Crow Indian Tribe et al v. United States of America et al

Filing 364

ORDER: Plaintiffs' Motions for attorney fees (Docs. 341; 343) are GRANTED. Plaintiffs' initially filed motions (Docs. 310; 313) are DENIED as moot. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Plaintiffs shall be awarded fees and costs as follows: 1. Guardia ns is awarded $512,590.50 in attorneys' fees and $3,150.00 in costs for a total of $515,740.50 consistent with their timesheets (Docs. 342-1 at 1736, 342-2 at 1726; 342-3 at 1116) as summarized in Doc. 341 at 2830. 2. Northern Che yenne is awarded $354,606.00 in attorneys' fees and $1,428.50 in costs for a total of $356,034.50 consistent with their timesheets (Docs. 345-5 at 215; 345-6 at 23; 345-7 at 2) as summarized in Doc. 344 at 2223. Signed by Judge Dana L. Christensen on 7/26/2021. Associated Cases: 9:17-cv-00089-DLC et al. (ASG)

Case 9:17-cv-00089-DLC Document 364 Filed 07/26/21 Page 1 of 32

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF MONTANA
MISSOULA DIVISION
CROW INDIAN TRIBE; et al.,
CV 17–89–M–DLC

Plaintiffs,

(Consolidated with Case Nos.
CV 17–117–M–DLC,
CV 17–118–M–DLC,
CV 17–119–M–DLC,
CV 17–123–M–DLC
and CV 18–16–M–DLC)

vs.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; et
al.,
Federal Defendants.

ORDER

and
STATE OF WYOMING; et al.,
Defendant-Intervenors.

Before the Court are Plaintiffs WildEarth Guardians (“Guardians”) Motion
for Attorneys’ Fees and Costs (Doc. 341) and Northern Cheyenne et al.’s
(“Northern Cheyenne”) Updated and Revised Motion of Plaintiffs for an Award of
Attorneys’ Fees and Costs (Doc. 343). Guardians requests $515,740 in fees and
costs and Northern Cheyenne requests $356,034.50 in fees and costs. (Docs. 342
at 30; 344 at 26.) Federal Defendants oppose the motions. (Doc. 355 at 3.) For
the reasons explained, the Court awards Plaintiffs’ requests in full.

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BACKGROUND
In 1975, the Fish and Wildlife Service (“FWS”) listed the grizzly bear in the
lower 48 states as “threatened” under the Endangered Species Act (“ESA”) in
response to the grizzly’s dwindling numbers across the western United States.
Final Rule, Removing the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem Population of Grizzly
Bears From the Federal List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife, 82 Fed. Reg.
30,502, 30,508 (June 30, 2017) (“Final Rule”). At that time, researchers estimated
that grizzly bears inhabited only two percent of their once-vast historical range. Id.
The FWS designated six grizzly bear recovery areas, one of which was the Greater
Yellowstone Ecosystem (“GYE”). Id. at 30,508–09. Among other protections, the
ESA barred hunting and shooting grizzly bears in the lower 48, subject to strictly
limited exceptions. 16 U.S.C. §§ 1532(19), 1538(a). From 1975 to 2016, the GYE
grizzly population rebounded to approximately 718 bears, prompting the FWS to
isolate the GYE grizzly bear and delist those bears as a distinct population
segment.1 82 Fed. Reg. at 30,509.
The effect of this decision was that efforts to monitor and protect the species
were transferred to the States of Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana and tribal
1

This was actually the agency’s second attempt to delist the GYE grizzly bear. In 2007, the
FWS first identified the GYE as a distinct population segment and delisted that segment. 72 Fed.
Reg. 14,866 (Mar. 29, 2007). An environmental organization challenged the 2007 delisting rule
and prevailed in their case before Judge Molloy. Greater Yellowstone Coal. v. Servheen, 672 F.
Supp. 2d 1105 (D. Mont. 2009). That decision was largely affirmed on appeal. Greater
Yellowstone Coal., Inc. v. Servheen, 665 F.3d 1015, 1030 (9th Cir. 2011).

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authorities. 82 Fed. Reg. at 30,628. On September 1, 2018, Wyoming and Idaho
were set to issue a total of 23 recreational hunting licenses for GYE grizzlies.
(Doc. 190 at 7.)
Plaintiffs, the Crow Indian Tribe et al. (“Crow Tribe”) filed suit challenging
the Final Rule, followed by the Humane Society of the United States (“Humane
Society”), Guardians, Northern Cheyenne, and Alliance for the Wild Rockies
(“Alliance”). 2 The States of Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana intervened, joined by
the National Rifle Association, the Safari Club International, and other industry
entities. (Docs. 26; 35; 42; 108).
On December 5, 2017, the Court consolidated the cases after concluding that
all cases involved “common questions of law and fact.” (Doc. 40 at 2.) Less than
a month into litigation, Federal Defendants moved to stay the case while the
agency took additional public comment on its Final Rule in light of the D.C.
Circuit’s then-newly released opinion in Humane Society v. Zinke, 865 F.3d 585,
614–15 (D.C. Cir. 2017), which affirmed the district court’s vacatur of the
delisting rule for the Western Great Lakes gray wolf as a distinct population
segment. (Doc. 61.) There, the court held the FWS could not carve out and delist

2

For purposes of this order, the Court will refer to Guardians and Northern Cheyenne jointly as
“Plaintiffs.” The Court will refer to the Crow Tribe, Human Society, and Alliance jointly as “coPlaintiffs.” The Court will refer to all five entities collectively as “Organizational Plaintiffs.”
Plaintiff Robert Aland’s contributions to the case are not relevant to the fee dispute and will not
be discussed.

