Barber v. Frakes et al
Filing
10
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER regarding: Complaint - Pro Se 1 filed by Raysean Barber. After initial review, Plaintiff shall have 30 days in which to file an amended complaint. Failure to file an amended complaint within 30 days will result in the court dismissing the case without prejudice, and without further notice to Plaintiff. Plaintiff's motion to amend complaint (Filing 9 ) is denied without prejudice, as moot. ***Pro Se Case Management Deadlines set for 11/12/2020: check for amended complaint. Ordered by Senior Judge Richard G. Kopf. (Copy mailed to pro se party)(JAB)
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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEBRASKA
RAYSEAN BARBER,
8:20CV282
Plaintiff,
MEMORANDUM
AND ORDER
vs.
SCOTT FRAKES, DR. SEAN
THOMAS, CYNTHIA POLAGE,
DR. JEFF MELVIN, DR. BRANDON
HOLLISTER, and DR. JEFFERY
KASSELMAN,
Defendants.
Plaintiff, RaySean Barber (“Barber”), a state prisoner currently incarcerated
at the Lincoln Correctional Center, filed his pro se Complaint on July 16, 2020, and
subsequently was granted leave to proceed in forma pauperis. Now that the required
initial partial filing fee has been paid, the court conducts an initial review of Barber’s
Complaint (Filing 1) to determine whether summary dismissal is appropriate under
28 U.S.C. '' 1915(e)(2) and 1915A.
I. SUMMARY OF COMPLAINT
Barber complains the defendants wrongfully placed him on an involuntary
medication order (“IMO”) after he was diagnosed with “schizoaffective disorder,
bipolar type, multiple episodes, currently in acute episode.” (Filing 1, ¶¶ 1, 2.) On
November 11, 2019, Dr. Brandon Hollister, an NDCS psychologist, and Dr. Jeffrey
Kasselman, an NDCS physician, submitted an application to NDCS’s Involuntary
Medication Hearing Committee (“IMHC”) to administer psychotropic medication.
(Filing 1, ¶¶ 3, 15-17.) The IMHC’s members included two psychologists, Dr. Sean
Thomas and Dr. Jeff Melvin, and a nurse practitioner, Cynthia Polage. (Filing 1, ¶¶
4, 12-14.) The IMHC held a hearing on November 13, 2019, and issued the IMO.
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(Filing 1, ¶¶ 4, 25.) Barber appealed, but the IMHC’s decision was upheld by the
NDCS Director, Scott Frakes. (Filing 1, ¶¶ 4, 11, 34.)
The foregoing six individuals are named as defendants in this action, and are
sued only in their individual capacities for compensatory and punitive damages.
(Filing 1, ¶¶ 11-16, 43-46.) Barber alleges the IMO has resulted in depression and
requires painful monthly injections of Haldol. (Filing 1, ¶¶ 36-38, 43-45.)
Barber generally “asserts that the facts of this case indicate that his right to
freedom of speech, against cruel and unusual punishment, and to equal protections
of the law were violated by the acts of the defendants.” (Filing 1, ¶ 5.) He states this
action is brought pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983 and 1985 for the deprivation of his
constitutional rights under the First, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments. (Filing 1,
¶¶ 8, 39-42.)1
II. LEGAL STANDARDS ON INITIAL REVIEW
The Prison Litigation Reform Act (“PLRA”) requires the court to conduct an
initial review of “a complaint in a civil action in which a prisoner seeks redress from
a governmental entity or officer or employee of a governmental entity.” 28 U.S.C. '
1915A(a). On such initial review, the court must dismiss the complaint if it: “(1) is
frivolous, malicious, or fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted; or
(2) seeks monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief.” 28
U.S.C. ' 1915A(b). See also 28 U.S.C ' 1915(e)(2)(B) requiring dismissal of in
forma pauperis complaints “at any time” on the same grounds as ' 1915A(b)).
“The essential function of a complaint under the Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure is to give the opposing party ‘fair notice of the nature and basis or grounds
1
The Fourteenth Amendment makes the First Amendment’s Free Speech
Clause and the Eighth Amendment’s Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause
applicable against the States. See Manhattan Cmty. Access Corp. v. Halleck, 139 S.
Ct. 1921, 1928 (2019) (First Amendment); Glossip v. Gross, 576 U.S. 863, 876
(2015) (Eighth Amendment). The Fourteenth Amendment also contains an Equal
Protection Clause and a Due Process Clause.
2
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for a claim, and a general indication of the type of litigation involved.’” Topchian v.
JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., 760 F.3d 843, 848 (8th Cir. 2014) (quoting Hopkins
v. Saunders, 199 F.3d 968, 973 (8th Cir. 1999)). Plaintiffs must set forth enough
factual allegations to “nudge[ ] their claims across the line from conceivable to
plausible,” or “their complaint must be dismissed.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. iqly, 550
U.S. 544, 569-70 (2007); see also Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (“A
claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the
court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct
alleged.”).
“A pro se complaint must be liberally construed, and pro se litigants are held
to a lesser pleading standard than other parties.” Topchian, 760 F.3d at 849 (internal
quotation marks and citations omitted). This means that “if the essence of an
allegation is discernible, even though it is not pleaded with legal nicety, then the
district court should construe the complaint in a way that permits the layperson’s
claim to be considered within the proper legal framework.” Stone v. Harry, 364 F.3d
912, 915 (8th Cir. 2004). However, even pro se complaints are required to allege
facts which, if true, state a claim for relief as a matter of law. Martin v. Aubuchon,
623 F.2d 1282, 1286 (8th Cir. 1980).
III. DISCUSSION
Liberally construing Barber’s Complaint, this is a civil rights action brought
under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983 and 1985. Barber is not seeking to enjoin the IMO, but,
rather, to hold six individuals personally liable for his alleged injuries.
A. PLRA’s Limitation on Remedies
“No Federal civil action may be brought by a prisoner confined in a jail,
prison, or other correctional facility, for mental or emotional injury suffered while
in custody without a prior showing of physical injury.” 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(e). This
statute applies to all federal actions brought by prisoners, including actions alleging
violation of the First Amendment. Sisney v. Reisch, 674 F.3d 839, 842-43 (8th Cir.
2012).
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A prisoner cannot recover compensatory damages without a prior showing of
physical injury, but can seek nominal damages, punitive damages, injunctive relief,
or a declaratory judgment without such a showing. See Royal v. Kautzky, 375 F.3d
720, 723 (8th Cir. 2004). Nominal damages of $1.00 are available to vindicate a
violation of rights with no actual injury. Id. at 724. Punitive damages are available
only when a defendant’s conduct is shown to be motivated by evil motive or intent,
or when it involves reckless or callous indifference to protected federal rights.” Id.
(internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
Barber’s alleged depression and resulting loss of enjoyment of life are mental
and emotional injuries.2 See Pyle v. Robin Sims, No. 5:15-CV-05245, 2017 WL
663518, at *3 (W.D. Ark. Jan. 30, 2017) (“The Court could find no case law
indicating that the worsening of mental or emotional symptoms, alone, qualifies as
a compensable physical injury. A survey of all circuits indicated symptoms such as
anxiety, sleeplessness, and hallucinations, even if considered to have some physical
manifestation or component, do not pass the de minimis injury hurdle.”), report and
recommendation adopted sub nom. Pyle v. Sims, No. 5:15-CV-05245, 2017 WL
662991 (W.D. Ark. Feb. 17, 2017). The Eighth Circuit has not decided whether
severe pain, standing alone, constitutes a physical injury under the PLRA, but has
held that the injury must be greater than de minimis. See McAdoo v. Martin, 899 F.3d
521, 525-26 (8th Cir. 2018). Barber’s allegation that he is administered painful
injections of Haldol on a monthly basis does not appear to meet this threshold.
Thus, while the PLRA does not preclude Barber from pursuing his civil rights
claims under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983 and 1985, he may not be eligible for compensatory
damages.
Barber also claims he “is humiliated by having to file this action” due to “the
personal information that will come out in this action” (Filing 1, ¶ 37), but this is not
a redressable injury. See, e.g., Meredith v. Jefferson Cty. Bd. of Educ., No. CIV.A.
3:02CV-620-H, 2007 WL 3342258, at *7 (W.D. Ky. Nov. 9, 2007) (“[Plaintiff] is
not entitled to recover for any invasion of privacy, harassment, embarrassment or
humiliation that she may have personally suffered as a result of filing this lawsuit.
These hardships arose from maintaining the lawsuit, and cannot be said to flow
directly from Defendants’ actions ….”).
4
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B. Section 1985
Section 1985 “provides a cause of action for damages sustained as a result of
… conspiracies to deprive individuals of equal privileges and immunities and equal
protection under the law, 42 U.S.C. § 1985(3).” Kelly v. City of Omaha, 813 F.3d
1070, 1077 (8th Cir. 2016). “[T]he conspiracy not only must have as its purpose the
deprivation of ‘equal protection of the laws, or of equal privileges and immunities
under the laws,’ but also must be motivated by ‘some racial, or perhaps otherwise
class-based, invidiously discriminatory animus behind the conspirators' action.’”
United Bhd. of Carpenters & Joiners of Am., Local 610, AFL-CIO v. Scott, 463 U.S.
825, 829 (1983) (quoting Griffin v. Breckenridge, 403 U.S. 88, 102-03 (1971)).
Because Barber has not asserted that the claimed conspiracy was motivated
by any racial or other class-based, invidiously discriminatory animus, no viable §
1985 claim is stated. See, e.g., Miller By A.M. v. Dorsey, No. 4:18CV3031, 2018
WL 4854180, at *5 (D. Neb. Oct. 5, 2018) (§ 1985 claim dismissed on initial review
where plaintiffs “asserted no factual allegations suggesting a racial or other classbased invidiously discriminatory animus.”).
Barber’s Complaint merely recites the words of § 1985, which does not satisfy
federal pleading standards. “[P]laintiffs who merely parrot the statutory language of
the claims that they are pleading (something that anyone could do, regardless of what
may be prompting the lawsuit), rather than providing some specific facts to ground
those legal claims, … have not provided the ‘showing’ required by Rule 8 [of the
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure].” Brooks v. Ross, 578 F.3d 574, 581 (7th Cir.
2009); see Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 (“[A] plaintiff’s obligation to provide the
‘grounds’ of his ‘entitle[ment] to relief’ requires more than labels and conclusions,
and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.” (quoting
Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2); citation omitted)).
Also, “[i]n order to state a claim for conspiracy under § 1985, a plaintiff ‘must
allege with particularity and specifically demonstrate with material facts that the
defendants reached an agreement.’” Kelly, 813 F.3d at 1078 (quoting City of Omaha
Emps. Betterment Ass’n v. City of Omaha, 883 F.2d 650, 652 (8th Cir. 1989)). “This
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standard requires that ‘allegations of a conspiracy [be] pleaded with sufficient
specificity and factual support to suggest a meeting of the minds directed toward an
unconstitutional action.’” Id. (quoting Nelson v. City of McGehee, 876 F.2d 56, 59
(8th Cir. 1989)).3 Here, Barber merely pleads a conclusion that “[a]ll defendants, by
agreeing to initiate involuntary medication on the basis of an application which
asserted allegations that were not supported by any record, and where Barber was
only taking advantage of his right to use grievance procedures and to eat only
canteen [food], and after including into the record false allegations, did conspire for
the purpose of depriving, either directly or indirectly, Barber, of the equal protection
of the laws, or to equal privileges or immunities under the laws, causing action
pursuant to 42 U.S.C.A. § 1985.” (Filing 1, ¶ 42.)
Because Barber has failed to allege facts showing that any of the defendants’
alleged misconduct arose from a meeting of the minds, no plausible claim for relief
under § 1985 is stated. See, e.g., Jones v. Carter, No. 8:19CV288, 2019 WL
3429821, at *6 (D. Neb. July 30, 2019) (dismissing involuntarily committed sex
offender’s § 1985 claim on initial review); Harrington v. Strong, 363 F. Supp. 3d
984, 1000 (D. Neb. 2019) (“Although the Amended Complaint makes many general
allegations of a widespread conspiracy, … Plaintiffs failed to allege sufficient facts
to satisfy this pleading standard ….”); Miller, 2018 WL 4854180, at *5 (“[T]he
plaintiffs’ bare, conclusory allegations that there was a conspiracy to deprive them
of their rights are insufficient to state a claim for relief.”).
C. Section 1983
To state a claim under section 1983, a plaintiff must allege a violation of rights
protected by the United States Constitution or created by federal statute, and also
must show that the alleged deprivation was caused by conduct of a person acting
Similarly, to state a § 1983 conspiracy claim, a plaintiff must allege “an
agreement between the parties to inflict a wrong against or injury upon another, and
an overt act that results in damage. A plaintiff must allege with sufficient
particularity and demonstrate with specific material facts that the parties reached
some agreement and conspired together to deprive plaintiff of a federal right.”
Gometz v. Culwell, 850 F.2d 461, 464 (8th Cir. 1988).
6
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under color of state law. West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 48 (1988). Generally, public
employees act under color of state law while acting in their official capacities or
while exercising their responsibilities pursuant to state law. Id. at 50.
Director Frakes was clearly acting within his official capacity and exercising
his assigned duties in upholding the IMO on appeal. The other defendants are not
identified as NDCS employees, but all are alleged to have been serving in their
professional capacities “for NDCS.” (Filing 1, ¶¶ 12-16.)4 Barber alleges that Dr.
