Hughs et al v. Union Pacific Railroad Company
Filing
108
ORDER granting in part and denying in part 36 motion for partial summary judgment. The Court finds summary judgment in favor of Defendant on Plaintiffs excessive speed claims based on the alleged extrahazardous crossing, extreme weather conditions , and a failure to issue a slow order; on Plaintiffs negligence claim related to the train horn pattern requirement; and on Plaintiffs negligent training claims. Plaintiffs excessive speed claim based on the cars unwavering approach withstands Defendants preemption challenge. Additionally, the Court defers ruling on Defendants arguments related to 49 C.F.R. § 229.129. Signed on 4/14/2017 by District Judge Roseann Ketchmark. (Perry, Madison)
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
WESTERN DISTRICT OF MISSOURI
ST. JOSEPH DIVISION
RHONDA HUGHS, NEXT FRIEND TO
TSG; RANDY GROVES, T.S.G., MINOR,
BY NEXT FRIEND RHONDA HUGHS;
Plaintiffs,
v.
UNION PACIFIC RAILROAD
COMPANY,
Defendant.
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ORDER
Case No. 5:15-06079-CV-RK
Now pending before the Court is Defendant’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment –
Preemption.
(Doc. 36.)
In their supporting and opposing suggestions, the parties dispute
whether certain claims asserted by Plaintiffs are preempted by federal law or otherwise fail as a
matter of law. After careful review, the Defendant’s motion (doc. 36) is GRANTED in part and
DENIED in part.
I.
Background
This action for wrongful death arises from an automobile/train collision that occurred at a
public railroad grade crossing in Trenton, Missouri. The accident occurred when a car driven by
Nancy Groves (“Decedent”) collided with a train owned by Defendant. The resulting collision
killed Decedent and her two passengers. Plaintiffs allege a number of ways in which Defendant
was negligent. Defendant asserts that many of Plaintiffs’ claims are preempted by federal law or
fail for other reasons.
II.
Summary Judgment Standard
“The court shall grant summary judgment if the movant shows that there is no genuine
dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”
FED. R. CIV. P. 56(a). A party who moves for summary judgment bears the burden of showing
that there is no genuine issue of material fact. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242,
256 (1986). An issue of fact is only genuine if it has a real basis in the record, and is material if
it “might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law.” Id. at 248. When considering
a motion for summary judgment, a court must scrutinize the evidence in the light most favorable
to the nonmoving party, and the nonmoving party “must be given the benefit of all reasonable
inferences.” Mirax Chem. Prods. Corp. v. First Interstate Commercial Corp., 950 F.2d 566, 569
(8th Cir. 1991) (citation omitted).
In resisting summary judgment, the nonmoving party may not rest on the allegations in
its pleadings, but must, by affidavit and other evidence, set forth specific facts showing that a
genuine issue of material fact exists. FED. R. CIV. P. 56(c); see also Thomas v. Corwin, 483 F.3d
516, 527 (8th Cir. 2007) (“mere allegations, unsupported by specific facts or evidence beyond
the nonmoving party’s own conclusions, are insufficient to withstand a motion for summary
judgment”). In so doing, the nonmoving party “cannot create sham issues of fact in an effort to
defeat summary judgment.” RSBI Aerospace, Inc. v. Affiliated FM Ins. Co., 49 F.3d 399, 402
(8th Cir. 1995) (citation omitted). “Rule 56(c) mandates the entry of summary judgment, after
adequate time for discovery and upon motion, against a party who fails to make a showing
sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on which that
party will bear the burden of proof at trial.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986).
Specifically, “[f]ederal preemption is an affirmative defense, and therefore the Defendant bears
the burden of proof.” Janero v. Norfolk S. Ry. Co., No. 1:13-CV-155-TLS, 2017 U.S. Dist.
LEXIS 36822, at *13 (N.D. Ind. Mar. 15, 2017) (discussing federal preemption with respect to
the Federal Railroad Safety Act).
III.
Discussion
In its motion for summary judgment, Defendant raises the following preemption
challenges to a number of Plaintiffs’ claims: (A) federal law preempts Plaintiffs’ claims that the
train was traveling at an excessive speed; (B) federal law preempts Plaintiffs’ claims related to
the train’s horn based on its sound, pattern and maintenance; and (C) federal law preempts
Plaintiffs’ claims for negligent training.
