Goodman v. Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department et al

Filing 45

ORDER Granting 11 Motion to Dismiss. Signed by Chief Judge Robert C. Jones on 5/11/2012. (Copies have been distributed pursuant to the NEF - SLR)

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UN I
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O RDER

LAS VEGAS M ETROPOLI
TAN POLI
CE
1 DEPARTMENT , poli subdi son oft
2
a ical
t
vii
he
St e ofNevada'COSM OPOLI
at
,
TAN

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3 NTERNATI
ONAL COM PANK I CC a
N ,
NevadaCor atqn;NEVADA PROPERW
pgr i
1 1 LLC, f el Ll i Li ly Com pany;
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a or gn m t qbit
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DOES 1- ROES 1- j ntyand
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er l
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Def
endant
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8

Thi case ar fom t det i ofPl ntf undert i orec sus ci t she
s
ose r he enton
ai if
he nc r t pi on hat

1 was a pr tt e. Def
9
os i
ut
endantNevada Pr t 1 LLC d/ a The Cosmopolan ofLas Vegas
opery
b/
i
t

20 (d
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cosmopolann hasfl amotont di s t compl ntf f l et sat acl m ( .
i ) i
t
ed
i o smis he
ai orai o t e ai #11)
ur
21 Fort f l i r
he ol ng easons,Cos opol an' m oton t di i i gr ed.
ow
m
i s
t
i o sm ss s ant
22

BACK G RO U ND

23 1
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Fact
s'

2
4

At 1 20 pm on orabout Febr y 9,2011,Pl nt fChentl G oodm an pi ked up her
0:
uar
ai i
f
i
e
c

2 fi d, da Ma es ,r m te L Ve sar or.( AC ( 6- )a 4) Afe g t g d e s
5 r
en Ay
s erfo h as ga ip t F #1 1 t . t r etn r s ed
i
26 i t hot r
n he
el oom t
hey r ed at t Ara, Pl nt f and M as er went t m eet Pl ntf'
ent
he i
ai i
f
es
o
ai i s
f
27
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28

lThef t ar t enfom Pl ntfspr
acs e ak r
ai i' oposedfr amendedcompl nt(FAC', ch
f
ist
ai ' ' whi
)
wasatached t heropposiont Cosmopolan' motont di s ( ( 6- )
t
o
t o
i
i s i o smis. FAC #1 1).
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k
1 b yre dan hsbu i s p ter tTh Heny, v ewi i teCos olan f alt
o fin d i sne s arn a ' e r'a enu t n h
h
mop i ,or ae
t
2 di anddrnks.(d..
nner
i
/)
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W hi pr
l oceedi t dsThe Henr Pl nt and M aseserwer appr
e
ng owar
y, ai i
;
e
oached by an

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4 under er Las Vegas metopolan pol ofierknown by Cosmopolan em pl
cov
r i
t
i
ce fc
i
t
oyees as

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5 u k
porchop' çd.at3. . Por
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4)
kchop began t make ovedur 'n t nat e ofa common
o
es ' he ur
i

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,
6 m asheron t m ake, s atng he was I i f a good tm e and aski Pl nt fi she knew
he
t i
ook ng or
i
ng ai i f
f

:

7 wher he mi meets i er tngpeopl f some 'un. (d.at5) Pl ntf di herbest
e
ght
ome nt esi
e or
f 'I
. ai if d
8 t i e and di
o gnor
scour Por
age kchop and made i cl t she and Mas
t ear hat
eserwer aboutot
e
her

9 busi and t Por
ness
hat kchop shoul I t al
d eave hem one. (d.. Por
/)
kchop contnued t make
i
o

1 o edurs t d t wome de pi tei a t s t r bu fhm. (d ) Porch p wa
0 v e owar he
n s t h r tempt o e f i /..
e
k o
s
1 al
1 l y i uled byt f t t atr i women showed no i er ti hi (d..He
egedl ns t
he act he wo tactve
nt es n m. / )

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1 ten c ld as on o f er(ofier2't j nhi an teyi nti t ems v asp ie
2 h al
e ec d fi ' fc ' o oi m d h de ied h eles ol
c
)
f
c
1
3
and demanded i ii i ofPl ntf and Mas . (d.at5- . Pl ntf and Maseser
dentfcaton
ai i
f
eser I
6) ai if

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1 c pl and expl ned t wer on t r ayt have di
4 om i
ed
ai
hey e
hei w o
nnerat
The Henr ih som e f i
yw t
rends.

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1 (d. t6) Porc p an Ofie 2 (ol ciel uh Ofier' t en r a ' c e' n Pl ni
5 / a . k ho d f r c l tv y t e f s' h an ' op 'o aitf
c
e
c )
s
f
I and M asesert I n o t rc i i hi t y,whi r
6
o ear f hei rm nal s or
ch eveal no crm i hi t y on t par
ed
i nal s or
he
t

1 o Pl n i an asn e p tare t orMas s f whihs wa n e pr e u e Ld j
7 f ait d igl as r s f
;
e er or c he s ev r os c t d. l..
1
8

The Ofi st f cbl r oved Pl n i ' celphonefom herhand, abbed herb
f
cer hen or i y em
aitf s l
f
r
gr
y

1 t e ar an e c t he ag n th wi t Cos olanss c r y o f e. (d a 7 1 .
9 h ml d s or
ed r ais er l o mop i ' e u i fi I. t , 0)
l
t
t c
20 Pl ntf and M ases wer t det ned i t securt ofi by Cosm opol an em pl
ai if
er e hen ai
n he
i fce
y
i
t
oyees

2l att r
he eques oft Ofi s whi t Ofi s I tt fnd ot per
t he fcer
l he fcer ef o i
e
her sons t be hel i t
o
d n he

22 s iyofi oft Cosmopolan. (d.at8) A numberofot per
ecurt f
ce he
i
t /
.
her sons,some ofwhi
ch
2 wer appar l pr iut wer al bei det ned i t s
3
e
enty ost es, e so ng
t
ai
n he ecurt ofi wih t f l
i f
y ce t he ul

2 cooper i ofCosmopolan. (d..W hi t Ofi swer notpr ent Pl nt'r
4
aton
i
t /)
l he f
e
cer e
es , ai if equest
f
ed

2 t Iav b twa rf s b Cos ola s u i p s el (d.. Plit fr eaedy
5 o e e u s e u ed y
mop i n ec ry eronn . / ) an i ep t l
t
t
f
26 i or ed Cosm opol an per
nf m
i
t
sonnel hatshe was nota pr tt e and Cosm opol an per
t
os iut
i
t
sonnel

27 al
l
egedl agr wih herand r
y eed t
ecogni t she wasnota pr iut butc i
zed hat
ostt e,
ontnued t hol
o d

28 Pl ntf onbehaloft Ofi s.(d.at9- .Pl nt wast d she had been aresedf
ai if
f he f
cer I
10) ai i
s
ol
r t or
2

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1 v i crm es s r
arous i
uroundi al
ng l i ofpr iut and t t det i w as underak
egatons
ost i
t on
hat he enton
t en

