Guardado v. Nevada Attorney General, et al

Filing 77

ORDER that Guardado's petition for a writ of habeas corpus is denied on the merits, and this action is dismissed with prejudice; a certificate of appealability is denied; Clerk is directed to enter judgment, in favor of respondents and against Guardado. Signed by Judge Miranda M. Du on 08/25/2017. (Copies have been distributed pursuant to the NEF - KW)

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1 2 3 4 5 6 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 DISTRICT OF NEVADA 8 *** 9 10 MANUEL STEVEN GUARDADO, 11 Petitioner, Case No. 3:10-cv-00103-MMD-WGC ORDER v. 12 NEVADA ATTORNEY GENERAL, et al., 13 Respondents. 14 15 16 Petitioner Manuel Steven Guardado, a prisoner in the custody of the State of 17 Nevada, brings this habeas action under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 to challenge his 2004 Nevada 18 state convictions for burglary, possession of burglary tools, possession of stolen property, 19 and arson. After evaluating his claims on the merits, this Court denies Guardado’s petition 20 for a writ of habeas corpus, dismisses this action with prejudice, and denies a certificate 21 of appealability. 22 I. BACKGROUND 23 Around 5:00 am on June 9, 2003, the Reno Police Department received word that 24 telephone lines were cut around Spiro’s Sports Bar—which was a common theme in a 25 string of sports bar burglaries.1 Earlier in the day, as part of a multi-day surveillance to 26 1 27 28 The Exhibits referenced in this Order are found in the Court’s record at ECF Nos. 16– 22 (Exhs. 1–112) and ECF No. 49 (Exhs. 113–133). All page citations are to the page numbers of the documents themselves, rather than the ECF-generated page numbers, except the citations to Exhs. 23 and 54 and ECF Nos. 47 and 75, which are to the ECFgenerated page numbers. 1 1 catch the perpetrators of the burglaries, the detectives saw the petitioner and his brother, 2 Ernest Jord Guardado (“Ernest”)—the lead suspects in their investigation at that point— 3 loading up a green Saturn at Ernest’s apartment. (See Exh. 2 at 21–22.) Responding to 4 the scene of the potential burglary, the detectives saw the green Saturn parked a few 5 hundred feet away from the bar and noticed a figure in dark clothes, Ernest, standing in 6 front of the bar. (Exh. 23 at 4.) 7 After a silent alarm was triggered, detectives saw another figure in dark clothes, 8 Guardado, emerging from between two buildings across the street and approaching the 9 car. (See id.) When the detectives identified themselves as police officers and ordered 10 Guardado to surrender, he fled and threw a two-way radio onto the top of a nearby 11 building but was nonetheless apprehended. (See id.) Ernest also fled, and was ultimately 12 found hiding in the crawl space in a home. (See id. at 5.) Along his flight path, the 13 detectives found gloves, a knit cap, a black sweatshirt, tools, a two-way radio, and a 14 gaming-machine cash box. (See id.) During a search of the bar, the police noticed that 15 the rear door had been forced open and a gaming machine had been broken open and 16 its cash box removed. (See id. at 4–5.) 17 After being apprehended but not Mirandized, Guardado made a number of 18 statements to the arresting officers. (See Exh. 2 at 10.) He first asked Detective Reed 19 why they were chasing him, and when told that it was for robbery of Spiro’s bar, Guardado 20 said that he didn’t burgle anything and that he was standing by another building that was 21 across the street from the bar. (See id. at 11–12.) To another officer, he said that he ran 22 “because [they] were chasing [him]” and he “didn’t know who [they] were. Then [he] turned 23 around, and [he] saw the black vest with the RPD patch on the front. And [he] thought at 24 that point [he] might as well keep running because [he had] already started.” (Id. at 20.) 25 He also said that he “didn’t do the burglary, but [he was] the lookout.” (Id. at 85.) 26 On February 11, 2004, Guardado was indicted on eight counts: burglary of Spiro’s 27 bar on June 9, 2003, see NRS §§ 195.020, 205.060(1) (count 1); possession of tools for 28 the commission of burglary on June 9, 2003, see id. § 205.080 (count 2); burglary of 2 1 another sports bar on May 20, 2003, see id. § 205.060(1) (count 3); first-degree arson of 2 that sports bar on May 20, 2003, see id. § 205.010 (count 4); conspiracy to commit first- 3 degree arson, see id. §§ 199.480, 205.010 (count 5); and possession of stolen property 4 from the May 20, 2003, sports bar burglary, see id. § 205.275 (count 6); possession of 5 stolen property for possessing a gun belonging to someone else, see id. § 205.275 (count 6 7); and possession of stolen property for possessing other items owned by the same 7 person, see id. (count 8). (See Exh. 7 at 1–4.) On September 15, 2004, Guardado signed 8 a plea deal pleading guilty to counts 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 8 in exchange for the State 9 dismissing counts 2 and 5 and not pursuing giving Guardado habitual criminal status. 