Specifically, Defendant contends that the Federal
Railroad Safety Act (“FRSA”), 49 U.S.C. § 20101 et seq, and the Locomotive Inspection Act
(“LIA”), 49 U.S.C. § 20701 et seq, preempt these claims.
2
The purpose of the FRSA is to promote “safety in every area of railroad operations and
reduce railroad-related accidents and incidents.” See 49 U.S.C. § 20101. The FRSA has an
express preemption and savings provision which states in relevant part:
(a) National uniformity of regulation.
(1) Laws, regulations, and orders related to railroad safety and laws, regulations,
and orders related to railroad security shall be nationally uniform to the extent
practicable.
(2) A State may adopt or continue in force a law, regulation, or order related to
railroad safety or security until the Secretary of Transportation (with respect to
railroad safety matters), . . . prescribes a regulation or issues an order covering the
subject matter of the State requirement. A State may adopt or continue in force an
additional or more stringent law, regulation, or order related to railroad safety or
security when the law, regulation, or order(A) is necessary to eliminate or reduce an essentially local safety or security
hazard;
(B) is not incompatible with a law, regulation, or order of the United States
Government; and
(C) does not unreasonably burden interstate commerce.
(b) Clarification regarding State law causes of action.
(1) Nothing in this section shall be construed to preempt an action under State law
seeking damages for personal injury, death, or property damage alleging that a
party(A) has failed to comply with the Federal standard of care established by a
regulation or order issued by the Secretary of Transportation (with respect to
railroad safety matters), . . . covering the subject matter as provided in
subsection (a) of this section;
(B) has failed to comply with its own plan, rule, or standard that it created
pursuant to a regulation or order issued by either of the Secretaries; or
(C) has failed to comply with a State law, regulation, or order that is not
incompatible with subsection (a)(2).
49 U.S.C. § 20106.
Pursuant to the LIA, a railroad carrier can use a locomotive only when the locomotive’s
“parts and appurtenances”:
(1) are in proper condition and safe to operate without unnecessary danger of personal
injury;
(2) have been inspected as required under this chapter [49 USCS §§ 20701 et seq.] and
regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Transportation under this chapter [49 USCS §§
20701 et seq.]; and
3
(3) can withstand every test prescribed by the Secretary under this chapter [49 USCS §§
20701 et seq.].
49 U.S.C. § 20701. “The LIA regulates the design and construction of locomotives, and the
Supreme Court has held that it preempts conflicting state laws concerning locomotive
equipment.” Bates v. Mo. & N. Ark. R.R. Co., 548 F.3d 634, 638 (8th Cir. 2008) (citing Napier
v. Atlantic Coast Line R.R. Co., 272 U.S. 605, 613 (1926)).
A.
Excessive Speed Claims
Defendant first argues that Plaintiffs’ claims that the train was operating at an excessive
speed are preempted by federal law because the train was traveling within the speed limit set by
federal law. Here, the parties’ briefs address four different bases for the excessive speed claims.
The parties do not dispute that the train was traveling within the speed limit set by federal law.
“Federal law generally preempts state law claims based on excessive speed in train
accidents. In order to avoid preemption a plaintiff must show that [his or her] claim is an
exception to the general rule.” Rawls v. Union Pac. R.R., No. 1:09-cv-01037, 2011 U.S. Dist.
LEXIS 77253, at *8 (W.D. Ark. Feb. 22, 2011). The FRSA has established regulations setting
the maximum train speeds for different classes of track. 49 C.F.R. § 213.9. Generally, “if the
train was traveling within the federal speed limit, then the FRSA preempts any state or common
law claim as to excessive speed.” Peters v. Union Pac. R.R. Co., 455 F. Supp. 2d 998, 1002
(W.D. Mo. 2006) (citing CSX Transp. v. Easterwood, 507 U.S. 658, 675 (1993)). An exception
to such preemption is a claim for failure to slow or stop to avoid a specific individual hazard. Id.
at 1002 (collecting cases). “Generally, courts considering this issue have ruled that a ‘specific
individual hazard’ must be a discrete and truly local hazard[.]” O’Bannon v. Union Pac. R.R.,
960 F. Supp. 1411, 1420 (W.D. Mo. 1997). The local hazards “must be aberrations which the
Secretary could not have practically considered when determining train speed limits under the
FRSA.” Id. at 1420 (citation omitted). More precisely stated, “the ‘local hazard’ cannot be
statewide in character and cannot be capable of being adequately encompassed within uniform,
national standards.” Id. at 1420-21 (citations omitted).
