Moritz v. Winnemucca et al

Filing 71

ORDERED that Ds' 16 Motion to Dismiss is GRANTED. FURTHER ORD that Ps' 37 Motion to Amend is DENIED. Clerk shall enter judgment accordingly. Signed by Judge Robert C. Jones on 3/3/2010. (Copies have been distributed pursuant to the NEF - DRM)

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UN I E D STATES D I T R I T CO U R T T SC

7

DI TRI T O F NEVADA SC

8 HAROLD MORI Z, a1, T et . 9 Plitf , a nis f
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Curenty bef r t e Cour i a Moton t Dim is ( 1 )fld by Def ndans Ciy of r l oe h ts i o s s #6 i e e tt

1 W i nem uc a,Ofi er Edw ar Hol cl w , 5 n c fc s d s a Dan Debor ,Dave G ari on,and t e W i nem uc a d rs h n c

1 Pol e Deparment(ol ctv l r f red t her i as ' ef ndant' on Ocober28,2008. 6 i c t c l iey ee r o en ' e e D s' ) t 1 PlitfsHar l Mort, 7 an i f od iz SusanRamiez, Tonni Savage(ol ctvel r f redt her i as r and e c l i y ee r o en e 1 ' litfs' fld an Opposiint t e Mot n t Dim isand a Moton t Amend Complit 8 P an i ' i f)e to o h i o ss o io an 1 ( 37)onDecember22,2008.Def ndant fld a Repl i Suppod oftei Motont Dim is 9# e si e yn hr i o ss 20 andanOpposiint Plitfs' int Amend ( 0)onJanuar 5,2009, Plitfsfld to o an if Moto o * y and an i i fe 21 a Repl (M 1)on Januar 16,2009. y/ y
22 23 The Coud hear or l gum enton t e m otons on Febr ar 1 , d a ar h i u y 2 2010. BACKGROUND

24

Thi Iwsuiasseds cli sf rr lefunder42 U. . .j 1 83 and varousst t t rs sa t a m o ei SC 9 i ae ot

25 r l tng t t e shootng deat ofG eor e M oro on M ay 26, ea i o h i h g i 2006, nearW i nem ucc , n a Nevada.

26 Accor i g t t e al gat ns i t e c m pl it on May 26,2006,t e W i nem uc a Pol e dn o h l i e o n h o an, h n c i c
2 Deparm ent r cei ed a c l aboutan al ged drve- y shootng t at occured at a hom e i 7 t ev al l e ib ih r n

2 W ine u c .( ot e o Remov l#1 atEx iiA, 5) Th c licu e if r a in 8 n m ca N i f c a( ) hbt p. . e aln ld d n o m t o

1 r gar i g a suspectvehi l whi h was br adcastt varous pol e ofi er i cl di g O fi er e dn ce c o oi i c fc s n u n cs

2 Holca , b r , d Garion (ol ciey rf red t h r i a t e ' fier',.. Afe s lw De o d an r s c l t l ee r o e en s h O f s' ! tr ev c )#
3 r c i i g t i i f r aton, he Ofi er st pped t e suspect ehi l whi hw as oc upi d byt o e evn hs n o m i t fc s o h v ce c ce w

4 idiiual:Nik Mar Andrws (i ndr ws' and Jor an Huthison (luthison'. The n vd s c k e d e' A ) d cn '- c n 'l il l
5 c m pl ital ges t atafert e Ofier s opped t e suspec vehi l , he Ofier det r i ed o an l e h t h fc s t h t ce t f s em n c

6 t aticont ied afr ar .!= I addiin,t e c m plitass rst att eOfier k ew t at h t an ie m #. n to h o an e t h h fc s n h

7 t eoccupansoft evehil wer ' el quentanddanger us. 1. HoweverteOfier ' i h th ce e d i n o '# ' ,h fc s ' d d
8 notdet i t e vehi l , d notdet i t e occ pant oft e vehi l , an h c e di an h u sh c e and di notconfscat t e d i eh 9 fr ar con ai ed i t e vehi l , i s ead al w ed t e vehi l and is oc upant t pr ceed, ie m tn nh c e but n t l o h ce tc so o

Bec uset efr ar wasnotconfscat d, a h ie m ie 11 Plitf al ge t atAndr ws and Huthison wer gien ' r f r ntalteat ent' J= an is l h fe e cn e v peee i r m . #. '
1 Pl i tfs cl i t at he pr f r ntalr at ent 2 an i am h t f e e e i te m was t e r sul of ndr w s bei g ' el t d t a I w he tA e n r ae o a 1 enf r em entofi er b bl od orm ari ge. ..4a AferAndr ws and Huthis nwer br f 3 oc fc y o ra ' 11 t e c no e il ey .. 1 det i ed by t e O fi er ,t ey al gedl engaged i anot er shootng w hi h r sul d i t e 4 an h fc s h l e y n h i c e t nh e 1 deat ofG eor e M ort , 5 h g iz z 1 6 O n M ay 23,2008,Pl i tfs fl d a I w sui agai stvarous def ndant i t e Sec nd an i i fe a t n i e snh o

1 cr atng a dangert m em ber oft e publc. .!. 0 ei o s h i ' #t '

1 Judi i lD i ti t Cour of t e St t of Nevada. Def ndant fl d a Pet i n f r Rem ovalon 7 c a s rc th ae e si e io o t

1 Sept m ber25,2008,based on t e const utonalcl i s. On Ocober28,2008,f l w ig 8 e h ii t am t ol n o

1 r moval Def ndant fld t e curentmotont dim is puruantt Fed.R.Ci,P,12( ) 9e ,e si h e r i oss s o v c,

20 ( otont Dim is (/ 6),Acc r igt Def ndans,t eyar entted t anor erdim isig M i o s s /1 ) o dn o e t h e il o d s sn
2 1 t e cl i s assered agai st hem becaus Pl i t f have f i d t s at a cl i f rr l funder h am t nt e a n is f al o t e e am o ei e

