at the
Joplin Home Depot store met and monitored the developing weather conditions. When the
tornado sirens went off for the first time, the Home Depot store manager sent a page over the
intercom for associates and customers to be aware that a weather event was happening. The
Home Depot management team conducted a sweep of the building to ensure that all customers
were aware that they needed to move to the back of the building to the training room. The
management team members then posted to assigned areas of the store to maintain visualization
and secure the entrances. Individuals from the area surrounding the store attempted to take
refuge inside the Joplin Home Depot store up to the time the tornado struck.
When the weather appeared to worsen, and shortly after the second tornado siren
sounded, the store manager sent another page for all associates to go back to the training room
and to ensure that all customers were back in the training room. The store manager testified that
a short time later he saw a spark at the front entrance, the power went out, and the front glass
doors blew in. At that time, the store manager was standing near the registers at the front
entrance to the store and he immediately turned and ran in the dark straight to the training room;
by the time he arrived at the training room, he stated the roof was coming off the building and
the training room walls were leaning such that it was difficult to close the training room door.
Home Depot employee Jose Barbosa testified that he was standing near the kitchen and bath area
when the store went dark and he felt the ground begin to shake and saw a growing hole in the
roof; he stated that he used the flashlight on his phone to try to get back to the training room but
he ended up at the women’s bathroom, which was no longer there, so he held onto the women’s
bathroom door until the storm passed.
Another Home Depot employee, Joseph Cabalero,
6
testified that he was running from the front entrance of the store to the training room area when
the lights went out; he stated he then hit a beam, ended up in the carpet area where he found an
associate and a customer, and then they all found their way back to the training room using a
light on the associate’s phone. All of the individuals in the training room survived the tornado.
The National Weather Service rated the tornado as an EF-4 or EF-5 in vicinity of the
Joplin Home Depot store, the MAT report ranked the tornado as an EF-4 at the location of the
Joplin Home Depot store, and a National Institute of Standards and Technology investigation
rated the tornado as an EF-3 at the Joplin Home Depot store. A total of eight individuals
reportedly perished inside the Joplin Home Depot store during the tornado, including Plaintiff’s
three family members. Inspections showed that the building failure occurred at the welded
connections; specifically, the roof welds came apart, the roofing system was ripped off of the
store, and the tilt-in walls collapsed.3 The parties do not dispute that, due to the strength of the
winds associated with the tornado, which exceeded wind speeds required by the Joplin building
code, the roof of the Joplin Home Depot store was going to come off at some point during the
tornado even if the alleged design and construction flaws did not exist. MSJ Oral Arg. Tr. 38.
Plaintiff argues only that the building’s destruction would have been delayed had the building
not suffered from the alleged flaws.
Design and Construction of the Joplin Home Depot
Home Depot generally delegated to the architects and engineers it hired on a construction
project the authority to act on its behalf in the design, construction, code compliance, and
coordination of the stores. Home Depot provided its architects and engineers with a specific
“prototype” layout for the store, which was a fixture layout including elements such as building
3
The tilt-in walls of the Joplin Home Depot could not stand upright without the roofing system or some other type
of shoring or bracing and the building contained no redundancy in the construction for holding up the walls.
7
outline, square footage, floor plan, rack layout, etc., and then the outside architect was
responsible for drawing the construction plans around the prototype in light of local codes and
terrain. Home Depot had no policies, procedures, or practices regarding in-house assessments on
whether stores built in 2000 were designed and built to code other than delegating such
responsibility to its hired and licensed architect of record and including a provision in the
contract requiring the architect to design the building in accordance with local laws and
ordinances. A Home Depot representative further noted that the outside architects and engineers
were required to complete inspections throughout construction of the project and that the city
would issue a certificate of occupancy to open the store. Home Depot had a construction team
that generally oversaw the construction of the stores and was responsible for ensuring the store
opened on time and on budget.4
CASCO Diversified Corporation (“Casco”) prepared the architectural plans and
specifications for the design of the Joplin Home Depot store, which was built in the year 2000.
The contract between Home Depot and Casco could not be located but the parties agree that a
contract existed between Home Depot and Casco and that it contained certain standard
conditions. For example, the contract contained a provision stating that before any drawings or
designs could be changed they had to be approved by Home Depot; a provision stating that
Casco had the authority to act on behalf of Home Depot only to the extent provided in the
4
The director of the construction team held a bachelor of architecture degree and the project managers held degrees
related to the developmental process, including, for example, degrees in construction management, industrial
engineering, civil engineering, or architecture. The construction team held developmental meetings every six to
eight weeks to discuss the status of various projects, scheduling, budget, and any issues that arose at a particular
store. Each meeting covered dozens of projects, not just the Joplin Home Depot project. Other parties present at the
meetings included Home Depot’s development staff, real estate department, store planning department, and Home
Depot’s outside attorneys and architects. The construction team made no decisions related to design of the store or,
specifically, to roof resistance uplift pressure; such decisions and the responsibility for compliance with local
ordinances was delegated to the individual architect and engineers. The project managers would visit the job site
every couple of weeks and review the general progress of the project, meaning review the schedule, cost, and quality
of the observable product on project – for example, observing a floor slab with cracks running through it.
8
contract; a provision stating that the Home Depot project manager, at all times, had access to
Casco’s work during preparation and progress of the construction; provisions stating that the
Home Depot project manager had the authority to reject work that did not conform to the
contract documents, to request special inspection or testing of the work, and to issue change
orders; and a provision requiring Casco to design and build the structure in accordance with local
laws and ordinances.