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a distinct population segment of an already-listed species without first considering
the status of that species and “without determining whether the remnant itself
remains a species so that its own status under the Act will continue as needed.”
Humane Society, 865 F.3d at 600. In light of this holding, the FWS sought public
comment on whether its Final Rule remained valid. Request for Comments,
Possible Effects of Court Decision on Grizzly Bear Recovery in the Conterminous
United States, 82 Fed. Reg. 57,698 (Dec. 7, 2017). Organizational Plaintiffs
opposed Federal Defendants’ request to stay litigation because the FWS had not
issued any withdrawal or corresponding stay that would protect the GYE grizzly
bear in the interim; the GYE grizzly bear had already been delisted by the issuance
of the Final Rule and Wyoming and Idaho were planning a fall grizzly bear hunt.
(Docs. 81 at 3; 82 at 6.)
Simultaneously, Northern Cheyenne moved for partial summary judgment
arguing that the FWS’s request for comment constituted a tacit acknowledgement
that its Final Rule violated the ESA because, here as in Humane Society, the
agency failed to consider the effect of delisting the GYE grizzly bear on the
remnant species. (Doc. 76 at 7.) Federal Defendants moved to stay briefing on
that motion as premature, contending that the Court’s scheduling order had not yet
required the agency to produce an administrative record. (Doc. 79 at 2.)

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On March 13, 2018, the Court held a hearing on Federal Defendants’ motion
to stay. (Doc. 130.) Ruling from the bench, the Court denied the motion, however,
it stayed briefing on Northern Cheyenne’s pending motion for partial summary
judgment. (Id.) On May 14, 2021, the Court entered a briefing schedule and set a
hearing so that the case could be “argued prior to a potential fall hunting season.”
(Doc. 178 at 2.) Organizational Plaintiffs each filed separate motions for summary
judgment. (Docs. 185; 188; 189; 191; 193.) After requesting leave to file excess
pages—which Northern Cheyenne opposed as unnecessary—Federal Defendants
filed a response and cross-motion for summary judgment. (Docs. 195; 196; 202.)
On August 30, 2018, the Court held a hearing on the summary judgment
motions. (Doc. 250.) The Court declined to rule from the bench notwithstanding
the fact that hunting season was set to begin in two days. After the hearing,
Northern Cheyenne (on behalf of all Organizational Plaintiffs) filed a temporary
restraining order (“TRO”) to enjoin Wyoming and Idaho from issuing hunting
licenses prior to the Court’s ruling. (Doc. 252.) Northern Cheyenne requested
expedited ruling on its TRO by the following day at noon to allow them to seek an
emergency appellate ruling if necessary. (Id. at 2.) That same day, the Court
granted the motion and entered a 14-day TRO. (Doc. 254.) The day the TRO was
set to expire, the Court extended it for an additional 14 days. (Doc. 258.) Then, on

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September 24, 2018, the Court granted summary judgment to Plaintiffs and
vacated and remanded the Final Rule. (Doc. 266.)
The Court found for Organizational Plaintiffs on two issues. It concluded
“(1) the Service erred in delisting the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem grizzly bear
without further consideration of the impact on other members of the lower-48
grizzly designation; and (2) the Service acted arbitrarily and capriciously in its
application of the five-factor threats analysis demanded by the ESA.” (Doc. 266 at
2–3.) Finding these issues dispositive, the Court did not address the remaining
arguments raised by the Plaintiffs. (Id. at 2 n.2.)
Federal Defendants appealed the portion of the Court’s decision that
required FWS to study the effects of delisting on the remnant population and to
“further consider[] . . . the threat of delisting to long term genetic diversity of the
Yellowstone grizzly” whereas some of the Intervenors challenged the Court’s
entire decision. Crow Indian Tribe v. United States, 965 F.3d 662, 670 (9th Cir.
2020). On appeal, Organizational Plaintiffs were primarily represented by
Guardians and Northern Cheyenne who addressed all issues raised by Federal
Defendants and the Intervenors.
The Ninth Circuit largely affirmed this Court, holding that the FWS’s
delisting of the GYE grizzly violated the ESA as it failed to (1) appropriately

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protect GYE grizzlies’ lasting genetic diversity and (2) commit to a recalibrated
GYE grizzly population estimator. Crow Indian Tribe, 965 F.3d at 680–81.
On September 10, 2020, the Ninth Circuit granted Plaintiffs’ unopposed
motion to transfer consideration of Plaintiffs’ attorneys’ fees motions to this Court.
(Doc. 307 at 12.) Plaintiffs argue that their victories before the district and
appellate courts entitle them to attorneys’ fees and costs under the ESA. The Crow
Tribe, Humane Society, and Alliance settled their fee requests for between
$132,804 and $175,000 each. Federal Defendants were unable to settle attorneys’
fees with Plaintiffs and those motions are presently before the Court.
LEGAL STANDARD
Under the ESA’s citizen-suit provision, a court “may award costs of
litigation (including reasonable attorney and expert witness fees) to any party,
whenever the court determines such award is appropriate.” 16 U.S.C.
§ 1540(g)(4). This fee shifting provision was intended to “expand the class of
parties eligible for fee awards from prevailing parties to partially prevailing
parties—parties achieving some success, even if not major success.” Ruckelshaus
v. Sierra Club, 463 U.S. 680, 688 (1983). Such an award is appropriate where the
fee-seeking party had “some degree of success on the merits,” id. at. 680, and
substantially contributed to the goals of the ESA, Carson-Truckee Water
Conservancy Dist. v. Sec’y of the Interior, 748 F.2d 523, 525 (9th Cir. 1984)
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abrogated on other grounds by Marbled Murrelet v. Babbit, 182 F.3d 1091, 1094–
95 (9th Cir. 1999).
To determine an appropriate award, a court starts with the lodestar figure,
which is determined by multiplying a reasonable hourly rate by the number of
hours expended on the litigation. Ferland v. Conrad Credit Corp., 244 F.3d 1145,
1149 n.4 (9th Cir. 2001). The fee-seeking party bears the initial burden of
demonstrating that counsel’s requested fees are reasonable. Hensley v. Eckerhart,
461 U.S. 424, 437 (1983). However, ultimately, when “a plaintiff has obtained
excellent results, his attorney should recover a fully compensatory fee. Normally
this will encompass all hours reasonably expended on the litigation, and indeed in
some cases of exceptional success an enhanced award may be justified.” Id. at
435. Furthermore, a court “should defer to the winning lawyer’s professional
judgment as to how much time he was required to spend on the case; after all, he
won, and might not have, had he been more of a slacker.” Moreno v. City of
Sacramento, 534 F.3d 1106, 1112 (9th Cir. 2008). “[T]he standard is whether a
reasonable attorney would have believed the work to be reasonably expended in
pursuit of success at the point in time when the work was performed.” Greenpeace
v. Stewart, 2020 WL 2465321, at *8 (9th Cir. 2020) (citing Moore v. Jas. H.
Matthews & Co., 682 F.2d 830, 839 (9th Cir. 1982)).