Hollister, Dr. Kasselman, and the IMHC were “acting under color of state law”
(Filing 1, ¶¶ 39, 41),5 and the functions they are alleged to have been performing for
NDCS suggest this is true. “A private party is considered a state actor if the alleged
deprivation was ‘caused by the exercise of some right or privilege created by the
[s]tate or by a rule of conduct imposed by the state or by a person for whom the
[s]tate is responsible.’” Sabri v. Whittier All., 833 F.3d 995, 1000 (8th Cir. 2016)
(quoting Lugar v. Edmondson Oil Co., 457 U.S. 922 (1982). In West, for example,
the Supreme Court found that a contractual relationship between a private medical
provider and a state prison met the “acting under color of state law” requirement to
subject the private provider to liability under § 1983. See 487 U.S. at 55; see also
Wickersham v. City of Columbia, 481 F.3d 591, 597 (8th Cir. 2007) (a private party
may be characterized as a state actor for purposes of § 1983 when “the state has
delegated to a private party a power traditionally exclusively reserved to the State,”
4
“Defendants are not removed from the purview of § 1983 simply because
they are professionals acting in accordance with professional discretion and
judgment.” West. 487 U.S. at 52.
5
Although Barber alleges that the IMHC members acted under color of state
law as a group, they may still be held personally liable for a constitutional violation.
See, e.g., Martin v. Kazulkina, No. 12-CV-14286, 2017 WL 971706, at *12 (E.D.
Mich. Feb. 21, 2017) (“Where a prisoner alleges that psychotropic medication was
involuntarily administered in contravention of prison policy and his constitutional
rights, and where that prison policy dictates that an involuntary medication order can
only be obtained via a hearing committee decision, the members of the hearing
committee are obviously and intimately involved in the decision to involuntarily
administer medication, and the prisoner may seek relief against those committee
members.”), report and recommendation adopted, No. 12-CV-14286, 2017 WL
958081 (E.D. Mich. Mar. 13, 2017).
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“where a private actor is a willful participant in joint activity with the State or its
agents,” and “where there is pervasive entwinement between the private entity and
the state,” with the ultimate conclusion turning on the particular facts of the case
(internal quotation marks and citations omitted)).
In sum, Barber’s Complaint sufficiently alleges that the defendants’ actions
were performed under color of state law, and that their actions resulted in the
involuntary administration of psychotropic medication to Barber. Whether Barber’s
Complaint sufficiently alleges a constitutional violation will be examined next.
1. Fourteenth Amendment Claims
a. Equal Protection
The Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment provides that
“[n]o State shall ... deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of
the laws.” U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1. “The Equal Protection Clause generally
requires the government to treat similarly situated people alike.” Klinger v. Dep’t of
Corr., 31 F.3d 727, 731 (8th Cir. 1994) (citing City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living
Ctr., Inc., 473 U.S. 432, 439 (1985)).
Dissimilar treatment of dissimilarly situated persons does not violate
equal protection. Thus, the first step in an equal protection case is
determining whether the plaintiff has demonstrated that she was treated
differently than others who were similarly situated to her. Absent a
threshold showing that she is similarly situated to those who allegedly
receive favorable treatment, the plaintiff does not have a viable equal
protection claim.
Id. (citations omitted). “[E]qual protection claims [may be] brought by a ‘class of
one,’ where the plaintiff alleges that she has been intentionally treated differently
from others similarly situated and that there is no rational basis for the difference in
treatment. Village of Willowbrook v. Olech, 528 U.S. 562, 564 (2000).6
A “rational basis” test would also apply if Barber were to claim, for example,
that the involuntary medication policy discriminates against mentally ill prisoners.
8
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Although Barber claims he has been denied equal protection of the laws, a
careful review of his Complaint discloses no allegations which suggest he has been
treated differently from similarly situated prisoners. Thus, no viable equal protection
claim is stated. See, e.g., Mack v. Ricketts, No. 8:17CV495, 2018 WL 4621741, at
*10 (D. Neb. Sept. 26, 2018) (finding on initial review that prisoner’s complaint
alleged no facts to show dissimilar treatment).
b. Due Process
Barber’s Complaint does not expressly allege a due process violation, but this
would appear to be the crux of his Fourteenth Amendment claim. The Due Process
Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits state governments from depriving
“any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law....” U.S. Const.
amend. XIV, § 1. “This clause has two components: the procedural due process and
the substantive due process components.” Singleton v. Cecil, 176 F.3d 419, 424 (8th
Cir. 1999) (en banc) (citing Cnty. of Sacramento v. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833 (1998)).
“Analysis of either a procedural or substantive due process claim must begin with
an examination of the interest allegedly violated, and the possession of a protected
life, liberty, or property interest is a condition precedent to any due process claim.”
Id. (cleaned up).
The Supreme Court has held that an inmate “possesses a significant liberty
interest in avoiding the unwanted administration of antipsychotic drugs under the
Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.” Washington v. Harper, 494
U.S. 210, 221-22 (1990). However, the plaintiff’s interest in refusing medication
must be balanced against the state’s legitimate and necessary interest in prison safety
and security. See Knight v. Hopkins, No. 4:06CV3152, 2007 WL 4458939, at *8 (D.
Neb. Dec. 14, 2007). This balancing test “permits the state to treat a prison inmate
who has a serious mental illness with antipsychotic drugs against his will, if the
inmate is a danger to himself or others and the treatment is in the inmate’s medical
See Chrisco v. Scoleri, No. 17-CV-00810-MEH, 2018 WL 3838493, at *8-10 (D.
Colo. Aug. 13, 2018) (mentally ill prisoner was required to allege that involuntary
medication policy was not reasonably related to a legitimate penological interest).
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interest.” Harper, 494 U.S. at 227.7 “Under Harper, forcing antipsychotic drugs on
a convicted prisoner is impermissible absent a finding of overriding justification and
a determination of medical appropriateness.” Riggins v. Nevada, 504 U.S. 127, 135
(1992).
The Harper Court also set forth four procedural protections that are the
minimal constitutional requirements when a state involuntarily administers an
antipsychotic drug to a prisoner: (1) notice; (2) the right to be present at an adversary
hearing; (3) the right to present witnesses; and (4) the right to cross-examine
witnesses. Id. at 235; see Doby v. Hickerson, 120 F.3d 111, 113 (8th Cir. 1997).8 A
judicial hearing is not required; the hearing may be adjudicated by non-treating
medical personnel. Harper, 494 U.S. at 231 (“Notwithstanding the risks that are
involved, we conclude that an inmate's interests are adequately protected, and
perhaps better served, by allowing the decision to medicate to be made by medical
professionals rather than a judge.”). Nor does due process require the inmate to be
represented by an attorney; an inmate’s rights may be sufficiently protected by a lay
adviser familiar with the psychiatric issues involved. Id. at 236.
(i) Substantive Due Process
The constitutional right to substantive due process protects individual liberty
against certain government actions regardless of the fairness of the procedures used
to implement them. Norris v. Engles, 494 F.3d 634, 637 (8th Cir. 2007). The “core
of the concept [of substantive due process is] protection against arbitrary action” by
“In Harper, the Supreme Court also held that Washington’s policy for the
involuntary medication of inmates comported with the requirements of Due Process.
That policy allowed an inmate to be subjected to involuntary medication if he (1)
suffers from a ‘mental disorder’ and (2) is ‘gravely disabled’ or poses a ‘likelihood
of serious harm’ to himself, others, or their property. The disjunctive demonstrates
that ‘gravely disabled’ does not include dangerousness.” Green v. Dormire, 691 F.3d
917, 923 (8th Cir. 2012) (internal quotations and citations omitted).