10 (Exh. 32 at 1–2, 8; see also Exh. 31 at 7–8.) On November 5, 2004, the state district 11 court found him guilty of the same and sentenced him to confinement for 48 to 120 months 12 for counts 1 and 3, 72 to 180 months for count 4, and 24 to 60 months for counts 6, 7, 13 and 8, each to run consecutively, in addition to monetary payments. (Exh. 34 at 1– 2; see 14 also Exh. 33 at 15–16.) 15 Guardado appealed on April 21, 2005. (Exh. 48.) The Supreme Court of Nevada 16 affirmed on August 18, 2005, with remittitur issuing on September 14, 2005. (Exhs. 52, 17 53.) He filed a habeas petition in state court on October 12, 2005. (Exh. 54; see also 18 Exhs. 60, 65.) The state district court ordered an evidentiary hearing on the petition. (Exh. 19 71.) After the evidentiary hearing, the state district court denied the petition on October 8, 20 2008. (Exh. 87.) Guardado filed a motion for reconsideration, but it was denied on 21 November 13, 2008. (Exhs. 92, 98.) He then appealed to the Supreme Court of Nevada. 22 (Exh. 103.) The Supreme Court of Nevada affirmed on February 3, 2010, with remittitur 23 issuing on March 2, 2010. (Exhs. 107, 108.) 24 Guardado filed his first petition for a writ of habeas corpus in federal court on April 25 26, 2010. (ECF No. 9.) The State filed a motion to dismiss, Guardado responded, and the 26 State replied. (ECF Nos. 15, 26, 27.) This Court granted the motion in part and denied it 27 in part, holding that all grounds except for Ground 2 failed to state a claim or were 28 unexhausted in state court, thus creating a “mixed petition” of exhausted and 3 1 unexhausted claims. (ECF No. 31 at 8–9.) At this Court’s invitation, Guardado moved for 2 a stay and abeyance under Rhines v. Weber, 544 U.S. 269 (2005). (ECF No. 32; see 3 ECF No. 31 at 8 & n.4.) The State opposed, and Guardado replied. (ECF Nos. 33, 34.) 4 This Court granted Guardado’s motion for a stay and abeyance on December 27, 2011. 5 (ECF No. 35 at 4.) 6 On February 2, 2012, Guardado filed his second petition for a writ of habeas corpus 7 in state district court. (Exh. 116.) On March 28, 2012, the court denied his petition because 8 it was procedurally barred by the one-year statute of limitations. (Exh. 118 (citing Nev. 9 Rev. Stat. § 34.726).) Guardado appealed. The Supreme Court of Nevada affirmed on 10 November 14, 2012, and remittitur issued on December 14, 2012. (Exhs. 131, 133.) 11 On December 13, 2012, Guardado filed a motion to lift the stay that this Court 12 issued on December 27, 2011. (ECF No. 36.) This Court granted the motion on November 13 21, 2013. (ECF No. 38.) Guardado filed an amended petition for a writ of habeas in federal 14 court on March 12, 2014. (ECF No. 47.) The State filed a motion to dismiss the amended 15 petition, and Guardado responded. (ECF Nos. 48, 51.) This Court granted the motion to 16 dismiss and issued judgment dismissing the entire petition. (ECF No. 56 at 8–9; ECF No. 17 57.) On February 27, 2015, Guardado filed a motion to amend the judgment, arguing that 18 this Court erroneously dismissed Ground 2 for being procedurally barred in state court 19 and procedurally defaulted in federal court in light of its previous order that Ground 2 was 20 ripe for review on the merits. (ECF No. 58; see ECF No. 31 at 7–9.) This Court reopened 21 the action, noted that it would resolve Ground 2 on the merits, and ordered the State to 22 file an Answer as to Ground 2. (ECF No. 64 at 3.) The State did so, and Guardado filed 23 a Reply. (ECF Nos. 71, 75.) 24 II. FEDERAL HABEAS REVIEW STANDARDS 25 When a state court has adjudicated a claim on the merits, the Antiterrorism and 26 Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA) imposes a “highly deferential” standard for 27 evaluating the state court ruling; that standard is “difficult to meet” and “demands that 28 state-court decisions be given the benefit of the doubt.” Cullen v. Pinholster, 563 U.S. 170 4 1 (2011). Under this highly deferential standard of review, a federal court may not grant 2 habeas relief merely because it might conclude that the state court decision was incorrect. 3 Id. at 202. Instead, under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d), the court may grant relief only if the state 4 court decision: (1) was either contrary to or involved an unreasonable application of 5 clearly established law as determined by the United States Supreme Court or (2) was 6 based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented 7 at the state court proceeding. Id. at 181–88. The petitioner bears the burden of proof. Id. 8 at 181. 