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Once the moving party meets their burden to establish that the requested fees
are reasonable, the burden shifts to the opposing party to demonstrate that the
requested fees are unreasonable. Gates v. Deukmejian, 987 F.2d 1392, 1397–98
(9th Cir. 1992). A court may reduce a fee request by conducting an hourly audit or
a holistic percentage reduction. Gonzalez v. City of Maywood, 729 F.3d 1196,
1200–03 (9th Cir. 2013). Principally though, the purpose of fee shifting policies is
to effectuate justice and “not to achieve auditing perfection. So trial courts may
take into account their overall sense of a suit, and may use estimates in calculating
and allocating an attorney’s time.” Fox v. Vice, 563 U.S. 826, 838 (2011).
DISCUSSION
Under the ESA,3 Guardians seeks $515,740 and Northern Cheyenne seeks
$388,559.50 in attorneys’ fees and costs. (Docs. 359 at 16; 360 at 15.) Federal
Defendants primarily object to the number of hours billed.4 The Court will begin
its analysis there. It will then address Plaintiffs’ hourly rates and whether Plaintiffs
are entitled to costs.

3

Plaintiffs alternatively argue their fees motions under the Equal Access to Justice Act. Federal
Defendants do not dispute that the ESA governs their award and that Plaintiffs are entitled to
fees, they simply dispute the amount requested. (Doc. 355 at 15–17.)
4
At numerous places throughout their brief, Federal Defendants assert that they are not
challenging Plaintiffs’ hourly rates which are in line with rates awarded by the District of
Montana in the past. Yet they seem to imply that if the Court determines the hours are
reasonable, it should reduce their hourly rate—although this argument is not well developed.
(See Doc. 355 at 34 (“But here, either Plaintiffs’ hourly rates are too high, or they spent too
much time. Both cannot be true.”).) The Court will therefore briefly address the reasonableness
of Plaintiffs’ attorneys’ rates below.

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I.

Reasonable Hours
Plaintiffs argue they are entitled to the hours reflected on their timesheets as

their attorneys efficiently achieved success in a complicated multi-stage,
multiparty case that lasted over four years. (Docs. 342 at 21–27; 344 at 21–24.)
Notwithstanding the fact that counsel for Guardians and Northern Cheyenne
expended more hours than counsel for the Crow Tribe, the Humane Society, and
Alliance alike, Plaintiffs contend their billed hours are reasonable because they
took a more active and central role in the litigation. (See Docs. 359 at 10; 360 at
5–10.)
Northern Cheyenne supports its fee request with affidavits from two
Montana practitioners. James Goetz5 found that the billed hours were reasonable
given the necessity that counsel review a “voluminous” administrative record,
oppose Federal Defendants’ request to stay, and litigate its motion for summary
judgment and a temporary restraining order. (Doc. 344-2.) Roger Sullivan6 agrees
the requested hours are reasonable. Additionally, Northern Cheyenne voluntarily
cut 687.4 hours to “eliminate redundant or unnecessary time entries.” (Doc. 344 at
21.)

5

James Goetz has been a member of the Montana Bar for over 50 years and has a background in
environmental litigation. (Doc. 344-2).
6
Roger Sullivan has been a member of the Montana Bar for over 35 year and has an “extensive”
background in environmental litigation. (Doc. 344-3).

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Guardians supports its request with affidavits from L. Randall Bishop 7 and
Matthew Hayhurst,8 both of whom agree that the hours billed are reasonable for
the type of work performed. (Docs. 342-6; 342-5.) Mr. Hayhurst specifically
notes the exceptionally large administrative record—which was approximately
350,000 pages—speaks to the case’s complexity and accounts for a significant
expenditure of counsel’s time. (Doc 342-5 at 3.)
Having conducted an initial review of Plaintiffs’ timesheets, the Court agrees
that, at first glance, the requested fees are reasonable. Thus, having met their
initial burden to demonstrate the reasonableness of the request, the burden now
shifts to Federal Defendants to oppose it.
Federal Defendants believe that Plaintiffs are entitled to no more than
$175,000 each, as this figure is consistent with the amount accepted by Alliance
and the Humane Society after settlement negotiations. (Doc. 355 at 3.) Federal
Defendants raise six primary arguments in support of their belief that Plaintiffs
claim excessive hours. First, they assert that Plaintiffs’ hours are excessive when
compared with the hours billed by attorneys for their co-Plaintiffs. (Doc. 355 at
25–35.) They next contend that Plaintiffs’ fee experts’ testimony is unreliable
7

L. Randall Bishop—not to be confused with Guardians’ lead counsel Matthew Bishop—is an
attorney with 34 years of experience in Montana and a former professor at the University of
Montana School of Law. (Doc. 342-6.)
8
Matthew Hayhurst is a former federal circuit court law clerk and a Montana bar certified lawyer
with over 20 years’ experience including a background in litigating complex civil cases on
appeal. (Doc. 342-5.)