Joplin Ordinance No. 97-091 was in effect at the time the Joplin Home Depot store was
designed and built and that ordinance adopted the 1996 BOCA National Building Code, with
amendments, as the basic building code of the city. After preparing the architectural plans and
specifications for the Joplin Home Depot store, Casco submitted the plans to Home Depot and
the City of Joplin for review and approval. In addition to drawing the construction plans, Casco
was responsible for managing the process of reviewing those plans, putting them out for bid, and
doing construction administration. Contractors were required to communicate to Home Depot
through Casco because “[Casco] managed the construction administration, and so they are the
ones that typically direct the contractor in the work.” The City of Joplin issued a building permit
for construction of the store on June 13, 2000 and issued a Certificate of Occupancy on
November 13, 2000. Casco has had no connection to the Joplin Home Depot since the year
2000.
Home Depot entered into a contract with Anderson Engineering to provide “testing and
inspection services during construction” of the Joplin Home Depot project. The scope of testing
services to be provided by Anderson Engineering included, among others, “steel inspection” and
“other tests and inspections as needed.”
A pre-roofing conference memorandum shows a
representative of Anderson Engineering attended the pre-roofing conference and states that
9
“Anderson will be the Testing and Inspection Agency on this project” and “Inspector to be on
Job Site at least once per day and will submit daily report to Contractor, who will distribute to
Owner and Architect.” At the meeting, Anderson Engineering was designated as the roof testing
and inspection agent. The Home Depot corporate representative testified that Home Depot hired
Anderson Engineering as a special inspector to do steel inspections in 2000 but he had no
specific knowledge as to whether the inspections were completed. Two Casco representatives
testified that it was common practice for Home Depot to hire a special inspector for all of its
projects, that they could not remember a project where Home Depot did not hire a special
inspector, and that, per their records, Anderson Engineering was hired as the special inspector on
the Joplin Home Depot project to do testing on the roof and roof connections. A representative
of Anderson Engineering, Seigfried Tarnowieckyi, testified that Anderson Engineering did not
perform – and was not asked to perform – steel inspections or weld inspections for the Joplin
Home Depot project in 2000; however, he acknowledged in his deposition that he did sign a
contract with Home Depot on behalf of Anderson Engineering and that, if steel inspections were
within the scope of the services covered under that contract, then Anderson Engineering would
have seen that the steel inspections were completed. An affidavit from a corporate representative
of Anderson Engineering states that, according to his investigation and review of documents,
Anderson did not perform any inspections on the welds, the roof, the roof materials, or the roof
support connections.5 Neither Home Depot nor Casco retained any reports from Anderson
Engineering, if they ever existed, regarding steel inspections or roof inspections.6
5
The Anderson Engineering corporate representative agreed that certain documents related to the Joplin Home
Depot project may no longer be available due to the passage of time.
6
The Casco corporate representative testified that any special inspections reports for the Joplin Home Depot project
would have been discarded by the Casco due to its policy on retention and purging of documents. The Home Depot
corporate representative testified that at least some of the documents pertaining to the Joplin project were
10
B. Arguments
Plaintiff argues that Home Depot breached its duty of care to the decedents, as invitees,
because the Joplin Home Depot store was negligently designed and constructed and Home Depot
knew its building was negligently designed and constructed. Citing the expert report of her
structural engineer, Plaintiff argues the Joplin Home Depot building failed to comply with Joplin
Ordinance 97-091 notwithstanding issuance of the Certificate of Occupancy in that the roof was
not designed and constructed to withstand the required wind speeds. Plaintiff claims the building
failed prematurely due to joist seat weld failures and five specific design and/or construction
errors increased the likelihood of the joist seat weld failures: (1) the design engineer failed to
reduce the deadload, or weight of the roof, when calculating uplift, (2) the design engineer failed
to account for increased uplift forces at the roof perimeter, (3) the design engineer failed to
specify an axial tie load when designing the joist seats, (4) the design engineer designed the
building diaphragm for the wrong wind exposure classification, and (5) failure to inspect the
welds at the time of construction or, in other words, the assurance of quality control was missing.
Home Depot denies the design failures but also argues that it cannot be held legally liable
for the alleged professional negligence of independent contractors such as its outside architects,
engineers, and builders. It argues that the acts and omissions of the original designers and
builders cannot be imputed to Home Depot. Home Depot argues that summary judgment is
appropriate because Plaintiff has failed to present any actual evidence that Home Depot was
negligent or had knowledge of the alleged design failures.
Plaintiff contends the acts/omissions of the architect and engineering companies engaged
by Home Depot were constructively the acts/omissions of Home Depot based on an agency
unintentionally destroyed as the result of a sprinkler malfunction. Metzger Construction, the general contractor on
the Joplin Home Depot project, stated it no longer has any documents related to the Joplin Home Depot project.
11
theory and “[i]n the case of an owner who created the dangerous condition himself or through an
agent, knowledge is imputed to him.”7 Plaintiff asserts that an agency relationship existed
between Home Depot and Casco, that roof strength was within the scope and course of Casco’s
agency, and that Casco’s creation of and knowledge regarding the dangerous condition can
therefore be imputed to Home Depot. Plaintiff further argues that “Home Depot is liable for the
negligent design and construction even if it says it didn’t know the design was deficient” because
“there are three situations where knowledge of the defect or danger is not a necessary element of
negligence” such as where “the act or omission, in and of itself, involves a violation of a duty, as
in a case of violation of a statute or ordinance, in jurisdictions such as our Missouri where this is
regarded as negligence per se[,]” citing Monsour v. Excelsior Tobacco Co., 115 S.W.2d 219, 223
(Mo. Ct. App. 1938). Additionally, Plaintiff argues that “[w]hen Home Depot, individually and
through its agents, accepted the completed design and building, Home Depot became the
proximate cause of the persisting defects in the building[.]”
Home Depot responds that
“Missouri law does not permit the imputation of professional architectural standards of care to a
lay entity such as Home Depot” and “the knowledge of an independent contractor or building
designer cannot be imputed to a premises owner in a situation involving a latent construction
defect.”
Home Depot argues that “despite months of additional discovery and scores of
depositions, Plaintiff has still been unable to produce a single piece of evidence of Home Depot’s
own negligence, or actual or constructive awareness of any alleged negligence of the design
engineers of the building.”
