Ozbun et al v. Rite-Hite et al
Filing
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ORDER denying 22 Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment re Strict Products Lability Claims. Signed by Judge Richard F. Cebull on 8/29/2012. (EMA)
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF MONTANA
BILLINGS DIVISION
RONALD and DIANE OZBUN,
)
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Plaintiffs,
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)
vs.
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RITE-HITE CORPORATION, a
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Wisconsin Corporation, and
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RITE-HITE PRODUCTS
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CORPORATION, a Wisconsin
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Corporation,
)
)
Defendants.
)
______________________________ )
Cause No. CV 11-32-BLG-RFC
ORDER ON MOTION FOR
SUMMARY JUDGMENT
Presently before the Court is the Defendants’ Motion for Summary
Judgment on Plaintiffs’ strict liability claims.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
In 2000, Defendant Rite-Hite installed a Dok-Lok Model LDL-500 at the
warehouse docking facility at Western Sugar Cooperative facility in Billings,
Montana. The purpose of the Dok-Lok was to safely secure a semi-trailer’s rear
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impact guard (“RIG”) to the loading dock using the Dok-Lok vehicle restraining
device.
In January 2008, Plaintiff Ron Ozbun was employed at the Western Sugar
Cooperative facility in Billings, Montana. At that time, Plaintiff was working at
the warehouse loading dock when a Wal-Mart semi-trailer entered the loading
dock. As the semi-truck was backing toward the loading dock, Plaintiff attempted
to engage the Dok-Lok system to the semi-trailer.
The Dok-Lok did not engage with Wal-Mart’s RIG because the RIG was at a
lower height than the Dok-Lok. Plaintiff attempted to adjust the Dok-Lok height
by pushing it down with a broom handle. During this process, the broom handled
slipped and Plaintiff lost his balance and fell between the semi-trailer and the
loading dock while the semi-truck was backing up. Consequently, Plaintiff
sustained serious long-term physical injury.
Plaintiffs’ Complaint alleges claims of strict products liability, negligence,
and loss of consortium.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Summary judgment is proper when “the pleadings, the discovery and
disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show that there is no genuine issue
as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of
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law.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). An issue is “genuine” only if there is a sufficient
evidentiary basis on which a reasonable fact finder could find for the nonmoving
party and a dispute is “material” only if it could affect the outcome of the suit
under the governing law. Anderson, v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248
(1986).
The party moving for summary judgment has the initial burden of showing
the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 256-57.
Once the moving party has done so, the burden shifts to the opposing party to set
forth specific facts showing there is a genuine issue for trial. In re Barboza, 545
F.3d 702, 707 (9th Cir. 2008). The nonmoving party “may not rely on denials in
the pleadings but must produce specific evidence, through affidavits or admissible
discovery material, to show that the dispute exists.” Id.
On summary judgment, the evidence must be viewed in the light most
favorable to the non-moving party. Id. The court should not weigh the evidence
and determine the truth of the matter, but determine whether there is a genuine
issue for trial. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249.
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ANALYSIS
The Montana Supreme Court has adopted the theory of strict products
liability set forth in Restatement (Second) of Torts § 402A. That Restatement
states that “[o]ne who sells any product in a defective condition unreasonably
dangerous to the user or consumer...is subject to liability for physical harm thereby
caused to the ultimate user or consumer...” Patch v. Hillerich & Bradsby Co., 257
P.3d 383, 387 (Mont. 2011).
To establish a prima facie case in strict product liability, a plaintiff must
prove that: “(1) The product was in a defective condition, ‘unreasonably’
dangerous to the user or consumer; (2) The defect caused the accident and injuries
complained of; and (3) The defect is traceable to the defendant.” Wood v. Old
Trapper Taxi, 952 P.2d 1375, 1379 (Mont. 1997) (quoting Brown v. North Am.
Mfg. Co., 576 P.2d 711, 717 (Mont. 1978)). See also Sternhagen v. Dow Co., 935
P.2d 1139, 1143 (Mont. 1997).
A plaintiff may pursue strict products liability based on any or all theories of
design defect, manufacturing defect or failure to warn. Patch, 257 P.3d at 386.
Plaintiffs have pled all three products liability theories, alleging that the Dok-Lok
was in a defective condition and unreasonably dangerous because of a design
defect and manufacturing defect. Further, Plaintiffs allege that Defendants failed
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to warn and/or inadequately warned of an injury-causing risk associated with the
allegedly defective product such that the failure was a substantial contributing
factor to Ronald Ozbun’s injuries and resulting damages.
1.
DEFECTIVE DESIGN
A defective design is one which ‘presents an unreasonable risk of harm,
notwithstanding that it was meticulously made according to [the] detailed plans
and specification’ of the manufacturer.” Rix v. General Motors Corp., 723 P.2d
195, 200 (Mont. 1986) (quoting Caprara v. Chrysler Corp., 417 N.E.2d 545, 55253 (N.Y. 1981)). As such, design defects involve products that “are made in
precise conformity with the manufacturer’s design but nevertheless result in injury
to the user because the design itself was improper.” Id., 723 P.2d at 200.
A design is improper or “defective if at the time of manufacture an
alternative designed product would have been safer than the original designed
product and was both technologically feasible and a marketable reality.” Krueger
v. General Motors Corp., 783 P.2d 1340, 1345 (Mont. 1989) (quoting Rix, 723
P.2d at 202) (emphasis omitted). This means that “evidence of alternative designs
available prior to manufacture” are “not only relevant, but necessary” to a
products liability claim. Preston v. Montana Eighteenth Judicial Dist. Court,
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Gallatin County, 936 P.2d 814, 820 (Mont. 1997).