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because their experts did not consider the timesheets of co-Plaintiffs’ attorneys.
(Id. at 35–40.) Third, they argue that Organizational Plaintiffs duplicated
arguments and Federal Defendants should not have to pay for redundant briefing.
(Id. at 40–48.) They fourth take issue with Guardians’ inefficient work practices—
for example, Mr. Bishop, its highest paid attorney performed numerous clerical
tasks and briefed unsuccessful claims. (Id. at 48–52.) Federal Defendants then
assert that Northern Cheyenne was excessively staffed which resulted in extensive
conferencing. (Id. at 52–54.) Finally, they argue that Plaintiffs should not be able
to recover hours spent in pursuit of their fee motions. (Id. at 54–56.)
The Court will address each argument below.
A. Plaintiffs’ hours are not excessive based on Federal Defendants’
comparative table.
Federal Defendants argue Plaintiffs’ requested attorney fees are
unreasonable because they “billed roughly triple the number of hours . . . to
achieve the same task and same result as the other plaintiff-groups.” (Doc. 355 at
2–3.) To demonstrate this point, Federal Defendants generated a table9 comparing

9

Tasks

Crow Tribe

Alliance

Guardians

107.12

Humane
Society
106.2

214.2

Northern
Cheyenne
194.5

Background
Research, NOI &
Complaint

308.4

Case Management

18.7

8.7

9.7

26.4

8.5

Response to Motion to
Stay

25.5

32.05

94.5

81.14

138.8

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the hours each individual Plaintiff devoted to various tasks during litigation. For
example, the table divides litigation into categories such as “Background Research,
NOI & Complaint,” “Case Management,” “Summary Judgment and Related
Filings,” and “Appeal.” In comparing the total hours across each Plaintiff, Federal
Defendants note that, “[i]n almost every category, Plaintiffs spent more hours on
their tasks, sometimes significantly more, than their colleagues.” (Id. at 19.)
Specifically, Federal Defendants highlight that Plaintiffs spent considerably more
time on their summary judgment briefs, related filings, and their appellate briefing.
Id. Federal Defendants acknowledge that Plaintiffs played a different role in the
litigation, but they contend that this alone does not explain the degree of difference
in their hours. (Id. at 22.)
As an initial matter, the Court is skeptical of Federal Defendants’ basic
assertion that, in a complex multiparty case, the hours expended by one attorney on
a given task provide a fair benchmark for a reasonable expenditure of hours by
Summary Judgment
& Related Filings

33.7

302.45

293.1

593.17

546.1

Administrative
Record Review &
Disputes

13.9

97.59

155.9

268.61

97.9

Plaintiffs’ TRO/PI
Motion
Fees
Appeal
Consolidation,
Conferencing &
Strategy

27.2

4

30.3

40.02

41

1
108.9
53.4

11.2
82
16.3

1.6
114.6
17.2

72.4
291.2
29.33

1.8
194.1
36.5

Total

590.7

661.41

823.1

1,616.47

1259.2

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another attorney. Individual attorneys have different work styles and distribute
time across tasks in a way that best aligns with their work habits. For example,
some attorneys conduct exhaustive research prior to putting pen to page. Such an
attorney might formulate every argument in his or her mind even before filing a
complaint. Other attorneys research while they draft and develop the nuances of
their arguments over time. Federal Defendants’ comparative table is
fundamentally flawed because it would portray the first attorney’s extensive time
devoted to “background research” as excessive and the second attorney’s
significant expenditure on “summary judgment” as unnecessary, when in reality,
the difference in hours’ worked merely reflects different workstyles, neither of
which is less effective than the other.
Northern Cheyenne criticizes Federal Defendants’ table as an overly
simplistic characterization of its litigation efforts. (Doc. 360 at 9–10.) For
example, they observe that Federal Defendants’ table lumps 138.8 hours into a
category titled “Response to Federal Defendants’ Motion to Stay” when in reality,
this time encompassed briefing and preparing oral argument in response to Federal
Defendants’ motion to stay pending the FWS’ administrative comment period
following Human Society v. Zinke and opposing Federal Defendants’ request to
stay briefing on Northern Cheyenne’s Partial Motion for Summary Judgment. (Id.
at 12–13.)
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Northern Cheyenne also argues that it is misleading of Federal Defendants to
include time spent preparing for oral argument on a motion in the same category as
time spent briefing a motion. For example, Federal Defendants’ table notes that
Northern Cheyenne spent approximately 194 hours on its appeal, as compared to
only 82 hours spent by Alliance and 108 hours spent by the Crow Tribe. (Id. at
10–13.) Northern Cheyenne contends that the comparison is unfair because its
“counsel took a lead role, including at times presenting argument on behalf of
other plaintiffs.” (Id. at 13.)
Northern Cheyenne’s concerns are well taken. Federal Defendants cannot
themselves drive up the litigation costs by attempting to postpone and delay timesensitive litigation and then contend that Northern Cheyenne expended
unnecessary effort opposing those motions. That Northern Cheyenne devoted
more time to these tasks than the other Plaintiffs does not mean their time was
wasted. Northern Cheyenne took on an unofficial role as lead counsel in opposing
the motion to stay, and its sense of urgency in resolving the case is understandable
given that Wyoming and Idaho intended to release grizzly bear hunting licenses in
the fall of 2018.
Federal Defendants’ comparative model break downs even further given the
different roles taken by each Plaintiff during this litigation. Northern Cheyenne’s
lead counsel, Mr. Timothy Preso, also took a leadership role in briefing the
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arguments presented on appeal, and, along with Guardians’ lead counsel, Mr.
Bishop, represented the Crow Tribe, the Humane Society, and Alliance who did
not argue before the Ninth Circuit. This explains the difference in hours between
Northern Cheyenne, Guardians, and the remaining Plaintiffs on appeal.
Guardians similarly objects to Federal Defendants’ comparative table.
Although they acknowledge that they spent the most hours completing all tasks on
the table (with the exception of the “Response to Federal Defendants’ Motion to
Stay,”) they contend their hours are reasonable because their higher totals reflect
the fact that they did more work than their co-Plaintiffs—not that they worked less
efficiently. (Doc. 360 at 6–7.) Guardians also justifies its fee request by
comparing its efforts to those deemed reasonable by Judge Molloy in Defenders of
Wildlife v. Hall, No. CV-08-56-M-DWM (D. Mont. Feb. 17, 2009).10 (Doc. 342 at
24–25.)
The Court agrees that there is nothing suspicious about Guardians’ accrual
of higher hourly totals than its co-Plaintiffs. The Court is aware of Guardians’
diligent efforts in this litigation, as counsel took every opportunity to prosecute his
client’s position. In contrast to the Crow Tribe’s reserved litigation style (they did