22 42 U. . .j 1983. I addiin,Def ndant ar ue tatt eyar pr t cedfom l bit byte SC n to e sg h h e o e t r i ly h ai
23 publ dut docti e and t e doc rne ofqual i d i m uni . i cy rn h ti ie m f t y
24 25 26 : j y Andr wsa dHuthi s n ar aj na e de e da t i t i a to .Pl i t sha ea s re en c n o e lo m d f n n s n h s ci n an i v s e td 27 cl i sf rwr ngf ldeat and batel agal s t ose i di i ual . am o o u h t' y n th n vd s

28

2A tor lar um ent t epa te c nc de t a Geo geM o izwa s ots ve a hou sat rt e ag ris o e d h t g rt s h e r l r fc h ,h O fi er sopped t c s s ectvehi l ata campsie l cat d l Per hi g Count . tc s t h up ce t o e n sn y 2

1

I r sponse,Pl i tfs fl d an O pposii n t M oton t Di m i s and a M oton t Am end ne a n if i e to o i oss io

2 Complit( 37)3 I t eiopposiin,Plitf ar ue tatt eicomplitstt sv l cai s an # . n h r to anis g h h r f an a e a i l m d
3 f rr l f underbot sec i n 1983 and st t I w , l addii n,Pl i t f r questI av t fl a o ei e h to ae a n to anis e f e eoi e 4 Fist A m ended Com pl i t d ddi g cedai addii nalf c ualal gatons w hi h r nder t e r an ' n a n to at li e ce h

5 val i oft ecli sf rr l fevenmor clar' ( pposiint Motont Dim is(/ 7)at9) i t h a m o ei dy e ee.O ' to o i o s s /3 .
6 DI C U SS I N S O

71 .

M oto n f rJudgm enton t e Pl ad i gs io h en

8

Feder lRul ofCii Pr cedur 12( )pr vies f ra moton f rjdgm enton t e a e vl o e c od o i ou h

9 pladigs.Accor ig t t atr l ,'aqt rt e pladigsar clsed -butearyenough nott en dn o h ue I fe h e n eo l o

1 0 1l 1 2 1 3 1 4

delytil a parymay mov f rj dgm enton t e pladigs, Fed,R.Ci.P 1 ( ) $ uI a ra t eo u hen' ' v 2 c. ' e R 12( )i a vehil f rsummar adj diaton,butt e st ndar i I e t atofa moton t cs ce o y uci h a dsi h k io dim is. Johnsonv. s s' ' DodsonPub. , s. 2- ( )463F. upp. d1151, 55( , ont Sch.DitNo. A C , sz 11 D M , 2006) 'ludgm ent nt epladigsi pr perygr nt dwhen,akigalt eal gatonsi t e . ll o h e n so l ae t n lh l i n h e pladigastue,hemovigparyi enttedt j dgm entasamaterofIw, Rosev. en rt n t s il o u t a' ' Chase

1 BankUSA,N. .513F.d 1032,1 36( t Ci.zoo8lquotngMi eexr lCoynev.St phen 5 A, 3 0 9h r til n e. e 1 Slsiner Ic.43O F.d 1 36,1 42 ( t Ci.2005). ' s wih Rul 12( )6)motons,t e 6 e n ,n , 30 0 9h r ) ' t e b( A i h
1 Cour m us as um e t e t ut f l ess oft e m at ral act al ged i t e c m pl i t' J hns n, 7 t ts h r h un h ei f s l e n h o an . o o ' 1 463 F. upp. d at1155. ' or over aI i f r nces r asonabl dr w n fom t ese f ct m us be 8 s z Me , In e e e ya rh as t 1 c nstued i f vor of t e Pl i t f . !. ' d f n an i n te t ld t j d men on t e 9or na h a n i s ' # ' e e d t s o n ie o u g f' A t th
.

20 pladigsit ecomplitr iesisuesoff c whih,ipr ved, dsuppor r c ver . J. e n fh an as s a t c f o woul te o y' #. '
21 Def ndant ar ue t at t e Cour shoul di m i s t e cl i s as ered agai st t em e sg hh t d s s h am st nh 22 because ' l i t f have f i d t es abl h t att ey ar entted t r coverfom t e C i of ' an is P f al o t i h h e s e il o e rh t y 23 W i nem ucca, he W i nem ucc Pol e Depadm ent ort e Def ndantO fi er on any of t e n t n a i c ,h e fc s h

24 42 U. . .51983 cli s. ( ot n t Dim is (/ 6)at5) Def ndant ar ue t atPlitfs SC a m ' M i o s s /1 ' o .e s g h an i f
25 f i d t al ge t at any ac i n by t e st t caused a deprvaton of M ori ' const ut nal al o l e e h to h ae ii ts z ii to

2 r h s 1.Ac or igt De en ans,h Du Prce sClu ed e n tr qur ag v r m e t 6 i t , # c dn o f d t t e e o s a s o s o e i o e n n g e
27

28

3 P antfsylofldaRe ue t o Fi a OneJ di il yExtnsonof m et FieOp oston l i if s ig q s fr n l u ca Da e i Ti o l p ii

t Motont Dimlsg hldRe uet (/6) Thi rquetwa uno posda di GRANTED. o i o s s ' r q sl /3 . s e s s p e n s r
3

entt t pr t c is cii ens f om ac s ofprvat vi l nce'c nsequenty,because M ori was i o o e t t tz y r t i e oe , o l t z l l e c no n i e s di e a 2 kied by Andr w s and Hut hi s n i a shootng, Def ndant cannot be hel I bl under i9 n to e sg hhd ei' o to 3 secton 1 83. I addii n,Def ndant ar ue t att e ' angercr at n' excep i n does not appl t t i case. Def ndant not t at her i an excepton t t e r l bar i g cons iutonal y o hs e s eh t es i o h u e rn tt i i ly o t at i e n vd s ae t fr i y a e v sn 5 I bii f rac s of prvat i di i ual when a st t ac or af im at el pl c s a per on i a
danger us siuaton. How ever i t i m ater Def ndant ar ue t att e excepton does not o ti ,n h s t, e sg hh i

appl becaus t e O fi er di notengage i an af im atv actand di nothave any c nt c y eh fc s d n fr i e d o at
8