7
Plaintiff argues the relationship between Home Depot and Casco was more than a typical subcontractor
relationship, citing the following specific facts: Home Depot is a sophisticated party, the head of Home Depot’s
construction department has an architectural degree and others in the department have civil engineering degrees and
construction management degrees, Home Depot provided Casco with a building footprint, Home Depot had the
authority to redo Casco’s work, Casco was hired as a “go-between” between the subcontractor and Home Depot, and
Home Depot hired Casco to “take on the role of project management.”
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Plaintiff further responds that Home Depot knew or should have known of the alleged
construction-related defects in the roof welds because Home Depot failed to inspect the welds
during construction as required by the local code and industry best practices. Plaintiff argues
Casco’s design plan, the applicable building codes, and industry best practices all required
special inspection of structural welding conducted in the field yet there is no evidence that the
roof welds on the Joplin Home Depot building were ever inspected. At oral argument, Home
Depot responded to that argument as follows:
[T]he city of Joplin required that an independent -- so you have CASCO, the
engineering firm that designs it, you have Metzger that builds it, and there’s one
provision in the Joplin code that says as to the welds, an independent inspector
shall be hired to conduct some random inspection of a certain -- an unspecified
percentage of thousands of welds.
So here’s what happened. Home Depot -- and the contract’s in the record but I
can pull it up on the PowerPoint -- hired Joplin based Anderson Engineering
Company to perform these inspections. That’s undisputed. So now 15 years later
we’re in a lawsuit. Plaintiff subpoenas Anderson. Anderson went through three
different productions which it said we’ve produced all the records that we could
find. Each time we find more records, we find more records, we find more
records. Last deposition of Anderson they say, There’s probably some more but
we can’t find them. We cannot find the record of this inspection. Metzger has no
records at all. CASCO had a water intrusion event so they only had a fraction of
their file. Home Depot only had a fraction of its file.
...
[Plaintiff’s] argument is that because there -- because no one’s located a record of
the inspections, all we have is the contract, that means, A, the inspections weren’t
done, that means, B, if they had inspected 5 percent of the welds, they would have
found defects in those welds, C, the defects would have been sufficient to
compromise the overall integrity of the roof in whatever unspecified location
these would have been found; and E -- or whatever I’m on -- that somehow results
in the failure of the roof when their main theory is that the engineer underdesigned the roof and it supposedly failed at a wind speed below code levels. So
it’s a stacking of several inferences on each other.
MSJ Oral Arg. Tr. 32-34. Home Depot further noted that the City of Joplin’s “own requirements
required it to perform that inspection as well and not to issue a certificate of occupancy until it
confirmed that the independent inspection was done and its own inspections satisfied itself that
13
the roof was fine” and, here, the City of Joplin issued a certificate of occupancy. Id. at 59.
Plaintiff responds that both Anderson Engineering and the City of Joplin had other reports of
inspections done by Anderson Engineering in their files yet no record of the weld inspections at
issue here and, moreover, the evidence shows more than a lack of records because Anderson
Engineering submitted an affidavit stating that the company never performed any roof weld
testing or structural weld testing on the Joplin Home Depot store and Seigfried Tarnowieckyi
testified that he would have been the person to do such inspections on behalf of Anderson
Engineering and he never did them.
As an additional ground for summary judgment, Home Depot argues that Plaintiff has
failed to present sufficient evidence to show that any alleged negligence on the part of Home
Depot impacted the decedents’ chances of survival. Home Depot argues that Plaintiff has failed
to present evidence to show the exact time that the decedents entered the store, what the
decedents did upon entering the store, the exact time the tornado hit the store or at what speeds,
the additional length of time the store would have remained standing had the store been designed
and built according to Plaintiff’s allegations, and/or where the decedents would have gone in
their extra seconds and their probable chance of survival at that location.
Plaintiff argues that causation is a factual question which can be built upon inferences
and that there is sufficient evidence here to submit the issue of causation to the jury, citing to
Stith v. St. Louis Public Service Co., 363 Mo. 442, 449 (1952). Plaintiff argues the evidence
shows the decedents would have had an additional 30 seconds to 2 minutes to clear the “crush
zone” had the building met code requirements.
Plaintiff cites various expert reports and
testimony to support that proposition. Lombardo, a wind expert, provided an estimate of wind
speed and direction time histories of the tornado at the Joplin Home Depot store. Lawson, a
14
structural engineer, opined that the five failures identified by Plaintiff contributed to the
premature collapse of the building. Marshall, an engineer and meteorologist, opined that roof
damage at the Home Depot began at approximately 103 miles per hour, 3-second gust, followed
by failure of the roof decking and then failure of the roof structure at 134 miles per hour, 3second gust. Lawson opined that a building built to code should have withstood winds up to 116
miles per hour, 3-second gust.
Gallus, an expert in meteorology, opined that various
assumptions used in Lombardo’s model could vary the timing results significantly and,
depending on the transitional speed of the tornado used and the type of vortex model used, the
wind speed at the Joplin Home Depot store could have increased from 80 miles per hour to 116
miles per hour in less than 10 seconds, in 15 to 18 seconds as determined by Lombardo, or in up
to 20, 30, or 40 seconds. Plaintiff further argues the evidence shows the decedents only had to
travel 20 to 30 feet in order to get to a survivable area. To support that proposition, Plaintiff
cites the testimony of structural engineer Lawson who stated he believes a person had a “good
chance” of surviving beyond the crush zone of the west wall, “good meaning more than 50
percent[,]” and pointed to the space between the shelving racks as a survivable area. Plaintiff
further cites the fact that Dean Wells’ body was found near the decedents’ bodies as evidence
from which the jury could infer that Mr. Wells was ushering the decedents to the training room
and the fact that three other employees survived while running through the store as evidence
from which the jury could infer that the decedents would have survived.