Plaintiffs’ defective design claim alleges the Dok-Lok at issue utilizes an
anti-seize lubrication spray that must be applied manually. Plaintiffs contend that
this method is weak and inadequate for the purposes of industrial lubrication.
Plaintiffs propose an internal lubrication system, like a grease fitting, as an
appropriate alternative design. In addition, Plaintiffs refer to later models of
docking systems by Defendants that incorporated this internal grease fitting design.
Plaintiffs note that this internal grease fitting technology was in existence when
Defendants designed the Dok-Lok at issue.
Defendants do not dispute that, as the manufacturer of the Dok-Lok, any
alleged defect would be traceable to it. Rather, Defendants focus on the fact that
since the time that the Dok-Lok had been installed, there had been extensive
modifications to it such that it was no longer in substantially the same condition as
when it left the manufacturer and was initially installed at Western Sugar’s facility.
There are disputed issues of material fact for the jury regarding the
lubrication system and summary judgment is not appropriate at this time. The jury
will need to make a determination as to whether the design was improper. The jury
will also need to consider whether an alternative designed product would have
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been safer than the original designed product and whether that alternative designed
product was both technologically feasible and a marketable reality.
2.
FAILURE TO WARN
With regard to a failure to warn claim, “Montana law recognizes a
manufacturer’s liability for its failure to warn of a danger in its product as a
separate and distinct theory of products liability.” Wise v. Ford Motor Co., 943
P.2d 1310, 1314 (1997). A failure to warn theory applies the same elements of
strict liability in that Plaintiffs are required to prove that the product was in a
defective condition, “unreasonably” dangerous to the user or consumer, that the
defect caused the accident and injuries complaint of, and that the defect is traceable
to the defendant. Wood, 952 P.2d at 1382 (citing Riley v. American Honda Motor
Co., 856 P.2d 196, 198 (1993)).
Under a failure to warn theory, a product that is otherwise without a defect
may be rendered unreasonably dangerous if a manufacturer fails to warn of an
injury-causing risk associated with the product. Wise, 943 P.2d at 1314. A
product may be defective if purchasers and likely users have been misinformed or
inadequately informed about either the risks or dangers involved in the use of the
product or how to avoid or minimize the harmful consequences from such risks.
Streich v. Hilton-Davis, 692 P.2d 440, 445(1984).
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In the instant case, Plaintiffs allege that the Dok Lok failed to warn the user
about the lubrication system and the issues related to the low RIG engagement. In
addition, Plaintiffs contend that the Dok-Lok lacked a “No Step Warning” decal.
Plaintiff Ozbun presents affidavit testimony that if Defendants had provided a “No
Step Warning” decal on the Dok-Lok, he would have heeded it.
In response, Defendants contend that Plaintiffs’ failure to warn claim fails
because they have provided no expert testimony in support of their claim that the
Dok-Lok was missing or contained an inadequate warning of risk of injury.
Further, Defendants argue that a “No Step Warning” decal would have been
irrelevant because Plaintiff Ozbun lost his balance and was injured when he used a
wooden broom handle to push the carriage downward. Finally, Defendants refer to
the owner’s manual that warns of situations where the semi-trailer and the DokLok do not engage, to secure the semi-trailer by other means.
The failure to warn claim is riddled with disputed issues of fact for the jury’s
consideration. The jury will make the determination as to whether Plaintiff was
inadequately informed about either the risks or dangers involved in the use of the
product or how to avoid or minimize the harmful consequences from such risks.
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3.
MANUFACTURING DEFECT
Defendant also seeks summary judgment on Plaintiffs’ products liability
theory regarding manufacturing defect. Like a products liability’s design defect
theory, the Montana Supreme Court has also adopted Restatement (Second) of
Torts, § 402A as the applicable law with regard to strict liability under a
manufacturing defect theory. Rix, 723 P.2d at 201. In a strict liability action under
a manufacturing defect theory, the issue is whether the manufactured product left
the factory in a flawed condition because it did not conform to original design
specifications. Id., 723 P.2d. at 202 (citing Caprara, 417 N.E.2d at 552). Under a
manufacturing defect theory one assumes that the design is safe and had the
product been manufactured in accordance with the design, it would have been safe
for consumer use.
Plaintiffs argue that the inverted slope extension on the Dok-Lok was
wrongfully assembled when it left the manufacturer and was initially installed at
Western Sugar’s facility. Defendants contend that the modification was made by
Western Sugar and that this inversion substantially changed the product. However,
Western Sugar’s mechanic testified that the Dok-Lok always had an inverted slope
extension.
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Consequently, there is a fact issue as to when the slope extension was
inverted. There is also a genuine issue of material fact as to whether it was
Defendant who assembled and inverted the slope extension.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, this Court finds that there are genuine issues of
material fact that preclude the Court from granting summary judgment. IT IS
HEREBY ORDERED that Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment ( Doc. #
22) on Plaintiffs’ Strict Products Liability claims is DENIED.
DATED this 29th day of August, 2012.
/s/ Richard F. Cebull
RICHARD F. CEBULL
CHIEF U.S. DISTRICT JUDGE
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