2

at he r
t eques oft Ofi sso t t num er det ned suspect c d aIbe t
t he fcer
hat he
ous ai
s oul I aken t t
o he

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3 p l e d armen i a ' a ywa n'r he t a i idii alr s ds (d a 9 .
oi ep t tn p dd - go 'at r h n n n vdu tan po . / . t )
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Aferneary t hour ofbei det ned, Pl ntf was r eased and no char w er
t
l wo
s
ng ai
ai if
el
ges
e

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oughtagai her (d..Upon r eas however Cosmopolanempl
nst . I j
el el
,
i
t
oyeest Pl ntfs
ook ai i'
f

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6 phot aph and i uded i i a tespass r
ogr
ncl
tn r
ecor w her Pl ntf w as Ist as an undesiabl
d
e ai if
i ed
r e,

7 fd a 1 .Cos ola empoy est ntes a s d Piit r t e pemies (d. 21 .
l. t 1)
mop i n
t
l e he r p s e an i om h r s . I at )
#f

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The Com pl nt
ai

9

Pl ntf fl hercom pl nti Nevada s at coud on Augus 22,2011 agai t Las
ai if i
ed
ai n
te
t
nst he

.

1 Vegas M etopolan Pol e Deparment Cosmopolan I er i
0
r i
t
i
c
t
,
i nt natonalCom pany,l ,Nevada
t
nc,

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l1 Pr t 1,
opery LLC, sever Doe and Roedef
and
al
endant whose nam eswer t be i
s
e o nseded I er
at

1 (ncl ngt namesoft Ofi s) (
2 i udi he
he fcer . Compl( at7) The casewasr
.#1) .
emoved t f al
o eder
l c t Sept
3 our on
ember8,2011.( .orRemoval( at1) Pl ntfspr
Petf
#1) . ai i' oposedFAC wasI er
f
at
1 submit on Oct
4
ted
ober 1 2011,whi al
4,
ch l
eges:( f se i i
1) al mprsonment ( bater (
,
' 2) t y; 3)
1 depr i of rgh s gr ed undert Foudh and Foureent Am endm ent t t Uni
5
avaton
i t ant
he
t h
s o he
t
ed

1 St es Con t uin i volto o 42 U. C.j 1 83.( deama i ,an ( it t al
6 at
si t n i a in f
t o
S.
9 1 4) f t
on' d 5) nen i
on
1 i l i ofemotonalditess. ( (/ 1)at15- .
7 nfi on
ct
i
sr z FAC /1623)
1
8

On Sept
ember 27,2O11,Cosm opolan fl a mot t di i Pl ntf' cl ms
i i
t
ed
i o sm ss ai i s ai
on
f

1 agai i pur
9
nst t suantt Fed.R.Ci P.1 b)6) ( .t Di ss ( 1) Pl ntl fl a
o
v. 2( ( . Mot o smi #1 ). ai i i
ed
20 r
espons on Oct 1 2011t whih she atached t FAC. ( nt Mot t Di ss
e'
ober 4,
o c
t
he
Opp' o . o smi
2l ( .FAC (/ 1). Cosmopolan fl a r y on Oct 14,2O11 and Pl ntffl a
#16)
,
/16- )
i i
t ed epl
ober
ai i i
f ed
2 s repyonDe e er 3,
2 ur l
c mb 1 2011a t obaii t sCou t p mison. ( l #1 ' r y
fer t nng hi r' er s i 3 Repy( 7)Surepl
s
,
23

24

zThe FAC i subs antal si l t t orgi c pl ntand mer y expounds on
s
t i l mi o he i nal om ai
y
ar
el

25

eari al
l l i and adds addii f s.
er egatons
t
onal act
26
3Pl ntf was gi en I
ai if
v eave t fl a sur epl on Dec ber 1 2O11 by m i e or t
o i
e
r y
em
2,
nut der o
27

.

28

al Pl ntf t addq ar ent r sed byCosmopolanf t fr ttme i is r ybref
l
ow ai if o
ess gum s ai
i or he is i n t epl i .
t

( nut Or ( )
Mi e der #24).
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LEG AL STAN DA RD

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Th pu p eo a Rue 1 b)6)mo i t dimisf f l e t sa ea cai i t t t
e r os f
l 2( (
t o s s or ai o tt l m s o es
on
ur
4 t e Iga s fii c o a c lit Nav ro F Bl k, 0 F.d 72 73 ( t Ci.2 )
h e l uf en y f ompan . a r . oc 25 3 9, 2 9 h r 001 .
c
5 Mrl i uei not hera pl ntfwi uli el pr lbutwhet t cl manti entted
g he ss s whet
ai i l tmat y evai
f l
her he ai
s il
6 t oferevi et s
o f denc o upport cl ms. Gii v,
the ai ' lgan JamcoDev.Cor t108 F. 246, ( h
' l
p.
3d
249 9t
7 Ci. 99 ( o i Sc eu v J es 41 U. 23 2 6 ( 9 4).
r 1 7) qu t
ng h er . Mod , 6 S. 2, 3 1 7 )
8
To av d a Rue 1 b)6 dimis la c aitmu tpl d ' ou h f t t sae a
oi
l 2( ( ) s s a, ompl n s ea ' g acs o t t
en

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9 c ai t r i ft i pl bl on is f e. Cl ens k Dai l chr l Cor b534 F. 1
l m o el hat s ausi e t ac ' em
e
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.
3d 017,

1 1 22( t Ci. 0 ( u tn Bel l Cor v Two l. 0 U. 5 4, 70( 00 ) A cam
0 0 9 h r20 8) q o ig lAt p. . mby 55 S. 4 5 2 7). li
.

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11 i pl bl on i f ' hen t pl n ifpl
s ausi e
t ace '
s
w
he ai tf eads f ual
act cont t alows t c t o dr
ent hat l
he our t aw
1 t r
2 he easonabl i er e t t def
e nf enc hat he endanti I e f t m i onductal
si
abl or he sc
l
eged. Ashc of 7
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1 I b556 U. 662,129 S. .1937,1949 (
3 qbal
S.
Ct
2009) Alhough det l f t al i ar
. t
ai acual l ons e
ed
egat
1 not r r t f t al
4
equied, he ac ual l i ' us be enough t r se a rgh t r i above t
egatons ' t
m
o ai
i t o el
ef
he
1 specul i I . Twom bl 550 U. at 555. AI w el pl
5
atve evel'
'
y,
S.
I l eaded f ualal
act
l i w i be
egatons l
l

1 accept as tue and alr
6
ed
r
l easonabl i er
e nf ences t m ay be dr
hat
awn fom t al
r he l i m ust
egatons
1 be cons r i t l m ostf abl t t nonm ovi pary. Br
7
t ued n he i
ght
avor e o he
ng
t
oam ? Bogan,32O F.
.
3d

1 1 2 1 28 (t Ci. 0 .
8 0 3, 0 9 h r 2 03)
1
9

I t cour gr s a m oton t di i a c pl n ,tm ust hen deci w het t gr
f he
t ant
i o sm ss om ai t i
t
de
her o ant