9 A state court decision is “contrary to” law clearly established by the Supreme Court 10 only if it applies a rule that contradicts the governing law set forth in Supreme Court case 11 law or if the decision confronts a set of facts that are materially indistinguishable from a 12 Supreme Court decision and nevertheless arrives at a different result. See, e.g., Mitchell 13 v. Esparza, 540 U.S. 12, 15–16 (2003). A state court decision is not contrary to 14 established federal law merely because it does not cite the Supreme Court’s opinions. Id. 15 The Supreme Court has held that a state court need not even be aware of its precedents, 16 so long as neither the reasoning nor the result of its decision contradicts them. Id. And “a 17 federal court may not overrule a state court for simply holding a view different from its 18 own, when the precedent from [the Supreme] Court is, at best, ambiguous.” Id. at 16. A 19 decision that does not conflict with the reasoning or holdings of Supreme Court precedent 20 is not contrary to clearly established federal law. 21 A state court decision constitutes an “unreasonable application” of clearly 22 established federal law only if it is demonstrated that the state court’s application of 23 Supreme Court precedent to the facts of the case was not only incorrect but “objectively 24 unreasonable.” See, e.g., id. at 18; Davis v. Woodford, 384 F.3d 628, 638 (9th Cir. 2004). 25 When a state court’s factual findings based on the record before it are challenged, the 26 “unreasonable determination of fact” clause of 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2) controls, which 27 requires federal courts to be “particularly deferential” to state court factual determinations. 28 See, e.g., Lambert v. Blodgett, 393 F.3d 943, 972 (9th Cir. 2004). This standard is not 5 1 satisfied by a mere showing that the state court finding was “clearly erroneous.” Id. at 2 973. Rather, as the Ninth Circuit explained, AEDPA requires substantially more 3 deference: [I]n concluding that a state-court finding is unsupported by substantial evidence in the state-court record, it is not enough that we would reverse in similar circumstances if this were an appeal from a district court decision. Rather, we must be convinced that an appellate panel, applying the normal standards of appellate review, could not reasonably conclude that the finding is supported by the record. 4 5 6 7 8 Taylor v. Maddox, 366 F.3d 992, 1000 (9th Cir. 2004); see also Lambert, 393 F.3d at 972. 9 Under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1), a state court’s factual findings are presumed to be 10 correct and the petitioner must rebut that presumption by “clear and convincing evidence.” 11 In this inquiry, federal courts may not look to any factual basis not developed before the 12 state court unless the petitioner both shows that the claim relies on either (a) “a new rule 13 of constitutional law, made retroactive to cases on collateral review by the Supreme 14 Court, that was previously unavailable” or (b) “a factual predicate that could not have been 15 previously discovered through the exercise of due diligence,” and shows that “the facts 16 underlying the claim would be sufficient to establish by clear and convincing evidence 17 that but for constitutional error, no reasonable factfinder would have found the applicant 18 guilty of the underlying offense.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(2). 19 When a state court summarily rejects a claim, it is the petitioner’s burden to show 20 that “there was no reasonable basis for the state court to deny relief.” Harrington v. 21 Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 98 (2011). 22 III. ANALYSIS 23 In Ground 2—the only ground remaining (ECF No. 64 at 3)—Guardado argues 24 that three instances of ineffective assistance of counsel warrant federal habeas relief: 25 counsel’s failure to investigate the circumstances of statements he made to police such 26 that they might have properly been suppressed under Miranda; counsel’s failure to 27 investigate the case prior to advising Guardado to plead guilty; and counsel misinforming 28 Guardado that he could withdraw the guilty plea after making it. (ECF No. 47 at 7–11.) 6 1 To succeed on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, a petitioner must show 2 that counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and a 3 “reasonable probability that but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the 4 proceeding would have been different.” Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 688, 694 5 (1984). Because Guardado pleaded guilty, he has to demonstrate “a reasonable 6 probability that, but for counsel’s errors, [a reasonable person in Guardado’s shoes] would 7 not have pleaded guilty and would have insisted on going to trial.” Hill v. Lockhart, 474 8 U.S. 52, 59 (1985); see also id. at 59–60 (“[T]hese predictions . . . should be made 9 objectively, without regard for the ‘idiosyncrasies of the particular decisionmaker.’” 