Prall v. Ford Motor Company

Filing 44

ORDER granting Ford's ECF No. #38 Motion to Exclude; granting in part and denying in part Ford's ECF No. #39 Motion for Summary Judgment (see order for details). Signed by Judge Miranda M. Du on 1/24/2017. (Copies have been distributed pursuant to the NEF - KR)

1
2
3
4
5
6

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

7

DISTRICT OF NEVADA

8

***

9

MARILYN ELLEN PRALL,
Plaintiff,

10
v.

11
12

Case No. 2:14-cv-001313-MMD-GWF

FORD MOTOR COMPANY and ROE
COMPONENT PART MANUFACTURER,

ORDER
(Def’s Motion to Exclude Testimony –
ECF No. 38; Def’s Motion for Summary
Judgment – ECF No. 39))

13
Defendants.
14
15
16

I.

SUMMARY

17

This case involves an alleged manufacturing defect that led to an automobile

18

accident. Before the Court are Defendant Ford Motor Company’s (“Ford”) Motion to

19

Exclude Testimony of Rocco Avellini (“Motion to Exclude”) (ECF No. 38) and Motion for

20

Summary Judgment (“Motion”) (ECF No. 39). The Court has reviewed these motions as

21

well as Plaintiff Marilyn Ellen Prall’s (“Prall”) responses (ECF Nos. 40, 41) and Ford’s

22

replies (ECF Nos. 42, 43). For the reasons discussed below, Ford’s Motion to Exclude is

23

granted and its Motion for Summary Judgement is granted in part and denied in part.

24

II.

BACKGROUND

25

In February 2013, while driving her 2003 Ford Taurus home from work, Prall rear-

26

ended the vehicle in front of her. According to Prall, she was driving in stop-and-go traffic

27

when she saw the car in front of her slow down or stop. She attempted to do the same,

28

but her car continued to accelerate as she pressed the brake pedal, and she slammed

1

into the stopped car. (ECF No. 39-2 at 10.) Paramedics arrived at the scene and took

2

Prall to the hospital, where emergency room doctors informed her she had fractured her

3

right leg.1 (Id. at 14-15.)

4

The driver of a 2003 Ford Taurus changes speed by controlling the amount of air

5

entering the engine through a throttle plate. (ECF No. 39-6 at 7.) The driver can open the

6

throttle plate by either pressing the accelerator pedal, which is connected to the throttle

7

plate by a cable, or using the cruise control system, which is connected by a second

8

cable called the speed control cable. (Id.) The end of the speed control cable has plastic

9

pieces that clip into a collar to secure it in place. (Id.)

10

On June 21, 2013, a few months after Prall’s accident, Ford implemented a

11

program called Customer Satisfaction Program 13B04 (“Program 13B04”). In a notice

12

about the program Ford sent to its dealers, it acknowledged that the speed control cable

13

in certain vehicles, including Prall’s Taurus, “may become susceptible to damage or

14

becoming partially disconnected during under hood vehicle maintenance.” (ECF No. 39-

15

8.) According to the notice, if the speed control cable slides out of its collar, it could

16

tangle and interfere with “the throttle’s full return to idle when the accelerator pedal is

17

released, potentially resulting in an elevated idle.” (Id.) Ford instructed dealers to install a

18

clip to reinforce the collar around the cable and, depending on the condition of the collar

19

retention tabs, to replace the speed control cable itself. (Id.)

20

Prall took her Taurus to a dealership on August 24, 2013. A mechanic at the

21

dealership inspected the speed control assembly and determined that the collar

22

retention tabs were cracked but still present. Accordingly, he attached a collar

23

reinforcement clip but did not replace the speed control cable. (ECF No. 39-9 at 4-5.)

24

Prall filed suit in state court on July 17, 2014, asserting a number of claims based

25

on the allegation that the accident was caused by a mechanical failure — specifically a

26
27
28

1A

few days later, while using a walker, Prall fell in her home and broke her right
ulna. (ECF No. 39-2 at 15.) Her son brought her to the emergency room again, where
doctors operated on both her wrist and leg. (Id.)

2

1

bound speed control cable as identified by Program 13B04. (ECF No. 1-1.) Pursuant to

2

the parties’ stipulation, the Court dismissed several of Prall’s claims, leaving only claims

3

for strict product liability and negligence. (ECF No. 23.) Ford now moves to exclude

4

Prall’s proposed expert testimony and for summary judgment on these remaining two

5

claims.