1.
Unwavering Approach
As one basis for an excessive speed claim, Plaintiffs argue that Defendant operated the
train at an excessive speed for local hazards including the unwavering approach of Decedent’s
car. Plaintiffs’ claim that Defendant operated the train at an excessive speed given this known,
specific individual hazard – the car’s unwavering approach – is not preempted by the FRSA.
4
Peters, 455 F. Supp. 2d at 1003 (holding unwavering approach by a vehicle constitutes a local
safety hazard therefore plaintiff’s excessive speed claim was not preempted by the FRSA); see
also Alcorn v. Union Pac. R.R. Co., 50 S.W.3d 226, 242 (Mo. banc 2001) (overruled on other
grounds) (“A specific, individual hazard can include the ‘unwavering approach’ of a vehicle that
the train crew either knew or should have known about.”) (citing Griffin v. Kansas City Southern
Ry. Co., 965 S.W.2d 458, 461 (Mo. App. 1998)). Defendant concedes in its reply suggestions
that this claim is not preempted, but maintains that it is more properly characterized as a claim
that the crew should have taken evasive action rather than a claim that the train was traveling too
fast. The Court will not address the merits of this claim here as they are addressed in its Order
on Defendant’s other motion for summary judgment (doc. 38). Therefore, Defendant’s motion
for summary judgment on Plaintiffs’ excessive speed claim on the basis of the car’s unwavering
approach is denied.
2.
Sight Restrictions, Excessive Vertical Elevation, Inadequate Traffic
Control at the Crossing
As another basis of excessive speed, Plaintiffs argue that sight restrictions, excessive
vertical elevation, and inadequate traffic control at the crossing made the crossing
extrahazardous. Plaintiffs argue that such an extrahazardous crossing is a local hazard, and
therefore, this excessive speed claim is not preempted by the FRSA. However, these were the
same type of claims that were found to be preempted in O’Bannon. There, the plaintiffs alleged
that a local hazard existed due to “lack of active warning devices at the crossing, the steep grade
and angle of the crossing, and the proximity of the crossing to a highway.” O’Bannon, 960 F.
Supp. at 1421. The Court determined that those allegations did not establish an individualized
hazard. Id. It said they were all “general conditions of crossings that are amenable to uniform,
nation standards.” Id. As in O’Bannon, Plaintiffs’ excessive speed claim based on the alleged
extrahazardous crossing is preempted by the FRSA, and summary judgment for Defendant on
this claim is appropriate.
3.
Extreme Weather Conditions
Next, Plaintiffs argue that weather conditions the day of the collision were a specific,
individualized hazard, citing to Bakhuyzen v. Nat’l Rail Passenger Corp., 20 F. Supp. 2d 1113,
1118 (W.D. Mich. 1996), which held that the question of whether a train engineer “had a duty to
slow the train due to snowy weather conditions is not preempted by the FRSA.” However, the
Court agrees with Defendant that the clear majority of courts have come to the opposite
5
conclusion and rejected the argument that weather conditions are an exception to FRSA
preemption of excessive speed claims. Kankakee, Beaverville & S. R.R. Co. v. McLane Co., No.
4:08-cv-00048, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 94675, at *9 (N.D. Ind. Sep. 10, 2010) (“Most courts
examining the issue have held that adverse weather conditions do not constitute a specific,
individual hazard.”) (collecting cases).
Additionally, the Court finds that this case is
distinguishable from Bakhuyzen because there, the plaintiff argued that the train had to operate at
a slower speed because of “limited visibility due to snowy weather conditions.” 20 F. Supp. 2d
at 1117. Whereas here, the evidence shows that snow was not impairing visibility at the time of
the accident. Therefore, Plaintiffs’ excessive speed claim based on extreme weather conditions
is preempted by the FRSA, and summary judgment for Defendant on this claim is appropriate.
4.
