Johnston v. Commerce Bancshares, Inc. et al
Filing
73
ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANTS' SUMMARY JUDGMENT MOTIONS. Signed on 8/28/17 by Chief District Judge Greg Kays. (Strodtman, Tracy)
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
WESTERN DISTRICT OF MISSOURI
WESTERN DIVISION
JOHN JOHNSTON,
Plaintiff,
vs.
COMMERCE BANCSHARES, INC., and
PRUDENTIAL INSURANCE COMPANY
of AMERICA
Defendants.
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
No. 4:15-CV-0852-DGK
ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANTS’ SUMMARY JUDGMENT MOTIONS
This ERISA action arises from Defendant Prudential Insurance Company of America’s
(“Prudential”) decision to terminate Plaintiff John Johnston’s (“Plaintiff”) long-term disability
benefits under a policy purchased by Defendant Commerce Bancshares, Inc. (“Commerce”).
Plaintiff alleges Prudential and Commerce improperly terminated benefits to which he was
entitled under the policy.
Now before the Court are the parties’ cross motions for summary judgment. Holding that
Commerce is not a proper party to this lawsuit because it had no involvement in any decision to
grant or deny benefits to Plaintiff, and that Prudential’s decision to deny Plaintiff benefits under
the policy was not an abuse of discretion, Prudential and Commerce’s motions are GRANTED
(Docs. 55, 57) and Plaintiff’s motion is DENIED (Doc. 59).
Summary Judgment Standard
A moving party is entitled to summary judgment “if the movant shows that there is no
genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). The movant bears the initial responsibility of explaining the basis
for its motion, and it must identify those portions of the record which demonstrate the absence of
a genuine issue of material fact. Torgerson v. City of Rochester, 643 F.3d 1031, 1042 (8th Cir.
2011).
Background
The Court finds the material, undisputed facts to be as follows.1
Commerce employed Plaintiff in its computer department as an Enterprise Storage
Engineer. As part of his compensation package, Commerce provided him with a long-term
disability insurance policy (“the Plan”) which it purchased from Prudential.
The Plan’s provisions.
The Plan states that Prudential is the claims administrator, and Prudential “as Claims
Administrator has the sole discretion to interpret the terms of the Group Contract, to make
factual findings, and to determine eligibility for benefits.
The decision of the Claims
Administrator shall not be overturned unless arbitrary and capricious.” Administrative Record
(“R.”) at 100 (Doc. 54).
The Plan defines disability as when: “[1] you [the claimant] are unable to perform the
material and substantial duties of your regular occupation due to sickness or injury; [2] you are
under the regular care of a doctor; and [3] you have a 20% or more loss in your monthly earnings
due to that sickness or injury.” R. at 69. Prudential determines whether a claimant meets the
definition of disability. R. at 69. It provides Prudential may stop sending payments if the
claimant fails “to submit proof of continuing disability satisfactory to Prudential.” R. at 78. The
Plan also provides,
1
The Court has limited the facts presented here to those that are not in dispute and relevant to the motion. The
Court has excluded legal conclusions, argument presented as fact, and proposed facts that are not properly supported
by admissible evidence. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c); L.R. 56.1(a). The Court has included reasonable inferences from
material facts not in dispute and proposed facts the opposing party has not controverted properly.
2
[Prudential] may request that you send proof of continuing
disability, satisfactory to Prudential, indicating that you are under
the regular care of a doctor. . . . Prudential will deny your claim
or stop sending you payments if the appropriate information is not
submitted.
R. at 90.
Plaintiff’s illness and the initial claim approval.
On June 14, 2013, Plaintiff stopped working because of hydrocephalus2 which, doctors
later learned, was caused by a colloid cyst in the third ventricle of his brain. The hydrocephalus,
in turn, caused Plaintiff to develop neuropsychological problems.
It is unknown exactly when Plaintiff began experiencing changes in his health
attributable to the cyst. Plaintiff’s wife reports his behavior began changing in 2007, when he
started becoming increasingly angry. Sometime after 2010, the family began seeking mental
health treatment because of his behavior change, which the family attributed to depression and
Plaintiff not sleeping well due to sleep apnea. In June of 2012, Plaintiff began losing control
over his urine, and shortly after that, his stool. He also began experiencing problems with his
gait. He was eventually referred to a neurologist who could not find anything wrong and
referred him back to a psychiatrist.