8
“Washington’s policy for the involuntary administration of antipsychotic
drugs … included: (1) a hearing; (2) a neutral and detached trier of fact; (3) notice;
(4) the inmate’s right to be present at the adversarial hearing; (5) the inmate's right
to cross-examine witnesses; and, (6) the right to appeal.” Green, 691 F.3d at 924.
10
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the government. Putnam v. Keller, 332 F.3d 541, 547 (8th Cir. 2003) (quoting Lewis,
523 U.S. at 845). “[Supreme Court] cases dealing with abusive executive action have
repeatedly emphasized that only the most egregious official conduct can be said to
be ‘arbitrary in the constitutional sense.” Id. (quoting Collins v. City of Harker
Heights, 503 U.S. 115, 128 (1992)); see Strutton v. Meade, 668 F.3d 549, 557 (8th
Cir. 2012) (“Only in the rare situation when the state action is ‘truly egregious and
extraordinary’ will a substantive due process claim arise (citation omitted)). “Only
a purpose to cause harm unrelated to the legitimate object of the government action
in question will satisfy the element of arbitrary conduct shocking to the conscience,
necessary for a due process violation.” Mitchell v. Dakota Cty. Soc. Servs., 959 F.3d
887, 898 (8th Cir. 2020) (quoting Folkerts v. City of Waverly, 707 F.3d 975, 981
(8th Cir. 2013) (emphasis in original)). “Whether conduct shocks the conscience is
a question of law.” Id.; Terrell v. Larson, 396 F.3d 975, 981 (8th Cir.2005) (en banc).
“[T]he Constitution does not guarantee due care on the part of state officials;
liability for negligently inflicted harm is categorically beneath the threshold of
constitutional due process. It is, on the contrary, behavior at the other end of the
culpability spectrum that would most probably support a substantive due process
claim; conduct intended to injure in some way unjustifiable by any government
interest is the sort of official action most likely to rise to the conscience-shocking
level.” Lewis, 523 U.S. at 849 (citation omitted). “A substantive due process claim
invariably ‘demands an exact analysis of circumstances before any abuse of power
is condemned.” Elizabeth M. v. Montenez, 458 F.3d 779, 787 (8th Cir. 2006)
(quoting Lewis, 523 U.S. at 850). “Whether conscience-shocking conduct has
occurred is ‘tested by an appraisal of the totality of facts in a given case. That which
may, in one setting, constitute a denial of fundamental fairness, shocking to the
universal sense of justice, may, in other circumstances, and in the light of other
considerations, fall short of such denial.’” Norris, 494 F.3d at 638 (quoting Lewis,
523 U.S. at 850 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted)).
The court “may also consider conduct that evinces a ‘deliberate indifference’
to protected rights of [the plaintiff], if [the defendants] had an opportunity to
consider other alternatives before choosing a course of action.” Putnam, 332 F.3d at
548; see Neal v. St. Louis County Bd. of Police Comm’rs, 217 F.3d 955, 958 (8th
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Cir. 2000) (“[W]here a state actor is afforded a reasonable opportunity to deliberate
various alternatives prior to electing a course of action, the chosen action will be
deemed conscience shocking if the action was taken with deliberate indifference.”
(internal quotations omitted)).9 See also Truong v. Hassan, 829 F.3d 627, 631 (8th
Cir. 2016) (“The lower deliberate indifference standard ‘is sensibly employed only
when actual deliberation is practical.’” (quoting Lewis, 523 U.S. at 848-49).
The allegations of Barber’s Complaint do not indicate that any defendant
engaged in “conscience shocking” behavior. Barber alleges that Dr. Hollister and
Dr. Kasselman “made allegations within their application for involuntary medication
of misconduct by Barber that was not supported by evidence,” and “[t]hey also made
vague allegations … regarding Barber's mind state without actually inquiring into
what Barber was thinking at the time of certain acts done by Barber.” (Filing 1, ¶ 3.)
More specifically, Barber alleges they had no evidence for claiming that he “has
made ‘bizarre grievances’ against staff and inmates for stealing from him,” “has had
multiple misconduct reports,” “is not eating or drinking appropriately because of his
alleged delusions,” “has thrown fluid on staff during ‘potential’ delusions about his
canteen [food],” and has “slammed hatches and doors when upset about delusional
concerns about peers who stole from him” (Filing 1, ¶¶ 18, 22, 23). Barber alleges
that he never spoke with Dr. Hollister to be evaluated, and states that he refused to
speak with Dr. Hollister because he did not know he was being considered for an
IMO and was not informed that he was being evaluated. (Filing 1, ¶ 20.) Barber also
alleges that “the involuntary medication hearing committee … included within the
summary of witness statements a statement that was not actually stated at the hearing
9
In Van Orden v. Stringer, 937 F.3d 1162 (8th Cir. 2019), cert. denied sub
nom. Orden v. Stringer, 140 S. Ct. 1146 (2020), the State argued that “something
more akin to an intent-to-harm standard may apply when officials, after deliberating,
are forced to choose among competing, legitimate interests.” Id. at 1170; see Hunt
v. Sycamore Cmty. Sch. Dist. Bd. of Educ., 542 F.3d 529, 541-42 (6th Cir. 2008);
Matican v. City of New York, 524 F.3d 151, 158-59 (2d Cir. 2008); Schieber v. City
of Philadelphia, 320 F.3d 409, 419-20 (3d Cir. 2003). The Court of Appeals found
it unnecessary to resolve the dispute over the applicable standard because the alleged
actions of the defendant officials did not shock the conscience under the lesser
“deliberate indifference” standard.
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which substantially aided their decision to initiate the IMO.” (Filing 1, ¶ 4.) The
IMHC allegedly “add[ed] that Mr. Barber has suicidal thoughts, according to Dr.
Hollister’s testimony,” but Barber alleges he “never expressed to Dr. Hollister that
he had suicidal thoughts, nor did Dr. Hollister allege that this was so at the hearing.”
(Filing 1, ¶ 33.) Apart from upholding the IMHC’s decision on appeal, Director
Frakes is not alleged to have engaged in any misconduct.
The unsupported and vague allegations that Dr. Hollister and Dr. Kasselman
allegedly made while applying for the IMO could be attributed to mere negligence,
which “can never be conscience-shocking and cannot support a claim alleging a
violation of substantive due process rights.” Hart v. City of Little Rock, 432 F.3d
801, 805 (8th Cir. 2005); see also Davis v. White, 794 F.3d 1008, 1015 (8th Cir.
2015) (“In an extreme case, a police officer’s intentional or reckless failure to
investigate before making a complaint can support a substantive due process claim,
but neither negligent nor grossly negligent failure to investigate amounts to a
constitutional violation.”). Similarly, the IMHC’s alleged inclusion of non-existent
testimony in its record may have been unintentional. See Mitchell, 959 F.3d at 899
(“A false evidence claim requires proof that the investigators deliberately fabricated
evidence ….” (citations omitted)).