20 l e t am end. The cour s
eav o
t houl feel gi l
d r y ve eave t am end w hen t e i no u
o
her s
undue del
ay,

21 bad f t ordi or motv on t par oft mov ,...undue pr udi t t opposi
aih
l y ie he t he ant
at
ej ce o he
ng
22 parybyvit ofal
t
rue l
owanceoft amendment ( )f ii ofamendment'Foman k Davs,
he
,or utly
t
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23 371U. 178,182 (962) see a/ FED.R, V. 15( .Gener l I e t amend i onl
S.
1 .
,
so
CI P. a)
al eav o
y,
s y
24 deni w hen i i cl t t defci es oft com pl ntcannotbe cur by am endm en .
ed
t s ear hat he i enci
he
ai
ed
t

25 Desot v Yelow Fr ghtSys./ ,957 F, 655,658 ( h Ci.1 .
o . l
ei
, nc.
2d
9t r 992)
26

27

D I USSI N
SC
O

Cosmopolan has moved t di ss aIcl ms i t compl ntagai i. ( .t
i
t
o smi I ai n he
ai
nst t Mot o

28 Di s ( ) Oft fve c
smis #11). he i ausesofact I ed i t com pl nt onl f appeart be
i i n he
on st
ai , y our
o
4

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i
l diec ed agai Cosm opolt i l ng t sec i 1983 cl m f c iut
r t
nst
i
an, ncudi he
ton
ai or onstt i
onalrght
i

2 volto (ou t t r e) f s i io
i a ins c n h e , ale mpr nmen (ou t on ,d f t (oun f r,an
s
t c n e) e amai c t ou ) d
on
3 i entonali l ton ofemot
nt i
nfi i
c
i di r (ountfve) The cl m ofbater seems t be
onal stess c
i .
ai
ty
o

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4 excl v y diect agai t L Vegas M etopol an Pol Deparm ent Each cl m
usiel r ed
nst he as
r i
t
i
ce
t
.
ai
.

nst
i
t
l
l
s sed i t n.
n ur
5 agai Cosmopolan wi be dicus

6 1
.

42 U. C. 1 Vi atons
S. j 983 ol i

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7
Cosmopolan frtar
i is guest Pl ntfhas f l t sat a cl m under42 U. C.j
t
hat ai i
f
ai o t e ai
ed
S.
8 1 becauseCosmopolani no asat acorand bec
983
i s t te t
t
ause isacswer prvi
t t e il
eged.( .
Mot

1

9 t Di ss( 1)at4- .' o s t nanaci underseci 1983,apl ntf mustshow (
o smi #1
7) ' usai
T
ton
ton
ai if
1)
1 t t conductc pl ned ofwas com m jt by a per ac i undercol ofs at l ;
0 hat he
om ai
ted
son tng
or t e aw and

11 ( t t conduc deprvedt pl ntfofaf al
2)hathe
t i he ai if eder constutonal sat or rght'Hydrck
i i or t ut y i .
t
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l 7 Hu e î O F.d 9 98 ( t Ci. 07 ( u ig Wo ? Osr nd , 79 F.d 5 58
2 , ntr 5O 3 78, 7 9h r20 ) q ot
n
od . la er 8
2 83, 7
1 ( h Ci.1989),v at onot gr
3 9t r
) ac ed
her ounds,---U. ---- 1 S. .2431,174 L. 2d 226
S. , 29 Ct
Ed.
1 (
4 2009)
.
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6

A.
'

Cosm opolt Act Under Col of St e Law
ian
ed
or
at

A def
endantacsundercol ofst e I iheu ciel powerpos sedbyvit
t
or at aw f exer s s)
ses
rue

1 ofs at I and m ade pos bl onl because t wr
7
t e aw
si e y
he ongdoeri cl hed w i t aut iy of
s ot
t he
h
hort

l sa eI ' G e f . kn 487U. 42, ( 9 ( u t t omie .' t un er ol o
8 tt aw. s F Atis,
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S. 49 1 88) q o a i
on t d) ' i d c or f
t
Ac on
1 st e I nor al consi s ofac i t en by a publ agenc orofi en' Tay/ ? FistG yo,
9
at aw
m l
y
st
ton ak
i
c
y
fc '
or . r

2 Ba , A.7 F. 3 3 ( t Ci 1 83) Ho e , nd c dai cr u t c spr ae
0 nk N. , Q7 2d 88, 89 9h r 9 . wev r u er e n ic msan e i t
.
v
21 i vi s maybe I e asgover
ndi dual
i
abl
nment act s.See Kit v. ney, F. 1088,1092
al or
rl
ey Rai 326 3d

2 ( t Ci. 00 . r e B N.Co s Op ru t s I . 1 8 F. 1 38,1 40 ( t Ci. 99 .
2 9h r 2 3) Mo s .
,
a l po tnie , nc, 1 3d 3
i
3 9 h r 1 7)
2 Conduc by a prvat i vi
3
t
i e ndi dualmay be c i ed s at ac i and cons
onsder t e ton,
equenty an ac
l
t

24 under orofsat I when( t cl meddeprvat 'esul fom t exer s ofarght
col
t e aw,
1)he ai
i i ' t r he
oh r ed
cie
i

: orp ii geh i i s ure i sa eau h r y' d ( u de tef t o t e p t ul c s
2
5
r l avng t o c n tt t o i ,an 2) n r h acs f h ari ar a e,
ve
s
t
c
26 t prvat pary appr i t y m ay be char t i ed as a st t ac or Vi egas S.G/ oy G ari
he i e t
opra el
ac erz
ae t . l
l
/ /
r
lc

2 Fe t a As n, 41F.d 9 9 5 ( t Ci. 08)( o ig Lu rv Ed nd on OiCo,pc ,
7 si l s' 5
v
3 501 5 9 h r20 qu t
n ga . mo s
I , n.
.
28 457 U. 9 939 (
S. 22,
1982).
)
5

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The Supr
eme Cour has i ii f t s f det mi ng whet t conductofa
t
dentfed our est or er ni
her he

2 prvat paryconstt essat act i udi ( t publ f i t ;2)t j ntact
i e t
iut t e i ncl ng:1) he i uncton est( he oi i
on,
c
on
3 t t ( t sat compul ont ; ( t gover
es;3) he t e
si estand 4) he
nment nexust t Johnson B Knowl
al
es.
.
es,

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4 113 F, 111 1118 ( h Ci.1997) see a/o Fr i 7.Fox,312 F. 423,445 ( h Ci.
3d 4,
9t r
,
.
s ankl
n
3d
9t r
5 2 2) Be a s Cos olan hed Pl ni a t e r u t o t e Ofie s t e sa e
00 . c u e
mop i
t
l ait t h eq es f h f r , h t t
;
c

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6 com pul on t i m ostapplcabl t t s m ater
si est s
i e o hi
t .