During a subsequent visit with a psychiatrist, Plaintiff’s wife interjected that he was
having serious problems and requested an MRI because she feared he may have had a stroke.
The psychiatrist then ordered an MRI which revealed a colloid cyst and enlarged ventricles in his
brain.
2
Hydrocephalus is a condition causing an excess of cerebrospinal fluid to build up around the brain, putting pressure
on the brain.
3
In July of 2013, Plaintiff underwent brain surgery to remove the cyst and relieve the
pressure on his brain. Following the surgery, a neurologist, psychologist, and physical medicine
and rehabilitation doctor all treated Plaintiff.
Plaintiff filed his claim for long-term disability benefits on October 8, 2013.
The
rehabilitation doctor submitted a statement on October 10, 2013, in which he opined Plaintiff
was permanently disabled with moderate to severe cognitive impairments and decreased
memory, judgment, attention, and problem solving.
On October 24, 2013, a Prudential team comprised of team lead Kellie Tattersall,
clinician Laurel Cox, R.N., vocational rehabilitation specialist David Carey, and disability claims
manager Justin Huth, discussed Plaintiff’s claim. Ms. Cox noted Plaintiff had undergone two
rounds of neuropsychological testing, most recently in October 2013, and that it would be helpful
to have the results of that testing in determining the severity and prognosis of Plaintiff’s illness.
Ms. Cox noted it did not appear necessary to obtain the raw data underlying the
neuropsychological testing at that time.
As best the Court can determine, during this meeting Prudential decided to approve
Plaintiff’s claim for long-term disability benefits, at least through the duration of his physical
therapy.3 On November 7, 2013, Prudential sent Plaintiff a letter stating:
We have approved your LTD claim. We have reviewed the
medical information provided by your treating physician and have
determined that you are currently disabled from your regular
occupation as defined in the enclosure. This letter outlines some of
the programs and benefits that are available. Whenever possible,
we want to work with you on your return to work efforts.
3
The notation in the record states as follows: “LTD Analysis: Given EE LOV of 11/4/13 resulted in AP RX of 4
weeks PT and 00W for another 4 weeks it is reasonable to support LTD thru duration of PT. If no RTW after PI to
obtain PT DC and Updated OV from Ortho.” Unfortunately, neither party has supplied the Court with a list of terms
explaining what these acronyms mean.
4
...
To be eligible to receive benefits, you must be continuously
disabled from performing the material and substantial duties of
your regular occupation through the entire elimination period.
Since you have met this requirement, your LTD claim has been
approved and benefits begin effective December 12, 2013.
...
At this time we have requested the results of your two
Neuropsychological examinations from Patrick Caffrey, Ph.D. and
Eric Eckhmd-Johnson, Ph.D. Please contact these providers to
obtain the medical records and advise of our request. This
information is needed for the ongoing review of your claim and
benefits beyond December 31, 2013.
R. at 761-62.
Prudential’s subsequent denial of the claim.
At some point, it is unclear when,4 Prudential received the results of the July 2013 and
October 2013 neuropsychological testing. Mr. Huth and Ms. Cox discussed the October results.
Mr. Huth noted the results were not considered valid due to Plaintiff’s inconsistent performance.
It appeared from the neuropsychological testing that Plaintiff had some cognitive impairment,
but it could not be determined how much. Mr. Huth also noted that with cognitive therapy and
behavioral health counseling, at “least partial improvement would be expected.” R. at 823. Mr.
Huth and Ms. Cox agreed that Plaintiff would not have sustained capacity for work at the time,
but that Mr. Huth would follow up with Plaintiff in two to three months after he had obtained
therapy and counseling.
4
Prudential contends it received the reports on December 9, 2013, and December 26, 2013, respectively. But the
record entry listing when these records were received is dated December 11, 2016, which is obviously incorrect.
5
Sometime in March of 2014, Plaintiff underwent another surgery to place a shunt in his
brain because the ventricles in his brain had not returned to their normal size after the prior
surgery to remove the cyst.
On March 11, 2014, Linda Gasowski discussed the claim with Mr. Huth, Ms. Cox, and
Mr. Carey. They decided to refer Plaintiff’s file to a physician for review because of the claim’s
multiple records and providers, inconsistencies in reports, and complexity.
