Lewis v. Board of Regents of Nevada System of Higher Education
Filing
21
ORDER. IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and DECREED that 6 defendant CSN's motion to dismiss be, and the same hereby is, GRANTED in part and DENIED in part, without prejudice. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Lewis's "alternative" m otion to amend 11 the complaint is DENIED without prejudice because Lewis improperly filed it within the same document as his response to the motion to dismiss. Signed by Judge James C. Mahan on 10/23/17. (Copies have been distributed pursuant to the NEF - ADR)
1
2
3
4
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
5
DISTRICT OF NEVADA
6
***
7
MILTON LEWIS,
8
Plaintiff(s),
9
10
11
Case No. 2:17-CV-1158 JCM (VCF)
ORDER
v.
BOARD OF REGENTS NEVADA SYSTEM
OF HIGHER EDUCATION,
Defendant(s).
12
13
Presently before the court is defendant Board of Regents Nevada System of Higher
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Education, d/b/a College of Southern Nevada’s (CSN) motion to dismiss. (ECF No. 6). Plaintiff
Milton Lewis responded. (ECF No. 11).1 CSN replied. (ECF No. 12). With the court’s leave,
CSN supplemented its motion to dismiss (ECF No. 17), to which Lewis responded (ECF No. 19)
and CSN replied (ECF No. 20).
I.
Facts
Lewis alleges that his employer racially discriminated and retaliated against him in
violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000 et seq. Lewis is an African
American male who has been an employee of CSN for over eleven years. (ECF No. 1 at 2). He
is a custodial worker. (ECF No. 6 at 2). On January 23, 2017, Lewis filed a charge of
discrimination with the EEOC. (ECF No. 6 at 2). On January 30, 2017, Lewis received a right to
25
26
27
28
James C. Mahan
U.S. District Judge
1
Pursuant to Local Rule IC 2-2(b), a separate document must be filed on the docket for
each purpose. LR IC 2-2(b). The court cannot consider plaintiff’s request for leave to amend his
complaint unless it is filed separately, as a motion. Accordingly, this order denies plaintiff’s
request for leave to amend.
1
sue letter. (ECF No. 1 at 4). On April 26, 2017, Lewis filed the instant complaint against CSN,
2
alleging racial discrimination and retaliation in violation of Title VII. (ECF No. 1).
In the instant motion, CSN moves to dismiss Lewis’s complaint pursuant to Federal Rule
3
4
of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1), (2), (3), and (6). (ECF No. 6).
5
II.
6
7
Discussion
A. Subject matter jurisdiction
i. Timing of Lewis’s EEOC charges
8
CSN argues in its supplement to its motion to dismiss that the court lacks subject matter
9
jurisdiction. It argues that Lewis did not file his EEOC complaint within 180 days after the alleged
10
unlawful conduct. (ECF 17 at 3–4). With regard to Lewis’s discrimination claim, the record
11
shows that this factual allegation may be true; thus, Lewis may not have fulfilled the statutory
12
requirements necessary to bring his discrimination claim. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(e).
13
On plaintiff’s EEOC charge, he wrote that the date of the last act of discrimination was
14
March 15, 2016. (ECF No. 6 at 15). On July 25, 2016, within the 180-day window, Lewis filed
15
an “EEOC Inquiry Questionnaire” with the EEOC. (ECF No. 19-1). However, in bold, all-capital
16
letters at the bottom of every page of that questionnaire is the following:
17
THIS QUESTIONNAIRE IS NOT A CHARGE OF DISCRIMINATION
18
(ECF No. 19-1). It appears on this record that it was not until January 23, 2017, that Lewis filed
19
a charge of discrimination against CSN. (ECF No. 6 at 15). The charge alleged discrimination
20
based on race and sex. It did not allege retaliation. (ECF No. 6 at 15). This period—from March
21
15, 2016, to January 23, 2017—is, of course, greater than 180 days.
