Collins v. PrimeFlight Aviation Services, Inc.
Filing
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ORDER granting in part and denying in part Plaintiff's motion to remand 14 . This case is REMANDED to the Circuit Court of Platte County, Missouri, based upon lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. Defendants' motion to dismiss 11 is denied as moot. Signed on 12/15/2017 by District Judge Roseann Ketchmark. (Russell, Elizabeth)
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
WESTERN DISTRICT OF MISSOURI
ST. JOSEPH DIVISION
AL COLLINS,
Plaintiff,
v.
PRIMEFLIGHT AVIATION SERVICES,
INC., VINCE EASON,
Defendants.
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Case No. 5:17-06098-CV-RK
ORDER
Before the Court is Plaintiff Al Collins’ Motion to Remand.1 (Doc. 14.) Defendants
have filed suggestions in opposition arguing removal is proper based on fraudulent joinder.
(Doc. 24.) Plaintiff did not file a reply. For the reasons below, Plaintiff’s motion is GRANTED
in part as to Plaintiff’s request for remand and DENIED in part as to Plaintiff’s request for
attorney’s fees and costs.
I.
Background
On July 10, 2017, Plaintiff originally filed this action in the Circuit Court of Platte
County, Missouri, and then on August 16, 2017, Defendant PrimeFlight Aviation Services, Inc.
(“PrimeFlight”) removed the action to this Court on the grounds of diversity jurisdiction.
(Doc. 1.) Plaintiff brings this employment practices case, alleging his employer Defendant
PrimeFlight and Defendant Vince Eason, “an agent and employer with” PrimeFlight, violated the
Missouri Human Rights Act (“MHRA”), Mo. Rev. Stat. §§ 213.010 et seq. (Doc. 1-1 at ¶¶ 3, 6.)
Prior to filing this action, on or about February 22, 2016, Plaintiff filed a charge of
discrimination with the Missouri Commission on Human Rights (“MCHR”) and the Equal
Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”), claiming discrimination based on race,
religion, age, sex, and hostile work environment. (Doc. 1-1 at ¶ 8.) “On or about April 12, 2017,
the MCHR mailed to Plaintiff his Notice of Right to Sue[.]” (Doc. 1-1 at ¶ 9.)
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Upon removal of this action based on diversity, the Court issued a show cause order directing
for briefing on the fraudulent joinder issue. (Doc. 10.) Plaintiff then simultaneously filed his Response to
the Court’s Show Cause Order (doc. 13) and his Motion to Remand (docs. 14, 15). Plaintiff’s filings
(docs. 13-15) have the same content.
Plaintiff’s petition consists of two counts: a claim of discrimination on the basis of race,
age, religion, and hostile work environment (Count I), and a claim of retaliation (Count II).
Specific to Eason, Plaintiff claims “Eason constituted an ‘employer’ within the meaning of the
MHRA” and Eason “participated in the discrimination and retaliation . . . and/or ratified and
condoned the misbehavior by failing to take remedial actions.” (Doc. 1-1 at ¶¶ 3, 6.) Plaintiff’s
remaining allegations in support of his claims refer to Defendants’ mistreatment of Plaintiff in
the conjunctive. Plaintiff seeks actual and punitive damages.
On the face of the pleadings, this Court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction over this case
because Eason is a citizen of the forum state, Missouri. Otherwise, there would be complete
diversity as between Plaintiff, who is a citizen of Kansas, and PrimeFlight, who is a citizen of
Ohio and Tennessee. Plaintiff requests this Court enter an order remanding the case to state
court in Platte County. However, PrimeFlight argues there is diversity jurisdiction because
Eason was fraudulently joined and his citizenship must be ignored for purposes of diversity
jurisdiction. The issue before the Court is whether Eason was fraudulently joined so that his
citizenship is ignored for purposes of diversity jurisdiction.2
II.
Analysis
A.