7

u at acton m ay be f
st e
i
ound under t s at c pul on t w her t st e has
he t e om si est
e he at

8 ' ci coer i pow eror has pr ded such s gnii
exer sed
c ve
ovi
i fcant enc agem ent eiher over or
our
, t
t
'

9 cover, hatt prvat ac ors choi m us i I be deem ed t be t of he St e.'
t t he i e t '
ce
t n aw
o
hat t
at ' Johnson
'

1 v Knowl 113 F. 1114,1119 ( h Ci.1
0 ,
es,
3d
9t r 997)( i Bl k.Yar sk 457 U. 991,
quotng um ' et y,
'
S.
11 1004 (
1982),see al Kitey ?.Rai 326 F. 1088,1094 ( h Ci.2003) Her t
)
1
so rl
neyt
3d
9t r
. e, he

j

l

.

l O fi er br
2
fc s oughtPl ntf t Cosm opol an and r
ai if o
i
t
eques ed t she be hel i t s
t hat
d n he ecurt ofi
iy fce.
The FAC f t al
ur her l
eges t t secur y c ef of Cosm opol an w as i t uct by t Las
hat he
i hi
t
i
t
ns r ed
he

I
!
.

1 VegasMetopolan Pol Deparm en ata meetngofs
4
r i
t
i
ce
t t
i
ecurt c ef ofI c noswi t
i hi s ocal asi
y
t he
h

!

13

k

1 Pol e Deparm ent t
5
i
c
t
hat Cosm opol an s
i
t
ecurt per
i
y
sonnel w er expect t r
e
ed o ender

k

l unquesi
6
tonedcooper i t pol ofier andt obeyt rr
at o i fc s
on
ce
o
hei equess.( ( 1)at13)
t FAC #16.

r

1 The r
7
equestt Cos opolan det n Pl ntf al w ih t s at expect i oft Las
hat
m
i
t
ai ai if ong t he t ed
aton
he

:

1 V egas M et opol an Pol Depadm ent t unquestoned cooper i be pr ded by
8
r i
t
i
ce
hat
i
aton
ovi

1

1 Cos opol an qual i as an exer se ofc ci powerand ' gnii
9
m
i
t
i es
f
ci
oer ve
si fcantencour
agem en 'by
t'

20 t st e,and acc di y Cosmopolan' conduc quali as s at acton.
he at
or ngl
i s
t
t
i es
f
te i
21

B.

C osm opol an Vi at Pl ntf ' Constt i
i
t
ol ed ai ifs
iut onalR i s
ght

2
2

Pl ntf has al pr
ai if
so opery al
l l
eged she w as deprv ofherconst utonalrght under
ied
i i
t
i s

23 t Fourh and Foureent Amendm ent t heU. Cons iu i bycosm opol an.The Fourh
he
t
t h
s ot
S.
tt ton
i
t
t
2 Am endm entpr ect i vi s fom unl ul r orsei e wihoutpr
4
ot s ndi dual r
awf ar est
zur t
obabl cause. U .
e
S.
25 C oNsr am end. I Thi A m endm ent al o appl t t s at t ough t Foudeent
'.
V.
s
s
i o he t es hr
es
he
h

26 Amendmen . U. CoNs'.amend.XI j 1. 'ti welesabl
t S.
r
V,
' s l t i
I
shed t ' ares wihout
hat an r t t
27 pr
obabl c
e ause vi at t Fourh Am endm entand gi rs t a cl m f dam ages under
ol es he
t
ves i e o
ai or

28 j 1 'Rosenbaum v W ashoeCnt , F. 1071,l ( hCi. 1)( i Bor
983.
'
,
y.663 3d
O76 9t r 201 quotng unda
6

.

1

.

1
;

!

1 e Rihmo d,8 F. 1 8 1 91( t Ci.1 ). Hb e ,ai a o f erh p o bl
. c n 85 2d 3 4, 3 9 h r 988 ) Wev r lf n fi as r ba e
l
c
2 caus t bel t an i vi
e o i
eve hat ndi dualhas c m i ed even a ver m i c i i ofense i hi
om t
t
y nor rm nal f
n s

I

3 pr
esence,he m ay, i
wt
houtvi atng t Fourh A m endm en , r tt ofender,, At er?.
ol i he
t
t ares he f
. wat

j

Ci
t
y o L o Vit b5 U. 31 ,3 4 ( 01. ' o be c u e e it whe e ' e f csan
f ag sa 32 S. 8 5 20 ) ' ba l a s xss r t a t d
Pr
h

i
'

5 cicum st
r
ances w ihi t ofi s k
t n he fcer , nowl
edge and ofw hi t had r
ch hey
easonabl t ust t
y r worhy

;

i or i ar sufi enti t el t warantamanofr
nf maton e fci n hems ves o r
easonabl cauton i t bel
e
i n he i
ef

l

4
6

:

7 t 'an ofense has been ori bei com m it ' Brnegar e Unied St es,338 U. 160,
hat
f
s ng
ted. i
'
. t
at
S.

8 175- (
76 1949)( i Caro/v.UniedSt esî U. 132, (
quotng r /
t at 267 S. 162 1925).Ofi smayal
) fcer
so
9 conduc an i
t
nvestgat y st w i
i or op t
hout vi atng t Fourh Am endm ent'f t of i has a
ol i he
t
' he fcer
i
l r
0 easonabl s
e uspi i suppored by ari abl f s t crm i ac i t m aybe af . Unied
c on
t
t
cul e act hat i nal tviy
oot' t
'

,
.

1 St e ? Pals Ma qu zî5 F.d 1 2,1 74 ( t Ci.201 ( ot g Unt Stt s F
1 ats . o - r e 91 3 27 2 9 h r 0) qu i
n
i
ed a e .

1 So ol 490U. 1 7(9 )
2 k ow,
S. , 1 89).

I
'

1
3

'

Pl ntg al
ai i l
eges t herFourh Am endm entrght wer vi at becaus t O fi er
hat
t
i s
e ol ed
e he fc s

I encour
4
aged Cosm opolan t det n her wihout pr
i o
t
ai
t
obabl cause and wihoutr
e
t
easonabl
e

1 suspi ons
5
ci upporedbyari abl f t t crmi act t
t
tcul e acs hat i nal i ywasaf .( ( 1)at 19)
vi
oot FAC #16- 7, .

.

1 Pl ntf al
6
ai if l
eges t at no tm e di t w om en i t or al
hat
i
d he
nvie
l t a des r t i er t wih
ude o
ie o nt ac t

l Porchop and gavehi no bassf c udi t t women wer pr ttt çd.at5)
7
k
m
i or oncl ng hat he
e osiues. l
.
1 W hen conf ont by Por
8
r ed
kchop, he wom en i tuc ed hi t I
t
ns r t
m o eave t
hem al and event l
one
ual
y

1 i ed hi aloget .(( . Furher e,alhought manneri whi t women wer
9 gnor m t her /f) t mor t
he
n ch he
e
2 dr
0
essed coul be deem ed ' yj t rdr s w as. no w ay i di e f a young wom an out
d
'
sex ' hei es
'
i
n
nor nat or

2l f an eveni i Las Vegas. (d.at7) Because Pl ntfal
or
ng n
I
.
ai i l
f eges t she was det ned
hat
ai
2 wihoutpr
2
t
obabl cause ora r
e
easonabl suspi on suppored by ari abl f s t she w as
e
ci
t
t
cul e act hat
2 engagi i crm i ac i t she has st ed a vi aton of her Fourh and Foureent
3
ng n i nal tviy,
at
ol i
t
t h

2 Amendmentrght
4
i s.
2
5

C.