(ii) Procedural Due Process
The only procedural irregularity alleged in Barber’s Complaint is that he “was
not allowed to question and cross-examine any alleged witnesses who gave the
applicants reason to apply for an IMO.” (Filing 1, ¶ 32.) While the Harper decision
gives prisoners the right to cross-examine witnesses who testify at the involuntary
medication hearing, the court is not aware of any authority which holds there is a
right to confront or examine non-testifying witnesses.
2. Eighth Amendment Claim
A prisoner may state a viable Eighth Amendment claim when medication is
administered forcibly for a penological purpose. See Knecht v. Gillman, 488 F.2d
1136, 1139 (8th Cir. 1973). In Knecht, the drug apomorphine had been administered
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to mental institution inmates as “aversive stimuli” in the treatment of inmates with
behavior problems. “The drug was administered by intra-muscular injection by a
nurse after an inmate had violated the behavior protocol established for him by the
staff. …[T]he drug could be injected for such pieces of behavior as not getting up,
for giving cigarettes against orders, for talking, for swearing, or for lying. Other
inmates or members of the staff would report on these violations of the protocol and
the injection would be given by the nurse without the nurse or any doctor having
personally observed the violation and without specific authorization of the doctor.”
Id. at 1137. “When it was determined to administer the drug, the inmate was taken
to a room near the nurses' station which contained only a water closet and there given
the injection. He was then exercised and within about fifteen minutes he began
vomiting. The vomiting lasted from fifteen minutes to an hour.” Id. The Eighth
Circuit directed that the involuntary use of this purported “treatment” be enjoined,
stating:
Here we have a situation in which an inmate may be subjected to
a morphine base drug which induces vomiting for an extended period
of time. Whether it is called “aversive stimuli” or punishment, the act
of forcing someone to vomit for a fifteen minute period for committing
some minor breach of the rules can only be regarded as cruel and
unusual unless the treatment is being administered to a patient who
knowingly and intelligently has consented to it.… The use of this
unproven drug for this purpose on an involuntary basis, is, in our
opinion, cruel and unusual punishment prohibited by the eighth
amendment.
Id. at 1139-40.
Barber’s situation is significantly different from that presented in Knecht.
Before being administered Haldol, Barber was diagnosed with “schizoaffective
disorder, bipolar type, multiple episodes, currently in acute episode.” With the
possible exception of the “currently acute” assessment, Barber does not dispute this
diagnosis. Haldol is an antipsychotic drug indicated for the treatment of mental
disorders such as schizophrenia. Pashia v. Berryhill, No. 4:16 CV 1267 ACL, 2017
WL 4310433, at *6 n. 3 (E.D. Mo. Sept. 28, 2017) (citing WebMD, http://www.
webmd.com/drugs). In Knecht, by contrast, the drug apomorphine was found to have
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no proven therapeutic value and its use was not recognized as acceptable medical
practice. 488 F.2d at 1138, 1140. See Rennie v. Klein, 462 F. Supp. 1131, 1143
(D.N.J. 1978) (distinguishing Knecht in case involving involuntary administration
of psychotropic drugs). In addition, “while the behavior modification program [at
issue in Knecht] was believed to have long-term benefits, the adverse effects seemed
unnecessarily harsh.” Id. The only side effect Barber allegedly has experienced from
Haldol is “some depression,” for which he is receiving anti-depressant medication.
(Filing 1, ¶ 36.) It is alleged that “[a]s a direct result of this depression, Barber does
not have the energy to exercise regularly as he had enjoyed before the IMO” and
“also doesn't enjoy reading books or doing legal studies as he had enjoyed before
the IMO” (Filing 1, ¶ 37), but these are not “unnecessarily harsh” consequences of
the Haldol treatment. See id. (“While the side effects of prolixin are serious, they are
not unnecessarily harsh in light of the potential benefits.”).
Involuntary medication cases in which Eighth Amendment claims have been
raised are relatively scarce, but these claims tend to be analyzed as involving either
deliberate indifference to an inmate’s serious medical needs or else the application
of excessive force.10 A case within the first category is Roberson v. Goodman, 293
F. Supp. 2d 1075 (D.N.D. 2003), aff’d, 114 F. App’x 772 (8th Cir. 2004), in which
a state prison inmate brought a § 1983 action against a psychiatrist, alleging that
“The Supreme Court has not directly addressed whether involuntarily
medicating an inmate could run afoul of the Eighth Amendment’s Cruel and Unusual
Punishment clause…. A few courts have attempted to apply the framework of
deliberate indifference to claims of involuntarily administered psychotropic
medication. These decisions tend to focus on the side effects of the psychotropic
medication rather than the justification for their use in the first place…. Other courts
have concluded that allegations of involuntary medication ought not be viewed
through the lens of the Eighth Amendment at all…. A third group of cases have
concluded that involuntary application of psychotropic medication could run afoul
of the Eighth Amendment. These cases tend to focus on the motive behind the use
of psychotropic medication, and consider whether the prisoner has made a colorable
claim that medication was administered for the purpose of causing harm, i.e. under
the rubric of excessive force rather than deliberate indifference.” Martin v.
Kazulkina, 2017 WL 971706, at *13-14 (citing cases).
15
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forced administration of Haldol had resulted in memory loss, confusion, migraines,
and other side effects. The district court summarized the applicable law as follows:
It is well-established that the Government is obligated to provide
medical care for those who are being punished by incarceration. “The
Eighth Amendment scrutinizes the conditions under which prison
inmates are confined in order to prevent the inhumane treatment of
inmates.” Robinson v. Hager, 292 F.3d 560, 563 (8th Cir.2002) citing
Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 832, 114 S.Ct. 1970, 128 L.Ed.2d
811 (1994). The Eighth Amendment prohibits deliberate indifference
to the serious medical needs of prisoners. “To prevail on an Eighth
Amendment claim, an inmate must show both an objective element,
that the deprivation was sufficiently serious, and a subjective element,
that the defendant acted with a sufficiently culpable state of mind.”
Coleman v. Rahija, 114 F.3d 778, 784 (8th Cir.1997); Choate v.
Lockhart, 7 F.3d 1370, 1373 (8th Cir.1993). In a case alleging a
deprivation of medical care, an inmate must show that the prison
official acted with deliberate indifference to the inmate’s serious
medical needs. Camberos v. Branstad, 73 F.3d 174, 175 (8th Cir.1995).
In order to find a prison official liable for a deliberate
indifference claim, an inmate is required to show that 1) there existed a
substantial risk of serious harm to the inmate, and 2) that the prison
official knew of and disregarded that need. Robinson v. Hager, 292 F.3d
560, 564 (8th Cir.2002); Miller v. Schoenen, 75 F.3d 1305, 1309 (8th
Cir.1996) citing Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 105, 97 S.Ct. 285, 50
L.Ed.2d 251 (1976). Deliberate indifference may be demonstrated by
prison doctors who fail to respond to a prisoner’s serious medical needs.
Id. However, it is well-established that mere negligence or medical
malpractice are insufficient to rise to an Eighth Amendment violation.
Roberson v. Bradshaw, 198 F.3d 645 (8th Cir.1999). Thus, a claim of
deliberate indifference to an inmate's serious medical needs requires
that the plaintiff meet a higher burden of proof than is required in a
mere negligence claim.