10

Because the Court ultimately concludes that Federal Defendants’ use of a comparative model
is an inappropriate gauge for determining a reasonable expenditure of time between attorneys
involved in the same litigation, the Court will not rely on hours determined to be reasonable in a
different case as persuasive here.

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not oppose Federal Defendants’ motion to stay, independently brief their summary
judgment motion, or appear on appeal) Guardians took every opportunity to be
heard; Guardians opposed the motion to stay and vigorously argued at the Court’s
hearing on that motion, counsel thoroughly briefed Guardians’ position at every
juncture, and, together with Northern Cheyenne, led Plaintiffs’ charge on appeal.
Guardians’ appellate role was so central to the litigation that it adopted the
Humane Society’s population recalibration issue—which would otherwise have
been abandoned, as the Human Society elected not to personally appear before the
Ninth Circuit. In sum, the Court finds Federal Defendants’ comparison of
Plaintiffs’ time spent on discrete tasks uncompelling given that counsel for these
parties did comparatively more work than their co-Plaintiffs.
More broadly speaking, the Court is troubled by Federal Defendants general
insinuation that Mr. Preso and Mr. Bishop’s vigorous advocacy was unnecessary,
improper, or—even worse—unethical. Nothing could be further from the truth.
The Court is very familiar with Mr. Preso and Mr. Bishop, both of whom are
experienced environmental attorneys that have appeared before the Court many
times. Mr. Preso and Mr. Bishop are attorneys of the highest caliber, who—by all
appearances—exercised sound judgment with regard to their case management
decisions here. Their briefs were clear and concise, and distilled the environmental
science into a digestible form which aided the Court in its analysis of the issues.
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Both attorneys are exceptional oral advocates with impeccable courtroom
demeanor, and they argued persuasively at the Court’s hearing on summary
judgment and on appeal. Given their experience, it is not surprising that the other
attorneys involved in this case looked to Mr. Preso and Mr. Bishop to coordinate
strategy and to speak for the group. Perhaps most importantly, the Court knows
both attorneys to have an unimpeachable record of integrity. This integrity is
evident in their timesheets—which are detailed, well organized, and have already
been reduced to account for redundant time.
B. Plaintiffs’ experts are reliable.
Plaintiffs submitted four affidavits from four expert attorneys who reviewed
their timesheets and concluded that the time devoted to various tasks was
reasonable. (Docs. 342-5; 342-6; 344-2; 344-3.) Federal Defendants argue that
Plaintiffs’ expert attorneys’ opinions are unreliable because they did not review the
timesheets of attorneys for the Crow Tribe, Human Society, or Alliance. (Doc. 355
at 28-30.) They argue that “[t]he Court should exclude the proffered fee valuation
testimony [here] because the methodology is highly unreliable, and the opinions
are deeply flawed.” (Doc. 355 at 40.)
Northern Cheyenne insists that its experts’ opinions remain valid because
the evidence Federal Defendants claim they overlooked—the timesheets of the
other attorneys in this case—is irrelevant given that its attorneys did comparatively
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more work. (Doc. 360 at 15.) Guardians similarly asserts that the timesheets of
the other attorneys are irrelevant because “[t]he other plaintiffs brought different
cases, involving different claims, with different amounts of effort, and ultimately
different results.” (Doc. 359 at 14.)
The Court will not expend excessive effort responding to Federal
Defendants’ argument on this score. Simply stated, the expert opinions submitted
by Plaintiffs are reliable because their experts considered the relevant evidence in
forming their opinions: they considered Plaintiffs’ timesheets and they reviewed
documents filed in the case to gain a sense for the scale of this litigation. (Docs.
342-5 at 3–4; 342-6 at 4; 344-2 at 4; 344-3 at 6–7.) As noted above, Federal
Defendants’ attempt to use the timesheets of the Crow Tribe, Humane Society, and
Alliance to create a fictional benchmark for what is reasonable is just that—
fictional. The experts’ affidavits, along with Plaintiffs’ lengthy and detailed
timesheets are sufficient evidence as required by the ESA to substantiate the
requested fees. See Greenpeace, 2020 WL 2465321, at *8.
C. Plaintiffs’ efforts were not “needlessly duplicative.”
Federal Defendants argue that Plaintiffs’ fee award should be reduced to
account for the “needless duplication” of their efforts in researching, briefing, and
litigating similar arguments. (Doc. 355 at 32–40.) According to them, these
efforts “ran afoul of Rule 1 [to ‘secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive
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determination of every action and proceeding’] and the Court’s consolidation order
adding unnecessary expense.” (Id. at 42.) By reducing fees for duplication,
Federal Defendants implicitly ask this Court to send a message to environmental
attorneys over (what they perceive to be a) growing trend where multiple plaintiffs
file “serial” complaints challenging the same federal action thus driving up costs
for the government. (See id. at 40–43.) Federal Defendants note that the Court’s
consolidation order instructed the parties to coordinate amongst themselves to limit
duplication and they contend that Plaintiffs largely failed this goal as evident by
the sheer hours they devoted to the litigation above and beyond their colleagues.
(Id. at 42.)
Federal Defendants similarly take issue with the fact that Plaintiffs filed
multiple complaints. They note that in the earlier 2007 GYE grizzly delisting case,
the co-plaintiffs submitted a single coordinated complaint. (Id. at 45.) Federal
Defendants argue that the Organizational Plaintiffs here could have been more
efficient if they had consolidated their filings. (See id. at 45–46.)
As an initial matter, there is nothing duplicative about the fact that multiple
complaints were filed in this case in contrast to the single complaint filed in the
2007 litigation. Organizational Plaintiffs’ five complaints were filed in five
separate cases with each plaintiff paying a separate filing fee. The Court did not