Cosm opol an' Conduc l NotPrvieged
i s
t
ts
il

2
6

Cosm opol an ass t i cannotbe hel I e because i ac i w er prvi
i
t
ers t
di
abl
t tons
s
e il
eged under

,

27 numer Nevadast esat es,
ous
at t ut suchasNRS j171. ( atnga per maknganarest
132 st i
son i
r
28 maysummon asmany peopl as necessar t ai i t ares) NRS j 1 190( ng i
e
y o d n he r t,
97. maki t
7

;

'

i

.

.

.

.

r

;
c cer n
schar
1amseenrouwilull hindér,delay orobstructany publi offi i the di ge of
i maot lf y
d

1

n
ai
01
e rn
n
zoiloe odts,and Nevada Gamig Regulton 5. 1(1) (rquiig gamig !
fipwr rue')
fa s i'
c
I
i
I
3 censeest Idex ci dicr i andsoundj
o er se s eton
udgmen t pr
t o eventi dent whi mi r l
nci s ch ght efect
4 on t r e oft St e of Nevada and actas a deti ent t t devel
he bput
he at
rm
o he
opmentof t
he

l

5 i ty) However t Supr Cour has hel t qcl
ndusrn.
, he
eme
t
d hat l onductby perons aci under
s
tng
t c orofsat i whi i wr ul
; ol
t e aw ch s ongf under42U. C. 1983...
S. 5
cannotbe i
mmuni bysat
zed t e

7 I 'Mari e Calor a, U. 277,284 n. (
aw.
' tnez ' i ni 444 S.
. f
8 1980)( t i omit ; al Par k.
ci on tedlsee so di '
at
8 Kaie Fou . s . 3 9 F,d8 8 ( t Ci. 00 .Th r s f t i i t t lwig
s r nd Ho ps . 8 3 40, 51 9 h r2 4) e ea on or hs s ha al n
o
9 s at I t i m uni ac i t vi at c
t e aw o m
ze tons hat ol e onstt tonalrght woul vi at t supr ac
iu i
i s
d ol e he
em y

l

1 cl
0 ause oft U. Consi i ' Ha
he S.
tt on. See ywood 1 Dr
ut
. own,129 S. .21 2115 (
Ct 08,
2009)
.

'

Cos opolan consequent cannotcl m isactons, ch al
m
i
t
l
y
ai t i whi l
egedl vi at Pl ntf' rght
y ol ed ai i s i s
f

'

11

1 undert U. Const uton, e i m uni by st e st u es and r atons.
2
he S.
i i wer m
t
zed
at at t
egul i

1

i
1
3

D.

Cosm opolt I Entted t t G ood- t Def
ian s
il o he
Fai h
ense

.
'
,

1
4

The Cour howev i t Cosm opolan i entted t r yont good-aih def e
t
erfnds hat
i s i o el
t
l
he
ft
ens
.

1 becaus i w as m er y com pl ng w i gov nm entagen s'r
5
e t
el
yi
t
h
er
t equestand was atem ptng t
t
i o

!

'
,

'

1 compl wi t I i good f t Alhough t Supr e Cour pr ousl hel t prvat
6
y t he aw n
h
aih. t
he
em
t evi y d hat i e
1 def
7
endant ar notentted t qual i i muni undersec i 1
s e
i o
l
ied m
f
t
y
ton 983, he Supr
t
eme Cour I t
tef

'
.

1 op nt e p s iit 'h t iat de e ansf edwi â 1 83l bly. . oul b e t l t
8 e h o sbly ' a pr e f nd t ac t 9 i it . c d e n ied o
i t
v
h
a i
t
1 an afim atv def
9
fr i e ense based on good f t and/ pr
ai
h
or obabl cause. Ri dson F M c ght
e
' char
'
, hbi ,
'

2 5 U. 3 41 ( 99 ( u ig Gy lv Coe,5 4 U. 1 8,1 ( 9 2). l 200 t e
0 21 S; 99, 3 1 7) q ot
n
al . l 0 S. 5 69 1 9 ) n 8, h
21 Ni h Cic thel t prv e pari m ay ass ta good-ai def
nt r ui d hat i at
tes
er
f t
h ense t s ton 1983 cl m s
o ec i
ai

z2 i Cl
n ementF,Ci ofGl e. 518 F. 1090,1097 ( h Ci.2008) I Cl
t
y
endal
3d
9t r
. n ementt Ni h
, he nt
23 Cicui lpl t a t ng ser ie who di is bestt f l t I and had no r
r t n d hat owi
vc
dt
o ol he aw
ow
eason t
o
24 suspect hat her woul be a cons iutonal l
t t e
d
tt i chal
enge t i ac i was entted t a good- aih
o t tons
s
il o
ft
25 def e t t pl ntf' s ton 1983 cl m . I The t ng ser ce had been aut i b
ens o he ai ifs ec i
ai d.
owi
vi
horzed y

26 t pol deparment and had c
he i
ce
t
onduct t t under pol super si such t i
ed he ow
i
ce
vi on
hat t

.

27 appear t be per i bl under s at and I
ed o
m ssi e
t e
ocall . I Becaus t t ng ser ce was
aw d.
e he owi
vi
2 actng on i t uc i fom t pol e deparm enti good f t t Ni h Cicuiconcl
8
i
ns r tons r he i
c
t
n
aih, he nt r t
uded t
hat
8

1 t t i ser i w as entted t a good- aih def e. /
he ow ng v ce
il o
f t
ens d.

It psnmtr opolian was si plycom pl ng i good faih to the request
nh retaeCosm t
ee t
m
yi n
t
-

2

,

3 oft Ofi s t det n Pl nt; because s was al
he fcer o ai ai i
he
l
egedl a pr tt e. Cosm opolan had
y
os iut
i
t

I
1

j
.

d

4 no r
eason t queston t Of i s'asser i t s w as a pr tt e,as Cos opol an
o
i he fcer
ton hat he
os i
ut
m
i
t

5 per onnelpl
s
ayed no par i t arestand because i pl ti t Ofi s'r
t n he r
m i n he fcer equestwas t
ci
hat

:
.