G eor e M ort pr rt hi deat , g iz i o s o h l r sponse,Pl i tfs ar ue t att ey have as ered val secton 1983 c ai s agai st ne an i fghh st i d i lm n t e Def ndantOf ier , he Ci ofW i nem uc a and t e W i nem ucca Pol e Deparm ent As h e fc s t t y n c h n i c t . t t e Of i er ,Pl i tfs as er t att ey have al ged f ct w hi h woul suppor a fndi g of oh f s a n if s t h h c l e as c d tin

secton 1 83I bit undert edangercraton doctie. ( litf ' i 9 i ly ai h ei rn Pa nis Opposiin t Moton t f to io o 13 Dim is( 37 at10) Accor igt Plitf ,heOfier st p e t esuspect ss#) . dn o an is t f fc s o p d h vehil whih ce c w as occupi d by Andr w s and Hut hi s n afert e r pod of a drve- y shootng. !zat4. e e c no the ib i #.
.

' ot ihst ndi g t at he st pped vehi l wasdet r i ed by t e Def ndantOf ier t c nt i ' wt a n h t N o ce em n h e fc s o o a n one or m or fr ar s, Def ndant Ofi er di not det i t e vehi l , di not det i t e e ie m e fsd c an h ce d an h

oc upant oft evehil,and di notconfsc t t efr ar t )cont i ed i t e vehil,but c sh ce d i a e h ie m s an n h ce
ist ad al w edt e vehil and i occupant t pr ceed, eatng adanger o member o t e ne l o h ce t s so o cr i t s fh
publ . 1 . Plitf aloassed t a t e havesa e a cli f r el fagais te muniia i ' .4. a nis s c f h th y t t d am o r i e n th cp l
.

D ef ndant becaus t e com pl i tal ges t att e m uni i alDef ndant d ad del er t l e s eh an l e hh cp e sd h i a ey b

nfe f o ie c o a tc ' c w e h n oc n and t e h 21 i di er ntcust m s,pol i s and/ rpr c ies'whih d er t e movi g f r e behid,

pr xi at c use ofte ij r al ged. .= at16. om ea h nu y l ' ! . e '#
T he Due Pr c ss Cl us does noti pos an afim atve dut upon t e st t t pr t ct oe ae m e fr i y h a e o oe i cii ens agai stt e ac s of prvat t id padi s. Johnson v.Ciy ofSeatl ,474 F, d 634, t tz s nh t i e hr e t te 3

639 (t Ci.2007) Asa r sul,agover ment l i ' f i r t pr t ctan idiiualr m 9h r , et n a entt s al e o oe y u n vd fo
har att e hands ofa prv t pary gener l does notconstt t a vi l t n oft e Due m h ia e t al y iu e oa i o h

4

1 Pr ces cl use. Deshanevv. i nebaqo Co.Den' ofSoc. vs. 489 U , .1 9,195,1 9 o sa 4 Wn t Ser , S8 O

2 S. t 998,1O3 L. d.d 249 ( 989) J hnson,474 F.d at639.Ther ar t o exceptonst C. E2 1 .o , 3 e ew io
3 t e gener l ul t att er i no sect n 1983 I bi t f rac s ofprv t vi l nce -t e ' peci l h areh h es i o i ly o t ai ia e o e h' s a 4 r l t ns i ' excepton and t e ' angercr aton'excepton. I . e a i h p' o i hd ei i d 5 I t i case,Pl i tfs ar ue t att ei com pl i tal ges sufi i ntf ct t st t a cl i n hs an i f g h hr an l e fc e a s o a e a m

6 f rsecton 1983 l biiy undert e ' angercr aton'excepton. ' o pr vai undert e danger o i i lt a h' d ei' i ' T el h

7 cr atonexc pton,a plitf mustfrtshow t at'he st t acin afimatvel plcel)te ei ei anif is h t ae to fr i y a s h
8 pl i t f n a posii n ofdanger' hati , her st t acton cr at s orexposes an i di i ual o an i i f to ,t s w e a e i ee n vd t

9 adanger hihheorshewoul nothaveot er ief ced, Johnson, F.dat639( uotng wc d h ws a ' ' 474 3 qi 1 Kennedvv. t ofRiqefel, F.d 1055, 0 Civ d i d 439 3 1061(t Ci. 9 h r2006).Underhi excepin,he ) ts to t
11 N i t Cicui al o r quies t att e dangert w hi h an i di i ual s exposed m us have been nh r t s e r h h o c n vd i t
12 ' now n and obvi us'by a def ndant and t ata def ndantd ct d w ih delber t i dif r nce' ' k o' e , h e de a t i a e n fe e '

1 t t e danger Kennedv,439 F. d at1064. 3 oh . 3 1 4 T he Ni t C icui fr tconsi er d t e dangercr aton excepton i W ood v. s r nder n h r t is deh ei in O ta ,

1 879 F.d 583 ( t Ci.1989) c d.denid 498 U. ,938,111 S. t 341,11 L. d.d 3O5 5 2 9h r ,e e S C, 2 E2 1 (990) l W ood,hec ur appl dt edangercr atonexc ptont asiuatonwher ap l e 6 1 .n t o' i h te ei ei o t i e oi c
1 ofi erarest d a dr nk drverand i pounded t e drv rs carat2: 0 a. . The ofi erdr ve 7 fc re u i m h ie ' 3m fc o 1 aw ay and I f pl i tf , ho had been a pass ngeri t e car al ne i an ar a w i a ver hi h 8 e t an i w f e nh ,o n et h yg 1 r t of aggr vat d crm e. Pl i tf accept d a rde f om a s r nger w ho dr ve her t a 9 ae ae i an i f e ir ta o o 20 secl ded ar a and r ped her Pl i tf sued t e pol e ofi er The Ni t C icui hel t att e u e a . a n if h i c fc , nh r t d h h