On March 24, 2014, Rajesh Wadhwa, M.D., a claim manager for Prudential who is a
board-certified doctor in internal medicine and occupational medicine, reviewed Plaintiff’s
medical records.
He concluded there was some evidence that Plaintiff had cognitive
impairments, but the extent of any such impairment was unclear due to the inconsistent
neuropsychological testing results. Dr. Wadhwa noted the neuropsychological testing performed
on July 20, 2013, indicated Plaintiff had significant cognitive defects, while testing conducted in
October of 2013 displayed validity indices that resulted in an inconclusive assessment of
cognitive abilities in some areas and normal abilities in some other measures. He concluded that
Plaintiff’s cognitive abilities had improved significantly, but it was not clear if he had adequate
abilities to accomplish tasks at work.
On April 12, 2014, the Social Security Administration awarded Plaintiff Social Security
Disability Income (“SSDI”) benefits beginning January 1, 2014. As part of Plaintiff’s SSDI
evaluation, he underwent a psychological evaluation in February 2014. Plaintiff provided this
evaluation to Prudential on April 23, 2014.
On April 15, 2014, Prudential, through Mr. Huth, extended Plaintiff’s benefits to April
30, 2014. Mr. Huth also scheduled a senior claim review with neuropsychological input.
6
On May 1, 2014, Prudential held the senior claim review with five participants, including
Mr. Huth and psychologist Melvyn Attfield, Ph.D.
The participants determined that a
comprehensive, independent in-person neuropsychological evaluation of Plaintiff should be
conducted.
On June 17, 2014, Dr. Robert L. Denney, Psy.D., a board-certified clinical
neuropsychologist, examined Plaintiff, administered a battery of neuropsychological testing, and
on June 27, 2014, submitted a 38-page report. Dr. Denney concluded that he did “not have valid
and reliable evidence that Mr. Johnston has ongoing cognitive deficits; as a result, I am not able
to provide a reasonable prognosis for improvement should there be an impairment that results in
limitation.” R. at 658. The embedded and freestanding validity measures contained in the test
indicated Plaintiff was not giving his best effort in the testing.5 In fact, Plaintiff’s efforts were
consistent with an attempt to feign cognitive problems.
5
Dr. Denney’s report observes:
A number of tests were used to assess Mr. Johnston’s motivation and effort to
perform well on cognitive testing. Tests which measure the validity of the
examinee’s performance come in two forms: freestanding and embedded indices
of performance validity. Freestanding tests usually appear to measure a domain
such as memory, whereas, in reality, the test would only show impairment for
those individuals with extremely severe memory impairment. In this way, we
can assess whether an examinee is giving adequate effort, less than adequate
effort, or, in some cases, even effortfully trying to appear impaired. Embedded
indices on the other hand, are inside traditional neuropsychological testing.
They are scientifically validated after the original tests were released. These
indices can provide an indication of whether or not the examinee is applying
appropriate effort on testing as well. Last, there are symptom validity measures
too, which can identify if an examinee is exaggerating on self-report measures.
Three such freestanding performance validity tests were administered to Mr.
Johnston, two in the morning and one in the early afternoon. He failed all three
tests and two of them indicated he was actively attempting to perform poorly.
These tests are referred to as “forced-choice tests.” In other words, the test taker
is shown something (words, numbers, etc.) with the expectation he will try to
remember the information. He is then presented with two choices and asked
which one he remembers. Even someone who could not see the stimuli (i.e.
someone who is blindfolded) would, on average, answer approximately 50% of
the items correctly just by guessing. Given this format, a person with no ability
whatsoever will likely perform within the random range. When a performance
7
The situation was more complex than a simple case of a claimant trying to “fake it” to
gain benefits. As Dr. Denney explained, Plaintiff’s third ventricle cyst and hydrocephalus may
have caused his behavior to change. Dr. Denney wrote:
Results from this current evaluation clearly indicate Mr. Johnston
was attempting to appear more cognitively impaired than was
genuinely the case. The presence of below random performance
on performance validity measures along with exaggerated
symptom report findings, in the context of a disability related
evaluation warrant the conclusion of malingering.