6 t Of i s had pr
he fcer
obabl caus t det n Pl nt fon char of pr tt i Ther or as
e
e o ai ai i
f
ges
os iuton.
ef e,

.
'

7 i Cl ent Cosm opol an w as ac i att i r i oft pol t ares appear t
n em ,
i
t
tng
he nstuct
on
he i he r t
ce,
ed o
8 be aut i by t pol and t det i appear t be per i bl underst e I .
horzed
he i
ce,
he ent
on
ed o
m ssi e
at aw
9 Fur her or as Pl nt not i t FAC,Cosm opol an securt per onnel er ' chool
t m e,
ai i
s es n he
i
t
iy s
w e s
ed

1 i t i
0 n he mpodance and expect i of unquestoned cooper i wih r
aton
i
aton t equest of pol
s
i
ce

,

1 o f er '( ( 6- ) 1 .Th r f ee eniCos pola p s n laer dd t as
1 fi s. FAC #1 1 at 3) e e or v f mo i n er o ne It ha oubs
c '
t

.

t w het pr
o
her obabl caus exi ed, hey w er under i r i t unques i
e
e st t
e
nstuctons o
tonabl obey t
y
he

'

1 pol of i s. Cosm opol an was al o pl
3
i
ce fcer
i
t
s aced i a difcul st i because even i is
n
fi t iuaton
ft

'

l per
4
sonnel d have doubt as t w het Pl nt was a pr iut t wer notpr
di
s
o
her ai i
l
ost e, hey
t
e
esentat

,

l
2

1 t tm e oft ar es and t had no know l
5 he i
he r t
hus
edge ofwhet t Of ier had pr
her he fc s
obabl cause
e
1 t m ake t ar est l C osm opol an opt t r eas Pl ntf on t uni or ed bel she was
6 o
he r . f
i
t
ed o el e ai if he nf m
i
ef

,

'

l not a pr iut Cos opolan coul be I e f i e/erng wih a pol e ofi '
7
ost e,
t
m
i
t
d
i
abl or nt i
t
i
c
fcers
1 appr
8
ehenson, enton,and ares i is bel t Pl nt f
i det i
r t ft
i hat ai i wasnota pr iut pr
ef
f
ostt e oved t be
o

1 i r t SeeNE RE STAT.j1 190 ( i iami
9 ncorec.
v. V.
97. makng t sdemeanort u lul hi ,del
o wif l nder ay
l y

2 o o tu ta p bl o f e i t ds h g o o l ilp s o du i '. Be au e
0 r bsr c ny u i fi r n he ic ar e f f ca ower r t '
c c
i
es )
c s
.

2 l Cosm opol an onl det ned Pl nt f t r
i
t
y ai
ai i at he equest t Ofi er and had no r
f
of he fc s
eason t doubt
o
2 t t Of i s had aut i t m ak t ares ,Cosm opol an i ent l t t s e good2 hat he fcer
hort o
y
e he r t
i s i ed o he am
t
t

23 f t def
aih ense aswasappi i Cl ent See 51 F, at1097.
led n em .
8 3d
24 I.
I

Fal I prsonm ent
se m i

25

' est i f se i i
To abl al mprsonmentofwhih f s ares i an i egr par,ti nec ar
sh
c ale r t s nt al ti s ess y

26 t pr t t per on be r t ai of hi i t under t pr
o ove hat he
s
es r ned
si y
ber
he obabl i m i
e m nenc off ce
e
or

27 wihoutanyI caus orustfc i 'Her
t
egal e j iiaton. nandez? CiyofReno, P. 668, (
'
. t
634 2d
671 Nev.
28 1981 ( i Mar lB.CiyofCar 464 P. 494( 1970).A def
) quotng schal t
son,
2d
Nev.
)
endantmaybe
9

'

'

1

l
1

-

1 I ef f s i i
i orale mprsonment e:1)hei entonal coni t pl ntfwihi boundares
abl
wher (
nt i l fnes he ai if t n
y
i

2 f e b tedeen t( hia t rcloridi cl rsut i ac nie t fh pani;
i d y h f dan;2) s c di t n r t e l n o fn men o te litf
x
e y
e y
s
f

!

3 and( t pl ntfscons ousofheconfnementori har byi.I ( tngRE
3) he ai i i
f
ci
t
i
s med t d.cii STATEMENT

$

;

4 (
SEcoND)oFToR'sj 35 (
r
1965).
)
5

Pl ntf her al
ai if e l
eges t Cos opol an s
hat
m
i
t ecurt s af i entonal hel herwihi t
iy t f nt i l
y d
t n he

6 s c i ofc whih dr t r s l d i h c n iemen f rne l t h r ( AC ( 6 1
e ury fie c i l e ut n er o fn
t
ec y
e
t o ar wo ou s. F #1 - )
y
7 at7- . Pl nt fwasc
8) ai i
f
onsci oft confnement asshe had r
ous he
i
,
equesed t I and t s
t o eave
hi
8 r
equestwasr us byCosmopolans iyper
ef ed
i ecurt sonnel (d..Pl ntf al alegest no
t
. / ) ai if so l
hat
9 I caus orustiatonexit f t det i bec
egal e j ic i
f
sed orhe enton auseshe haddone not ngt woul
hi hat d
1) pr deanyi elorsus ci ofcrmi act t.Ld.at6) Fi l Pl ni asserst t
( ovi
ev
pi on
i nal i y l
vi
. nal ait;
y,
t hat he

1
'

11 O fi s coul ari at no basi f hol ng her and t t det i was w ihout I
fcer
d t
cul e
s or di
hat he
enton
t
egal

l aut i (d.at10) Theseal i pr l sat acl m f f sei i
2
hort /
y,
.
l ons opery t e ai or al mprsonmentunder
egat
1 Nevada l ,
3
aw

1
4

.

Howev ,Cosmopolan agai i entted t a good-ai def
er
i
t
n s il o
f t ense. l Gr j ?
h
n osean .

1 I peralPal
5 m i
ace,I , he Nevada Supr e Cour adopt t sam e good-aih def
nc. t
em
t
ed he
ft
ense t
hat

k

l was appl byt Ni h Cic ti Cl
6
i
ed he nt rui n ement 212 P. 1068,1077 ( 2009)( hegood.
3d
Nev.
U
1 f t def
7 ai
h
ense m ay appl t prv e padi w ho bec e I e s el because of t r
y o i at
es
om i
abl ol y
hei

1 c i
8 ompl
ance wi gover
t
h
nmentagent r
s' eques ori atemptng t compl wih t I '.
t n t i o
y t he aw.)
'
1 Becaus t good-aih def e appl underNevada I and because Cosm opol an was
9
e he
f t
ens
i
es
aw
i
t

:) onl c
(
y ompl ng wih t Ofi s'r
yi
t he fcer equestt det n Pl ntf i good f t Cosm opol an i
o ai ai if n
ai
h,
i s
t
21 ent l t r y on t s def
i ed o el
t
hi
ense and Pl ntf has c equenty f l t s at a cl m f f se
ai if
ons
l ai o t e
ed
ai or al
2 i prsonm ent
2 m i
.
2 11
3 1.