Home Depot responds that the expert testimony cited by Plaintiff is insufficient to
establish causation. Home Depot highlights that Lombardo admitted during his deposition that
the base line timing estimates he used to determine when the tornado struck the Joplin Home
Depo store were not based on actual scientific analysis or methodology and Lombardo admitted
15
his timings could be “off” by up to a minute and a half. Home Depot notes that Lombardo’s
opinion is based on the Rankin vortex model which assumes a steady, solid body rotation which
does not match the tornado at issue here. Additionally, Home Depot highlights that, while
Lawson opined the Home Depot building failed prematurely, Lawson never provided an opinion
as to how much sooner the building failed based on all of the alleged design and construction
defects, let alone any defect in particular. Home Depot further argues that the evidence shows
the speed of the winds at the Joplin Home Depot store increased well beyond the speed cited by
Plaintiff for acceptable failure within a matter of seconds, that multiple other individuals in the
store perished as well, and that the decedents’ bodies were found in a crouched position
indicating they were not traveling to a “survivable area” at the time they perished.
C. Analysis
1. Home Depot’s Legal Duty
In this negligence action, Home Depot will be liable only if it is determined that Home
Depot’s conduct fell below the standard of care established by law for the protection of others
and such conduct was the proximate cause of Plaintiff’s injuries. Harris v. Niehaus, 857 S.W.2d
222, 225 (Mo. 1993). “The particular standard of care that society recognizes as applicable
under a given set of facts is a question of law for the courts” and “[w]hether a defendant’s
conduct falls short of the standard of care is a question of fact for the jury.” Id. “The Court will
not, however, submit a case to the jury where no evidence exists to support a finding that
defendant’s conduct fell below the identified standard of care.” Id.
Here, Plaintiff asserts a negligence cause of action based on premises liability. The Court
assumes for purposes of this motion that Plaintiff’s decedents were invitees at the time they
16
entered the Joplin Home Depot store.8 The standard of care owed by a possessor of land to an
invitee on its premises is a duty “to use reasonable and ordinary care to prevent injury to the
invitee as the result of a dangerous condition existing on the premises.” Griffith v. Dominic, 254
S.W.3d 195, 198 (Mo. Ct. App. 2008). To hold a possessor of land liable, an invitee must show:
(1) a dangerous condition existed on defendant’s premises which involved an
unreasonable risk; (2) the defendant knew or by using ordinary care should have
known of the condition; (3) the defendant failed to use ordinary care in removing
or warning of the danger; and (4) the plaintiff sustained injuries as a result of such
condition. Burns v. Frontier II Properties, Ltd. Part., 106 S.W.3d 1, 3 (Mo. App.
2000); see also Emery v. Wal–Mart Stores, 976 S.W.2d 439, 443–44 (Mo. banc
1998).
Steward v. Baywood Villages Condo. Ass'n, 134 S.W.3d 679, 682 (Mo. Ct. App. 2004). As one
Missouri court explained:
[A] possessor is not held liable for an injury caused by a defect in the premises of
which he had no actual knowledge, even though it might have been revealed if he
had made an investigation or inspection, unless the situation suggests an
investigation and the facts are such as to indicate to a reasonably prudent man the
likelihood of the existence of some hidden danger to persons lawfully on his
property.
Medows v. Brockmeier, 863 S.W.2d 675, 676-77 (Mo. Ct. App. 1993).
To prevail on her negligence claim, Plaintiff must further show that Home Depot’s
alleged breach was the cause of the decedents’ deaths. See Robinson v. Missouri State Highway
& Transp. Comm'n, 24 S.W.3d 67, 77 (Mo. Ct. App. 2000). “[T]o prove a causal connection to
establish negligence, the plaintiff must show both causation in fact and proximate causation.” Id.
Causation in fact exists where the plaintiff’s injuries would not have occurred but for the
defendant’s breach. Id. To establish causation in fact, “the plaintiff must show the defendant’s
8
Plaintiff argues the decedents were invitees because they were there to buy shutters whereas Home Depot argues
the decedents were licensees. See generally Carter v. Kinney, 896 S.W.2d 926 (Mo. 1995) (discussing classes of
plaintiffs in premises liability actions and declining to abolish the distinction between licensees and invitees). For
purposes of this motion, the Court will assume the decedents were invitees such that Home Depot would be held to
the higher standard of care.
17
negligent conduct more probably than not was a cause of the injury.”
Thomas v. McKeever's
Enterprises Inc., 388 S.W.3d 206, 212 (Mo. Ct. App. 2012) (quoting Wagner v. Bondex Int'l,
Inc., 368 S.W.3d 340, 350 (Mo. Ct. App. 2012)).
Proximate causation asks whether, in
hindsight, the plaintiff’s injury can be considered the “natural and probable consequence” of the
defendant’s negligence.
causation.
Id. at 77.
Robinson, 24 S.W.3d at 78.
The trier of fact normally decides
“It is wholly permissible for the jury to infer causation from the
circumstances” and “[i]f the logical conclusion from the evidence is that if certain things had
been done [then] certain results would not have occurred, and such results did occur, the
evidence of causation is sufficient.” Freight House Lofts Condo Ass'n v. VSI Meter Servs., Inc.,
402 S.W.3d 586, 599 (Mo. Ct. App. 2013).
2. Plaintiff has presented insufficient evidence to show Home Depot’s conduct fell
below the establish standard of care as to the alleged design defects.
Plaintiff has presented insufficient evidence to allow a reasonable fact-finder to conclude
that Home Depot knew or should have known of the alleged design defects in the Joplin Home
Depot store.