22
But this issue has no bearing on the subject matter jurisdiction—the only argument CSN
23
raises with regard to the filing deadline. It is well established that “filing a timely charge of
24
discrimination with the EEOC is not a jurisdictional prerequisite to suit in federal court, but a
25
requirement that, like a statute of limitations, is subject to waiver, estoppel, and equitable tolling.”
26
Zipes v. Trans World Airlines, Inc., 455 U.S. 385, 393 (1982); see also Valenzuela v. Kraft, Inc.,
27
28
James C. Mahan
U.S. District Judge
-2-
1
801 F.2d 1170, 1172 (9th Cir.1986). As this statutory deadline is not a jurisdictional issue, CSN
2
has therefore failed to raise valid grounds for dismissal.2
ii. Citation to the wrong statute as the “federal question” for the purposes of
federal-question jurisdiction
3
4
Next, CSN argues that the court lacks subject matter jurisdiction because Lewis mistakenly
5
cited to the wrong statute as the basis for “federal question” jurisdiction here. (ECF Nos. 6 at 5–
6
6). Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction. Owen Equip. & Erection Co. v. Kroger, 437
7
8
U.S. 365, 374 (1978). “A federal court is presumed to lack jurisdiction in a particular case unless
the contrary affirmatively appears.” Stock West, Inc. v. Confederated Tribes of the Colville
9
Reservation, 873 F.2d 1221, 1225 (9th Cir. 1989). Federal subject matter jurisdiction must exist
10
at the time an action is commenced. Mallard Auto. Grp., Ltd. v. United States, 343 F. Supp. 2d
11
949, 952 (D. Nev. 2004).
12
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) allows defendants to seek dismissal of a claim or
13
action for a lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1). Dismissal under Rule
14
12(b)(1) is appropriate if the complaint, considered in its entirety, fails to allege facts on its face
15
sufficient to establish subject matter jurisdiction. In re Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM)
16
Antitrust Litigation, 546 F.3d 981, 984–85 (9th Cir. 2008).
17
Although the defendant is the moving party in a Rule 12(b)(1) motion to dismiss, the
18
plaintiff bears the burden of proving that the case is properly in federal court. McCauley v. Ford
19
Motor Co., 264 F.3d 952, 957 (9th Cir. 2001) (citing McNutt v. General Motors Acceptance Corp.,
20
298 U.S. 178, 189 (1936)). More specifically, the plaintiff’s pleadings must show “the existence
21
of whatever is essential to federal jurisdiction, and, if [plaintiff] does not do so, the court, on having
22
the defect called to its attention or on discovering the same, must dismiss the case, unless the defect
23
be corrected by amendment.” Smith v. McCullough, 270 U.S. 456, 459 (1926).
24
25
26
27
28
James C. Mahan
U.S. District Judge
2
This order does not rule on other potential grounds for dismissal or judgment in favor of
CSN based on Lewis’s late filing of his charge of discrimination—the order rules only on the
argument CSN actually raised, subject matter jurisdiction. Further, although this court has the
power to consider summary judgment sua sponte “after identifying for the parties material facts
that may not be genuinely in dispute,” FRCP 56(f)(3), this court declines to do so here because it
dismisses Lewis’s discrimination claim on other grounds, discussed further below.
-3-
1
Lewis correctly asserts that the court has federal-question jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
2
§ 1331. (ECF No. 1 at 2). Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331, district courts have jurisdiction over “all
3
civil actions arising under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States.”
4
However, Lewis cites the wrong statute as the basis for federal question jurisdiction, citing
5
to 42 U.S.C. §§ 12112 & 12203. Nonetheless, the rest of the complaint makes clear that the issues
6
in this case arise under Title VII. See (ECF No. 1 at 1–5). Title VII states that “[e]ach United
7
States district court . . . . shall have jurisdiction of actions brought under this subchapter.” 42
8
U.S.C. § 2000e–5(f)(3). Accordingly, Lewis has adequately invoked this court’s jurisdiction. This
9
court has subject matter jurisdiction over Lewis’s Title VII claims.