6

III.

MOTION TO EXCLUDE

7

A.

Legal Standard

8

Fed. R. Evid. 702 permits a “witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge,

9

skill, experience, training, or education [to] testify in the form of an opinion or otherwise

10

if: (a) the expert's scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will help the trier of

11

fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue; (b) the testimony is

12

based on sufficient facts or data; (c) the testimony is the product of reliable principles

13

and methods; and (d) the expert has reliably applied the principles and methods to the

14

facts of the case.”

15

The Supreme Court provided additional guidance on Rule 702 and its application

16

in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993), and Kumho Tire

17

Co., Ltd. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137 (1999). Daubert focused on scientific testimony

18

and Kumho Tire clarified that Daubert’s principles also apply to technical and specialized

19

knowledge. See Kumho, 526 U.S. at 141, 147-49. The trial court has “considerable

20

leeway” in deciding how to determine the reliability of an expert's testimony and whether

21

the testimony is in fact reliable. Id. at 152. The “test of reliability is ‘flexible,’ and

22

Daubert's list of specific factors neither necessarily nor exclusively applies to all experts

23

or in every case.” Id. at 141.

24

The Ninth Circuit has emphasized that “Rule 702 is applied consistent with the

25

liberal thrust of the Federal Rules and their general approach of relaxing the traditional

26

barriers to opinion testimony.” Jinro Am. Inc. v. Secure Investments, Inc., 266 F.3d 993,

27

1004 (9th Cir.), opinion amended on denial of reh'g, 272 F.3d 1289 (9th Cir. 2001)

28

(citations omitted). “An expert witness — unlike other witnesses — is permitted wide
3

1

latitude to offer opinions, including those that are not based on firsthand knowledge or

2

observation, so long as the expert's opinion [has] a reliable basis in the knowledge and

3

experience of his discipline.” Id. (citations and quotation marks omitted). Shaky but

4

admissible evidence should be attacked by cross examination, contrary evidence, and

5

attention to the burden of proof, rather than excluded. Primiano v. Cook, 598 F.3d 558,

6

564 (9th Cir. 2010), as amended (Apr. 27, 2010)
Avelleni’s Opinion

7

B.

8

Prall’s designated expert witness, Rocco Avellini, is a seasoned auto-body

9

repairman with decades of experience conducting and inspecting collision repairs. (ECF

10

No. 40-1.) He is president of Wreck Check Car Scan Centers, a company that provides

11

value estimates for vehicles and performs inspections for improper repair work and

12

fraud. (ECF No. 38-5 at 4.) Avellini has offered expert testimony in a number of cases —

13

for the most part concerning the diminished value of vehicles involved in accidents and

14

the quality of repairs done to vehicles. (See ECF No. 40-1 at 14-20.)

15

Avellini created a “Vehicle Conditional Assessment” (“Report”), dated February

16

25, 2015, after personally inspecting Prall’s Taurus and attending a subsequent

17

inspection conducted by two Ford representatives. (ECF No. 40-1.) The Report, which

18

contains about a half-page of explanation, concludes Prall’s accident was caused by a

19

defective speed control cable. (Id. at 20.) That conclusion appears to be based on

20

speaking to Prall and her son, the existence of Program 13B04, and similar complaints

21

from other Ford vehicle owners (which Avellini read about online). (Id.; see also ECF No.

22

38-5 at 24.)

23

Avellini further explained the basis for his conclusion during his deposition. Upon

24

his initial inspection, Avellini did not see any damage to the speed control cable. (ECF

25

No. 38-5 at 22.) In fact, he could not identify any evidence from Prall’s Taurus which

26

indicated that the speed control cable had become bound or in any other way

27

malfunctioned. (Id. at 3.) Nor could Avellini explain how the problem identified by

28

Program 13B04 would have caused Prall’s Taurus to continue moving forward even as
4

1

she applied the brake. (ECF No. 38-5 at 22 (“How exactly it happened, I can’t tell you ...