The evidence shows that Home Depot contracted with Casco to provide
architectural services on the Joplin Home Depot project and the parties’ contract required Casco
to comply with all local codes and ordinances in designing the building. The alleged design
defects cited by Plaintiff all involve purported non-compliance with local codes and/or
professional engineering standards. Even assuming Casco made the alleged errors in calculating
roof uplift and wind resistance, Plaintiff has presented no evidence to show that Home Depot
knew of such errors or understood the complex calculations performed by its third-party
architect.9 Although Plaintiff argues Home Depot knew of the alleged defects through its
9
Plaintiff initially argued Home Depot had actual knowledge of the alleged defects based on Home Depot’s
uncontroverted material fact related to emergency plan procedures. The evidence shows that Home Depot had a
18
“approval” and “acceptance” of Casco’s work, there is no evidence to suggest that Home Depot
researched the local ordinances and building codes applicable to each architectural element of
the building and reworked each of the calculations done by its professional architect to assure
accuracy in order to have knowledge of the alleged defects.10 Even Plaintiff’s structural engineer
admitted that “[t]he owner has to rely on his experts or his consultants to do their job properly.”
Lawson Depo, at 84. The fact that Home Depot is a “sophisticated” party does not alone provide
evidence to infer that Home Depot had such knowledge.11 Moreover, the alleged design defects
are not the type a building owner would likely discern absent a catastrophic event such as a
powerful tornado. In sum, Plaintiff has pointed to no specific evidence tending to show that
procedure in place to close all doors in emergency situations. The fact that FEMA stated in its report that the doors
were shut and locked “in an attempt to secure the building and reduce the risk of inflow of air” does not infer that
Home Depot actually shut the doors to “reduce the risk of inflow of air” or otherwise infer that Home Depot had
knowledge of the specific roof defects alleged by Plaintiff. Plaintiff appears to have abandoned this argument in
supplemental and post-hearing briefing.
10
As explained by Defendant during oral arguments:
Now, as in any job, a contract provides that the architect, engineer is to furnish the plans to the
owner prior to final approval. There’s no evidence that Home Depot understood anything about
these plans much less with respect to a complex structural engineering calculation related to net
wind uplift resistance as it relates to the fabrication of joists and joist girders.
MSJ Oral Arg. Tr. 15.
11
Plaintiff cites to Thompson v. Higginbotham, 187 S.W.3d 3 (Mo. Ct. App. 2006) to support the proposition that a
different standard of care applies to a sophisticated party. In Thompson, the issue presented was whether the circuit
court erred in granting summary judgment to defendants under the ten-year statute of repose. Id. at 4. The court
found summary judgment was inappropriate because the defendants in that case, the O’Rileys, were the designers,
planners, and builders on the project as well as the property owners and vendors, such that the record contained
sufficient facts showing the O’Rileys had a connection to the unsafe/defective condition potentially giving rise to
liability other than as a designer/builder and, therefore, the state of repose did not apply. Id. at 6-10. In finding
potential liability of the O’Rileys as vendors, the court discussed the duty of vendors to disclose known dangerous
conditions to vendees, noting such a duty “foster[s] greater openness and candor in real estate transactions.” The
court found the O’Rileys, as vendors, were also “allegedly sophisticated, knowledgeable, and experienced builders”
who may have had reason to know of the dangerous condition whereas the vendees were a college professor and a
dentist who may have had reason to believe “that apartments with balconies, recently constructed and sold to them
by experienced construction professionals, were in a safe condition.” Id. at 8-9.
Here, Home Depot was not the designer, planner, and builder of the Joplin Home Depot store and Home Depot did
not instruct Casco how to design or build the roof; rather, Home Depot hired an independent third-party professional
architect to design its building to ensure compliance with local codes. Additionally, the building was not recently
constructed as in the Higginbothom case, and the alleged duty on the part of Home Depot arises from its status as
possessor of land, not vendor of land.
19
Home Depot knew or should have known of the alleged design defects either at the time of
construction or at any point during the eleven-year period between completion of construction
and the Joplin tornado.
Plaintiff argues that Home Depot is liable for the work of its third-party architects and
engineers pursuant to the acceptance doctrine. The acceptance doctrine “is often described as an
affirmative defense” and “absolves contractors of liability to third parties once the owner accepts
the contractor’s work as being in full compliance with the terms of the contract.” Dick v.
Children's Mercy Hosp., 140 S.W.3d 131, 140 (Mo. Ct. App. 2004). Missouri courts have been
hesitant to allow offensive use of the acceptance doctrine to impute the negligence of a
contractor to an owner. Id. at 139-41.12 As discussed by one Missouri court:
The acceptance doctrine, as delineated by the respondent, is a theory of strict
liability, because no matter how careful the owner is in selecting or monitoring a
contractor, the owner is automatically saddled with the contractors [sic] negligent
performance upon acceptance of the contractors work. If, as in this case, the
contractor is an independent contractor, the Supreme Court has held that the
owner is only strictly liable when the contractors negligence pertains to the
owners non-delegable duties (e.g., for inherently dangerous activities). Matteuzzi
v. Columbus P'ship., L.P., 866 S.W.2d 128, 130–31 (Mo. banc 1993). Accord
Scott v. Edwards Transp. Co., 889 S.W.2d 144, 146 (Mo. App. 1994) (“[A]
landowner has never been liable for bodily harm caused by the torts of an
independent contractor unless the contractor's activity was inherently
dangerous.”).
Id. at 140-41. For the reasons discussed in Dick, the Court rejects Plaintiff’s attempted offensive
use of the acceptance doctrine as a means to absolve Plaintiff of having to prove the “known or
should have known” element of her negligence claim.13
12
The cases cited by Plaintiff all involve defensive use of the acceptance doctrine. Becker v. Setien, 904 S.W.2d
338, 343-45 (Mo. Ct. App. 1995); Roskowske v. Iron Mountain Forge Corp., 897 S.W.2d 67, 71 (Mo. Ct. App.