10
B. Personal jurisdiction
11
CSN argues that “plaintiff improperly bases the [c]ourt’s personal jurisdiction over
12
[d]efendant on [d]efendant’s minimum contacts to Clark County, Nevada.” (ECF No. 6 at 4).
13
Thus, CSN challenges the personal jurisdiction of this court—a court physically located in
14
southern Nevada—over the College of Southern Nevada.
15
For a court to have general jurisdiction over a party, the party’s affiliations with the forum
16
state must be so “continuous and systematic” as to render it essentially at home in the state. See
17
Daimler AG v. Bauman, 134 S. Ct. 746, 760 (2014); see also Tuazon v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco
18
Co., 433 F.3d 1163, 1171 (9th Cir. 2006) (citing Helicopteros Nacionales de Columbia, S.A., 466
19
U.S. at 414–16). CSN is licensed, does business, and is physically located in Nevada. (ECF No.
20
1 at 1). Moreover, CSN is a political subdivision of state of Nevada, and thus, is at home in in this
21
state. (See ECF No. 6 at 4 n.1). This court has personal jurisdiction over CSN.
22
C. Venue
23
CSN challenges venue. (ECF No. 6 at 4). This court is the proper venue for Lewis’s claims
24
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b)(1) & (2) because CSN resides in Nevada and all of the events
25
giving rise to the action took place here. (See ECF No. 6 at 4 n.2).
26
D. Failure to state a claim
27
CSN argues that Lewis fails to state a plausible claim for relief under Title VII. (ECF No.
28
6 at 6). CSN alleges that Lewis’s complaint asserts only “generalized, conclusory statements” and
James C. Mahan
U.S. District Judge
-4-
1
fails to provide “specific credible facts to support the required elements.” (ECF No. 6 at 7). Lewis
2
disagrees. (ECF No. 11 at 6–10).
3
i. Legal standard
4
A court may dismiss a complaint for “failure to state a claim upon which relief can be
5
granted.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). A complaint must provide “[a] short and plain statement of
6
the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2); Bell Atlantic Corp.
7
v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007). While Rule 8 does not require detailed factual allegations,
8
it demands “more than labels and conclusions” or a “formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause
9
of action.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citation omitted).
10
“Factual allegations must be enough to rise above the speculative level.” Twombly, 550
11
U.S. at 555. Thus, to survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual
12
matter to “state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (citation
13
omitted).
14
In Iqbal, the Supreme Court clarified the two-step approach district courts are to apply
15
when considering motions to dismiss. First, the court must accept as true all well-pled factual
16
allegations in the complaint; however, legal conclusions are not entitled to the assumption of truth.
17
Id. at 678–79. Mere recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported only by conclusory
18
statements, do not suffice. Id. at 678.
19
Second, the court must consider whether the factual allegations in the complaint allege a
20
plausible claim for relief. Id. at 679. A claim is facially plausible when the plaintiff’s complaint
21
alleges facts that allow the court to draw a reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the
22
alleged misconduct. Id. at 678.
23
Where the complaint does not permit the court to infer more than the mere possibility of
24
misconduct, the complaint has “alleged—but not shown—that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Id.
25
(internal quotation marks omitted). When the allegations in a complaint have not crossed the line
26
from conceivable to plausible, plaintiff’s claim must be dismissed. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570.
27
28
James C. Mahan
U.S. District Judge
The Ninth Circuit addressed post-Iqbal pleading standards in Starr v. Baca, 652 F.3d 1202,
1216 (9th Cir. 2011). The Starr court stated, in relevant part:
-5-
First, to be entitled to the presumption of truth, allegations in a complaint or
counterclaim may not simply recite the elements of a cause of action, but must
contain sufficient allegations of underlying facts to give fair notice and to enable
the opposing party to defend itself effectively. Second, the factual allegations that
are taken as true must plausibly suggest an entitlement to relief, such that it is not
unfair to require the opposing party to be subjected to the expense of discovery and
continued litigation.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Id.
ii. Racial discrimination claim
7
Lewis alleges that CSN discriminated against him because he is African American. Title
8
VII prohibits employers from discriminating against employees in the workplace based on race.