10 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 695)). The likelihood of that “will depend in large part on 11 a prediction whether the evidence likely would have changed the outcome of a trial.” Id. 12 at 59; see also Lafler v. Cooper, 566 U.S. 156, 163 (2012); Hedlund v. Ryan, 854 F.3d 13 557, 576 (9th Cir. 2017). Courts evaluate counsel’s performance from counsel’s 14 perspective at the time and begin with a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct is well 15 within the wide range of reasonable conduct. See, e.g., Beardslee v. Woodford, 358 F.3d 16 560, 569 (9th Cir. 2004). When a state court has reviewed a Strickland claim, a federal 17 court’s habeas review is “doubly deferential”—the reviewing court must take a “highly 18 deferential” look at counsel’s performance through the also “highly deferential” lens of 19 § 2254(d). Pinholster, 563 U.S. at 190, 202. 20 However, it is not quite that easy in this case. To the extent that the Supreme Court 21 of Nevada addressed these claims,2 it rejected them because Guardado failed to 22 demonstrate either that counsel was deficient or that he was prejudiced—a conclusion it 23 adopted from the Nevada trial court. (See Exh. 107 at 1–2; see also Exh. 87 at 5–11.) 24 The Nevada trial court, though, came to this conclusion following an evidentiary hearing. 25 (See Exh. 87 at 1 (“There has been an evidentiary hearing. The Court, now being fully 26 advised of the premises, denies the relief request.”).) Indeed, the transcripts of the 27 28 2 The Supreme Court of Nevada rejected Grounds 2-2 and 2-3 on the merits but did not address Ground 2-1. (See Exh. 107 at 7.) 7 1 evidentiary hearing were provided to the Supreme Court of Nevada, and it is only logical 2 to infer that the court at least glanced at the transcripts in making its decision. (See Exh. 3 103 at 3–4 (citing the transcript of the three-day evidentiary hearing as appearing in 4 volumes one and two of the appellate record).) But the State has failed to provide this 5 Court with those transcripts. (See ECF Nos. 16, 49 (indices of Exhs. provided by the 6 State).) 7 “[I]f the role of a federal habeas court were simply to accept on faith the state 8 court’s description of the facts, free from any obligation to review the record on which the 9 state court based its judgment, ‘there would hardly be a reason to have a federal habeas 10 statute at all.’” Nasby v. McDaniel, 853 F.3d 1049, 1052 (9th Cir. 2017) (citation omitted); 11 see also id. at 1054 (“Regardless of what documents the parties originally submit, it is the 12 district court’s independent obligation to obtain the relevant portions of the record.”). Just 13 because a petition is likely “without merit,” that “cannot be said with certainty without a 14 review of the record.” Turner v. Chavez, 586 F.2d 111, 112 (9th Cir. 1978). When the 15 contents of a transcript that were relied upon by the state court whose decision is under 16 review and are “relevant to the [federal court’s] adjudication of [the petitioner’s] claims,” 17 there is “no alternative” but to review the transcripts or conduct a new evidentiary hearing. 18 Nasby, 853 F.3d at 1053 (quoting Jones v. Wood, 114 F.3d 1001, 1008 (9th Cir. 1997)). 19 Nasby did not elaborate on what “relevant to the [federal court’s] adjudication of 20 [the petitioner’s] claims” meant. Because Nasby also failed to indicate that a federal 21 district court did not have the option of simply reviewing the claims de novo while 22 assuming the veracity of a petitioner’s allegations, this Court will do so here rather than 23 ordering the State to produce the transcripts from the evidentiary hearing.3 In fact, this 24 /// 25 26 27 28 3 To the sure, the State has a duty to file, and should have filed, the transcripts from the evidentiary hearing as they are relevant to the resolution of Ground 2 under the AEDPA deferential standard of review. See Rule 5(c) of the Rules Governing Section 2254 Cases in the United States District Court (“The respondent must attach to the answer parts of the transcripts that the respondent considers relevant.”). 8 1 approach is supported by Nasby in that Nasby relies on the fact that: a federal habeas court is charged with determining whether a state court’s disposition of a claim for relief resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court” or “resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.” 2 3 4 5 6 Id. at 1054 (first quoting 18 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1); then quoting 18 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2)). 