1995); Coleman v. City of Kansas City, Mo., 859 S.W.2d 141, 145 (Mo. Ct. App. 1993); Gast v. Shell Oil Co., 819
S.W.2d 367, 370-71 (Mo. 1991); Casey v. Hoover, 114 Mo. App. 47, 89 S.W. 330, 335 (1905).
13
Plaintiff cites the following language from a 1905 Missouri appellate court case as providing support for her
imputed negligence and/or imputed knowledge argument based on the acceptance doctrine:
20
Plaintiff further argues that Casco’s knowledge of the alleged defects can be imputed to
Home Depot because Casco was an agent of Home Depot and because the alleged design defects
were created by Casco within the scope of Casco’s agency. The proposition furthered by
Plaintiff – that knowledge of a dangerous condition on the premises can be imputed to the
possessor if the possessor’s agent created or was aware of the dangerous condition – is supported
in a narrow line of Missouri slip-and-fall cases. See generally Breckenridge v. MeierhofferFleeman Funeral Home, Inc., 941 S.W.2d 609, 611-13 (Mo. Ct. App. 1997). However, Plaintiff
cites no authority extending such a proposition to cases involving a third-party architect and a
latent design or construction defect. To hold that an owner of property has actual knowledge of
any and all latent structural defects completed by its third-party architect in its professional
capacity, including the architect’s failure to comply with local codes and use correct formulas in
its design calculations, simply because the independent contractor also served some agent-type
function for the owner, surely seems unjust. See generally Parshall v. Buetzer, 195 S.W.3d 515,
520 n. 5 (Mo. Ct. App. 2006) (citing Restatement (Second) of Agency § 2 (1958)) (noting the
terms “independent contractor” and “agent” are not mutually exclusive). A property owner who
hires outside expertise in architecture and engineering should be able to rely on their work absent
specific knowledge of the insufficiency of their work product. Based on the law and evidence
It is the intervening negligence of the proprietor that is the proximate cause, and not the original
negligence of the contractor. By occupying and resuming possession of the work, the owner
deprives the contractor of all opportunity to rectify his wrong. Before accepting the work as being
in full compliance with the terms of the contract, he is presumed to have made a reasonably
careful inspection thereof, and to know of its defects, and, if he takes it in the defective condition,
he accepts the defects and the negligence that caused them as his own, and thereafter stands forth
as their author.
Casey, 89 S.W. at 334. However, when faced with the same citation and a similar argument, the Missouri Court of
Appeals for the Western District rejected Plaintiff’s position, explaining that: (1) Casey treated the acceptance
doctrine as a separate cause of action and not as a basis for excusing the plaintiff from having to prove the
knowledge element of a premises liability action, (2) the language quoted was dictum because it was completely
unnecessary to decide the case before it, which involved defense use of the acceptance doctrine, and (3) even if the
rationale in Casey were binding, the court would be constitutionally bound to ignore it because it is inconsistent with
recent Supreme Court precedent. Dick, 140 S.W.3d 140.
21
presented, the Court finds Plaintiff has failed to demonstrate facts from which it could
reasonably be concluded that Home Depot had imputed knowledge of a dangerous condition
through Casco’s creation of, or knowledge regarding, the alleged design defects.
Finally, Plaintiff argues that “knowledge of the defect or danger is not a necessary
element of negligence where the act or omission, in itself, involves violation of a duty.” Plaintiff
cites to Monsour v. Excelsior Tobacco Co., 115 S.W.2d 219, 223 (Mo. Ct. App. 1938) for the
proposition that Home Depot’s alleged failure to comply with a local ordinance is evidence of
negligence in itself such that Plaintiff is not required to prove Home Depot had knowledge of the
alleged dangerous condition. The Court rejects Plaintiff’s argument. First, the Court notes that
Plaintiff has not pleaded negligence per se against Home Depot. Second, under Missouri case
law, even a plaintiff in a premises liability action based on a theory of negligence per se arising
from the alleged violation of a local ordinance must still prove the defendant had actual or
constructive knowledge of the alleged defect.14 Third, Casco rather than Home Depot would be
the entity that violated the applicable building codes; Plaintiff has presented no authority to
impute responsibility for a professional subcontractor’s violation of a local ordinance to the
landowner without requiring any knowledge on the part of the landowner, especially where, as
here, the landowner’s contract explicitly states that the subcontractor must comply with local
14
See Burns v. Frontier II Properties Ltd. P'ship, 106 S.W.3d 1, 3-4 (Mo. Ct. App. 2003) (holding that plaintiff who
brought negligence per se claim arising from the violation of a local ordinance adopting BOCA was still required to
prove the landowner had notice of the alleged defect); see also 34 Mo. Prac., Personal Injury and Torts Handbook §
36:13 (2015 ed.) (citing Burns and stating that “in cases of invitees, the element of actual or constructive notice to
the owner of the condition of the property must be included even in negligence per se submissions”). Moreover,
Missouri courts are clear that where negligence per se is based on the violation of a local ordinance rather than the
violation of a statute, the ordinance must be consistent with the common law. See id. at 4 n. 2; McKinney v.
H.M.K.G. & C., Inc., 123 S.W.3d 274, 278 (Mo. Ct. App. 2003) (citing Mediq PRN Life Support Servs., Inc. v.
Abrams, 899 S.W.2d 101, 110 (Mo. Ct. App. 1994)). Under common law, an owner of land can be held liable for
physical harm caused by latent defects on the land only where the landowner knew or should have known of the
alleged latent defect. See Medows v. Brockmeier, 863 S.W.2d 675, 676 (Mo. Ct. App. 1993).
22
codes and ordinances.15 For the foregoing reasons, Monsour is distinguishable and Plaintiff’s
argument is rejected.
3. Plaintiff has presented insufficient evidence to show that Home Depot’s conduct fell
below the establish standard of care as to the roof weld inspections.