9
Univ. of Tex. Sw. Med. Ctr. v. Nassar, 133 S. Ct. 2517, 2525 (2013); 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2. A
10
complaint alleging Title VII discrimination must allege that: (1) he belongs to a protected class;
11
(2) he was qualified for his position; (3) he was subject to an adverse employment action; and (4)
12
similarly situated individuals outside his protected class were treated more favorably. Davis v.
13
Team Elec. Co., 520 F.3d 1080, 1089 (9th Cir. 2008) (citing Chuang v. Univ. of Cal. Davis, 225
14
F.3d 1115, 1123 (9th Cir.2000)).
15
The parties agree that Lewis satisfies the first element of a Title VII discrimination claim
16
because he is African American. However, CSN argues that Lewis failed to adequately allege the
17
remaining three elements. See (ECF No. 6 at 9–10).
18
For the second element, Lewis states that he has been working as a custodial worker with
19
CSN for eleven years. (ECF Nos. 1 at 2, 11 at 8). Lewis also states that a supervisory employee
20
told Lewis that “he does a good job and that she has never had a problem with him.” (ECF No. 1
21
at 3). Similarly, Lewis also alleges that his supervisors told him that there was not a problem with
22
his work. (ECF No. 1 at 3). Thus, Lewis has adequately alleged plausible facts showing that that
23
he is qualified for his position.
24
For the third element, Lewis argues that he suffered adverse employment actions when
25
CSN “subjected him to a more burdensome work load” and when he received two written letters
26
of reprimand. (ECF No. 11 at 9). “[A]n adverse employment action is one that materially affects
27
the compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of . . . . employment.” Davis, 520 F.3d at 1089
28
(quoting Chuang, 225 F.3d at 1126) (internal quotation marks omitted). For example, in Davis,
James C. Mahan
U.S. District Judge
-6-
1
the Ninth Circuit held that “assigning more, or more burdensome, work responsibilities, is an
2
adverse employment action.” 520 F.3d at 1089. Also, written letters of reprimand may also
3
constitute adverse employment actions because they may affect later discipline. See Yartzoff v.
4
Thomas, 809 F.2d 1371, 1376 (9th Cir. 1987) (“Transfers of job duties and undeserved
5
performance ratings, if proven, would constitute ‘adverse employment decisions’”).
6
Facially alleging that CSN gave Lewis a more burdensome workload, without providing
7
more details about the new work or explaining more about how it compared to his job regularly,
8
fails to adequately allege an adverse employment action. (See ECF No. 1 at 3). However, the
9
written reprimands do plausible constitute adverse employment actions. See Yartzoff, 809 F.2d at
10
1376. Therefore, Lewis has satisfied the third element of a discrimination claim.
11
For the fourth element, Lewis alleges that similarly situated black employees have been
12
targets of harassment by CSN while employees outside his class were not. (ECF No. 11 at 9). To
13
show that an employee is receiving less favorable treatment than those outside of his protected
14
class, the plaintiff seeking relief must demonstrate that he is similarly situated to the employees
15
treated more favorably. Moran v. Selig, 447 F.3d 748, 755 (9th Cir. 2006).
16
Here, Lewis does not provide specific details as to how the employees outside the protected
17
class are similarly situated to him beyond his general allegation of discrimination against African
18
Americans.. Vasquez v. Cty. of Los Angeles, 349 F.3d 634, 641 (9th Cir. 2003) (Employees “are
19
similarly situated when they have similar jobs and display similar conduct.”). His complaint does
20
not point to employees outside of his protected class and explain how they were treated more
21
favorably or how they are similarly situated to Lewis. (See ECF No. 1 at 4).