Id. at 1080. The district court granted summary judgment in favor of the defendant,
finding it was undisputed that the plaintiff suffered from a psychotic disorder with
prominent paranoia for which he was being treated, and that he had not produced
any competent evidence (i.e., expert medical testimony) to show that there existed a
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substantial risk of serious harm due to side effects. Id. at 1080-81. The court also
found no evidence of deliberate indifference, stating:
Even assuming for the sake of argument that [the plaintiff’s]
psychotic disorder constituted an “objectively serious medical need”,
or that he has suffered or will suffer adverse side effects from the
administration of anti-psychotic medications, [he] has also clearly
failed to present any evidence that [the defendant] was deliberately
indifferent to his medical needs. To satisfy this subjective element,
there is a need for a finding of actual knowledge on the part of the
defendant. The Eighth Circuit has held that a prison official may be held
liable under the Eighth Amendment if he knows that an inmate faces a
substantial risk of serious harm and disregards that risk by failing to
take reasonable measures to abate it. Coleman v. Rahija, 114 F.3d 778,
785 (8th Cir.1997). “[T]he failure to treat a medical condition does not
constitute punishment within the meaning of the Eighth Amendment
unless prison officials knew that the condition created an excessive risk
to the inmate's health and then failed to act on that knowledge.” Long
v. Nix, 86 F.3d 761, 765 (8th Cir.1996). It is well-established in the
Eighth Circuit that the mere fact that an inmate disagrees with the
course of treatment does not, in and of itself, suffice to allege a serious
medical need to which prison officials were deliberately indifferent. See
Kayser v. Caspari, 16 F.3d 280, 281 (8th Cir.1994).
[The plaintiff] has wholly failed to produce any evidence to
establish knowledge of a serious medical need that poses a substantial
risk of serious harm to him and actual deliberate indifference to that
need on the part of [the defendant].
Id. at 1081-82 (emphasis in original).
While the Roberson decision turned on a lack of evidentiary support, in the
present case there are not sufficient facts alleged in Barber’s Complaint to show the
existence of either required component of an Eighth Amendment claim based on his
medical needs. Barber alleges that he has been diagnosed with depression, but also
alleges he has received treatment for this condition. He, of course, has also received
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treated for a diagnosed psychotic disorder.11 There are no facts alleged to show that
any defendant deliberately disregarded a serious medical need. In short, Barber has
not sufficiently alleged deliberate indifference. See, e.g., Madsen v. United States,
No. C17-5218 RBL-DWC, 2017 WL 1652983, at *3 (W.D. Wash. May 2, 2017)
(“Plaintiff has not alleged a single fact to demonstrate any individual acted with the
requisite ‘culpable state of mind,’ nor has he provided sufficient facts regarding the
inadequacy of his treatment. Instead, Plaintiff alleges that the treatment was
involuntary rather than inadequate. Therefore, Plaintiff's claim is more appropriately
analyzed under the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause.”); Bomprezzi v.
Kaprivnikar, No. 11-CV-03344-REB-MEH, 2012 WL 7763089, at *4 (D. Colo.
Aug. 3, 2012) (prisoner’s alleged reaction to antipsychotic medication, including
anxiety, suicidal thoughts, discouragement, drowsiness, hunger, and sensitivity to
noise, was not sufficiently serious to satisfy the objective component of an Eighth
Amendment claim), report and recommendation adopted, No. 11-CV-03344-REBMEH, 2013 WL 1124820 (D. Colo. Mar. 18, 2013), as amended (Jan. 22, 2014);
Elam v. Hernandez, No. CV 09-02780-PA DTB, 2011 WL 2785676, at *6 (C.D.
Cal. May 5, 2011) (“Plaintiff alleges only that his [psychotropic] treatment was
involuntary rather than inadequate. Neither a difference of opinion about the proper
course of treatment nor a dispute over the necessity for or extent of medical treatment
amounts to deliberate indifference.”), report and recommendation adopted, No. CV
09-2780-PA DTB, 2011 WL 2838183 (C.D. Cal. July 12, 2011).
When considering excessive force claims, the core judicial inquiry is whether
the defendant acted “maliciously and sadistically to cause harm.” Wilkins v. Gaddy,
559 U.S. 34, 37 (2010) (quoting Hudson v. McMillian, 503 U.S. 1, 7 (1992)). The
facts alleged in Barber’s Complaint do not suggest that any defendant acted with this
intent. Consequently, Barber’s Complaint also fails to state an actionable claim
under an “excessive force” theory. See, e.g, Chrisco v. Scoleri, No. 17-CV-00810MEH, 2019 WL 1254941, at *7-8 (D. Colo. Mar. 19, 2019) (“prisoner’s allegations
that involuntary administration of medication was done “without justification and
with the very intent of causing harm” were conclusory and did not allege that
11
Notably, the Eighth Circuit has also stated that when the state is under an
obligation to administer antipsychotic medication, “any additional motive or effect
is irrelevant.” Singleton v. Norris, 319 F.3d 1018, 1027 (8th Cir. 2003).
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defendant acted “maliciously and sadistically.”); Carter v. Koprivnikar, No. 15-CV00435-KLM, 2016 WL 950125, at *3 (D. Colo. Mar. 14, 2016) (“Plaintiff makes no
allegation that Defendant acted out of malice in an attempt to cause harm, and instead
only alleges that Defendant submitted a report recommending involuntary
medication for ‘disciplinary purposes’ and that, because the report was falsified,
such a measure was unwarranted…. Such allegations relate to the appropriateness
of the disciplinary action taken and do not implicate the Eighth Amendment.”).
In summary, Barber has not sufficiently alleged that the IMO constitutes cruel
and unusual punishment. The Amended Complaint fails to show that the defendants
were deliberately indifferent to a serious medical need, or that they acted maliciously
and sadistically to cause harm.
3. First Amendment Claim
“[A]s a general matter the First Amendment prohibits government officials
from subjecting an individual to retaliatory actions” for engaging in protected
speech. Hartman v. Moore, 547 U.S. 250, 256 (2006). “If an official takes adverse
action against someone based on that forbidden motive, and ‘non-retaliatory grounds
are in fact insufficient to provoke the adverse consequences,’ the injured person may
generally seek relief by bringing a First Amendment claim.” Nieves v. Bartlett, 139
S. Ct. 1715, 1722 (2019) (quoting Hartman, 547 U.S. at 256). “To prevail on such a
claim, a plaintiff must establish a causal connection between the government
defendant’s retaliatory animus and the plaintiff’s subsequent injury. It is not enough
to show that an official acted with a retaliatory motive and that the plaintiff was
injured—the motive must cause the injury. Specifically, it must be a ‘but-for’ cause,
meaning that the adverse action against the plaintiff would not have been taken
absent the retaliatory motive.” Id. (emphasis in original; internal quotation marks
and citation omitted).