The Court finds summary judgment is also appropriate on Plaintiff’s claim that Home
Depot breached its duty to the decedents by failing to inspect roof welds as required by local
code and industry best practices. Plaintiff argues Home Depot had a duty to hire a special
inspector to inspect the roof weld connections during construction of the Joplin Home Depot
store. Plaintiff argues that if such inspections would have been performed then a defect in the
welds would likely have been found. The evidence shows that Home Depot’s usual practice was
to hire special inspectors on every project and that Home Depot contracted with Anderson
Engineering to do steel inspections and “other tests and inspections as needed” for the Joplin
Home Depot project. The evidence shows that a representative from Anderson Engineering
attended the pre-roof conference during which Anderson Engineering was designated as the roof
testing and inspection agent. The evidence shows that the City of Joplin issued a certificate of
occupancy, which is evidence that the code requirements – including the need to hire a special
inspector – were met.
Plaintiff cites Seigfried Tarnoweickyi of Anderson Engineering who testified that
Anderson Engineering did not perform weld inspections or steel inspections for the Joplin Home
Depot project in 2000 or perform roof inspections for any project in the 2000 time frame. The
documentary evidence, however, shows that a contract did exist and that Mr. Tarnoweickyi, the
15
Case law suggests, to the contrary, that Plaintiff is still required to prove actual or constructive notice in such
circumstances. See generally Abrams, 899 S.W.2d at 111 (holding plaintiff failed to make a submissible case
against landlord for negligence based on violation of a local ordinance because a “the Nievas, not [the landlord],
violated these provisions of the Code” and “[t]here is no evidence that [the landlord] actually knew [i.e. had notice,
actual or constructive] of the [latent] defective condition in the electrical system”).
23
person who signed the contract with Home Depot on behalf of Anderson Engineering, attended
the pre-roof conference on behalf of Anderson Engineering. Mr. Tarnoweickyi went on to testify
that if steel inspections were within the scope of Anderson Engineering’s services then Anderson
Engineering would have seen that such inspections were completed.
The only other evidence cited by Plaintiff to support her position that Home Depot failed
to hire a special inspector is a lack of special inspection reports in the parties’ files fifteen years
after the building was completed, which Defendant attributes to lapse of time, unintended
destruction, and document retention policies.16 Even assuming Home Depot never received a
copy of special inspection reports, as suggested by Plaintiff, such does not necessarily imply that
the special inspections were not performed, that Home Depot violated its duty to hire a special
inspector, or that Home Depot knew or should have known of any alleged deficiencies in the
roof welds if such deficiencies actually existed.
According to the pre-roofing conference
document, Anderson was required to submit daily inspection reports to the general contractor
who in turn would distribute them to the owner and architect. The records of all three of those
entities have been compromised since construction. The Court finds Plaintiff has presented
insufficient evidence such that a reasonable fact-finder could conclude that Home Depot’s
conduct breached the identified standard of care.
4. Even assuming Plaintiff presented sufficient evidence to create a jury question on
whether Home Depot’s conduct fell below the establish standard of care as to roof
16
As noted by Home Depot, such reports were not sought until 15 years after the construction was completed, the
general contractor on the project, Metzger Construction, stated that it could not locate any documents related to the
Joplin Home Depot project, the corporate representative for Anderson Engineering testified that there are documents
concerning the Joplin Home Depot store that are no longer in Anderson’s files, the corporate representative for
Casco testified that many of the documents from the Joplin Home Depot project are no longer in existence because
they were destroyed or purged as a part of their document retention policy, and Home Depot’s corporate
representative testified that a sprinkler malfunction caused numerous Joplin Home Depot store construction records
to be destroyed prior to this litigation.
24
weld inspections, Plaintiff presented insufficient evidence to show that Home
Depot’s conduct regarding the roof weld inspections caused the decedents’ deaths.
Even assuming there is a jury question regarding whether Home Depot breached its duty
to hire a special inspector to inspect the roof welds during construction of the Joplin Home Depot
store, Plaintiff presented insufficient evidence to allow a reasonable fact-finder to conclude that
Home Depot’s alleged negligence caused the decedents’ deaths. See generally Freight House
Lofts Condo Ass'n v. VSI Meter Servs., Inc., 402 S.W.3d 586, 599 (Mo. Ct. App. 2013)
(causation in fact is an issue for the jury where “sufficient evidence is presented from which the
jury could reasonably find that the plaintiff's injury was a direct result of the defendant’s
negligence” and proximate causation is an issue for the jury where “substantial evidence is
presented that shows the injury is a natural and probable consequence of the defendant’s
negligence”). Here, Plaintiff’s evidence is woefully inadequate such that no reasonable juror
could conclude – outside of speculation or conjecture – that Home Depot’s failure to inspect the
roof welds caused the decedents’ deaths. See Mediq PRN Life Support Servs., Inc. v. Abrams,
899 S.W.2d 101, 107 (Mo. Ct. App. 1994) (“[a] finding essential to recovery may be proved by
circumstantial evidence” but “the established circumstances must be such that the facts necessary
to support the finding may be inferred and reasonably must follow [and] the existence of such
facts cannot depend on guesswork, conjecture or speculation”).
Plaintiff’s evidence is
inadequate for the following reasons.
First, Plaintiff presented no evidence regarding the number of welds that were required to
be inspected by the special inspector,17 the likelihood that the special inspector would have
observed a weld failure upon inspection, the number of deficient welds commonly found by
17
Plaintiff’s structural engineer admitted during his deposition that he did not know the percentage of the total
number of welds that were required to be inspected during special inspections. Lawson Depo, at 129-130.
25
special inspectors or likely to be found by a special inspector, or the number or location of
deficient welds necessary to compromise the structural integrity of the roof given the wind
strength and direction faced on May 22, 2011. Plaintiff’s structural engineer simply opined that
“the welds that are being critically loaded here are of such nature that they require special
consideration, and a lot of times I find that consideration is only given when there is supervision”
and “I have less confidence that [the welds] were done properly if there was no inspection.”