Failing to issue a slow order
Finally, Defendant argues that if Plaintiffs attempt to circumvent federal preemption by
re-characterizing their speed claim as a failure to issue a slow order claim, that claim is
preempted in the same way as a direct attack on the speed of the train. Plaintiffs do not oppose
this specific argument. In Rawls v. Union Pacific Railroad, the court reiterated that “federal
regulations, which specify speed limits for different types of tracks and trains, are not affected by
internal railroad policies.” No. 1:09-cv-01037, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 77253, at *10 (W.D. Ark.
Feb. 22, 2011) (citing St. Louis Sw. Ry. Co. v. Pierce, 68 F.3d 276, 278 (8th Cir. 1995)
(collecting cases)). Therefore, Plaintiffs’ excessive speed claim based on a failure to issue a
slow order is preempted by the FRSA and summary judgment for Defendant is appropriate.
B.
Train Horn Claims
Defendant next argues that federal law preempts Plaintiffs’ claims related to sound,
pattern, and maintenance of the train’s horn. Here, Plaintiffs press three separate arguments as to
how the sound of the train’s horn constituted negligence. Plaintiffs argue that (1) Defendant’s
horn did not meet the decibel level requirement set forth in 49 C.F.R. § 229.129 at the time of the
collision; (2) relatedly, Plaintiffs argue Defendant failed to maintain the horn in compliance with
the LIA by failing to comply with 49 C.F.R. § 229.129; and (3) Plaintiffs argue that, prior to the
collision, the train’s horn was not sounded according to the correct pattern as required by 49
C.F.R. § 222.21.
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1.
Decibel Level Requirements of 49 C.F.R. § 229.129 and Locomotive
Maintenance Claims
The parties address two sets of arguments related to 49 C.F.R. § 229.129. First, the
parties dispute whether there are sufficient facts for a jury to determine that Defendant violated
the decibel requirements of 49 C.F.R. § 229.129 at the time of the collision. Second, the parties’
dispute regarding whether Plaintiffs’ negligent maintenance claim is preempted by the LIA,
stems from a factual disagreement regarding whether Plaintiffs can prove Defendant violated a
federal standard of care set forth in section 229.129.
Additional authority from the parties is necessary for the Court’s resolution of these
claims.
Specifically, the Court asks the parties to address the following issues: (1) any
distinction between these claims or whether both arguments are solely based on negligent
maintenance; (2) whether these claims are preempted by the FRSA, the LIA, or both; and (3)
whether state law claims asserting a breach of a federal standard of care are preempted by the
LIA. See BNSF Ry. Co. v. Seats, Inc., No. 4:16CV3121, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 8921 (D. Neb.
Jan. 23, 2017) (analyzing conflict among cases regarding whether state claims based on a federal
standard of care are preempted by the LIA).1 The Court will seek input from counsel at the
pre-trial conference on April 14, 2017, to determine how this information should be provided to
the Court.
2.
Train Horn Pattern Requirements of 49 C.F.R. § 222.21
Federal regulations require train horns to be sounded in the following pattern when
approaching a public highway-rail grade crossing: “two long blasts, one short blast and one long
blast[.]” 49 C.F.R. § 222.21. Further, “the locomotive horn shall begin to be sounded at least 15
seconds, but no more than 20 seconds, before the locomotive enters the crossing.” Id. However,
an engineer does not violate the regulation by beginning to sound the horn 25 seconds before the
train enters the crossing if the engineer is unable to determine precisely the time of arrival. Id.
“Thus, the regulation requires four horn blasts to be sounded in a pattern of a long, long, short,
1
Neither party addressed this conflict in their suggestions. See Defendant’s motion for summary
judgment (doc. 37 at 17) (“The regulations governing locomotive equipment are promulgated pursuant to
the [LIA]. . . . To avoid preemption, Plaintiffs must allege and prove that the railroad ‘has failed to
comply with the [f]ederal standard of care established by a regulation.’”) (citing FRSA at 49 U.S.C. §
20106(b)(1)(B)); Plaintiffs’ suggestions in opposition (doc. 64 at 14) citing the preemption analysis under
the FRSA asking whether the defendant violated a federal standard of care and (id. at 19) arguing
Plaintiffs’ claims are not preempted because Defendant has failed to comply with the federal standard of
care established in 49 C.F.R. Part 229.