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consolidate the cases until after the complaints were filed. Thus, Federal
Defendants charge of duplication fails.
The Court similarly rejects Federal Defendants’ claim that the Court
scrutinize and reduce Plaintiffs’ time devoted to overlapping arguments. In
Association of California Water Agencies v. Evans, the Ninth Circuit recognized
that “[i]t is not unreasonable to have several plaintiffs sue for the same relief,” nor
does “double-billing” occur when plaintiffs bring separate cases challenging the
same conduct. 386 F.3d 879, 887 (9th Cir. 2004). 11 Moreover, a lawyer can
recover for duplicated efforts where those efforts are necessary to effectively
litigate its case. Moreno v. City of Sacramento, 534 F.3d 1106, 1112 (9th Cir.
2008).
Here, Plaintiffs made every effort to comply with the Court’s consolidation
order. 12 Although each Plaintiff shared the ultimate goal of preventing the
delisting of the GYE grizzly bear, Plaintiffs pursued different paths to relief.

11

Federal Defendants’ attempt to distinguish Evans is not persuasive. They note that in that
case, the court did not enter a consolidation order and the prevailing plaintiff was the first to file
a complaint. (Doc. 355 at 42–43.) While true, the Court does not read Evans to imply that these
are the only circumstances in which a plaintiff may recover fees for related litigation.
Regardless, the fact that the recovering plaintiff’s case was dismissed as moot renders Evans
imminently distinguishable. See id. at 881.
12
Federal Defendants even acknowledged as much in its motion for excess pages, where they
wrote that Plaintiffs’ briefs addressed “largely discrete, unique arguments contesting the Final
Rule.” (Doc. 195 at 2.)

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Northern Cheyenne’s three primary arguments—that the FWS: (1) failed to
consider the effect of the GYE grizzly bear’s change to a meat-based diet when it
determined that population levels would remain stable; (2) failed to consider the
delisting’s impact on the remnant population; and (3) procedurally failed to allow
for sufficient time for public comment on last minute adjustments to the 2017
Grizzly Bear Conservation Strategy—were unique and were not independently
briefed by any other Plaintiff. (Docs. 314 at 7–8; 360 at 3.) The other Plaintiffs
adopted and incorporated Northern Cheyenne’s arguments on the remnant
population in light of Humane Society. (Id. at 6.) And to the extent there was any
duplication on this issue, Alliance’s brief three-page treatment of the issue was not
a substitute for Northern Cheyenne’s in-depth 12-page treatment that covered
largely untouched ground. (Id.) Additionally, on appeal, Northern Cheyenne
briefed and argued the remnant/Humane Society issue on behalf of all Plaintiffs in
addition to pursuing its individual claim regarding the grizzly’s dietary changes.
The Court fails to see any “needless duplication” here.
Nor is there any argument duplication that warrants a fee decrease as it
applies to Guardians. Although both Plaintiffs claimed that grizzly populations
continue to face population threats, Guardians approached this issue from a
different angle than Northern Cheyenne—they emphasized that long term survival
rates required geographic connectivity or “linkage” between recovery zones (Doc.
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186 at 36–39) whereas Northern Cheyenne contended that the FWS erred in failing
to address the consequences of the grizzly’s transition to a largely meat-based diet
(Doc. 190 at 9–14). The same is true at the appellate level where Guardians
focused on questions of population genetics and recalibration of the 2017
Conservation Plan, while Northern Cheyenne focused on questions of jurisdiction,
redressability, and the impact of delisting the GYE grizzly on the remnant lower48 population.
While the bulk of Plaintiffs’ arguments were fundamentally unique, to the
extent the litigation on whole could have benefitted from greater collaboration, the
Court will not scrutinize Plaintiffs’ timesheets with a red pen—Federal Defendants
simply picked the wrong parties to try to make this argument. Where all players
share the goal of getting the ball down the field, not every player is a quarterback,
and no one would call the quarterback’s work “needlessly duplicative” simply
because his goal is shared by others. Without diminishing the skilled contributions
of counsel for the Crow Tribe, Humane Society, and Alliance, Plaintiffs took the
lead role in this case, and Plaintiffs’ lead counsel—Mr. Preso and Mr. Bishop—
were the leading players on the field. To the extent any “needless duplication”
occurred, the Court will not dock the attorneys who acted as lead counsel.