Lawson Depo, at 124, 129. Plaintiff’s structural engineer opined that the failure to inspect roof
welds would “directly increase the likelihood” of premature joist seat weld failures but he did not
indicate how much more likely premature joist seat weld failure was in this instance based on the
alleged failure to inspect the welds during construction.
“[E]xpert testimony used to establish
causation is of no probative value and is insufficient to make a submissible case if it merely
points out that defendant’s negligence was a possible factor or was extremely likely to have had
a causal effect.” Abrams, 899 S.W.2d at 107 (citing Shackelford v. West Central Electric
Cooperative, Inc., 674 S.W.2d 58, 62 (Mo. App. 1984)).
Second, Plaintiff presented no reliable evidence to show how much sooner the Joplin
Home Depot store collapsed based on Home Depot’s alleged failure to assure quality control of
the welds. Even the evidence currently in the record as to how much sooner the Joplin Home
Depot store might have failed based on all of the alleged design and construction errors18 is
piecemeal, speculative, premised on numerous questionable assumptions, and subject to wide
ranges of error.19 Plaintiff’s structural engineer opined that the Joplin Home Depot building
18
Not just any weakness or inadequacy of the roof welds due to the failure to inspect.
19
For example, as discussed above, Plaintiff’s wind expert admitted that his approach used “an overly simplistic
representation of how the winds actually behave in a tornado like this one” and “we didn’t account [for] vertical
wind speeds.” Lombardo Depo, at 114-115. Even setting that aside, Lombardo’s time estimates contain a margin of
error of up to 90 to 100 seconds, Lombardo Depo, at 39-40, and Gallus, whose testimony was cited by Plaintiff,
26
failed “sooner” by virtue of all five deficiencies but he did not have “any opinion at all” as to
how much sooner. Lawson Depo, at 145-146. Plaintiff argues the evidence, taken from various
different sources, shows that the roof failed “30 seconds to a minute to two minutes” sooner than
it should have based on all five alleged failures.
Oral Arg. Tr. 38.20
However, Plaintiff
presented no evidence to show that the roof failure could or would have occurred because of
vulnerabilities arising from failure to inspect the roof welds alone and Plaintiff presented no
evidence as to how much sooner the roof failure occurred because of any vulnerability based on
failure to inspect the roof welds alone. Without any evidence concerning the specific amount of
time the building would have withstood the tornado longer if welds had been inspected by a
special inspector, the jury is unable to reasonably infer that the decedents would have survived
the tornado but for Home Depot’s alleged failure to inspect the welds.
Finally, and perhaps most importantly, there is no evidence in the record to indicate at
what time the decedents entered the store, the condition of the store when the decedents entered,
what action the decedents took upon entering the store, whether they could see when they
entered the store, or whether there was a survivable area to which they could have feasibly
traveled once inside the store. The only evidence in the record as to the whereabouts and actions
of Plaintiff’s decedents shows that: (1) the decedents were still outside the store at 5:43 p.m. and,
at that time, Russell intended to take the two children – ages five and nineteen months – into the
store, and (2) after the building collapsed the decedents bodies were found in a hunched position
testified that the wind speed at the Joplin Home Depot store could have increased from 80 miles per hour to 116
miles per hour in less than 10 seconds or in up to 40 seconds.
20
To support that conclusion, Plaintiff cites various wind speed estimates and timing estimates from several
different sources, as well as photographic evidence of roof debris, in order to piece together at what time the roof
“failed”; she cites timing estimates of peak wind speed in order to establish at what time the building should have
failed. MSJ Oral Arg. Tr. 38. Plaintiff’s inference that the building should not have failed until it was hit by the
strongest winds in the tornado, which were well beyond code-level requirements, is not supported by any authority
or expert opinion cited in the record.
27
underneath the west wall panel in the southwest corner of the store near the base of the wall just
inside the store in the same general vicinity as a Home Depot employee. To infer from that
evidence that the decedents would have made it to a “survivable area” if they had an additional
thirty or sixty seconds – even assuming those estimates are supported by some factual evidence –
relies on nothing more than speculation and conjecture. Russell Howard was in an impossible
position trying to care for a five year old and a nineteen month old as a powerful tornado struck,
entering a building without power and with a roof that either had or was about to come off. A
decision to crouch down just inside the building rather than try to go to the back of the store with
debris falling would not be unreasonable or unexpected. To argue that he knew which part of the
building would be more safe and that he would have arrived there through a dark store with his
two young children safely is pure speculation. Five other occupants of the building also failed to
identify and reach a place in the building to allow them to survive the tornado.
In sum, the Court finds there is insufficient evidence in the record to allow a reasonable
juror to conclude that Home Depot’s alleged failure to ensure inspection of the roof welds was
“more probably than not” a cause of the decedents’ deaths and the decedents’ deaths were the
“natural and probable consequence” of the Home Depot’s alleged failure to ensure inspection of
the roof welds. While Plaintiff may rely on inferences to show causation, the inferences in this
case are deeply stacked and rely on speculation rather than factual foundation such that the
ultimate conclusion reached by Plaintiff “is too remote and has no logical foundation in fact.”
See generally Abrams, 899 S.W.2d at 107 (while “any number of inferences may be drawn in a
given case provided that each inference has its own factual foundation” the rule against stacking
inferences is “to guard against attenuated reasoning, as where an initial inference is drawn from a
28
fact, and other inferences are built solely and cumulatively upon the first, so that the conclusion
reached is too remote and has no sound logical foundation in fact.”).
IV. DECISION
Based on the foregoing, the Court hereby GRANTS Defendants’ Motion for Summary
Judgment (Doc. 42) and judgment is entered in favor of Defendants and against Plaintiff on all
remaining claims. All other motions are DENIED AS MOOT.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Date: July 21, 2016
/s/ Douglas Harpool_______________
DOUGLAS HARPOOL
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
29
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