Legal Standard
Generally speaking, 28 U.S.C. § 1441(a) governs removal and provides that “[a]ny civil
action brought in a State court . . . may be removed by the defendant” if the federal court has
original jurisdiction over the case. “The basic statutory grants of federal-court subject-matter
jurisdiction are contained in 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 [federal question jurisdiction] and 1332
[diversity jurisdiction].” Arbaugh v. Y&H Corp., 546 U.S. 500, 513 (2006). To invoke the
district court’s diversity jurisdiction, the parties must be citizens of different states and the
amount in controversy must exceed $75,000. 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a). Removability based on
diversity jurisdiction is subject to an exception known as the “forum-defendant rule” which is
codified in 28 U.S.C. § 1441(b)(2). The forum-defendant rule limits federal jurisdiction based
on diversity “by requiring that no joined and served defendants be a citizen of the state in which
the action was initially brought.” Pecherski v. Gen. Motors Corp., 636 F.2d 1156, 1160 (8th Cir.
1981). If, however, a court determines a forum defendant has been fraudulently joined, that
party’s citizenship is disregarded and the action may be removed. See Wilson v. Republic Iron &
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Neither the parties’ citizenship nor the absence of federal-question jurisdiction is disputed.
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Steel Co., 257 U.S. 92, 97 (1921) (fraudulent joinder of a resident defendant cannot defeat
diversity jurisdiction).
“[J]oinder is fraudulent when there exists no reasonable basis in fact and law supporting a
claim against the resident defendants.” Filla v. Norfolk S. Ry. Co., 336 F.3d 806, 810 (8th Cir.
2003) (quoting Wiles v. Capitol Indem. Corp., 280 F.3d 868, 871 (8th Cir. 2002)). The Eighth
Circuit in Filla distinguished this standard as follows:
Unlike most diversity cases (where a federal court is required to ascertain and
apply state law no matter how onerous the task), here, the district court’s task is
limited to determining whether there is arguably a reasonable basis for predicting
that the state law might impose liability based upon the facts involved. In making
such a prediction, the district court should resolve all facts and ambiguities in the
current controlling substantive law in the plaintiff’s favor.
Id. at 811 (citation omitted). However, when deciding a fraudulent-joinder claim, the district
court need not “definitively settle the ambiguous question of state law.” Id. “[T]o establish
fraudulent joinder, the defendant must ‘do more than merely prove that the plaintiff’s claim
should be dismissed pursuant to a Rule 12(b)(6) motion’ since ‘[the court] do[es] not focus on
the artfulness of the plaintiff’s pleadings.’” Block v. Toyota Motor Corp., 665 F.3d 944, 948 (8th
Cir. 2011) (citing Knudson v. Systems Painters, Inc., 634 F.3d 968, 980 (8th Cir. 2011)). The
Court must “determine whether there is a reasonable basis for predicting that the state’s law
might impose liability against the defendant.” Id. Therefore, in absence of federal question
jurisdiction, if the district court concludes a resident defendant was not fraudulently joined, then
subject-matter jurisdiction is nonexistent pursuant to the forum-defendant rule and the court must
remand the case to the state court from which it was removed. 28 U.S.C. §§ 1447(b), 1447(c);
see Horton v. Conklin, 431 F.3d 602, 605 (8th Cir. 2005) (holding that a violation of the forumdefendant rule is a jurisdictional defect).
Removal based on fraudulent joinder grants the district court only temporary jurisdiction
to determine whether the non-diverse defendant was fraudulently joined. Wivell v. Wells Fargo
Bank, N.A., 756 F.3d 609, 616 (8th Cir. 2014). “[T]he party seeking removal has the burden to
establish federal subject matter jurisdiction, [and] all doubts about federal jurisdiction must be
resolved in favor of remand.” Cent. Iowa Power Coop v. Midwest Indep. Transmission Sys.
Operator, Inc., 561 F.3d 904, 912 (8th Cir. 2009) (citations omitted).
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B.