7 When either of those two standards is met, a federal court reviews the merits of the 8 underlying federal claim de novo, no more and no less. See Taylor v. Maddox, 366 F.3d 9 992, 999 (9th Cir. 2004). So, even if the state court cited only Harry Potter and the Goblet 10 of Fire for the proposition that shackling a defendant in a hearing without conducting any 11 inquiry as to the need to shackle that defendant comported with the U.S. Constitution, the 12 shackling of the petitioner would still need to have violated the U.S. Constitution and 13 warrant relief before a federal court may grant the habeas petition.4 Cf. Murphy v. Royal, 14 Nos. 07-7068, 15-7041, 2017 WL 3389877, at *12 (10th Cir. Aug. 8, 2017). Put another 15 way, “it is . . . a necessary prerequisite to federal habeas relief that a prisoner satisfy the 16 AEDPA standard of review,” but habeas relief does not “automatically issue if a prisoner 17 satisfies the AEDPA standard.” Horn v. Banks, 536 U.S. 266, 272 (2002). The federal 18 court “must then resolve the claim without the deference AEDPA otherwise requires.” 19 Panetti v. Quarterman, 551 U.S. 930, 953 (2007). 20 If this Court is capable of resolving a claim based on the record before it—even if 21 the record is incomplete under Nasby—it may do so. Surely if the record provided, when 22 combined with the State’s concessions that are agreed to by the petitioner, proves that 23 the petitioner is entitled to habeas relief under AEDPA’s deferential standards, a federal 24 25 26 27 28 Harry looks through Dumbledore’s pensive and sees the trial of Barty Crouch, Jr., in which Barty is shackled and kept inside a spiked cage resembling a medieval torture device, without any evidence that the court made “an individualized decision that a compelling government purpose would be served and that shackles are the least restrictive means for maintaining security and order in the courtroom.” United States v. Sanchez-Gomez, 859 F.3d 649, 661 (9th Cir. 2017) (en banc); see Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (Warner Bros. 2005). 4 9 1 court could give the petitioner relief without waiting for the entirety of the record that is, 2 under a more expansive definition of the term than that which this Court adopts today, 3 “relevant” to that relief. This Court sees no reason why the corollary of that should be 4 impermissible. “To put the matter more familiarly, what is sauce for the goose is sauce 5 for the gander.” Davila v. Davis, 137 S. Ct. 2058, 2075 (2017) (Breyer, J., dissenting). 6 An analysis of the district court opinion that Nasby reversed further supports the 7 proposition that Nasby did not intend to prevent the approach this Court follows today. 8 Using one claim as an example, the district court quoted the Supreme Court of Nevada’s 9 finding that “[a]t the evidentiary hearing, counsel testified that the videotape [that Nasby’s 10 counsel was ineffective for failing to present at trial] also contained imaging damaging to 11 Nasby.” Nasby v. McDaniel, No. 3:07-cv-00304, 2014 WL 5822803, at *7 (D. Nev. Nov. 12 7, 2014), rev’d, 853 F.3d 1049. Without looking—or having access to—the transcript of 13 evidentiary hearing, the district court determined that Nasby failed to meet his burden of 14 showing that the Supreme Court of Nevada’s “ruling was contrary to, or involved an 15 unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law, as determined by the United 16 States Supreme Court, or that the ruling was based on an unreasonable determination of 17 the facts in light of the evidence presented in the state court proceeding.” Id. at *8. In 18 other words, it assumed the veracity of the facts claimed by the Supreme Court of Nevada 19 and, based on that, held that trial counsel’s decision was a strategic tactical one under 20 Strickland. Doing so was impermissible because it abdicated the federal courts’ 21 responsibility to independently review the federal legality of a state court’s detention of a 22 person inside the United States. 23 This Court adopts a different approach. As explained above, this Court assumes 24 the veracity of the petitioner’s allegations as to any content that may have been discussed 25 during the evidentiary hearing for which the State has failed to provide the transcripts. 26 Doing so, this Court finds that Guardado is not entitled to habeas relief, and therefore the 27 proceedings are not “relevant” to its “adjudication of [the petitioner’s] claims,” leaving this 28 Court an “alternative” to ordering the State to provide the missing transcripts. See Nasby, 10 1 853 F.3d at 1053. Moreover, the transcripts are not “relevant” to this Court’s adjudication 2 of the claims because, as discussed in more detail below, Guardado’s claims of prejudice 3 for all three Grounds of alleged ineffective assistance of counsel failed in light of the 4 overwhelming evidence of his guilt and that a showing that a defendant would be found 5 guilty defeats, “in large part,” the defendant’s ability to prove a reasonable probable that 6 he would have rejected the plea deal. Hill, 474 U.S. at 59. 