Def aton
am i

2
4

Pl nt f al l
ai i has soal
f
eged t
hatcosm opol an def ed Pl nt f aki heri ocust
i
t
am
ai i byt ng
f
nt
ody,

2 s atng t she had been ares ed f crm es sur oundi al
5 t i hat
r t or i
r
ng l i ofpr iuton,and by
egatons
ost i
t

26 subsequentytespas ngherfom t pr s ( ( 1)at9, .Toest i acl m
lr
si
r he emies. FAC #1620)
abl
sh ai
27 ofdef i a pl nt mustdemonstat $1)a f se and def or st ementby a
amaton, ai i
#
re'
(
al
amat y at
rg def
t
endantc
oncer ngt pl nt f( an unprvi
ni he ai i; 2)
f
il
eged publ i t a t r peron'( f t
i on o hid s , 3)aul,
cat
1
0

'

.

4
-

!

I
1
1 amountng t atI tnegl
i o eas
i
gence'and ( act orpr
,
4) ual esumed damages. Pegasus F,Reno
'
'
.

I

1

2 News
paper I 57 P. 82,90 ( 2002)( i Chowdhr v NLVH,/ ,851 P.
s, ncb
3d
Nev.
quotng
y .
nc.
2d
3 45 462( v. 9 ) Cer nt e o sa e t ar c sder s I eyt c s s i s
9,
Ne 1 93). t yp s f tt mens e on i ed o i l o au e er
ai
k
ou
4 ij yand pecuni yl t t ar aci e wihoutpr ofdamages. Pope ?.Mot
nur
ar oss hat hey e tonabl t
oof
el
5 6 11 P.d 27 2 ( v.2 5) Th e sa e t icud amo g o h s t o e t a
, 4 3 7, 82 Ne 00 . es t t men s n l e, n t er , h s h t
6 i put t t pl ntf has com m it a crm e and t
m e hat he ai if
ted
i
hose t i put unchast y i a w om an.
hat m e
i n
t

j

i
h

7 Br
anda B Sanf d,637P. 1
. or
2d 223,1225 ( 1981) .
Nev.
.
8

Cosm opol an how everi notI e f def aton f hei s at entt Pl ntf had
i
t
s
i
abl or am i ort r t em
hat ai if

'

9 been arest f varous crm es I gel sur oundi al
r ed or i
i
ar y r
ng l i ofpr iut becaus t s
egatons
ostt i
on
e hi

.
,

l s at ent was not untue. Pl ntf ' as i f t ares ed f al
0 t em
r
ai ifw
n ac ' r t or l
eged pr tt ton. Alhough
os iu i
t

l

.

1

1 Pl ntf cont
1
ai if
ends t al
he l i of pr tt i wer si pl a cover and she was act l
egatons
os iuton
e m y
ual
y

,

1

l bei ares ed f r fng Por chop' advanc Cosm opol an had no r on t know t
2
ng r t or ebufi
k
s
es,
i
t
eas o
he

'

1 al
3
l i wer f s as none ofCosm opol an' per onnel e pr
egatons
e ale,
i s s
t
wer esen at he tm e ofar es
t t i
r t
1 and is per
4
t
sonnelw as t d by t Of i s t she w as bei ares ed f pr tt i
ol
he fcer hat
ng r t or os iuton.

1 Becaus Cos opolan was notnegl
5
e
m
i
t
i
genti i bel Pl nt; was i f bei arest f
nt
s i ai i
ef
n act ng r ed or
l pr iut t f tel entofdef aton i notsatsfed. Acc di y,Pl nt fhas f l
6
ostt i he aul em
on,
am i s
ii
or ngl ai i
f
ai
ed

'

1 t s at a cl m ofdef aton based on Cosm opol an' st em ent
7 o t e
ai
am i
i s at
t
s.

1
8
Plit a io l ar est at mop i ' acso c f n h a d eeci he
an i ddt nal gu h Cos olans t f on i g er n j t
;
i y
t
ni
ng r
l fom t pr s consiut def or st ement ( ( 1)at20) Sheal
9 r he emies
tt ed amat y at
s. FAC #16.
l t
eges hat
20 bydet ni Pl nt f apr iu e,
ai ng ai i as ostt t Cosm opolanwascom muniatngt ot si t securt
f
i
t
c i o her n he
i
y
.

2l ofie t shewasi f ta pr tt e t oughpant me.fd..Shef t al
fc hat
n ac
osi hr
ut
omi
lj
urher l t by
eges hat
22 ej tng heraferbei accused by t Ofi sofpr tt i Cosmopolan wassi .ary
eci
t
ng
he fcer
osi on,
ut
i
t
mi l
l
23 I i herasa pr iut (d.at21)
abel
ng
ostt e. I
.
24

Def at y s at ent i Nevada not onl i ude wor but al o actons t
am or t em s n
y ncl
ds.
s
i
hat

25 com muni e def i K- tCor e Was ngt 866 P. 274,282 (
cat
amaton. Mar p. .
hi on,
2d
Nev.1 ,
993)

26 r ededfom onot
ec
r
hergr
oundsbyPope v Mot 6,114 P. 277( 2005) l K- tt
. el
3d
Nev.
. n Mar,he
27 pl nt f was handcufed and m ar
ai i
f
f
ched t ough t s or by K- ar em pl
hr
he t e
M t
oyees. I The
d.
2 Nevada Supr e Coud concl
8
em
uded t t actofhaldcufi t pl ntf and m ar ng hi
hat he
i
fng he ai if
chi
m
l1

'

I t ough t st e i put by pant i e t he had com m it t crm e ofshopl tng. I
hr
he or m ed
om m hat
ted he i
ii
f
d.

' at283.TheCour not t 'wl dsorc
2
t ed hat' or
l
onductort combi i of dsandconduc can
he
naton wor
t
3 c
ommuniat def i 'I Addional t Cour hel t becauset acti edt
c e amat
on. d. t l he
i y,
t d hat
he
mput hat
4 t pl nt fhad com m i ed a crm e,t acton w as u
he ai i
f
t
t
i
he i
unquestonabl sander per se' and
i
y l
'
,

5 t ef e damageswer pr
her or
e esumed. I at283d.
84.
Alhough i Nevada def at y s at ent i ude act
t
n
am or t em s ncl
i w hi m ay com m uni e
ons
ch
cat

6

;

l

i

!
!

;
'

7 def aton,Pl ntl has f l t st e a val cl m ofdef at t ough pant i e i t s
am i
ai i
ai o at
ed
i ai
d
am i hr
on
om m n hi

!
!

.

.

8 case. Fis ,
r t Cosmopol an cannotbe Iabl f def atonf t ac ofdet ni Pl nt f or
i
t
i e or am i or he t
ai ng ai i f
f
9 pr iuton att r
ost i
t
he eques oft O fi s becaus as not above,Cos opol an i entted
t he fcer
e,
ed
m
i s i
t
l

'

l t t good-aih def e f det ni pl ntf as i was done i good f t att r
0 o he
ft
ens or ai ng ai if t
n
aih he eques of
t

'

l
'

:

11 gover en of ci s,
nm t i al
'

1
2

Second,Pl nt fhas f l t st e a cl m ofdef
ai i
f
ai o at
ed
ai
amaton f Cos opol an' deci on
i or m
i s
t
si

;

.