Discussion
Defendants argue Eason is fraudulently joined because: (1) Plaintiff failed to exhaust his
administrative remedies against Eason because Plaintiff did not name Eason in his original
charge, and (2) Plaintiff’s petition is insufficient to plead a colorable claim against Eason. Upon
review of the pleadings, the parties’ briefs, and applicable law, Defendants have not met their
burden to demonstrate Eason was fraudulently joined.
Pertinent to Defendants’ first argument, under Missouri law, there are exceptions to the
MHRA’s administrative exhaustion requirement that an individual be named in the original
charge before filing a lawsuit. As a general principle, before filing a civil lawsuit under the
MHRA, a plaintiff must first “exhaust administrative remedies by timely filing an administrative
complaint and either adjudicating the claim through the MCHR or obtaining a right-to-sue
letter.” Mohamed Alhalabi v. Mo. Dep’t of Nat. Res., 300 S.W.3d 518, 524 (Mo. Ct. App. 2009)
(citation omitted). “The doctrine of exhaustion of remedies is a jurisdictional requirement.” Id.;
Mo. Rev. Stat. § 213.075.1. In particular, a claimant must file a MHRA charge of discrimination
naming the individuals (or entities) alleged to have committed the unlawful discriminatory acts
and describing the particulars of those acts. See Mo. Rev. Stat. § 213.075.1; State ex rel. Diehl v.
O’Malley, 95 S.W.3d 82, 89 (Mo. 2003). However, the Missouri Supreme Court “takes a liberal
approach to the fulfillment of procedural requirements under the MHRA.” Mohamed Alhalabi,
300 S.W.3d at 525 (citing Hill v. Ford Motor Co., 277 S.W.3d 659, 670 (Mo. 2009) (en banc)).
Consistent with its liberal approach to the MHRA’s procedural requirements, the
Missouri Supreme Court has established circumstances when failure by a plaintiff to name an
individual in the original charge is not a bar to a lawsuit against that individual where there is a
“substantial identity of interest” between the parties later sued. Hill, 277 S.W.3d at 669-70. In
Hill, the Missouri Supreme Court adopted a four-factor test when deciding whether to allow a
plaintiff to pursue a civil action against such an individual despite the plaintiff’s failure to name
the individual in the charge of discrimination. Id. at 669-670. Relevant here, the MHRA permits
claims against both the employer entity and “any person acting directly in the interest of the
employer[,]” which includes a supervisory employee. Hill, 277 S.W.3d at 669; see Mo. Rev.
Stat. § 213.010.7 (defining “employer”).
In the instant case, it is undisputed Plaintiff failed to name Eason as a respondent in his
administrative charge. However, the Missouri Supreme Court has described circumstances in
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which Plaintiff may be permitted to sue Eason even without naming him in the charge.
District
courts in this circuit do not uniformly resolve this fraudulent joinder argument in similar factual
scenarios and specifically, whether to apply the Hill factors or remand the case to the state court
to apply the Hill factors. The majority of courts have taken the approach to decline at the outset
to apply the Hill factors based on the Eighth Circuit’s opinion in Filla, whereas some courts
proceed to apply the Hill factors. Compare Prosser v. Maxion Wheels, Case No. 2:15-cv-04179MDH (W.D. Mo. Dec. 21, 2015); Merritt v. FirstLine Transp. Sec., Inc., Case No. 5:14-cv06027-BP (W.D. Mo. July 11, 2014); Parker v. Pinnacle Entertainment, Inc., Case No. 4:14-cv791-RWS (E.D. Mo. Aug. 5, 2014); Jones v. Valspar Corp., Case No. 4:11-cv-00379-NKL
(W.D. Mo. Aug. 3, 2011); Sinderson v. Bayer CropScience, LP, Case No. 09-cv-0693-FJG
(W.D. Mo. Dec. 10, 2009); with Stoker v. Lafarge N. Am., Inc., Case No. 4:12-cv-0504-DGK
(W.D. Mo. Feb. 5, 2013); Warren v. Dr. Pepper/Seven Up Mfg. Co., Case No. 4:13-cv-00526ERW (E.D. Mo. Aug. 23, 2013); and Barada v. Midwest Division—RMC, LLC, Case No. 4:15cv-00490-GAF (W.D. Mo. Oct. 1, 2015).