7 A. 8 In Ground 2-1 of his amended federal petition, Guardado argues that his trial 9 counsel was ineffective for failing to file a motion to suppress statements that he gave to 10 police because “one of [his] spontaneous statements,” as claimed by Detective Reed, 11 was actually made when “answering a question” and was thus “not a spontaneous 12 statement.” (See ECF No. 47 at 57–58.) Guardado sent his trial counsel a letter asking 13 him to file a motion to suppress his “so-called statement” on June 28, 2004, because he 14 “never once was . . . given [his] Miranda rights nor did [he] answer any of their questions.” 15 (ECF No. 75 at 11.) He claims that he “had been in custody for over 2 hours and [was] 16 questioned by officers.” (Id. at 5.) He supports his contention that he was “questioned” by 17 positing to the testimony of Detective Reed at the preliminary hearing, when Reed 18 prefaced an answer with, “when I asked him about his brother.” (Id. at 6 (emphasis 19 added).) Indeed, at the preliminary hearing Reed testified: 20 Ground 2-1 I believe they are brothers. [Guardado] told me that when I asked him. 21 22 .... . . . I said, “Where would your brother—where would Ernest run to?” He just kind of looked at me, and he said, “Come on, man. He’s my brother. I’m not going to give him up.” So I made the assumption they were brothers. 23 24 (Exh. 2 at 14–15.) And later, Reed testified that Guardado said that he “didn’t do the 25 burglary, but [he was] the lookout.” (Id. at 85.) 26 Trial counsel would be constitutionally ineffective in this instance only upon a 27 showing of a reasonable probability that Miranda warnings were required because 28 Guardado was subject to a “custodial interrogation.” J.D.B. v. North Carolina, 564 U.S. 11 1 261, 270 (2011). There is no doubt that Guardado was in custody—he had been chased 2 and arrested on suspicion of burgling Spiro’s bar. Thus, the question is whether his 3 interactions with the detectives constituted an “interrogation.” The Supreme Court of 4 Nevada did not address this specific claim, although the state trial court held that he failed 5 to demonstrate either deficiency or prejudice because the statements were either 6 spontaneous or a result of a conversation that Guardado initiated. (See Exh. 107; Exh. 7 87 at 11–12.) In other words, the state court held that there was no “interrogation.” The 8 evidence on this front is scant, and the transcripts of the evidentiary hearing might be 9 helpful. Guardado alleges that he was “questioned” even though he never “answer[ed] 10 any of their questions.” (ECF No. 75 at 11.) Without knowing more about what counsel 11 knew and when, counsel could have been ineffective for failing to investigate the claim 12 that his confession that he was the lookout for the burglary violated Miranda, and 13 subsequently, then, for not filing the motion to suppress. 14 However, even if this Court assumes that counsel would have filed the motion and 15 that the motion would have been granted, Guardado still bears the burden of proving a 16 reasonable probability that, but for the ineffective assistance of counsel, a reasonable 17 person in his shoes would not have accepted the plea deal. While ordinarily a defendant’s 18 acceptance or rejection of a plea agreement might well rise and fall with the admissibility 19 of a confession that he was involved in one of the robberies at issue, the evidence against 20 Guardado on that point was already overwhelming—and that, “in large part,” defeats his 21 claimed prejudice. Hill, 474 U.S. at 59. Guardado and Ernest had already been identified 22 as the top suspects in the string of sports bar burglaries. The night before the burglary, a 23 surveillance team watched Guardado and Ernest load up Ernest’s green Saturn. Then, at 24 5:00 am, Guardado was found across the street from the site of a bar burglary, which 25 conformed to the modus operandi of the other burglaries in the string, wearing dark 26 clothes. Ernest’s green Saturn was a few hundred feet away. That may have been enough 27 for a jury to convict. But there was more inculpatory evidence. When uniformed police 28 officers approached Guardado, identified themselves as police, and ordered him to 12 1 surrender, he ran and threw a two-way walkie talkie onto the roof of a building, hoping 2 that the officers wouldn’t find it. And when the officers caught up to Ernest, they 3 discovered another two-way walkie talkie, the stolen gaming-machine cash box, gloves, 4 and a knit cap. And when they searched the crawl space of the four-unit building in which 5 Ernest lived and Guardado has been seen loading up the green Saturn the night before 6 the burglary, they found myriad stolen goods. Moreover, Guardado knew that, in 7 exchange for accepting the plea, his brother’s ex-wife would not be subject to indictment 8 or further “harassed,” as he put it.5 (See ECF No. 47 at 8–9, 59; see also id. at 63 (Ernest’s 9 attorney describing the deal).) Indeed, he claimed that this threatening of his ex-sister-in- 10 law “coerced” him into taking the guilty plea.6 So, regardless of whether the confession 11 was in or not, that “coercion” still would have prompted him to take the plea deal and not 12 go to trial. 