1 t t espass Pl nt bec
3 or
ai i
;
ause t publ i el entf def at has notbeen satsfed as
he
i on em
cat
or am i
on
ii
1 t t s cl m , I K- ar ,t pl nt fwas handcufed and m ar
4 o hi ai n M t he ai i
f
f
ched t ough t st e, hi
hr
he or w ch

'

1 r es ed t ot s he had com m it a crm e. 866 P. at282. Her Pl nt fhas onl
5 epr ent o her
ted
i
2d
e, ai i
f
y

.

1 al
6
l
eged she was tespas
r
sed. She w as nothandcu f and was notpar
fed
aded bef e ot s by
or her

1 Cosmopolan em pl
7
i
t
oyees. Cosmopolan per
i
t
sonnelsm pl i
i y ssued her a war ng not t
ni
o

.

l te p s,t h rph t an isr ce h t lav te pr mies ( AC ( 6- a 1 .
8 r s as ook e o o, d n tu td er o e e h e s . F #1 1) t 1)
1 Pl ntf has notaleged t Cos opol an em pl ees publ
9
ai if
l
hat m
i
t
oy
i
shed t any t r pary any notc
o
hid t
ie

20 t she had been tespas ort she was an undesiabl Because on t f oft
hat
r
sed hat
r e.
he ace he
21 FAC i appear t Cosmopolan prvat yi
t
s hat
i
t
i el ssued a war ng nott tespasswihoutanyt ng
ni
. r
o
t
hi
2 mor Pl nt fhas f l t al
2
e, ai i
f
ai o l t t publ i r r en ofdef a i has been
ed
ege hat he
i on equiem t
cat
am ton
23 sats i as t t s cl m ,and t cl m i cons
ifed
o hi ai
he ai s
equenty di i
l sm ssed.
24 I
V.

I entonalI lcton of Em ot onalDi r
nt i
nf i i
i
st ess

25

To s at a cl m f i entonali l i ofem otonaldi t ess,t pl ntf m ustshow
t e
ai or nt i
nfi on
ct
i
sr
he ai if

26 11)exteme and outageous c
'
4
r
r
onduc wih ei t it ton o ,orr l di egar f ,
t t t he neni f eckess sr d or
her

!

27 causi emotonalditess,( t pl ntfs havi su f ed sever orexteme emotonal
ng
i
sr
2) he ai ir
ng fer
e
r
i
28 di r and ( act orpr mat c
stess
3) ual oxi e ausat ' Diar De .St es,I k.Bec t 989
i ' l d pt or nc. ' kwih,
on. l
l
2

'

I
I
j

*

1 P.d88 8 ( . 9 )( ot Sl v Ra el 6 P.d90, ( v 1 81) 'Elteme
2 2, 86 Nev 1 99 qu i ar . b l 25 2 92 Ne . 9 ).' xr
ng
ob
l

!

2 and outageous conduc i t whi i ' si aI possi e bounds of decenc and i
r
t s hat ch s out de I
bl
y'
s

1

3 r dedas' t l i ol abl i a ci l edcom m uni ' Madui e Agenc
egar
utery nt er e n vii
z
t '
y.'
ke .
yRentA- ,
- car 953

4 P. 2 26 ( v. 9 )(i t n omie .
2d 4, Ne 1 98 ct i
ao
t d)
t
5

Pl nt fher has f l t al she hassu f ed sever orex r e em otonal s r
ai i
f e
ai o l
ed
ege
f er
e
t em
i
di t ess

6 r tngfom .he ac i
esuli r t
tonsofCosm opol an.Pl ntl si pl al
i
t
ai i m y l
egest cosm opol an i ended
hat
i nt
t

7 t i l emotonalditess on Pl nt fand t Pl nt; u been i ur 'and suCer
o nfi
ct
i
sr
ai i
f
hat ai i has
nj ed'
ed

'

8 ' i al sr sa me t s fer ' ( AC ( 6- ) 1 22 .Nof csar al g t t
' on dites nd n al u f i ' F #1 1 at 4, )
emot
ng.
a t e l ed ha
e

.
;

9 woul est i t ex en and s
d abl he t t
sh
evert of hersuferng,and Pl ntf nevercl m s t any
i
y
f i
ai if
ai hat
I di t ess s sufer w as sever or extem e as i r r t st e a cl m f i entonal
0
sr
he f ed
e
r
s equied o at
ai or nt i

l i l t n o emoi al sr s . Se Dia d De .Str s /?. 9 9 P.d a 88 (it g te
l nfci f t
io
on dite s e l r pt o e , r , 8 2 t 6 l i h
l
c
sn
1 el
2 ement ofacl m f i entonali l ton o emotonal stess) Absentsuch al i
s
ai or nt i nfi i f
c
i di r .
l ons,
egat
.

,

'
.

1 t Coud c
3 he
annot dr t r onabl i er
aw he eas
e nf ence t Pl ntf sufer sever em ot
hat ai if f ed
e
i
onal
1 di r
4
stess or t Cosm opol an w as t act and pr m at c
hat
i
t
he
ual
oxi e ause of t di r
he stess. See

l Ashcr te.I ,556 U. 662,1 S. .1 1949 (
5
of qbal
S.
29 Ct 937,
2009) Becaus Pl ntf hasf l t
.
e ai if ai o
ed

''
.

1 pl t she sufer sever orex r e em otonaldi r r tngrr Cosm opol an'
6
ead hat
f ed
e
t em
i
stess esuli f om
i s
t
1 ac i t s cl m i di m i sed. See Az l a ?.
7
tons, hi ai s s s
pi
cuet Nevada ex r .Tr p. hort 201 W L
el ans Aut i
y, 0

1 2681855,at* ( Nev.201 ( smi ng t pl ntfs cl m ofi entonali l ton of
8
8 D.
0) di ssi he ai i ' ai
f
nt i
nfi i
c
1 em otonaldi tess w her no f s w er pl dem onstatng t ext and severt of t
9
i
sr
e
act
e ed
r i he ent
i
y
he

2 pl n i' e t al ites l Bl k s p v Co , 07W L8 91 a * 2 ( Ne 2 7)
0 aitf mo i dsr s ; an en hi . x 20
fs
on
448 , t 1 D. v. 00
21 ( smi ng t pl ntf' cl m f i entonali l ton of emotonaldi r wher t
di ssi he ai if ai or nt i
s
nfi i
c
i
stess
e he
22 compl ntsi yal
ai mpl l t pl ntf sufer si eu i ditess'.
eged he ai i f ed mpl emotonal sr '
)
23

24

GO NCLUSI N
O

Fort f egoi r
he or ng easons,I I ORDERED t Cosmopolan' moton t di ss
T S
hat
i s
t
i o smi

2 ( i gr ed.Asiappear al ngamendmentwoul bef i basedont f t oft s '
5 #11)s ant
t
s l
owi
d utl
e
he acs hi
.

26 case, he cl m s agai tCosm opol an i t FAC ar di i ed w ihoutI
t
ai
ns
i n he
t
e sm ss
t
eave t am end.
o
27

DATED: Thi 11t day ofMay,201
s h
2.

28
13

U nied St
t ' at Di t i Judge
s rct

.