2

But the fact is it happened, and there’s other documentation out there that it has

3

happened.”).) When asked what exactly caused Prall’s car to accelerate, Avellini

4

answered “I couldn’t tell you.” (Id. at 23.) When asked what design would have

5

prevented the accident, he gave the same answer. (Id.) When asked how an accelerator

6

pedal could move to the floor on its own and increase RPMs and vehicle speed, Avellini

7

answered that he did not know and “[w]e’ll just leave it that Ford has an issue with this

8

cable and acceleration problems.” (Id.) Avellini did not know if the accelerator sticking

9

would leave any physical evidence, nor did he know exactly what aspect of the speed

10

control assembly malfunctioned. (Id. at 28.) He also could not determine that the cable

11

slid out of the collar on the day of the crash. (Id.) Throughout his deposition, Avellini

12

testified that his conclusion about the cause of Prall’s accident is based on three pieces

13

of evidence: 1) Prall’s testimony; 2) Ford’s program; and 3) news reports of other Ford

14

vehicles that have accelerated unexpectedly. (See id. at 22, 24, 25, 28, 31).

15

After his deposition, Avellini prepared a Supplemental Vehicle Condition

16

Assessment (“Supplemental Report”) dated September 4, 2105. (ECF No. 40-1 at 60.)

17

The Supplemental Report considered additional evidence including the deposition

18

testimony of several witnesses, additional inspections of Prall’s vehicle, a July 9, 2015

19

report by Ford’s expert witness, Ford Field Service Action Records, and an examination

20

of speed control cables in good condition. (Id. at 63.) Like the Report, the Supplemental

21

Report contains about a half-page of explanation. (Id. at 64-65.) Avellini explains that

22

after he removed the reinforcement clip he was able to slide the speed control cable in

23

and out of the collar with no resistance. (Id. at 65.). The Supplemental Report does not

24

add any further detail about the mechanism that caused Prall’s vehicle to crash.2

25
26
27
28

Supplemental Report also contains the following conclusion: “I believe the
location of the speed control cable is the design defect allowing the collar to be damaged
during maintenance. Ford engineers should have notice to this [sic] defect during the
design phase of the vehicle.” (ECF No. 40-1 at 65.) However, the Court struck that
portion of the report as untimely. (ECF No. 33.)
2The

5

1

Avellini was deposed a second time on December 4, 2015. (ECF No. 38-9.)

2

During the deposition, Avellini explained his Supplemental Report but did not offer any

3

further explanation of how or why he believes Prall’s car malfunctioned on the day of the

4

accident.

5

C.

6

Avellini’s opinion about the cause of Prall’s accident is not based on “the

7

knowledge and experience of his discipline,” and is therefore not admissible. Jinro, 266

8

F.3d at 1004. This is not a question of shaky but admissible opinion evidence. Avellini is

9

undoubtedly a knowledgeable and experienced auto repair specialist, as evidenced by

10

his lengthy curriculum vitae and his past appearances as an expert witness. In this case,

11

however, he has not provided any explanation for his opinion other than the existence of

12

circumstantial evidence — evidence which a lay person is perfectly capable of

13

understanding.

Analysis

14

Throughout both reports and depositions, Avellini maintains that the reason he

15

believes Prall’s accident was caused by a faulty speed control cable is: (1) the accident

16

occurred, (2) Prall testified that the car would not stop even as she applied the break, (3)

17

Ford instituted Program 13B04, and (4) he found online other instances of similar

18

vehicles experiencing acceleration problems. He also repeatedly testified that he did not

19

believe Ford would spend millions of dollars on a repair program if there was not a

20

serious safety issue. (See, e.g. ECF No. 38-9 at 10 (“I can say that if a company was

21

willing to spend almost $10 million on a repair, there’s an issue there.”)) However, this

22

line of reasoning does not require any specialized insight. Nor would such reasoning be

23

needed to help the jury understand the evidence, who may draw these inferences on

24

their own. Allowing Avellini to offer this opinion testimony would be akin to allowing a

25

brain surgeon to testify that he believes a head injury was caused by a plaintiff slipping

26

on a banana peel because: (1) the plaintiff slipped, (2) there was a banana peel nearby,

27

and (3) shortly afterwards the owner of the site of the accident implemented a plan to

28

keep the floor clear of banana peels. While the conclusion may be plausible and
6

1

consistent with the evidence, the brain surgeon’s opinion is not based on her specific

2

expertise.