Liberally construing Barber’s allegations, he is asserting a First Amendment
retaliation claim against all defendants. “To prevail on a § 1983 claim for retaliation
in violation of the First Amendment, [Barber] must demonstrate (1) that he engaged
in a protected activity; (2) that the government official took adverse action against
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him that would chill a person of ordinary firmness from continuing in the activity;
and (3) that the adverse action was motivated at least in part by the exercise of the
protected activity. Santiago v. Blair, 707 F.3d 984, 991 (8th Cir. 2013). “In brief, the
plaintiff must show the official took the adverse action because the plaintiff engaged
in the protected speech.” Beaulieu v. Ludeman, 690 F.3d 1017, 1025 (8th Cir. 2012)
(quoting Revels v. Vincenz, 382 F.3d 870, 876 (8th Cir. 2004)). “The retaliatory
conduct itself need not be a constitutional violation; the violation is acting in
retaliation for ‘the exercise of a constitutionally protected right.’” Spencer v. Jackson
Cty., 738 F.3d 907, 911 (8th Cir. 2013) (quoting Cody v. Weber, 256 F.3d 764, 771
(8th Cir. 2001)).
On the facts alleged in Barber’s Complaint, the first element (i.e., protected
activity) is satisfied here. “A prisoner’s right under the First Amendment to petition
for redress of grievances under a prison’s grievance procedures is clearly established
in this [circuit].” Nelson v. Shuffman, 603 F.3d 439, 449-50 (8th Cir. 2010) (citing
Sprouse v. Babcock, 870 F.2d 450, 452 (8th Cir. 1989)). “Similarly, it has for over
[thirty] years been the law of this circuit that actions taken in retaliation for an
inmate’s filing of a grievance are actionable under 42 U.S.C. § 1983.” Id.
The second element is also met, at least for purposes of initial review. The
IMO may constitute an “adverse action,” and it may reasonably be concluded that
an ordinary person in Barber’s position would be deterred from filing grievances
after being forced to receive monthly Haldol injections. See, e.g., L.L. Nelson
Enterprises, Inc. v. Cty. of St. Louis, 673 F.3d 799, 809 (8th Cir. 2012) (noting that
“even the selective issuance of parking tickets to a complaining citizen” was held to
support a jury’s finding of unlawful retaliation in Garcia v. City of Trenton, 348 F.3d
726, 729 (8th Cir. 2003)).12
“[I]n most cases, the question of whether an alleged retaliatory action poses
a sufficient deterrent threat to be actionable will not be amenable to resolution as a
matter of law.” Bennie v. Munn, 822 F.3d 392, 398 (8th Cir. 2016) (quoting Bell v.
Johnson, 308 F.3d 594, 603 (6th Cir. 2002)). “Except when the alleged harassment
is so inconsequential that even allowing a claim would trivialize the First
Amendment, … the determination of whether government action would chill an
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While at first glance it might appear that the third element (i.e., causation) is
also satisfied for pleading purposes,13 because it is alleged that Barber’s grievances
were cited as a reason for the issuance of the IMO, on closer examination it becomes
clear that the facts alleged do not show that the defendants actions were motivated
by the protected activity itself. Rather, it appears from the face of the Complaint that
the defendants acted, in part, because they concluded from the grievances that Barber
was displaying delusional behavior in claiming that his property was being stolen
and his food was being tampered with.
In this regard, the present case is very similar to Oliver v. Roquet, 858 F.3d
180 (3d Cir. 2017), where it was alleged that “a state-employed medical professional
charged with assessing the clinical progress of a civilly committed sexually violent
predator considered this detainee’s First Amendment activities in connection with
her recommendation that he not advance to the next phase of his treatment program.”
Id. at 184. The detainee alleged that he was retaliated against “for his participation
in legal activities of two general types—those he conducted on his own behalf, and
those he conducted on behalf of other STU [Special Treatment Unit] residents.” Id.
at 186. On interlocutory appeal from the district court’s denial of the medical
professional’s motion to dismiss the detainee’s retaliation claim based on qualified
immunity, the Third Circuit reversed and remanded with directions to dismiss the
claim, stating: “Because the detainee has pleaded facts reflecting that the medical
professional based her recommendation on the medically relevant collateral
consequences of his protected activity, but has not sufficiently pleaded that the
recommendation was based on the protected activity itself, the detainee has not
alleged the necessary causation to state a prima facie case of retaliation.” Id. at 18485. The Court of Appeals explained:
ordinary person’s speech is a matter for the factfinder.” Id. at 399 n.1 (internal
quotation marks omitted).
13
Causation is also a matter for the factfinder. Cf. Beaulieu, 382 F.3d at 876
(“Although ‘[t]he causal connection is generally a jury question, ... it can provide a
basis for summary judgment when the question is so free from doubt as to justify
taking it from the jury.’” (quoting Revels, 382 F.3d at 876)).
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Mindful of the differences between the incarcerated and the
civilly confined, we are nonetheless persuaded that prisoner retaliation
actions are an appropriate starting point for our analysis of the elements
of Oliver’s cause of action….
To state a First Amendment retaliation claim, a prisoner plaintiff
must allege (1) “that the conduct which led to the alleged retaliation
was constitutionally protected”; (2) “that he suffered some ‘adverse
action’ at the hands of the prison officials”; and (3) “a causal link
between the exercise of his constitutional rights and the adverse action
taken against him,” or more specifically, “that his constitutionally
protected conduct was ‘a substantial or motivating factor’ in the
decision” to take that action. Rauser v. Horn, 241 F.3d 330, 333 (3d
Cir. 2001).14 Once the prisoner has made his prima facie case, the
burden shifts to the defendant to prove by a preponderance of the
evidence that it “would have made the same decision absent the
protected conduct for reasons reasonably related to a legitimate
penological interest.” Id. at 334.
In this case, the parties dispute what is required under the
causation prong of the Rauser test and whether Oliver has alleged facts
giving rise to the inference that his protected activity was a “substantial
or motivating factor” in the decision not to advance him. The challenge
here is that, although Oliver makes the conclusory allegation in his
complaint that he suffered an adverse action based on his protected
The Third Circuit “derived the Rauser framework, in significant part, from
Mount Healthy Board of Education v. Doyle, 429 U.S. 274, 97 S.Ct. 568, 50 L.Ed.2d
471 (1977), the Supreme Court's decision on retaliation claims arising in the public
employment context.” Oliver, 858 F.3d at 191. The Eighth Circuit has not adopted
this less stringent, burden-shifting framework for prisoner retaliation claims. See
Rauser, 241 F.3d 330, 333 n. 2 (3d Cir. 2001) (citing Goff v. Burton, 7 F.3d 734, 737
(8th Cir. 1993)). “[W[hile acknowledging Mount Healthy, [the Eighth Circuit] has
consistently applied the “but for” standard in cases involving a prisoner’s claim of
impermissible retaliatory transfer by prison officials rather than applying a burdenshifting analysis.” Goff, 7 F.3d at 737-38; see Spencer, 738 F.3d at 912 (“In addition
to proving the other elements of retaliation, [the prisoner] must prove that he would
not have been transferred ‘but for an unconstitutional, retaliatory motive.’” (quoting
Goff, 7 F.3d at 738)).