The presence of malingering, however, does not necessarily mean
significant cognitive deficits do not exist. Malingering and
significant cognitive deficits can co-occur. The problem in this
case is that the medical record demonstrates a condition exists for
which significant cognitive deficits are possible, but Mr. Johnston
was also malingering. It is possible given communicating
hydrocephalus that his real condition has deteriorated even since
the placement of the VP shunt; however, it is more likely [to] have
remained static or improved. It is impossible to determine what is
truly occurring without current reliable and valid test data.
In my clinical opinion, he likely does have some level of cognitive
deficits that could affect daily functioning, but without valid test
data results, I cannot identify his strengths and weaknesses. Thus,
I cannot properly diagnosis the presence of a Mild or Major
Cognitive Disorder and am left with noting the need to rule out
such diagnoses.
. . .
deviates from random enough, it becomes statistically significant. People with
good ability should perform well above the random range because they know the
correct answers and choose their responses accordingly. When scores fall below
random, it also indicates the person knew the correct answers, but intentionally
chose wrong answers instead of correct answers. This testing paradigm can be
compared to flipping a coin. If a coin is flipped a number of times, it will fall on
heads approximately 50% of the time. If it does not, to a statistically significant
degree, it can be assumed the coin is weighted. Consequently, the probability of
such a score occurring by chance alone is remote to a specific level of statistical
certainty.
R. at 646.
8
The record noted Depression and Anxiety on multiple occasions.
It appears the depression and anxiety did not begin until the period
before the cyst and hydrocephalus was identified. Consequently,
the diagnoses of Depressive Disorder and Anxiety Disorder in the
record should more correctly indicate their presence due to third
ventricle cyst and communicating hydrocephalus. Although they
could have been diagnosed as such if freestanding, the concomitant
presence of Major Neurocognitive Disorder would have more
properly changed that diagnosis as well. Major Neurocognitive
Disorder can include a behavioral changes specifier, which could
include mood and/or anxiety alterations. In the diagnostic
formulation below, I include them under the behavioral change
specifier. Mild Neurocognitive Disorder does not have the
behavioral specifier, which necessitates my inclusion of the need to
rule out Depressive Disorder and Anxiety Disorder Due to Third
Ventricle Cyst and Communicating Hydrocephalus as well if it is
ultimately determined that he does not have Major Neurocognitive
Disorder. As a result of his exaggeration on the self-report
inventory, I cannot determine if this prior level of depression
and/or anxiety continues; they must, consequently, also remain rule
out diagnoses.
The medical record included multiple notations of a Personality
Disorder. It appears from reviewing the entire record that this
diagnosis is not correct. An unspecified Personality Disorder
suggests a maladaptive personality problem that pre-existed the
development of the third ventricle cyst and communicating
hydrocephalus. It appears, however, that the record actually
indicates that personality change occurred as the cyst and
hydrocephalus were developing (the few years preceding the initial
surgery). Consequently, Personality Change due to third ventricle
cyst and communicating hydrocephalus may have been the proper
diagnosis. This diagnosis does not suggest premorbid personality
pathology. As noted above, the concomitant presence of Major
Neurocognitive Disorder has a behavioral change specifier. This
specification can also include personality change as a result of the
neurological impairment.
I include any potential ongoing
personality change under this specifier below.
Mild
Neurocognitive Disorder does not have the behavioral specifier,
which necessitates my inclusion of the need to rule out Personality
9
Change Due to Third Ventricle Cyst and Communicating
Hydrocephalus as well if it is ultimately determined that he does
not have Major Neurocognitive Disorder. It is possible the
personality change has resolved after the cyst removal and shunt
placement; without valid test data and behavioral presentation from
Mr. Johnston, it is impossible to determine.
R. 652-54 (emphasis added). Dr. Denney diagnosed Plaintiff with malingering Neurocognitive
Dysfunction, but noted Plaintiff had five other “rule out,” or possible, diagnoses:
Major
Cognitive Disorder, with behavioral changes (depression, anxiety, and personality changes);
Minor Cognitive Disorder; Depressive Disorder Due to Third Ventricle Cyst and
Communicating Hydrocephalus; Anxiety Disorder Due to Third Ventricle Cyst and
Communicating Hydrocephalus; and Personality Change Due to Third Ventricle Cyst and
Communicating Hydrocephalus. R. at 654. Ultimately, Dr. Denney could not opine for certain
one way or the other whether Plaintiff was functionally impaired.