7
then long blast that starts no more than 25 seconds before a train enters a public crossing.” Johns
v. CSX Transp., Inc., No. 1:14-CV-125 (LJA), 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 133039, at *44 (M.D. Ga.
Sep. 28, 2016). These regulations governing locomotive horns specifically preempt “any State
law, rule, or regulation, or order governing the sounding of the locomotive horn at a public
highway-rail grade crossing in accordance with 49 U.S.C. § 20106.” 49 C.F.R. § 222.7(a).
However as noted above, the FRSA and its regulations “do not preempt an action under State
law seeking damages for personal injury, death, or property damage alleging that a party has
failed to comply with the Federal standard of care established by a regulation[.]”
49 U.S.C. § 20106.
Here, Plaintiffs claim that prior to the collision, the train’s horn was not sounded in
accordance with the pattern set forth in 49 C.F.R. § 222.21. The Court finds that based on the
testimony of Plaintiffs’ expert Jim Scott (doc. 63-4 at 90) and the testimony of Defendant’s
expert Gary Wolf (doc. 63-18 at 46-48), the horn was not sounded in the correct pattern, and
therefore, Defendant breached its duty to comply with the pattern set forth in 49 C.F.R. § 222.21.
However, this does not end the Court’s inquiry.
Defendant’s argument not only raises the issue of preemption but also focuses on
Plaintiffs’ lack of evidence establishing that the incorrect horn pattern was the proximate cause
of the accident. Plaintiffs respond that causation is a question of fact for the jury. Additionally,
Plaintiffs argue that Missouri law recognizes a legal presumption that, had the horn been
sounded, the driver would have stopped. However, here is there is no dispute that the horn was
sounded, and therefore a legal presumption on that basis is irrelevant. Moreover, Plaintiffs have
not set forth any evidence establishing causation, and Plaintiffs acknowledge that the horn began
sounding 8 blasts, 17 seconds prior to the collision. (Doc. 63 at ¶¶ 11, 28.)
The Court finds it illogical to conclude that a minor deviation from the regulation’s
pattern caused the collision considering Decedent appeared not to hear any of the horn’s 8 blasts
in the 17 seconds preceding the collision. Therefore, a finding by the jury of causation for
Plaintiffs on this claim would be based on mere speculation. See Stonebarger v. Union Pac. R.R.
Co., 76 F. Supp. 3d 1228, 1246-47 (D. Kan. 2015) (“Because Plaintiffs have failed to come
forward with any evidence that the short horn was the cause in fact or proximate cause of the
accident, summary judgment is warranted.”); Byrne v. CSX Transp., Inc., No. 3:09 CV 919, 2012
U.S. Dist. LEXIS 75409, at *7-8 (N.D. Ohio May 31, 2012) (“Even if Plaintiffs could
8
demonstrate that Defendants did not comply with 49 C.F.R. § 222.21, Plaintiffs cannot prove
causation. . . . The suggested inference . . . that Defendants’ horn pattern caused the accident
because [Plaintiff] did not stop and look for a train . . . is not sufficient to prove causation.”)
(citing Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 250, 252, 106 S. Ct. 2505, 91 L. Ed. 2d
202 (1986) (“[T]he mere existence of a scintilla of evidence does not merit the submission of a
case to a jury.”)); and Halloway v. Bnsf Ry. Co., No. CV 10-0844 JCH/KBM, 2012 WL
12862335, at *5 (D.N.M. Sept. 4, 2012) (“the Court finds it illogical . . . to conclude that the use
of a short signal . . . would have gained Ms. Williams’ attention considering that Ms. Williams
appeared not to hear a continuous 17-second blast even as the train was upon her. Further, any
finding that the lack of additional warning caused Ms. Williams death, would be speculation on
the part of the jury.”) (citing Petre v. Norfolk S. Ry. Co., 458 F.Supp.2d 518, 535 (N.D. Ohio
2006) (“[i]t is illogical to conclude that the 3-second delay in sounding the whistle prejudiced
[the decedent’s] ability to hear the whistle (when it would have been much further from the
crossing), since she did not appear to hear the whistle when the train was upon her.”)).
Therefore, Plaintiff has not met its burden in resisting summary judgment on their train horn
claim related to pattern, and summary judgment for Defendant on this claim is appropriate.
C.