22
23
Therefore, the motion to dismiss is granted in part, and this court dismisses Lewis’s
discrimination claim without prejudice.3 (ECF No. 1 at 5).
iii. Retaliation claim
24
25
Title VII also makes it “unlawful to retaliate against an employee because she has taken
26
action to enforce rights protected under Title VII.” Miller v. Fairchild, 797 F.2d 727, 730 (9th
27
As mentioned above, this order does not address the alleged untimeliness of Lewis’s
EEOC charge of discrimination, with regard to his discrimination claim, because the court
dismisses the claim on other grounds as explained herein.
3
28
James C. Mahan
U.S. District Judge
-7-
1
Cir. 1986). To bring a claim for retaliation in violation of Title VII, a plaintiff must show “(1) that
2
he engaged in a protected activity, (2) that he suffered an adverse employment decision, and (3)
3
that there was a causal link between plaintiff's activity and the employment decision.” Lyons v.
4
England, 307 F.3d 1092, 1118 (9th Cir.2002) (citing Hashimoto v. Dalton, 118 F.3d 671, 679 (9th
5
Cir.1997)).
6
For the first element, Title VII’s anti-retaliation provision creates two types of protected
7
activity. It is unlawful to retaliate against an employee because he (1) “opposed any practice made
8
an unlawful employment practice by this subchapter” or (2) “made a charge, testified, assisted, or
9
participated in any manner in an investigation, proceeding, or hearing under this subchapter.” 42
10
U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a).
11
For the second element, the Ninth Circuit has held that “an adverse employment action is
12
adverse treatment that is reasonably likely to deter employees from engaging in protected activity.”
13
Ray v. Henderson, 217 F.3d 1234, 1237 (9th Cir. 2000). Written letters of reprimand may
14
constitute adverse employment actions because they may affect later discipline. See Yartzoff, 809
15
F.2d at 1376 (“Transfers of job duties and undeserved performance ratings, if proven, would
16
constitute ‘adverse employment decisions’”).
17
For the third element—to show the requisite causal link between the protected activity and
18
adverse action in a retaliation claim—a plaintiff must show that his protected activity was at least
19
one of the reasons for the adverse actions taken against him, and he must show that but for such
20
activity, the employer would not have taken those actions. Univ. of Texas Sw. Med. Ctr. v. Nassar,
21
133 S. Ct. 2517, 2533–34 (2013) (“Title VII retaliation claims must be proved according to
22
traditional principles of but-for causation.”).
23
Lewis has stated a plausible claim of retaliation. (ECF No. 1). First, he alleges that he
24
engaged in protected activity by filing a hostile work environment EEOC complaint based on racial
25
discrimination. (ECF No. 1 at 2). It is well-established that participation in the EEOC process is
26
protected activity.
27
Second, Lewis has alleged that he received two undeserved written letters of reprimand
28
from CSN, his employer. Id. at 3–4 ¶¶ 32, 37. The complaint is unclear about the exact timing of
James C. Mahan
U.S. District Judge
-8-
1
these letters, but the complaint makes clear that CSN issued at least one of them after Lewis filed
2
his EEOC charge of discrimination. See id. at 2–4 ¶¶ 14, 42. Thus, Lewis has adequately alleged
3
that at least one of these letters constituted an adverse employment action. See Boswell v. Potter,
4
51 Fed.Appx. 661, 663 (9th Cir. 2002) (unpublished); Yartzoff, 809 F.2d at 1376.
5
Third, Lewis has alleged sufficient facts to show a causal link between his protected
6
activity and the letters of reprimand. Lewis alleges that, after CSN gave letters of reprimand to all
7
African American employees (and one non-African American employee who was close friends
8
with Lewis), his supervisor stated, “thanks to who did that hostile work environment claim, you
9
get these.” (ECF No. 1 at 4). Though somewhat unclear, this statement presumably constituted
10
an admission that the employer gave letters of reprimand to all African-American employees
11
(including Lewis) because Lewis filed his hostile work environment claim. In addition, Lewis
12
alleges that his employer has admitted to giving him an undeserved letter of reprimand in the past.