Prudential received the raw data from Plaintiff’s July and October 2013
neuropsychological testing in July of 2014 and forwarded it to Dr. Denney.
Dr. Denney
reviewed it and created an addendum to his earlier report. Dr. Denney concluded that nothing in
the raw test data changed the clinical opinions or diagnostic opinions in his earlier report. In
fact, some of the earlier testing strengthened his convictions about his conclusions. Dr. Denney
did not seek to review the raw data from the report prepared for the Social Security
Administration by Dr. Nina Epperson, M.S., because her testing did not contain any freestanding performance validity measures.
On September 22, 2014, Prudential notified Plaintiff by telephone that it was
retroactively extending his benefits through August 31, 2014.
10
On October 2, 2014, Prudential sent Plaintiff a letter notifying him that “we have
determined that no benefits are payable beyond August 31, 2014. As a result, we have closed
your claim effective September 1, 2014.” R. at 781. It stated,
Based on the review of the file, we found that your reported
memory impairment is not supported based on the medical
information provided by you in your claim and lack of validity [of]
your performance given during the Neuropsychological
Examination. At your request, we have enclosed both the
Neuropsychological Exam and Addendum completed by Dr.
Denney.
We have determined that the information in your file does not
support impairment that would prevent you from performing the
material and substantial duties of your regular occupation.
After a thorough evaluation of the information in your file, we
have determined that you no longer meet the definition of
disability as defined in the attached Long Term Disability Policy
Provisions. Therefore, we have terminated your claim.
R. at 781.
Plaintiff’s appeal.
Plaintiff appealed the denial on March 3, 2015. His appeal raised five arguments: (1) Dr.
Denney’s opinion was not conclusive because he did not claim that Plaintiff was not impaired,
only that he exaggerated his symptoms; (2) Plaintiff’s own healthcare providers disagreed with
Dr. Denney; (3) although the October 2013 neuropsychological testing provided inconsistent
results, the neuropsychologist administering the testing thought Plaintiff had some cognitive
deficits whether from neurological or emotional dysfunction; (4) Prudential did not provide any
opinion from the computer industry that Plaintiff could perform his regular occupations; and (5)
Prudential’s denial was based on the subjective conclusion of non-treating health care providers
that Plaintiff was faking.
11
The only additional medical documentation Plaintiff provided with his appeal was a letter
from Plaintiff’s therapist, Marcia Meyer, Ph.D., dated November 7, 2014. Dr. Meyer argued that
Plaintiff had been exhausted by the neuropsychological testing administered by Dr. Denney, and
that he was not able to maintain the focus and concentration necessary to perform a full-time job.
Dr. Meyer indicated she had experience distinguishing authentic problems from fabricated ones,
and that Plaintiff truly had residual problems from brain surgery. Dr. Meyer did not provide or
refer to any additional testing of Plaintiff in support of her conclusions.
Prudential then arranged for another board-certified neuropsychologist, Michelle Zeller,
Psy.D., to review Plaintiff’s file, including Dr. Denney’s raw data and her own newly
administrated neuropsychological testing. Dr. Zeller conducted her new testing on June 8, 2015,
and submitted her twenty-eight page report on June 24, 2015.
She determined Plaintiff failed all nine symptom validity measures on cognitive and
psychiatric tests that she administered, and she concluded there was no reliable and valid
evidence that Plaintiff had cognitive deficits. She concluded that Plaintiff was attempting to
appear more impaired than he actually may have been. She noted that in addition to failing all
the validity measures, other factors suggested a diagnosis of “Definitive Malingering
Neurocognitive Dysfunction.” These were: (1) the incentive of his benefits being terminated; (2)
discrepancies between his test results and behavior she observed during the testing;6 and (3) the
fact that his description of memory loss was inconsistent with an organic brain injury in that he
professed to forget good memories, but remembered bad ones, which was more consistent with
an effort to exaggerate symptoms. In closing, she observed:
6
For example, she observed that he took much time to answer simple questions related to his personal history, but
was able to perform more difficult, complex tasks more quickly and without difficulty. Also, he reported memory
complaints, but reminded Dr. Zeller that she had asked for a photocopy of his driver’s license hours earlier.