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D. Guardians’ timesheets reflect reasonable billing judgment.
Federal Defendants assert that Guardians’ request of $512,591.00 in
attorneys’ fees, which is roughly three times more than the amount requested by
the other Plaintiffs (Northern Cheyenne aside), is unreasonable because its
“attorneys spent way too much time prosecuting their case.” (Doc. 355 at 48.) “At
some point diligence becomes overkill,” they claim. (Id.) Specifically, Federal
Defendants object to the fact that Mr. Bishop, “the attorney with the highest hourly
rate performed most of the tasks”—some of which were administrative. (Id. at 49.)
Federal Defendants also characterize much of Guardians’ efforts as foolish,
asserting that its attorneys spent an “inordinate amount of time arguing”
unsuccessful issues. (Id. at 50.)
Guardians does not hide the ball on the fact that Mr. Bishop did “the lion’s
share of [its] work,”—such as reviewing the administrative record and drafting the
briefs—which was important as the case was “potentially precedent-setting[.]”
(Doc. 359 at 16.) As for the contention that Mr. Bishop conducted administrative
or mundane work, Guardians asserts that the majority of the relatively few hours
devoted to tasks like “printing and organizing” was time devoted to prepping his
personal materials for oral argument—which could not have been delegated to
anyone else. (Id. at 16–17.) Finally, Guardians notes that it already excluded 210
hours from Mr. Bishop’s timesheet to reflect non-compensable hours. (Id. at 15.)
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The Court has already communicated its regard for Mr. Bishop. There is
nothing improper about Guardians placing Mr. Bishop—its most experienced and
thus highly paid attorney—at the helm of a high profile case with critical
consequences. The vast majority of Mr. Bishop’s billed time (which tops 1,000
hours) was spent on complex legal work. Therefore, the seven hours that Federal
Defendants characterize as “mundane” and ministerial is minimal and Federal
Defendants wrongly characterized Mr. Bishop’s time spent organizing documents
in preparation for argument as a clerical task that could have been delegated to
another, non-arguing, attorney. The Court knows from experience that lead
counsel must, from time to time, engage in mundane, ministerial tasks in order to
be fully prepared, and to delegate such tasks is not always time-effective or wise.
Additionally, the fact that Guardians briefed legal issues that the Court
elected not to consider does not mean those claims were unsuccessful nor does it
mean that the Court’s consideration of those issues was not important in its
processing of the case. An attorney’s time briefing alternate theories in a complex
case is reasonable and compensable. Hensley, 461 U.S. at 440, 435–36. The Court
will not reduce Mr. Bishop’s pay on this account. Federal Defendants have not
met their burden of refuting the reasonableness of Guardians’ time.

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E. Northern Cheyenne’s timesheets reflect reasonable billing judgment.
Federal Defendants claim Northern Cheyenne was over staffed since it
employed nine attorneys and four law clerks on the case. (Doc. 355 at 52.) They
note that Northern Cheyenne utilized “almost as many attorneys as the other five
plaintiff-groups combined,” which resulted in “inherent duplication” such as
excessive internal conferencing. (Id. at 52–53 (emphasis in original).) Federal
Defendants estimate that because of this “excessive staffing” Northern Cheyenne
spent 13.7 hours devoted to internal conferencing which otherwise could have been
avoided. Id.
Northern Cheyenne asserts that it efficiently used short-term junior attorney
and law clerk time for “discrete tasks such as citation checks or research
assignments,” and that the majority of work was performed by Mr. Preso and
Joshua Purtle, his associate. (Doc. 360 at 16.) Moreover, Northern Cheyenne
notes that its allegedly inappropriate 13.7 hours of internal conferencing translates
to “4.6 hours per year over the three years of this litigation[.]” (Id. at 17.)
Contrary to Federal Defendants’ assertion, Northern Cheyenne’s use of
lower paid staff to complete basic and time limited tasks suggests it actively
worked to reduce attorneys’ fees here. Moreover, 13.7 hours of conferencing is
reasonably minimal. To the extent such time constitutes duplication, the Court is
convinced such time was necessary for coordinating legal strategy amongst the
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group. Federal Defendants have not met their burden to demonstrate that Northern
Cheyenne’s requested fees are unreasonable.
F. Plaintiffs are entitled to fees on fees.
Federal Defendants argue that Plaintiffs should not be compensated for time
spent on their attorneys’ fee and cost motions. “Building on an unreasonable
starting point is unwarranted[,]” they claim. (Doc. 355 at 54.) Recognizing the
broad discretion provided to courts in deciding whether to compensate an attorney
for fees litigation (“fees on fees”), Federal Defendants ask the Court to exercise
that discretion to deny those hours or to reduce Plaintiffs’ request by an across-theboard percentage reduction commensurate with any reduction taken elsewhere in
the case. (Id. at 55.)
The Court declines to do so. The Court has discretion to award fees on fees.
Clark v. City of Los Angeles, 803 F.2d 987, 992 (9th Cir.1986). Fee-shifting
statutes largely treat cases holistically, allowing counsel to demand fees accrued
during fee litigation in addition to those accumulated during the original case.
Comm’r, INS v. Jean, 496 U.S. 154, 161-62 (1990). Furthermore, attorney fee
disputes should not extend litigation. Hensley, 461 U.S. at 437. Parties are
strongly encouraged to settle such matters between them. Id.
The Court has already determined that Plaintiffs’ hours spent on the merits
of the case are reasonable and thus fully compensable. On whole, the Court has
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found Federal Defendants arguments to the contrary unpersuasive. Although this
case was “not about the ethics of hunting” grizzly bears . . . as a “philosophical
matter,” Plaintiffs served as lead counsel in a case that garnered significant public
interest from “ranchers and big-game hunters to conservationists and animal rights
activists” alike. (Doc. 266 at 1–2.) Plaintiffs’ success in stopping the impending
grizzly bear hunt and requiring FWS to go back to the drawing board in its attempt
to delist the GYE grizzly bear was a significant victory for them. The hours they
spent in pursuit of this goal were commensurate with the stakes of the litigation.
Against this backdrop, the hours Plaintiffs spent on the case are imminently
reasonable. It is not fair to ask Plaintiffs to bear the burden of Federal Defendants’
decision to drive up litigation costs by failing to settle within the ballpark of
Plaintiffs’ reasonable fee request. Plaintiffs are entitled to fair pay for the entirety
of the work performed.
II.