Negligent Training Claims
Defendant next argues that Plaintiffs’ negligent training claims are preempted by federal
law. Specifically, Defendant claims that the regulations found in 49 C.F.R. Parts 240 and 217
subsume the subject of training and preclude the imposition of any common law duties that
would impose additional requirements for training of engineers and conductors. Defendant also
claims that 49 C.F.R. §§ 213.7 and 213.119 subsume the subject of training and preempt any
common-law negligence theories addressing the same subject.
In opposition, Plaintiffs first argue that their negligent training claims arise from
Defendant’s failure to adhere to internal rules that were created pursuant to federal regulations,
and that therefore their claims survive preemption pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 20106.2 Despite
2
Although no statute or regulation is identified in the Complaint with respect to training, in their
opposition, Plaintiffs baldly state Defendant “has a federally-imposed duty to instruct its train crews about
safe operating procedures and practices, and to conduct an annual review and analysis of the effectiveness
of its training and compliance programs” citing the following regulations: 49 C.F.R. §§ 240.127(b),
240.129(b), and 240.309. Section 240.127(b) requires a railroad to have “procedures for examining the
performance skills of a person being evaluated for qualification as a locomotive engineer[.]” Section
240.129(b) requires a railroad to have “procedures for monitoring the operational performance of those it
9
Plaintiffs’ numerous arguments regarding what the evidence shows,3 Plaintiffs have ultimately
not shown that any identified internal policies were created pursuant to federal regulations.
Consequently, based on this argument, Plaintiffs’ claims for negligent training do not withstand
summary judgment.
Alternatively, Plaintiffs argue that the regulations cited by Defendant do not cover the
subject matter of Plaintiffs’ negligent training claims because the claims focus on training related
to the safe grade crossings. “To prevail on the claim that the regulations have pre-emptive effect,
[Defendant] must establish more than that they ‘touch upon’ or ‘relate to’ that subject matter.”
Easterwood, 507 U.S. at 664. “[R]egulations adopted pursuant to the FRSA will preempt a
particular state law tort claim only if they ‘substantially subsume’ the subject matter of the
relevant state law.”
In re Derailment Cases, 416 F.3d 787, 793 (8th Cir. 2005) (citing
Easterwood, 507 U.S. at 664). “But a regulatory framework need not impose bureaucratic
micromanagement in order to substantially subsume a particular subject matter.” Id. at 794
(citing CSX Transp. v. Williams, 365 U.S. App. D.C. 331, 406 F.3d 667, 672 (D.C. Cir. 2005)
(“The FRSA preemption provision . . . authorizes the court only to determine whether the
regulation covers the subject matter, leaving it to [the federal agency] to gauge the efficacy of the
. . . measures based on the agency’s expertise.”)). Because Plaintiffs assert that Defendant
negligently trained employees regarding safe grade crossings, the Court looks to the extent to
has determined as qualified as a locomotive engineer[.]” Finally, section 240.309 requires railroads to
conduct “a formal annual review and analysis concerning the administration of its program for responding
to detected instances of poor safety conduct by certified locomotive engineers during the prior calendar
year” and “determine what action(s) it will take to improve the safety of train operations to reduce or
eliminate future incidents of that nature.” Plaintiffs have not submitted evidence showing that Defendant
failed to perform or lacked such procedures.
3
Plaintiffs argue that the evidence shows: (1) Defendant’s safety rules obligated the train crew to
“report, correct, or protect any unsafe condition or practice[;]” (2) unsafe conditions existed at the
crossing prior to the collision; (3) Defendant’s safety rules require that employees be “trained and be
conversant with applicable policies and procedures related to their duties and be governed by them[;]”
and (4) Mr. Shrum, the train’s engineer, and Mr. Taft, the train’s conductor, never reported the dangerous
conditions at the crossing. Plaintiffs also assert that the evidence shows: (1) Defendant’s “maintenance of
way” employees are supposed to inspect the track and the crossing to determine if there are hazardous
conditions; (2) this responsibility includes inspecting the signage to ensure it is in place and in good
condition; (3) a damaged crossbuck (a type of railroad crossing sign) existed at the time of the collision;
(4) maintenance of way employees are also responsible for controlling vegetation so that it does not
obstruct the view at grade crossings, signals, and signs; (5) Defendant had an internal guideline requiring
vegetation clearance a distance from 300 feet from crossing and 50 feet from the tracks’ centerline; and
(6) maintenance of way employees are responsible for maintaining vegetation in accordance with that
internal policy.