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activity, the facts that Oliver alleges to support that causal link are
drawn from the TPRC [Treatment Progress Review Committee]
Report, and nothing in the Report—which we may consider in its
entirety in this context as a “document integral to or explicitly relied
upon in the complaint,” In re Burlington Coat Factory Sec. Litig., 114
F.3d 1410, 1426 (3d Cir. 1997) (emphasis omitted)—suggests that
Oliver’s litigation activity itself was the basis of Roquet’s
recommendation. Rather, on its face, the Report reflects that, to the
extent Roquet considered Oliver’s litigation activity in recommending
against his advancement, it was only to note that certain problematic
behaviors on which the recommendation was based—including Oliver
being distracted from his treatment, his manipulative behavior, and his
hostile relationship with STU staff—manifested themselves in Oliver’s
litigation activities.
Oliver does not argue that it was impermissible for Roquet to
base her recommendation on those behaviors; instead, his argument
seems to be that because the Report reflects that Roquet identified his
litigation activity as associated with those behaviors, Oliver has
sufficiently pleaded causation. In other words, Oliver contends that by
alleging a medical professional considered protected activity at all,
even if only as a symptom of or giving rise to medically relevant
behaviors, a plaintiff can satisfy Rauser’s causation prong at the
pleading stage. That cannot be, and is not, the law.
Id. at 189-91 (footnotes omitted). After reviewing applicable pleading standards, the
Court of Appeals continued:
With these standards in mind, it is clear that, in the context of a
retaliation claim against a mental health professional at a state
institution, a prima facie showing of causation requires more than the
allegation that the professional based a medical decision on
symptomology that happened to relate in some way to a patient’s
protected activity. There must be particular facts alleged that allow the
court to reasonably infer it is the protected activity itself, and not simply
medically relevant behavior associated with that activity, that formed
the basis of the defendant’s adverse action. This is so because a medical
professional’s holistic approach to diagnosing a patient’s mental health
will sometimes require consideration of his otherwise protected speech
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and conduct to evaluate any adverse consequences they are having on
his treatment. Framed in terms of the Rauser test and the relevant
pleading standards, an assertion by a mental health detainee that his
treating psychologist retaliated against him, based only on the factual
allegation that the psychologist considered the effect his First
Amendment activity was having on his treatment, would not support
the inference that retaliation was the “substantial or motivating factor”
for the psychologist’s recommendation.
Id. at 192. Needless to say, such an allegation would also fail to support an inference
that retaliation was the “but for” cause for the recommendation, which is the standard
applied to prisoner retaliation claims in the Eighth Circuit. See note 14, supra.
“Barber claims in this matter that Defendants wrongfully placed him on an
IMO, as it was done on the basis that Barber made complaints via the grievance
system of theft by staff and inmates of certain items from his cell and possible
misconduct having to do with tampering with Barber’s food, causing Barber to
become sick in a manner which included several symptoms” and “on the basis that
Barber would only eat canteen foods and would not eat at the chow hall.” (Filing 1,
¶ 2.) Barber concludes “[t]his IMO was applied for, ordered, and upheld on the basis
of … disregard for Barber’s right to grieve any issue that he is having within the
department, and Barber’s right to eat only canteen. Barber believes that this IMO
was done in order to cover up misconduct by staff and inmates, and to deter Barber
from standing up for himself by grieving such misconduct.” (Filing 1, ¶ 35.) “By
applying for the initiation of an IMO … on the basis that Barber grieved issues via
NDCS grievance procedure, which is his right, … Dr. Hollister and Dr. Kasselman
… [allegedly] deprived Barber of his right to freedom of speech, ….” (Filing 1, ¶
39.) “By ordering the initiation of involuntary medication … the IMHC …
[allegedly] deprived Barber of his right to freedom of speech, ….” (Filing 1, ¶ 40.)
“By upholding the order to initiate involuntary medication … where Barber has the
right to grieve his concerns …, Frakes [allegedly] deprived Barber of the right to
freedom of speech, ….” (Filing 1, ¶ 41.)
According to Barber’s Complaint, “[t]he applicants, Dr. Hollister and Dr.
Kasselman, alleged that Barber presents with delusional and paranoid thought
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process. They alleged that Barber has made ‘bizarre grievances’ against staff and
inmates for stealing from him.” (Filing 1, ¶ 18.) Barber alleges he spoke with Dr.
Hollister on November 19, 2019 [six days after the hearing] about these complaints.
Dr. Hollister stated, after an explanation from Barber, that he believed that writing
grievances regarding theft was reasonable, but he (Dr. Hollister) thought they were
bizarre because staff did not understand the written grievances. Dr. Hollister stated
that the grievances were legible and that he could understand them. But since Barber
was previously having complaints that landed him on IMO in October of 2016
regarding theft, Dr. Hollister concluded that the current allegations were due to
Barber experiencing delusions.” (Filing 1, ¶ 26.)
Barber’s factual allegations fail to that show the IMO was applied for, issued,
and upheld on the basis that he engaged in protected conduct by filing grievances
about theft or food tampering. Rather, it appears from these allegations that the
defendants acted because the grievances were thought to demonstrate that Barber
was delusional and paranoid. The court is not required to accept the truth of Barber’s
conclusory allegations that that defendants’ actions were retaliatory in nature. See
Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 (on a motion to dismiss, courts “are not bound to accept
as true a legal conclusion couched as a factual allegation”) (quoting Papasan v.
Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 286 (1986)). While Barber may genuinely believe that the
defendants deprived him of his right to free speech, the facts alleged do not support
this claim.
IV. CONCLUSION
The court finds upon initial review that Barber’s Complaint fails to state a
claim upon which relief may be granted, but the court will permit him to file an
amended complaint within 30 days. If an amended complaint is not filed within 30
days, the case may be dismissed without further notice. If an amended complaint is
filed, the court will conduct another initial review.15
15
Plaintiff has today filed a motion to amend complaint (Filing 9), which will
be denied as moot since the court is granting leave to amend on its own motion. For
future reference, Plaintiff is advised that the court’s local rules require that a copy of
the proposed amended pleading be attached to the motion. See NECivR 15.1.
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8:20-cv-00282-RGK-PRSE Doc # 10 Filed: 10/13/20 Page 26 of 26 - Page ID # 72
IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED:
1.
On the court’s own motion, Plaintiff shall have 30 days in which to file
an amended complaint.
2.
Failure to file an amended complaint within 30 days will result in the
court dismissing the case without prejudice, and without further notice to Plaintiff.
3.
If Plaintiff files an amended complaint, he shall restate the allegations
of the Complaint (Filing 1) and any new allegations. Failure to consolidate all claims
into one document may result in the abandonment of claims. Plaintiff is warned that
an amended complaint will supersede, not supplement, his prior pleadings.
4.
The court reserves the right to conduct further review of Plaintiff's
claims pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e) and 1915A in the event he files an amended
complaint.
5.
The Clerk of the Court is directed to set the following pro se case
management deadline: November 12, 2020, check for amended complaint.
6.
Plaintiff’s motion to amend complaint (Filing 9) is denied without
prejudice, as moot.
Dated this 13th day of October, 2020.
BY THE COURT:
Richard G. Kopf
Senior United States District Judge
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