3

Further, when asked for specifics Avellini simply points to Program 13B04 to

4

explain the mechanics of the problem he believes occurred. However, where Avellini

5

disagrees with the conclusions of Program 13B04 — namely that the problem does not

6

pose a safety risk — he does not provide any sort of counter-explanation to show why.

7

For example, based on testing it conducted, Ford determined that if the speed control

8

cable slid out of its collar and became bound, the “worst case scenario” would be a 26-

9

29% throttle opening. (ECF No. 38-4 at 5.) According to Ford’s testing, that type of

10

throttle opening could be easily overcome by the vehicle’s brakes. (Id. at 15.) So, if as

11

part of his expert opinion Avellini wants to rely on the problem identified by Program

12

13B04, he must have some explanation for why his conclusion is different from the

13

conclusions reached by Program 13B04. For example, he might have testified that

14

based on his experience or on testing that he conducted, the throttle opened more than

15

29%, and therefore it is not clear that the car’s brakes could stop its forward movement.

16

Or he might have testified that according to his experience or tests he conducted, Ford

17

was mistaken and in fact the Taurus’ brakes could not easily overcome a 29% opened

18

throttle. Instead, Avellini simply asserts that Ford’s conclusions were wrong because

19

Prall continued forward after slamming on her brakes. In other words, Avelleni concludes

20

that the existence of one event after the existence of another is sufficient to prove the

21

first event caused the second. This is a logical fallacy — post hoc ergo propter hoc.

22

While the existence of the 13B04 problem is necessary to conclude that it was the cause

23

of the accident, it is not, in itself, sufficient to establish causation.

24

For these reasons, Avellini’s proffered expert testimony does not meet the

25

standards of reliability in Daubert and Kumho Tire. Ford’s Motion to Exclude is granted

26

as it relates to Avellini’s opinion that the accident was caused by the issue identified in

27

Program 13B04.

28

///
7

1

IV.

MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT

2

A.

LEGAL STANDARD

3

The purpose of summary judgment is to avoid unnecessary trials when there is no

4

dispute as to the facts before the court. Nw. Motorcycle Ass’n v. U.S. Dep’t of Agric., 18

5

F.3d 1468, 1471 (9th Cir. 1994). Summary judgment is appropriate when the pleadings,

6

the discovery and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits “show there is no

7

genuine issue as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a

8

matter of law.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 330 (1986). An issue is “genuine”

9

if there is a sufficient evidentiary basis on which a reasonable fact-finder could find for

10

the nonmoving party and a dispute is “material” if it could affect the outcome of the suit

11

under the governing law. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248-49 (1986).

12

Where reasonable minds could differ on the material facts at issue, however, summary

13

judgment is not appropriate. Warren v. City of Carlsbad, 58 F.3d 439, 441 (9th Cir.

14

1995). “The amount of evidence necessary to raise a genuine issue of material fact is

15

enough ‘to require a jury or judge to resolve the parties' differing versions of the truth at

16

trial.’” Aydin Corp. v. Loral Corp., 718 F.2d 897, 902 (9th Cir. 1983) (quoting First Nat’l

17

Bank v. Cities Service Co., 391 U.S. 253, 288-89 (1968)). In evaluating a summary

18

judgment motion, a court views all facts and draws all inferences in the light most

19

favorable to the nonmoving party. Kaiser Cement Corp. v. Fishbach & Moore, Inc., 793

20

F.2d 1100, 1103 (9th Cir. 1986).

21

The moving party bears the burden of showing that there are no genuine issues

22

of material fact. Zoslaw v. MCA Distrib. Corp., 693 F.2d 870, 883 (9th Cir. 1982). “In

23

order to carry its burden of production, the moving party must either produce evidence

24

negating an essential element of the nonmoving party’s claim or defense or show that

25

the nonmoving party does not have enough evidence of an essential element to carry its

26

ultimate burden of persuasion at trial.” Nissan Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Fritz Cos., 210

27

F.3d 1099, 1102 (9th Cir. 2000). Once the moving party satisfies Rule 56’s requirements,

28

the burden shifts to the party resisting the motion to “set forth specific facts showing that
8

1

there is a genuine issue for trial.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 256. The nonmoving party “may

2

not rely on denials in the pleadings but must produce specific evidence, through

3

affidavits or admissible discovery material, to show that the dispute exists,” Bhan v. NME

4

Hosps., Inc., 929 F.2d 1404, 1409 (9th Cir. 1991), and “must do more than simply show

5

that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.” Orr v. Bank of Am., 285

6

F.3d 764, 783 (9th Cir. 2002) (internal citations omitted). “The mere existence of a

7

scintilla of evidence in support of the plaintiff’s position will be insufficient.” Anderson,

8

477 U.S. at 252.

9

B.