12
[T]here is no reliable and valid evidence that Mr. Johnston is
functionally impaired due to significant exaggeration of cognitive
and psychiatric dysfunction. A diagnosis of Malingering does not
rule out the possibility that he may, in fact, have genuine
symptoms that are causing functional impairment. However, based
on observation, there does not appear to be any functional
impairment.
R. at 426.
Following receipt of this report, Prudential sent Plaintiff a letter dated July 17, 2015,
upholding its decision to discontinue benefits.
Commerce took no part in any review of Plaintiff’s claim for benefits, any determination
of his eligibility for benefits, any decision to award him benefits, and any decision to terminate
benefits.
Standard of Review
Where, as here, an ERISA plan grants the administrator discretionary authority to
determine eligibility for benefits or to construe the terms of the plan, a federal court reviews the
insurer’s denial of benefits under a deferential abuse of discretion standard. Green v. Union Sec.
Ins. Co., 646 F.3d 1042, 1050 (8th Cir. 2011).
In reviewing for an abuse of discretion, the administrator’s
decision should be reversed only if it is arbitrary and capricious.
The administrator’s decision should be affirmed if it is reasonable,
meaning it is supported by substantial evidence. Substantial
evidence is more than a scintilla but less than a preponderance.
“The requirement that the plan administrator's decision be
reasonable should be read to mean that a decision is reasonable if a
reasonable person could have reached a similar decision, given the
evidence before him, not that a reasonable person would have
reached that decision.” Midgett v. Wash. Group Int'l Long Term
Disability Plan, 561 F.3d 887, 897 (8th Cir.2009).
Green, 646 F.3d at 1050. The plaintiff in an ERISA case bears the burden of showing he is
entitled to benefits under the plan’s terms; the claim administrator only bears the burden of proof
13
where it is claiming an exclusion applies.7 Mario v. P & C Food Markets, Inc., 313 F.3d 758,
765 (2d Cir. 2002).
Also where, as here, the claim administrator holds the dual role of evaluating claims and
paying claims, it is operating under a conflict of interest that the court considers as a factor in
determining whether the claim administrator abused its discretion. Donaldson v. Nat’l Union
Fire Ins. Co. of Pitts, Pa., -- F.3d --, 2017 WL 3122070, at *1 (8th Cir. July 27, 2017). The
conflict of interest is weighed as one of several factors and “serves ‘as a tiebreaker when the
other factors are closely balanced’ and is ‘more important . . . where circumstances suggest a
higher likelihood that it affected the benefits decision’ and ‘less important . . . where the
administrator has taken active steps to reduce potential bias and to promote accuracy.’” Hackett
v. Standard Ins. Co., 559 F.3d 825, 830 (8th Cir. 2009) (quoting Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. v.
Glenn, 554 U.S. 105, 117 (2008)). In the present case, nothing in the record suggests there is a
higher likelihood that Prudential’s conflict of interest affected its decision, so the Court does not
give this factor great weight in the analysis. See Donaldson, 2017 WL 3122070 at *1.
Discussion
Prudential argues its decision to discontinue benefits was reasonable, or at least was not
an abuse of discretion, because Plaintiff failed to provide proof of an ongoing cognitive
impairment.
7
Plaintiff’s assertion that Hopkins v. AT&T Umbrella Benefit Plan No. 1 stands for the proposition that once the
plan administrator begins paying benefits, the burden of proof shifts to the plan administrator to support any
termination of benefits, is incorrect. If the plan administrator initially grants benefits and then subsequently revokes
its approval or denies benefits, at most the earlier decision matters only to the degree it shows the later decision to
deny benefits was unreasonable. It does not shift the burden of proof. “Paying benefits does not operate ‘forever as
an estoppel so that an insurer can never change its mind . . . the previous payment of benefits is a circumstance that
must weigh against the propriety of an insurer’s decision to discontinue those payments.” No 5:12-CV-0102-NKL,
2013 WL 12144078, at *9 (W.D. Mo. June 4, 2013) (quoting McOsker v. Paul Revere Life Ins. Co., 279 F.3d 586,
589 (8th Cir. 2002)).
14
Plaintiff argues Prudential erred in discontinuing his long term disability benefits
because: (1) it unreasonably interpreted the Plan’s terms to require proof of continued disability;
(2) it failed to show Plaintiff had made significant improvement so that he would be able to
return his previous work or perform any other gainful occupation for which he is reasonably
fitted; (3) it disregarded key evidence showing he was disabled in favor of reports from its own
paid doctors; and (4) it failed to consult a vocational rehabilitation specialist before terminating
benefits.