10
which the regulations adopted pursuant to the FRSA address training of employees with respect
to safe grade crossings.
Defendant claims that because the regulations found in 49 C.F.R. Parts 240 and 217
cover the subject of training engineers and conductors and 49 C.F.R. §§ 213.7 and 213.119 cover
the subject of training track inspectors, these regulations preclude the imposition of any common
law duties that would impose additional training requirements on Defendant’s employees.
Plaintiffs contend that the regulations do not substantially subsume the subject matter of
their negligent training claims because the regulations do not cover training related to the safe
grade crossings. In support of their argument, Plaintiffs cite the Georgia Supreme Court case
Norfolk S. Ry. v. Zeagler, where the court found that a plaintiff’s failure to train claim was not
preempted by certain regulations in 49 C.F.R. Part 217 because those regulations do not cover
safety training for conductors regarding grade-crossing accidents. 748 S.E.2d 846, 860 (Ga.
2013) (“The regulations that Norfolk Southern cites, however, do not cover the subject matter of
Zeagler’s claim, much less conflict with that claim, because none of them speak to the kind of
employee safety training, if any, that railroads should provide to their conductors to guard
against injuries in grade-crossing accidents.”).
Defendant does not address this case in its reply brief, however, the Court finds that it is
inconsistent with holdings of federal courts that have determined state law claims regarding
employee training are preempted by Federal Railroad Administration (“FRA”) regulations. See
Bradford v. Union Pac. R.R.Co., 491 F. Supp. 2d 831, 839 (W.D. Ark. 2007) (“Plaintiffs’ claims
regarding engineer training and certification are [] preempted.”) (citing 49 C.F.R. § 240); Marsh
v. Norfolk S., Inc., No. 3:14-CV-02331, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 39442, at *30 (M.D. Pa. Mar. 20,
2017) (“[i]t is clear that the federal training regulations do ‘substantially subsume’ the subject of
employee training”) (citing Union Pac. R. Co. v. California Pub. Utilities Comm’n, 346 F.3d
851, 868 (9th Cir. 2003)); Dowe v. AMTRAK, No. 01 C 5808, 2004 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 7233, at
*18-19 (N.D. Ill. Apr. 26, 2004) (“The FRA’s regulations contain detailed and particularized
requirements that railroads must meet regarding the overall structure of their training programs. .
. .[F]ederal law preempts state law regarding training of locomotive engineers[.]”); Lombardy v.
Norfolk S. Ry., No. 1:12-CV-210, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 75244, at *23 (N.D. Ind. June 3, 2014)
(“Plaintiff’s claims for negligent training . . . are precluded by the FRSA.”); Olberding v. Union
Pac. R.R. Co., 454 F. Supp. 2d 884, 887 (W.D. Mo. 2006) (finding training and instruction of the
11
train crew claim “completely preempted by the FRA regulations[.]”; Gillenwater v. Burlington
N. & Santa Fe Ry., No. 4:05CV2011 RWS, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 41048, at *4 (E.D. Mo. June
13, 2006) (finding negligence claim based on railroad employee safety training preempted).
Therefore, Plaintiffs’ arguments as to why their claims for negligent training survive preemption
are unavailing, and the Court finds that these claims are preempted. Consequently, summary
judgment for Defendant is appropriate on Plaintiffs’ negligent training claims.
IV.
Conclusion
As set forth above, the Court concludes that Defendant’s motion (doc. 36) is GRANTED
in part and DENIED in part. The Court finds summary judgment in favor of Defendant on
Plaintiffs’ excessive speed claims based on the alleged extrahazardous crossing, extreme weather
conditions, and a failure to issue a slow order; on Plaintiffs’ negligence claim related to the train
horn pattern requirement; and on Plaintiffs’ negligent training claims. Plaintiffs’ excessive speed
claim based on the car’s unwavering approach withstands Defendant’s preemption challenge.
Additionally,
the
Court
DEFERS
ruling
on
Defendant’s
arguments
related
49 C.F.R. § 229.129.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
s/ Roseann A. Ketchmark
ROSEANN A. KETCHMARK, JUDGE
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
DATED: April 14, 2017
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