Strict Liability

10

Under Nevada law, a plaintiff must establish three elements to show strict liability:

11

"(1) the product had a defect which rendered it unreasonably dangerous, (2) the defect

12

existed at the time the product left the manufacturer, and (3) the defect caused the

13

plaintiff’s injury." Fyssakis v. Knight Equip. Corp., 826 P.2d 570, 571 (Nev. 1992). In

14

Stackiewicz v. Nissan Motor Corp., U.S.A., 686 P.2d 925, 928 (Nev. 1984), the Nevada

15

Supreme Court held that “proof of an unexpected, dangerous malfunction may suffice to

16

establish a prima facie case for the plaintiff of the existence of a product defect.”

17

Stackiewicz, which also involved an automobile defect, dealt with a plaintiff who was

18

injured when her steering wheel locked, which caused her car to flip. The plaintiff was

19

not able to produce any expert testimony about the cause of the locked steering wheel.

20

Still, the court held that in certain cases “the factfinder can find, where other identifiable

21

causes are absent, that the mere evidence of a malfunction is sufficient evidence of a

22

defect.” Id. The Stackiewicz court approvingly cited a number of cases from other

23

jurisdictions wherein courts have held that evidence of a vehicle malfunctioning could be

24

sufficient to support liability even if the exact cause of the malfunction was not

25

established. Id. at 928-29 (citing Greco v. Bucciconi Engineering Co., 407 F.2d 87 (3d

26

Cir.1969); Tweedy v. Wright Ford Sales, Inc., 357 N.E.2d 449 (Ill. 1976); and Vanek v.

27

Kirby, P.2d 778, 779 (Or. 1969)).

28

///
9

1

The parties do not dispute that Prall was involved in an accident and the accident

2

was the cause of her injury. Nor do the parties dispute that the Program 13B04 problem

3

existed when the vehicle left the manufacturer. The issues of contention are (1) whether

4

the vehicle had a defect that rendered it unreasonably dangerous and (2) whether that

5

defect was the cause of Prall’s accident. On summary judgment, the Court must accept

6

Prall’s undisputed testimony that she pressed on the brake pedal but the car continued

7

moving forward, and draw all reasonable inferences in her favor. Under the guidelines

8

laid out by the Nevada Supreme Court in Fyssakis and Stackiewicz, Prall has offered

9

evidence upon which a reasonable fact finder could conclude that all three elements of

10

her strict liability claim have been met.

11

Ford argues that Nevada law requires Prall to show that there is no reasonable

12

alternative explanation for the accident other than a product defect. (ECF No. 43 at 2.)

13

According to Ford, a clear reasonable alternative exists: Prall mistakenly pressed the

14

accelerator instead of the break. Ford believes this means Prall cannot rely on proof of

15

the malfunction occurring as proof of a defect.

16

Ford’s argument misunderstands the rule announced in Fyssakis and

17

Stackiewicz. While it is true that those cases, and the various published and unpublished

18

opinions cited by Ford in its reply, incorporate a requirement that “other identifiable

19

causes are absent,” the context in which the Court evaluates that requirement is Ford’s

20

motion for summary judgment. Therefore, the Court credits Prall’s testimony that she

21

applied the brake as true. Ford’s argument about alternative causes requires the Court

22

to ignore the standard governing summary judgment — the Court must resolve factual

23

disputes and construe all reasonable inferences in favor of the non-moving party. In

24

other words, if all of the facts of this case were the same, with the additional fact that the

25

road Prall was driving on was covered with patches of ice, then Ford’s argument would

26

be persuasive. The Court would accept Prall’s testimony that she applied the brake as

27

true, but find that the accident may have been caused by the car sliding over ice rather

28

than a problem with the acceleration. Presented with such a scenario, Prall would need
10

1

to provide some evidence to narrow the cause of Prall’s accident. However here, Prall

2

has eliminated alternative explanations for the accident by providing testimony that she

3

applied the brakes, rather than mistakenly hitting the accelerator.