A.
Commerce is not a proper party to this lawsuit.
Commerce alleges, and Plaintiff does not dispute, that it was not the claims administrator
and had no involvement in any benefits determination for Plaintiff at any time, nor was it ever
responsible for paying benefits to him under the Plan. Accordingly, Commerce is not a proper
party to this lawsuit, and its motion for summary judgment is granted. See Brown v. J.B. Hunt
Transp. Servs., Inc., 586 F.3d 1079, 1088 (8th Cir. 2009).
B.
Prudential reasonably interpreted the Plan’s terms to require proof of
continuing disability due to sickness or injury.
The first question is whether Prudential’s interpreting the Plan to require Plaintiff to
provide proof of continuing disability was reasonable.
To determine whether a claim
administrator’s interpretation of plan language was reasonable when a court is reviewing the
language under the abuse of discretion standard, the court must consider the five Finley8 factors:
(1) whether the interpretation is consistent with the plan’s goals; (2) whether the interpretation
renders any plan language meaningless or internally inconsistent; (3) whether the interpretation
conflicts with the substantive or procedural requirements of the ERISA statute; (4) whether the
8
The name is taken from the Eighth Circuit case which recognized these factors, Finley v. Special Agents Mutual
Benefit Association, Inc., 957 F.2d 617, 621 (8th Cir. 1992).
15
administrator interpreted the words at issue consistently; and (5) whether the interpretation is
contrary to the clear language of the plan. Id. at *2. Even then, while these factors inform the
analysis, the dispositive principle remains that where the claim administrator has offered a
reasonable interpretation of a disputed provision, a court may not replace the administrator’s
interpretation with its own, and thus cannot disturb the challenged determination as an abuse of
discretion. Id.
The Plan states Prudential determines whether a claimant meets the definition of
disability. It states Prudential may stop sending payments if the claimant fails “to submit proof
of continuing disability satisfactory to Prudential,” and that Prudential “may request that [the
claimant] send proof of continuing disability, satisfactory to Prudential, indicating that you [the
claimant] are under the regular care of a doctor.” Prudential may require the claimant “to give
Prudential authorization to obtain additional medical information . . . as part of your proof of
claim, or proof of continuing disability.” It also cautions that if the appropriate information is
not submitted, “Prudential will deny your claim or stop sending you payments.”
Prudential contends it reasonably interpreted this language to mean it could approve
Plaintiff’s benefits for a limited period of time and require him to provide proof of continuing
disability throughout the period for which he is seeking benefits.
A header in Plaintiff’s brief indicates he is challenging Prudential’s interpretation of this
language, but the body of his brief does not; indeed, Plaintiff’s brief does not even mention the
Finley factors. Instead, Plaintiff challenges Prudential’s application of this language to his
claim. The Court discusses this application below in part C.
As for Prudential’s interpretation of the Plan’s language, the Court holds it is reasonable,
at least when reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard, because it satisfies the five Finley
16
factors. First, Prudential’s interpretation is consistent with the Plan’s goals in that it provides
benefits only when a claimant provides continuing proof of a sickness or injury preventing him
from performing the duties of his regular occupation. Second, the interpretation does not render
any language in the Plan meaningless or inconsistent. Third, the interpretation does not conflict
with any ERISA requirement. Fourth, Prudential has interpreted this language consistently.
Fifth, the interpretation is not contrary to any clear language in the Plan.
Consequently, the Court holds Prudential reasonably interpreted the Plan to require
Plaintiff provide proof of continuing disability.
C.
Prudential’s decision to discontinue paying benefits was not an abuse of
discretion.
The Court also finds Prudential’s application of this language to Plaintiff’s claim was not
an abuse of discretion.
Prudential argues its determination that Plaintiff was not disabled was
reasonable because he failed to provide satisfactory proof that he continued to suffer from
cognitive impairments that prevented him from working after December 31, 2013.
Plaintiff responds that Prudential never informed him that the proof he supplied was
unsatisfactory, nor did it request he provide supplemental information prior to terminating his
benefits. Plaintiff contends he supplied proof of his cognitive impairment many times.