21 plitfsufiintyal gedt atheofieri cedi c l usdir gar f r(erphysial ani fce l l f e h t fc f t n al a o se d o h ) c securt , i y
22 a I ery i t r s pr t c ed by t e Constt t n, 1 .at589. i t ne e t oe t b h iu i ' d o'
23

24

4 Ac or i gt t eUnie St tsSu r m qCour,tot i g i t Fl nr a eoft eDuePr ce s c dn o h td ae p e tt hn n h a u g n h os Clus is l r q ie t eStt t pr tc t elf ?l e t, ndpr get of1sctz nsa ai s i va inby a e tef e u r s h a e o o c t h ie lb ry a o ly t ilg g n tn so 25 W i aea t r . De ha e , 9U. . t1 5 Rr h r it eClus l ph as da aIm iai no t eStt ' v t co s' s n y 48 S a 9 . t e ,çh a e s r e s l tto n h ae s '

po e tl ctn ta ag aa teofcet i mil a lveso s ft a ds c rt . JJ Consse twih w r ca , o s u rne lan nm le l f aey n e uiy' .S '1 . itn t
afi m atverghtt ai ,e e wher s c ai m aybenecess r t secur lf ,lbery,orpr peryi t ress fr i l o d v n euh d ay o e ie i t o t ne t

26 t e e prncpls t e Su r m e Cour ha sac t a t e Due Pr c s Clus s t e ealy c nf rno h s l i e,h pe t s t td h t h o es a e t n r l o e g

27 Of c t eg vc nm e tis l r j no de rvet eidi i ua .L- dl t eDuePr c s Clus d esnot whih h o r n tef p t t p i h n v d l d. tf h y o es a e o
r qui et eSt t t pr vi eiscll enswih pari ul rpr t ctvesel i es i f low t att e St t cannot e r h a e o o d t tz t tc a o e i w c ,t o l h h a e

28 behedla l u de teClus frij re t a c ul h vebe na e tdh dic osnt pr viete . l ib e n rh a e o nu is h t o d a e v re a t h c o o d h m ' ' J- a 1 03- 4. #. t 0 0
5

I anot er case, L. .v. G r bbs,t e Ni t C icui f und t at t e danger cr aton n h W u h nh r t o hh ei excep i n appl d t a prs n nur e who w as assauled,ki napped and r ped b a know n to io e io s t d a y
3

vilnt ofender 974F.d119( t Ci. oe sex f . 2 9 h r 1992) Ac or igt t ecour,henurehadbeen . c dn o h tt s
I d t bel ve t at she woul n t be r quied t wor al ne w ih vi l nt s x of ender . eo i e h do ero ko t oe e f s How ever she w as assi ned t wor al ne wih one w ho had f i d aIt eat entpr gr m s and , g o ko t al e Ir m oa
w as' onsi er d vel Ikel t com m i a vi l ntcrm e i pl ced al ne w ih a f m al . .$-at ' c de ' i yo y t oe i fa o t e e ' . 120. '. The Ni t C icui f und t att e def ndant used t ei aut ort as st t corectonalofi er n h r to hh e s h r h iy ae r i fc s

5

t afim atvel cr at t e danger us siuaton by puti g t e nur e al ne w i an i m at who o fr i y e e h o ti tn h so t h ne

had such an extaor iar hit r ofvilnce agaistwomen.!aat121. r d n y so y oe n #.
l Kennedv, anot er case i w hi h t e Ni t C icui appl d t e danger cr aton n h n ch nh r t ih e ei

excepton,t e plitf t l a pol e ofiert ata neihbor( l3- earol boy)had molsed i h an i od f i fc h c g a y -d et
herg- earol daught r 439 F. d at1057- 8 . The pl i tf asked t e pol e o fcert notf y -d e. 3 5 an i f h i f i o iy c
herprort any polce cont ctw ih t e nei hbors f m iy because t e boy had a know n hi t r io i a th g 'a l h so y ofvi l nce. How ever,t e of i erdi notnotf t e pl i tf prort notf i g t e boy' f m iy, oe h fc d iy h a n if i o iy n h sa l

R at er t e f m i w as not i d 15 m i ut s I t r The pol e of i erassur d pl i tf t atpol e h ,h a l y ie f n e ae . i c fc e an i h f i c w oul patol he nei hbor ood t atni htand t atshe and herf m i woul be s f . Because d rt g h h g h al y d ae pl i t ft ough pol e woul be patoli g ,she and herf m i r m ai ed i t ei hom e t at ani h f ti c d rl n a l e n nh r y h

ni ht Durng t e ni ht t e nei hborboy br k i t pl i t fs hom e,shotand kied her g. i h g jh g o e no an i' f l l
husband, and shother The N i t Cicui hel t atbecause t e def ndantofi erknew oft e . nh r t d h h e fc h nei hbors vi l ntt ndenci s, ai d t not y pl i tf bef r he cont c ed t e nei hbor and g ' oe e e fl o e i an i f f oe at h g , h se e e o h an i h i h a e f h e n f h fc 21 t en m i r pr sent d t t e pl i tf t e rsk t ey f c d i t ey r m ai ed athom e,t e ofi er

' fim atvel cr at d an actalpariulrzed danger( litflwoul notot er ie have a fr i y e e u tc a i pan i t d h ws
f ced . 1 sat1 6 . a ' .( 03
.