13
Either of these allegations, construed in Lewis’s favor, sufficiently allege a plausible causal link
14
between his protected activity and the adverse action taken against him. Accordingly, Lewis has
15
adequately alleged a Title VII retaliation claim.
16
Regarding whether Lewis’s EEOC charge of discrimination was late, CSN’s argument on
17
this issue does not apply to Lewis’s retaliation claim, as the EEOC charge of discrimination in the
18
record does not allege retaliation. The record is insufficient to determine that a defect exists with
19
the statutory prerequisites for Lewis’s retaliation claim. First, Lewis’s January 23, 2017 EEOC
20
charge of discrimination alleges only discrimination, not retaliation. (See ECF No. 6 at 15). Next,
21
nothing in the record shows the dates of CSN’s alleged acts of retaliation against Lewis. (See ECF
22
No. 1 at 4 ¶¶ 37–42). Nor does the record indicate precisely when Lewis filed his second EEOC
23
charge, (see ECF No. 1 at 4 ¶ 50), or if this charge even contained an allegation of retaliation.
24
Therefore, this court is unable to determine on this record whether Lewis filed his EEOC charge
25
of retaliation within 180 days of the last act of retaliation or whether he has exhausted his statutory
26
requirements for bringing this claim now.
27
However, for the limited purpose of ruling on the instant FRCP 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss,
28
this court holds that Lewis’s complaint alleges sufficient details to provide CSN adequate notice
James C. Mahan
U.S. District Judge
-9-
1
of the key dates at issue for his retaliation claim, for the following reasons. Although the specific
2
dates are not found in the complaint, all that is required to survive the motion to dismiss now is
3
that Lewis’s complaint provides “sufficient allegations of underlying facts to give fair notice and
4
to enable the opposing party to defend itself effectively.” Starr, 652 F.3d at 1217.
5
Lewis alleges that he filed an EEOC complaint based on racial discrimination, which
6
constitutes protected activity for the purposes of Lewis’s retaliation claim. (ECF No. 1 a 2). CSN
7
is presumably aware or can find out the date on which Lewis filed this complaint; thus, CSN has
8
fair notice of the date of the alleged protected activity. Lewis next alleges that CSN issued written
9
letters of reprimand against him—the alleged adverse employment actions. CSN is presumably
10
aware of the dates it issued those letters, too. Finally, Lewis alleges that he filed a second EEOC
11
complaint against CSN. CSN is presumably aware of the date on which Lewis filed that complaint.
12
Accordingly, although the relevant dates are not explicitly listed in the complaint, CSN has fair
13
notice of them. Therefore, this court will not dismiss the claim on this basis because Lewis has
14
provided sufficient, albeit limited, information to give fair notice to CSN regarding his retaliation
15
claim and the key dates involved in order to allow CSN to defend itself effectively. See Starr, 652
16
F.3d at 1217. The motion to dismiss is denied in part regarding Lewis’s retaliation claim. (ECF
17
No. 1 at 5).
18
III.
Conclusion
19
Accordingly,
20
IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and DECREED that defendant CSN’s motion
21
to dismiss (ECF No. 6) be, and the same hereby is, GRANTED in part and DENIED in part,
22
without prejudice, according to the foregoing.
23
...
24
...
25
...
26
...
27
...
28
...
James C. Mahan
U.S. District Judge
- 10 -
1
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Lewis’s “alternative” motion to amend the complaint
2
(ECF No. 11) is DENIED without prejudice because Lewis improperly filed it within the same
3
document as his response to the motion to dismiss. If desired, Lewis must file his motion to amend
4
the complaint as a separate, independent document, as required by LR IC 2-2(b).
5
6
7
DATED October 23, 2017.
__________________________________________
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
James C. Mahan
U.S. District Judge
- 11 -
Disclaimer: Justia Dockets & Filings provides public litigation records from the federal appellate and district courts. These filings and docket sheets should not be considered findings of fact or liability, nor do they necessarily reflect the view of Justia.
Why Is My Information Online?