Plaintiff’s arguments are unavailing. As a threshold matter, it was Plaintiff’s burden to
show he is entitled to benefits under the Plan’s terms; it was not, as Plaintiff intimates,
Prudential’s burden to show Plaintiff was not entitled to benefits. See Mario, 313 F.3d at 765.
Further, Prudential did not abuse its discretion because substantial evidence supports its
determination that Plaintiff failed to prove that he continued to suffer cognitive impairments
when it discontinued benefits.
There is overwhelming evidence on the record that the
neuropsychological testing indicating Plaintiff had disabling cognitive impairments was invalid
17
because, as Dr. Denney put it, Plaintiff “was attempting to appear more cognitively impaired
than was genuinely the case.”
This information, which Prudential learned after initially
approving Plaintiff’s claim, significantly outweighs the fact that it had previously agreed to pay
benefits.
Thus, Prudential’s decision to discontinue paying benefits was not arbitrary and
capricious.
Granted, there is evidence here supporting an award of benefits. In fact, if the Court were
the claims administrator, it might have reached a different conclusion. Obviously, Plaintiff did
not fake having a colloid cyst in the third ventricle of his brain, undergoing brain surgery, or
experiencing some neuropsychological problems. Also, the Social Security Administration—a
sophisticated entity experienced at weeding out phony claims—found Plaintiff had severe
cognitive impairments which prevented him from working. And the expert the Court finds most
persuasive, Dr. Denney, found Plaintiff “likely does have some level of cognitive deficits that
could affect daily functioning.” Indeed, Dr. Denney acknowledged that although Plaintiff was
malingering, he could still have significant cognitive deficits, noting “[m]alingering and
significant cognitive deficits can co-occur.” He speculated that Plaintiff’s behavioral changes
might have been caused by the cyst and hydrocephalus, a possibility he accounted by listing
“Major Cognitive Disorder, with behavioral changes (depression, anxiety, and personality
changes) and “Personality Change Due to Third Ventricle Cyst and Communicating
Hydrocephalusas” as “rule out” diagnoses.
That said, Prudential’s decision is still supported by substantial evidence. Although the
Social Security Administration found Plaintiff disabled, it reached its decision under a different
standard than that used by the Plan, and it did not have all the evidence before it, including Dr.
Denney’s report, that Prudential had when it decided to discontinue benefits. Further, Dr.
Denney’s conclusion that without valid test results there was no neuropsychological evidence to
18
properly diagnose with either a mild or major cognitive disorder is practically unassailable.
Hence, Prudential’s decision to discontinue benefits on the ground that Plaintiff failed to prove
he suffered from cognitive impairments is supported by substantial evidence, even if this finding
is arguably opportunistic or self-serving since Prudential is responsible for both evaluating
Plaintiff’s claim and paying Plaintiff’s claim. See Donaldson, 2017 WL 3122070 at *1.
D.
Prudential was not required to consult a vocational rehabilitation specialist.
Finally, Plaintiff argues Prudential had a responsibility to have a vocational expert review
his claim to determine if, in light of his present impairment, he was fit for work.
This argument is unpersuasive, because it assumes what Plaintiff failed to prove, namely,
that he possessed sufficient limitations, that an opinion from a vocational expert was required to
determine whether he could perform any occupation. As Dr. Denney noted, Plaintiff “likely
does have some level of cognitive deficits that could affect daily functioning, but without valid
test data results, I cannot identify his strengths and weaknesses.” Because there are no valid test
results here, there is no basis on which to find Plaintiff has any limitations, thus asking a
vocational expert to give an opinion on what work Plaintiff can perform, if any, is pointless.
Thus, Prudential did not err in failing to consult a vocational rehabilitation specialist.
Discussion
For the reasons stated above, the Court finds Prudential’s decision to discontinue
providing benefits to Plaintiff is supported by substantial evidence in the record. Prudential and
Commerce’s motions for summary judgment (Docs. 55, 57) are GRANTED and Plaintiff’s
motion (Doc. 59) is DENIED.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Date:
August 28, 2017
/s/ Greg Kays
GREG KAYS, CHIEF JUDGE
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
19
Disclaimer: Justia Dockets & Filings provides public litigation records from the federal appellate and district courts. These filings and docket sheets should not be considered findings of fact or liability, nor do they necessarily reflect the view of Justia.
Why Is My Information Online?