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6

1

I con r st t e Ni t Cicui i Johns n, d t at he dangercr aton except n di not n ta ,h n h r t n o hel h t ei i od

2 appl t sev r lplitf who wer ij r d when a rotbr ke outdurng a Mar iGr s y o e a a ni s f e nu e io i da
3 c l br ton i dow nt w n Seatl . 474 F. d at636.The pol e chi for er d pol e t r m ai ee a i n o te 3 i c e de i oe n c 4 on t e cr w d' perpher bec use he bel ved i seri g of i er i t t e h stl cr w d woul hos iy a i e n tn fc s n o h o i o e d 5 i ci gr at rvi l nce. The pl i tfs w er assauled i t e cr w d whi pol e r m ai ed on n t e e oe e an i f e t nh o l eien c
6 t e perpher . The N i t C icui f und t att e pl i tfs f ied t oferany evi ence t att e h i y nh r to h h a n if a l o f d hh

7 def ndant engaged i af im atve c nductt atenhanc d t e dangert e pi i tfs exposed e s n fr i o h eh h an i f 8 t em sel es t by pari i atng i t e M ar iG r s cel br ton. ' he deci i n t s ic f om a h vo tp i nh c da e ai ' T so o w t h r 9 m or aggr ssi e oper ton pl n t a m or passi e one w as not af im at e conduc ' t at e ev ai ao e v fr i v t' h 1 pl ced pl i tfs i danger ' ecaus i di not pl c t em i any wor e pos t n t an t ey 0 a an i n f ,b et d ae h n s ii h h o d n h i c t ai a s . 1. ' 1 w oul have been i had t e pol e notcom e up w ih any oper tonalpl n what oever' 1 .at 1
. .

1 641. 2

1 3

Fi al ,i M ari ez v.St t ofC al or i , he Unied St t s Supr m e C our hel t at nln y tn ae i na t f t ae e t dh

1 t er was no st t I bit undert e due pr c ss c ause f rt e m ur erofa gilby a par l e 4 he a e i ly ai h oe l oh d r oe l w ho had been r l ased on par l som e fve m ont s bef r he com m i ed such ki i g. 444 5 ee oe i h oe t t ln l

l U. . 10OS. t553, L. d.d481( 980) Accor igt t eCour, tought edecsin 6 S 277, C , 62 E 2 1. dn o h talh h io
1 t r l ase t e par l e f om prson a as acton b t e St t r t e ac i n oft e par l e 'i e 7 o ee h oe r i w i yh ae ' h ' to h o e 'v f

h ae a ry a ei ae i ' # t 8 8 ' 1 m ont s I t rcannotbe f il char ct rzed as st t acton. !.a 2 4- 5.Th Cou t tt d 8 e r sa e
.

1 t at he par l e was notan agentoft e par l oar and t att e d ar l boar w as notaw ar ' 9ht oe h ob d h h ' oe p d e' 20 t att e m ur er d gil' s di tngui hed fom t e publ atI r e,f c d any speci ldanger' hh d e r' a si s rh i c ag ae a . '

21 t= at285. As such,t e Cour hel tatd tIas undert e pariulrcicumsancesoft i #. h t dh a e t h tar c t hs
.

22 par l deci i n,appel nt 'decedents deat i t o r m ot a c nsequence of t e par l oe so ls a ' hso e e o h oe fc s i o dh e be e a v l i s a ' y0 23 ofier 'acton t hol t em r sponsi l underf der lci irght I w .5 1.
.

24

25

26
27 j Th

eCou tsae t a g l ne dnota d do no de i e t a apa ol ofie co l ne e by r ttd h t w e e n t cd h t r e fc r u d v r

: ;

28 deem cd t i e rve's m eone oflf by acton t ken i connecton wih t e r l as of a prsoner on o d pi o ie ia n i t h ee e i

paol. Ja r e, #. ,
7

I t i case, Pl i tcs concede t at M ort w as k l d i a shootng and t at t e n hs an i h iz ie n l i hh i di i ual i voled w er notst t act r . However Pl i tfs ar ue t at he ' anger eaton' n vd s n v e ae o s , a n if g h t ' d cr i ' excepton appl s because t e Of ier pul d overt e suspect ehi l and f i d t arestt e i i e h fc s l e h v ce al o r h e suspect prort t e shootng. Pl i t f alo al ge t att e Ofi er w er aw ar t att er s i oh i an is s l f ehh fc s e eh h e hh fc s a l o e ic e h ie m w as a fr ar i t e suspectvehi l ,butt att e Of l er f i d t confs at t e fr ar . As ie m n h ce
a r sul,t e O fi er cr at d a dangert m em ber oft e publc. M or over Pl i tfs alege e th fc s e e o sh i e , a n if l

t ati w as f r seeabl t atafert e O fi er f i d t det i t e suspect orc nfscat t ei ht oe eh th fc s a l o a n h e s o i eh r

fr ar t att e subectv hil woul pr c ed i anotershootng and ki Geor e Mort. ie m h h j e ce d oe n h i l l g iz
How ever even assum i g t e tut oft es al gatons, hey ar notsufi i ntt s at a cl i , n h rh h e l i t e e fc e o t e am undert e dangercr aton ex epton. h ei cie A s not d i t e f r goi g, t e danger cr at n excepton r quies t at a pl i tf e n h oe n h ei o ierh a n if

) es abl ht at t t act r afim atv l pl cedan i di i ualndanger byac ig wi del er t z t i h s a e o s fr ie y a s n vd i , tn t i a e hb
1 i di er nce t a k ow n andl robvi us danger d n exam i i g w het eran ofi erafim at el 3 nfe f on o o .' l nn h fc fr i y v 1 pl c s an i di i ual n danger. . pxam i e w het ert e ofi erI f t & per on i a siuat n 4 ae n vd i we n h h fc e t h s n ti o 1 t atw as m or danger us t an t e one i w hi h t ey f und hi . Kennedy, 5h e ohh n ch o m' ' 439 F. d at1062. 3 is h, l e f im i i' h fc ae h 1 ' hus,we ask fr t w het er as al ged, any a fr atve actons'by t e ofi er pl c d t e 6T 6 n ii a i t t h n i d l' h r s o d a e ' #. at1062- 3. ' ; 17 idvdu ln danger ha t e idviua ' t e wiewoul nothavef c d. I..
18 19