This Court, as guided by the Eighth Circuit in Filla,3 agrees with the majority approach.
Because Missouri law may allow Plaintiff to sue Eason despite Plaintiff’s failure to name Eason
in his charge, Plaintiff has pled a reasonable basis for predicting that Missouri law might impose
liability against Eason under the MHRA.4
Turning to Defendants’ second argument, Defendants cannot meet their burden by
arguing Plaintiff failed to sufficiently plead the state claim because the question is whether there
is a “colorable claim” or whether Plaintiff “might” have a claim under state law. This inquiry
does not focus on the “artfulness” of the pleading. See Block, 665 F.3d at 948; see also Shores v.
Loffredo Gardens, Inc., Case No. 4:17-cv-00732-BP (W.D. Mo. Oct. 30, 2017) (Doc. 21 at p. 5.).
Here, although Plaintiff’s petition was not as artful as it might have been, it alleges sufficient
3
Despite the footnote in an Eighth Circuit opinion indicating the Filla opinion has “no
precedential force because we lacked jurisdiction to review the merits of the remand order” at issue,
Simpson v. Thomure, 484 F.3d 1081, 1084 n.2 (8th Cir. 2007), this Court is bound by the Filla standard
due to its later adoption in subsequent Eighth Circuit opinions. See Thompson v. R. J. Reynolds Tobacco
Co., 760 F.3d 913, 915-917 (8th Cir. 2014); Wivell v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 773 F.3d 887, 893 (8th
Cir. 2014); Junk v. Terminix Int'l Co., Ltd. P'ship., 628 F.3d 439, 445-447 (8th Cir. 2010).
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Based on the Hill case, Defendants’ argument that Plaintiff failed to exhaust his administrative
remedies for failing to join Eason in the administrative process is unavailing. See Hill, 277 S.W.3d at 670
(holding an exception to the exhaustion requirement exists where the supervisory employee was neither
named in the original charge nor joined in the administrative process).
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facts to make a colorable claim against Eason under Missouri law. Because there is a reasonable
basis under the Hill case for predicting that liability might be imposed upon Eason, “the ultimate
success-or failure-of [Plaintiff’s] claims is best left to the Missouri courts.” Filla, 336 F.3d at
811.
(“[w]here the sufficiency of the complaint against the non-diverse defendant is
questionable, ‘the better practice is for the federal court not to decide the doubtful question in
connection with a motion to remand but simply to remand the case and leave the question for the
state courts to decide.’” (citation omitted)). Consequently, Eason is not fraudulently joined, his
presence deprives the Court of jurisdiction, and the case must be remanded.
The Court next considers Plaintiff’s request for an award of attorney’s fees and costs
under 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c), which provides that “[a]n order remanding the case may require
payment of just costs and any actual expenses, including attorney fees, incurred as a result of the
removal.”
Although the Court remands this action, the Court finds PrimeFlight had an
objectively reasonable basis for seeking removal. Martin v. Franklin Capital Corp., 546 U.S.
132, 141 (2005) (“[C]ourts may award attorneys’ fees under [28 U.S.C.] § 1447(c) only where
the removing party lacked an objectively reasonable basis for seeking removal. Conversely,
when an objectively reasonable basis exists, fees should be denied.”). Therefore, the Court
denies Plaintiff’s request for attorney’s fees and costs.
III.
Conclusion
Based on the above, Plaintiff Al Collins’ Motion to Remand (doc. 14) is GRANTED in
part as to Plaintiff’s request for remand and DENIED in part as to Plaintiff’s request for
attorney’s fees and costs. This case is REMANDED to the Circuit Court of Platte County,
Missouri, based upon lack of subject-matter jurisdiction.
All other pending motions are
DENIED as moot.
SO ORDERED.
s/ Roseann A. Ketchmark
ROSEANN A. KETCHMARK, JUDGE
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
DATED: December 15, 2017
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