Reasonable Hourly Rate
As previously noted, Federal Defendants do not directly contest Plaintiffs’

requested hourly rates. They acknowledge that Plaintiffs are good attorneys, and
their requested wage rates are reasonable. (Doc. 355 at 3, 26.) However, Federal
Defendants observe that given the high award request in this case “either Plaintiffs’
hourly rates are too high, or they spent too much time. Both cannot be true.”
(Doc. 355 at 26.) Given that the Court has concluded that Plaintiffs’ hours were
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reasonable, it finds it necessary to briefly address the reasonableness of their
requested hourly rates.
A reasonable hourly rate is determined by the market rate of members of the
corresponding legal community for a lawyer of comparable expertise, reputation,
and experience in similarly complex litigation. Blum v. Stenson, 465 U.S. 886,
892–95 (1984). This Court has previously “limit[ed] the relevant community to
environmental attorneys in Montana with commensurate experience, reputation,
and skill.” All. for the Wild Rockies v. U.S. Dep’t of Ag., 2016 WL 4766234, at *7
(D. Mont. Sept. 13, 2016).
In 2019, the Court determined that $350 hourly rate for an experienced
environmental attorney with an additional $100 per hour for appellate work was
reasonable. All. for the Wild Rockies v. Savage, 2019 WL 2393425, at *7 (D.
Mont. July 22, 2019). Additionally, the District of Montana has historically
deemed annual $10 wage increases to be reasonable. Native Ecosystems Council v.
Krueger, 2019 WL 1489839, at *4 (D. Mont. April 4, 2019) (citing Native
Ecosystems Council v. Weldon, 921 F. Supp. 2d 1069 (D. Mont. 2013)).
Northern Cheyenne requests $330 for Mr. Preso’s 2017 hourly rate, an
additional $100 an hour for appellate work, and a $10 hour per annum raise. Mr.
Preso is its highest paid attorney and brings valuable experience to his team. Mr.
Preso is a Georgetown Law School graduate with over 20 years of environmental
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practice experience at EarthJustice. (Doc. 344-2 at 3.) In his affidavit, Mr. Goetz
found that Northern Cheyenne’s hourly billing rates were reasonable based on its
attorneys’ credentials, rates charged by similar attorneys, and the context of this
particular case. Id. at 4. Goetz concluded that “. . . Plaintiffs’ [hourly rates] in this
case are well within the range of prevailing market rates for attorneys with
comparable expertise and skill in Montana and are reasonable and . . . quite
conservative.” Id. Sullivan agreed. (Doc. 344-3). Having reviewed each of
Northern Cheyenne’s timesheets, the Court concludes the hourly rates requested
are reasonable across the board.
Guardians requests the same rate for Mr. Bishop as Northern Cheyenne
requests for Mr. Preso. Mr. Bishop is Guardians’ highest paid and most
experienced attorney. He graduated in the top 25% of his class with a
specialization in environmental law from Vermont Law School in 1998. (Doc.
342-1 at 1–3.) He then joined the Western Environmental Law Center, where he
has spent the past 23 years working exclusively in environmental and natural
resource law. (Id. at 13.) During this time there, Mr. Bishop has litigated over 40
environmental cases. (Id. at 4–8.) Furthermore, expert attorney L. R. Bishop,
found that Guardians charged “hourly rates that [he] consider[ed] reasonable, if not
low,” given their attorneys’ experience, qualifications, and the context of this

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specific case. (Doc. 342-6 at 3.) Reviewing Guardians’ requested hourly rates, the
Court finds them similarly fair.
III.

Costs

Guardians seeks $3,150 and Northern Cheyenne seeks $1,428.50 in costs.
(Docs. 342 at 30; 344 at 26.) Federal Defendants object, arguing that the Ninth
Circuit’s opinion foreclosed their ability to claim costs. (Doc. 355 at 56 (citing
Crow Indian Tribe, 965 F.3d at 681 (concluding the opinion by stating the matter
was “[a]ffirmed in part; remanded in part. Each party to bear its own costs.”)).)
Federal Defendants contend that this statement should be interpreted as barring
Plaintiffs from collecting all incurred costs. (Id.) Plaintiffs respond that the Ninth
Circuits’ bar on costs should only be interpreted as only applying to costs incurred
on appeal. (Doc. 360 at 15.)
The Court agrees. Appellate Rule 39 states that “if a judgment is affirmed in
part, reversed in part, modified, or vacated, costs are taxed only as the court
orders.” Fed. R. App. P. 39(a)(4) (emphasis added). The Ninth Circuit’s order did
not plainly bar Plaintiffs from recovering costs before this Court. It will therefore
allow Plaintiffs to recover their costs associated with litigation as requested.
Accordingly,

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IT IS ORDERED that Plaintiffs’ Motions for attorney fees (Docs. 341; 343)
are GRANTED. Plaintiffs’ initially filed motions (Docs. 310; 313) are DENIED
as moot.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Plaintiffs shall be awarded fees and costs
as follows:
1. Guardians is awarded $512,590.50 in attorneys’ fees and $3,150.00 in costs
for a total of $515,740.50 consistent with their timesheets (Docs. 342-1 at
17–36, 342-2 at 17–26; 342-3 at 11–16) as summarized in Doc. 341 at 28–
30.
2. Northern Cheyenne is awarded $354,606.00 in attorneys’ fees and $1,428.50
in costs for a total of $356,034.50 consistent with their timesheets (Docs.
345-5 at 2–15; 345-6 at 2–3; 345-7 at 2) as summarized in Doc. 344 at 22–
23.
DATED this 26th day of July, 2021.

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