Pl i tf sr l on t e sandar enunci t d by t eSevent Cicui Cour ofAppeal i Reed v. a n if e y h t d ac h hrt t sn

20 t e lkel hann t M ort asan i di i ual I t atcas ,t eSevent Cicui sat d t atwhe t e ipolce hiy o iz n vd . n h eh h r tt e h nh s i cr at a s ecii danger,heyneed notknow w ho i pari ul rw ilbehur .Som e danger ar soevi ent e e p fc t n tc a l t se d, at 1127. Thatcas i vol ed t e f iur by polce ofi e st a r s an aleged dr nk dri e who l t r e n v h al c i fc r o r c t l u vr ae

Gad e, F.dll 2( t Ci.1 93 t agu ta teOfi esi t i c s di not e t k ow a out rn r986 2 2 7h r 9 ) o r c h th tc r n hs ae d ne d o n b

2l whietervitm saes rndo ,ha saea tr cnbeheda c untbl b a yij rdpat . 1 . l h i ci r o a m t t tt cos a l c o a e y n nu e ry' d '

22 ij rdmotrssi a a tmo iec liin.Howe e,nJ hns n,heNit Cic is e iial sae nu e o it n n uo b l olso v ri o o t nh rut p cfc ly ttd ta teda ge ce to e c ptonrquie ta tesaea ton( fi naieyplc teplitfi a h t h n r rain x e i e rs h t h tt ci 1 tn tv l a e h a nl n a f 23 poston(v d nge.'474F.da 6 9 (mphai a d d . I ote wor s tesaeacin ce tsor ii of a r' ,, 3 t 3 e ss d e ) n h r d , h tt to rae

c pos s an i di i ual t adange w hi h he ors e woul nothave ot e vi e f ced. I . xe n vd o rc h d hn s a d 24 7I n a pl i g t i sandar , l as onecour hashel t attt odefni gprnci l s' er efom p yn h s t d at e t t d h tw i n i p e 'cm g r 25 t eNi t Cicui pr cedcnton t e dangercr aton exccpton.Jam i on v.St nn,426 F. upp. d 1144, h nh r t e h ei i s o s z

1 55( . . a h. 006) The ea e: 1 ,de tfa l c ndu tbyt esa ea t rt a rs st mor t a 1 W D W s 2 . s r ( ) u n ii b e o c h tt c o h t ie o e h n i 26 am e ef iur t a t a d ( )s m e c ntc o c nne tonwih t eij,,r dpa test a c e t sac us l r a l e o c ; n 2 o , o a t r o ci t h nu e ri h t r ae a a
connecton bet een t es at act r sconductandt ei cr as d danger. 1 .H e e, ai tf shavef ied i w h tc o h nee d r Pl n i f al 27 t as ertany 'cont ctorconnecton' wih Geor eM ort t atcreat sa caus lconnecton bc w ee t e os la i't g iz h e a i t nh O ficer sconductand t e i cr as d dangert M ort . l addii n,t e Com pl i tappear t alege a t, h n cc o iz n to h an so l 28 m er f iur t actby t e Oficer - ie.t e f iur t ar es or contscat t c tr ann - r t e t an e al e o h t s . h al e o r t i e h ie ah r h afi m atve conduct tr i .
8

Her ,Pl i t f 'Com pl i t f i t s at a cl i f r r l f under t e danger cr aton e an is f an al o t e s am o ei e h ei docti e, Pl i tfs hav f i d t est bl h an afim atve ac t atpl ced M ort i dan erby rn an i f e al o a i e s fr i th a in z g t e O fi er . l t i r gar ,Pl i t f assed t att e afim atve ac w as t e O fi er ' ai r t h fc s n h s e d a n i s f h h fr i t h fc s f l e o u ares t e i di i ual afer s oppi g t ei vehi l and t e Ofi er 'f i r t c nfscat t e r t h n vd s t t n h r ce h fc s a l e o o i e h u fr ar . How ever such al gatons do notest bl h t att e O #i er putM ort i a posi on ie m , li e ai h h s cs in z t i of danger ' hi h he woul not have ot er i e f ced' as r quied under Uni d St t s 'c w d h ws a ' er t e ae Supr m e Cour aut ort . See Deshanev, e t h iy 489 U. .at197,1 9 S. t at1004. Def ndant S O C. e s had no i t r ct n ori vol em ent ih M ort prort t e shootng.Alhough t ey s opped t e nea i o nv wt i i oh i t ht h i di i ual w ho al gedl shot hi ,t e al gatons of t e com pl i t f i t as er how t e n vd s l e y mh li e h an a l o s t h O fi er l f M ort i a siuaton t atw as m or danger us. See Johnson,474 F, d at641 fc s e t iz n ti h e o 3

(t tng t att er i no due pr c s I bit when pol e c nductplcest e plitf'n no sa i h h e s o e s i ly ai io c a h ani ' fi
w or e posii n t an t atw hi h't e pl i tf woul have been i had t e ofi er ' otact d at s to h h c h a n if d n h fc s ' n e