4

Prall’s testimony and the other circumstantial evidence in the record are sufficient

5

to establish a prima facie case of strict product liability. Therefore, Prall’s strict liability

6

claim rests on disputed material issues of fact to be resolved by a jury, and Ford’s

7

Motion is denied with respect to the strict liability claim.

8

C.

Negligence

9

While strict liability focuses on the product and consumer expectations,

10

negligence focuses on the manufacturer’s conduct. See Smith v. Wolf Performance

11

Ammunition, No. 2:13-CV-2223-JCMNJK, 2015 WL 2359063, at *3 (D. Nev. May 18,

12

2015). To prevail on a negligence claim, "a plaintiff must establish four elements: (1) the

13

existence of a duty of care, (2) breach of that duty, (3) legal causation, and (4)

14

damages." Klasch v. Walgreen Co., 264 P.3d 1155, 1158 (Nev. 2011).

15

Ford relies on the same argument it offered in seeking summary judgment on

16

Prall’s strict liability claim — Prall has not produced evidence to show any defect caused

17

by negligence or any evidence that a defect caused her injury. (ECF No. 39 at 10-11.)

18

While Prall may rely on “evidence of malfunction” in the product liability context,

19

Nevada does not appear to have extended that rule to simple negligence claims. Prall

20

has not provided, nor can the Court find, case law applying that concept in simple

21

negligence claims, and likely for good reasons. Strict product liability is premised on

22

important policy considerations. As the Nevada Supreme Court explained when it first

23

adopted the doctrine of strict liability: “The public interest in human safety requires the

24

maximum possible protection for the user of the product and those best able to afford it

25

are the suppliers of the chattel.” Shoshone Coca-Cola v. Dolinski, 420 P.2d 855, 857

26

(Nev. 1966) (quoting William L. Prosser, The Fall of the Citadel, 50 Minn. L. Rev. 791

27

(1966)). The Stackiewicz rule, which is a type of burden shifting mechanism, places the

28

burden of showing a malfunctioning product was not designed or manufactured
11

1

defectively on the manufacturer because they, rather than the consumer, are in the best

2

position to understand and ensure the safety of the product. Thus, the rule is unique to

3

the product liability context.

4

Nevada does recognize the related doctrine of res ipsa loquitor, which allows a

5

plaintiff to establish negligence by inference if “(1) the event [is] of a kind which ordinarily

6

does not occur in the absence of someone's negligence; (2) the event [is] caused by an

7

agency or instrumentality within the exclusive control of the defendant; and (3) the event

8

must not have been due to any voluntary action or contribution on the part of the

9

plaintiff.” Woosley v. State Farm Ins. Co., 18 P.3d 317, 321 (Nev. 2001) (quoting Bialer

10

v. St. Mary's Hospital, 427 P.2d 957, 958 (Nev. 1967)). Here, however, Prall’s Taurus

11

was clearly not in Ford’s exclusive control, so the doctrine does not apply.

12

Therefore, in order to establish her negligence claim, Prall must produce evidence

13

that the accident (and consequently her injury) was caused by Ford breaching a duty

14

owed to her. The only causation evidence that Prall has produced is the expert opinion

15

of Avelleni, which, for the reasons discussed above, does not meet the requisite

16

standards for opinion testimony. For these reasons, Ford has demonstrated that Prall

17

has failed to meet her burden of production, and Ford’s Motion is granted with respect to

18

Prall’s negligence claim.

19

V.

CONCLUSION

20

The Court notes that the parties made several arguments and cited to several

21

cases not discussed above. The Court has reviewed these arguments and cases and

22

determines that they do not warrant discussion as they do not affect the outcome of the

23

Motion and the Motion to Exclude.
It is therefore ordered that Ford’s Motion to Exclude (ECF No. 38) is granted.

24
25

///

26

///

27

///

28

///
12

1

It is further ordered that Ford’s Motion for Summary Judgment (ECF No. 39) is

2

granted in part and denied in part. The Motion is granted with respect to Prall’s

3

negligence claim and denied with respect to her strict product liability claim.

4

DATED THIS 24th day of January 2017.

5
6
MIRANDA M. DU
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
13