13 Therefore, Guardado has failed to establish a reasonable probability that a 14 reasonable person in his shoes would have elected to go to trial and foregone the plea 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 On March 5, 2014, Ernest sent a letter to the court informing it that, “through [his] court appointed attorney Mr. Merkin, [Ernest has] been put under extreme duress by threats and coercion from the district attorney.” (ECF No. 47 at 59.) The State threatened to charge him for committing the other burglaries in the string and for being a habitual criminal unless he pleaded guilty. (Id.) Similarly, the State said that it would charge his ex-wife “with felonies” and “subpoena her to testify against” Ernest, and, according to Ernest, “handed her an indictment with her name on it.” (Id. at 59–60.) When Ernest claimed that the State wasn’t allowed to do so, his attorney informed him that it could. (Id. at 59.) Ernest claimed that on February 5, 2004, his ex-wife came to visit him and, because of what it was “doing to here [sic] mentally[,] after her visit [he] called Mr. Merkin [sic] office and left a message . . . stat[ing he] would plead guilty to whatever they wanted as long as they left [his] ex-wife alone and quit harassing her.” (Id. at 61.) Ernest explained that his counsel explained to Guardado that if Guardado did not agree to the plea bargain, Ernest’s ex-wife would be arrested or indicted and that, if Guardado went to trial, he thought that they would lose. (Id.) Guardado sent a copy of this same letter. (Exh 20.) 5 24 There is no reasonable argument before this Court that this “coercion,” as Guardado and Ernest characterize it, is constitutionally impermissible because there was reason to think that Ernest’s wife might have been involved in possessing the stolen goods or burgling, given that the good were stored at her apartment and they used the car coowned by Ernest and her to commit the crimes. See Bordenkircher v. Hayes, 434 U.S. 357, 361 & n.7 (1978). Indeed, both Guardado’s and Ernest’s counsel told them that it was permissible. (See ECF No. 74 at 12.) 6 25 26 27 28 13 1 agreement if counsel had investigated Guardado’s Miranda claim and found grounds 2 sufficient for the state trial court to grant a motion to suppress his confession. Ground 2- 3 1 provides no basis for habeas relief. 4 B. Ground 2-2 5 In Ground 2-2 of his amended federal petition, Guardado argues that his trial 6 counsel was ineffective “for advis[ing] Guardado to plead guilty without conducting any 7 investigation.” (ECF No. 47 at 8; see also ECF No. 75 at 2.) Guardado explains that he 8 told his counsel that “he could not have possessed the stolen property[] [because] he was 9 just a guest at his brother’s house” where the stolen property was found. (ECF No. 47 at 10 10.) Further, the “stolen property was not located under [Ernest’s] house as stated by 11 police, [b]ut was located in the crawl space of the 4-plex [Ernest] lived in” and the 12 “Detectives made it seem as though the apartment was a house at the grand jury to lead 13 the grand jury to believe [Guardado] and [Ernest] had possession and access” to the 14 stolen property. (Id.) He contends that “had counsel investigated[,] . . . there is a good 15 chance [his] motions would have been granted [because an] investigator could have . . . 16 prov[ed] [his] claims of [in]accessibility to [the] crawl space.” (Id.) Therefore, he argues 17 that he “would have proceeded to trial and not accepted [the] plea deal.” (Id. at 9.) 18 These facts are even less compelling that those related to his confession. See 19 Stankewitz v. Woodford, 365 F.3d 706, 717–19 (9th Cir. 2004) (focusing on the impact 20 that information that would have been revealed by the investigation would have on the 21 outcome). Whether Guardado lived in Ernest’s apartment or elsewhere is hardly material 22 to an inquiry of whether he committed the burglaries or was, at some point, in possession 23 of the stolen goods found under the apartment. And his contentions about the crawl space 24 being in a four-unit apartment complex rather than a standalone home could have easily 25 been brought up at trial—with or without investigation beforehand. Moreover, Guardado 26 would still be faced with the overwhelming evidence described in Ground 2-1, above. 