aI'.I t i mater t e Cour r cogniest a whathappened ont e nihtofMay26,2006, I) n hs t , h ' 'e t z ht hg
w as a t agi oc urence. However Pl i t f have f i d t show t atsuch an occurence w as rc cr , a n is f al o e h r al o a c ns iutonalvi l ton b t e Def ndant . s o tt i oa i y h e s A s such, Def ndan s ar entted t an or er di m i si g t e s c i n 1983 cl i s e te il o d s s n h e to am assered agai s t em because t ey cannot sat f t e i ii l r quiem ent o t e danger t nth h i y h n ta e r s fh cr aton excepton. W ihou t e danger c eaton ex epton, t e Supr m e Cour' ei i t th ri ci h e t s pr nounc m ent i Deshanev ar c ntolng and t e Def ndant ' l ged f i r t pr t ct o e sn e o rl i h e s al e al e o o e u G eor e M ort fom t e conduc o A ndr w s and Hut hi son does notcons iut a vi l ton of g ir h z tf e cn tt e oa i t e Due Pr cess C l use. See 489 U . .at 197, 109 S, t at 1004. M or over because h o a S C. e , Pl i t f have f i d t show t at he Ofi er vi l t d M ort ' cons iutonal i ht , he cl i s a nis f al o e ht fc s o a e is tt i rg s t am ar al o di m i sed agai s t e m uni i al def ndant . ' i e i di i ual st t ofi i l , es ss nt h cp e s ' k n vd L a e fc a s m uni i al i s ar onl I bl under Secton 1 83 i t er i ,at a m i i um ,an underyi g c p ie t e yi e a i 9 fh e s nm ln cons iutonal or. Johnson, tt i t t' 474 F. d at638, Based on Pl i tfs' ai r t su fci nty st t 3 a n if f l e o f i e l a e u a c ai f r a const utonal ol ton,t e m uni i aldef ndant ar not I bl under sec i n lm o ii t vi a i h cp e se ie a to

1983and ar enild t j dgmen ont e pladigs. e tte o u t hen
I addii n, even i t e danger cr aton excepton di appl ,t e vi l ton of t at n to fh ei i d y h oa i h
9

excepton w as notso obvi us t att e O fi er shoul have known att e tm e t att ey w er i ohh fc s d hi hh e vi l tng M or z' c nstt tonal i ht .Consequenty, oa i i s o i i rg s t u l evenassum i g a const utonal ol ton, n i i vi a i t t e Ofi er ar entted t qual i d i m uni . h fc s e il o ie m f tB y A s such,based on t e f r goi g,Def ndan s'm oton t di m i s i gr nt d . Pl i t f h oe n e t i osss ae an is f have f i d t sats y t e r quiem ent necessar t ass r a vi l ton of t e D ue Pr ces al o e if h e r s yo e t oa i h os
C l use agai stt e Def ndant . a nh e s I. M oton t A m e nd I io

Fol w i g t e flng ofDef ndant 'm oton t di m i s,Pl i t f soughtI ave t am end lnhi o i e s ioss a n is f e o t ei com pl i tt i cl de addii nal act and al gatons. A pady m ay am end is c m pl i t hr an o n u t o fs li e t o an

wiht ecoud' Iave, Iaveshalbefeel gienwher 'ustcesor quies. Fed.R.Ci. th se and e l ryv e' i j er' ' v
P . 15. I appl i g t i r l , t e Ni t C icui st t s t at ' ul 15' pol y of f vorng n yn hs ue h nh r t ae h ' e R s i c ai
am endm ent t pl adi gs shoul be appled wih ' xtem e Iber lt .'D C D Pr qr m s,Lt .v. so e n d i ter i a iy ' ' oa d

Leiht n,833 F.d 1 3,186 ( t Ci.1 87) However a dititc ur maydeny Iav t qo 28 9h r 9 . , src o t e eo
am end ' ue t undue del y,bad f i ordi t r m otve on t e par oft e m ovant r peat d ' do a at h loy a i h th ,e e

f i r t cur defcincis by amendmens pr viusl al wed,undue prj die t te al e o e i e e u t eo y l o eu c o h opposigparybyviteofal wanceoft eamendmen,(ndby ftlyof(he)amendmen. n t ru l o h ta ) uit t i t' '

Man a ekv,St Pau Fi & Mar e ls. ,51 F,d 1 25,1 3 ( t Ci.z o8 tner a zr . lr e i n Co. 9 3 0 n 0 4 9 h r o lit n !
quottonsand ciatonsomied) ai ti t, t
I t ei opposi on t Def ndant 'm ot n t di m i s,Pl i tfs asser t att ei orgi al nh r to i e s ioss o a n if th h r i n

c m pan sa e v l cai sf r eif nd r U. . . 1 8 , uteq es Ia et fea Fi t o lit t t s a i l m o r l u e 42 S C 5 9 3 b r u te v o i d e lr s
A m ended Com pl i ti or ert add ' er ai addii nalf c ualal gatons whi h r ndert e an n d o ' tn c to at li e ce h

val i oft e cli sf rr l feven mor clar' ( oton t Amend Complit( 37)at9) i t h am o ei dy e ee,Mi o ' an # ,

8The qualf ed i m uniy t s i a t o- r ng anal ss i w hi h a courtm ustfr tdet r i e ii m t et s w p o yi n c is e m n w h t e t e ofi e ' c nd c vi l t d ac ns i ton l i ht l t ec ur de e m i e t a t e c nduc di e h r h fc r s o u t o a e o tm i a rg . f h o t t r n s h t h o td

vi lt ac nsiu i n lry t t es c ndpr n r q ie t ec u tt dee m i ewhehe ,a t etm eof o a e o tt to a ih , h e o o g e u r s h o r o tr n t r th i
t evi l ton,hecons i tonalrghtw asicl ary estbls ed.'Sauci rv. z,533 U . .194,1 lS. t h oai t tm l i ' e l a ih ' e Kat S 2 C.

21 1 1 0L. d.d272( 001 .6 rg ti ce rye tbls e i istontur s r çufi in l cla t a 5 ,5 E 2 2 ) ( ih s la l sa ih d f t c o s a e s tc e ty e r h t A a r a o abl ofiilwoud u de sa d t a wha h i doi g vi lt st a rg t' L= l Pe ron v. e s n e fca l n rt n h t t e s n o a e h t i h , d. n a s ' Cala an,h Uniq St tsSupr m eCou thedt a t i t o- a tes i sil pr praebutha ac ur l h t e td ae e r l h th s w p r t t s tlap o i t t t o t
m ay exer i e is dlcre i n i deci i g whi h oft e t o pr ngs shoul be addres ed fr ti lghtof c s t s to n dn c hw o d s is n i

cicu sa c si t epatc l rca ea ha d. 1 9 S. t 808 ( 009 . r m tn e n h riu a s t n 2 C . 2 )
10

1 Specical ,i addii nalt t e cl i s asseded i t e i ii lc m pl i t Pl i t f 'am ended f ln iy to o h am n h n ta o a n , a n i s f 2 c m pl i tal ges t att e O fi er ' new or had r ason t know t att e occ pant oft e o an l e hh fc s ' k e o hh u s h 3 s opped vehi l w er r sponsi l f rt e drve- y shootng t athad occured shor l bef r , t ce ee be o h i b ih r ty o e ' ' 4 and t ataferst ppi g t e v hi l , he O fi er knew t at'he occupant w er i poss ssi n h t o n h e ce t fc s h' t s en eo ie m e h h ce ' 1 5 ofa fr ar conceal d undert e seatoft e vehil .' 1 satExhii 1,p.6. Plitf alo bt 2 an is s f
. .

6 alege t att e Of i er d ad a dut t confscat t e conceal d weapon'and a ' ut t arest l hh fc s ' h yo i eh e ' d yo r

7 te occupant oft evehil. !. Plitf sat tatt eOfier ' yt eiafimatveacsi h sh ce ' # a nis t e h h fc s b h r fr i t n f 8 plcig t e fr ar i t e handsofte occupant oft e vehil who had j stcommitd a a n h ie m n h h sh ce u te
9 drve-by shootng,and i r l asi g t e occupant of t e vehi l t pr ceed unr st ai ed,' i i n ee n h s h ce o o e rn '

1 pl ced an 'm prm at rofgov r m en alappr valon,and em bol ened and encour ged,t e 0 a 'iu i en t o d a h 11 vehi l occ pant ' use of a fr ar i an iegal m anner t er by cr atng' a danger t ce u s ie m n l l ,h e ei' o
iz # at l i di i ual i cl di g M ort . ! . Exhii1, 27.Fial ,Plitf assedt att e dangert 2 n vd s n u n = bt p. n l an is y f hh o
.

l M ort w as obvi us and know n by t e Of i er and t att ey act d i c nsci us di r gar of 3 i o h fs c hh e no o se d

1 t atrsk. 1 . 4h i . ( 1
.

1 5

l r sponse, Def ndant ar ue t at ' l i tfs'atem pt t am end t ei com pl i t i ne e sg h ' a n if t P o hr an s

l f tl. ( ef ndant Repl i Suppor ofMot n t Dim isand Opposion t t e Motont 6 ui ' D e e' s yn t i o ss o t oh i io

1 Am end ( 0)at3) Ac or ig t Def ndant ,'regar lss oft e addion ofPlit#s' 7 G . c dn o e s tl de l h t i an i
1 basel ssaccusatonsj Pl i tfs' pl i t nd pr posed am ended com pl i t l ge t e s m e 8 e i ' a n i com a n a ' f o an a l h a e 1 basi f ct al t aton: hat he Ofi er st pped a v hi l suspect d t be i vol ed i a drve9 c a u si i t t u fc s o e ce eo nvn i

20 by shootng and f i d t arestt e occupant ort c nfscat a gun t att e Ofier f und i al o r h e s ooi e hh f so c
nh ce # 21 i t e vehi l . ! .Ass ch, or igt Def ndant , aitf' u acc dn o e s Pl nis amendment t t ecomplit f so h an
.

22 do ' otchanget ef ctt atisi f i t pladf cual lgatonsuponwhih j1983I bit ' n h a h t tl al o e a t al i ls e c i ly ai 23 can r st' !.at4. e.#
24 I t i m ater alhough Rul 15 f vor am endm ent t a com pl i tand r quies t at n hs t,t e as so an erh 25 t e r l be appl d w i extem e I er l y,Pl i tfs' oton i deni d on t e basi t atsuch h ue i et hr i ai b t a n if m i s e h sh

26 am endm entwoul be f tl . Alhough Pl i tf 'FistAmended Compl itadds addii nal d ui e t a nis r f an to
27 al gatons r l tng t t e Ofi er 'dut t det i t e i di i ual i t e suspec vehi l ,t e li e eai o h fc s yo an h n vd s n h t ce h 28 am endm entdoes noti cl de any addii nal l gat ns r gar i g how t e O fi er 'conduc nu to al ei o e dn h fc s t
11

1 I f M or z i a m or danger us st aton t an he w oul have been i had t e Of i er not et in t e o iu i h d n h fs c 2 s opped t e vehi l . Agai ,Pl i tfs have n tal ged t atM or was pl ced i a w or e or t h ce n an i f ol e h i t a n s 3 m or vul er bl posi on had t e Ofi er notact d atal Because t e am ended com pl i t e nae t i h fc s e l . h an 4 does notal ge t att e Ofi er a fr atv l cr at d an act alpari ul rdangert atM ort l ehh fc s f im i e y e e u ta c h i z 5 w oul nothave ot er i e f ced,t e am endm enti f tl and i deni d. d h ws a h s ui e s e
6 11 Rem ai i g St t Law Cl i s 1. nn ae am 7 Folow i g t e di m i sal t e f der l ai s agai stt e Def ndant , he Cour declnes l n h s s of h e a cl m nh e st t i

8 t exeriesupplment lursditon overte r maiig sat Iw cli s.These cli sar o cs e a j i ci h e nn t e a am am e 9 dimisedwihoutprj die puruantt 28 U. . .j 1 67() ss t eu c s o SC 3 c.
1 0 C O N C LU S I N O

1 1

F r h f r goig r a on ,T I ORDERED t a De e d ns' t nt Dimis( 1 ) o te oe n e s s I S h t f n a t Mo i o s s # 6 o

1 i G RA N TE D . 2s

1 3 Ii f dherORDERED t atPlitf'Motont Amend( 37)i DENI D,Theclr of ts u h anis i o f #s E ek 1 t ecour shalent rj dgmentacc r igl. 4h t l eu o dn y
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