27 Therefore, Guardado failed to establish a reasonable probability that a reasonable 28 person in his shoes would have elected to go to trial and foregone the plea agreement if 14 1 counsel had investigated and discovered the facts he alleged. Ground 2-2 provides no 2 basis for habeas relief. 3 C. Ground 2-3 4 In Ground 2-3 of his amended federal petition, Guardado argues that his trial 5 counsel was ineffective because counsel “misinformed [him] about his ability to withdraw 6 his guilty plea . . . as stated in [the] plea memorandum.” (ECF No. 47 at 8–9.) Guardado 7 complains that he was not “inform[ed] . . . that he could not withdraw his guilty plea as 8 stated in the plea agreement.” (Exh. 54 at 7; see also id. at 8 (“[C]ounsel failed to properly 9 advise him of the consequences of his plea . . . .”).) 10 Guardado entered his plea of guilty before the state trial court on September 15, 11 2004, less than a week before trial was set to start. During the colloquy with the court, 12 Guardado and Ernest were both asked if they understood the plea agreements, if they 13 agreed to waive their rights, and if they wanted to plead guilty. (See Exh. 31 at 3–28.) 14 They both said yes. So irrespective of what counsel had told Guardado months earlier 15 about what the plea agreement he was signing back then meant, the state trial court went 16 over the terms of the plea deal and the fact that he was waiving any rights to a trial. If, at 17 that time, he thought that he could reverse the guilty plea he was about to enter or had 18 any reservations about pleading guilty, he would have raised them to the district court. 19 But he did not. Guardado testified that he understood these rights and the state trial court 20 found that he understood these rights. Less than a month later, Ernest claimed that they 21 both wanted to change their pleas back to not guilty because they “were led to believe, 22 and in the paperwork that we got it stated that we were led to believe pretty much that we 23 were able to withdraw the plea if . . . we decided against it.” (Exh. 33 at 5–6.) When asked 24 if Guardado had any additional bases for withdrawing his plea, Guardado did not. (Id. at 25 8.) 26 Moreover, this claim fails because Guardado does not explain why he would have 27 withdrawn his guilty plea and gone to trial had that actually been an option. See Turner v. 28 Calderon, 281 F.3d 851, 855 (9th Cir. 2002) (rejecting “bare assertions”). The only facts 15 1 that Guardado claims support a reasonable probability that he would not have accepted 2 the plea deal are that he thought the plea was reversible and that, when his brother stated 3 that he wanted to go to trial, he said, after being told by his counsel that this was not an 4 option immediately prior to the hearing, that he wanted to go to trial as well. (See ECF 5 No. 47 at 7.) However, as the Supreme Court noted in Hill, the predictions about whether 6 Guardado would have tried his luck at trial are made “without regard for the ‘idiosyncrasies 7 of the particular decisionmaker.’” 474 U.S. at 59–60 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 695). 8 These two facts do not adequately support the notion that he would have not accepted 9 the plea agreement. His claim has little more persuasive value than a bare assertion— 10 and such assertions categorically fail to meet the Strickland prejudice standard. See 11 Missouri v. Frye, 566 U.S. 133, 150 (2012) (holding that a defendant met the “reasonable 12 probability” standard of having been willing to accept a plea that counsel failed to 13 communicate to him when he later “pleaded guilty to a more serious charge, with no 14 [beneficial] promise[s]” that were included in the original plea). 15 Guardado’s claim of prejudice further, and independently, fails in light of the 16 evidence and arguments presented in Grounds 1-1 and 1-2, above, because they render 17 his claim that he would have wanted to go to trial when he signed the plea agreement 18 simply unbelievable. See Velazquez v. United States, 651 Fed. App’x 620, 623 (9th Cir. 19 2016) (considering the strength of the evidence and the availability of trial defenses). 20 Going to trial would have been a markedly nonsensical idea given that multiple counts 21 were dismissed and others not pursued in the first place because of the plea agreement. 22 This Court is not persuaded that even Guardado ever truly entertained the notion, let 23 alone that any objectively reasonable defendant in his shoes would have. Therefore, he 24 has failed to demonstrate a reasonable probability that he would not have accepted the 25 plea deal had he known that it was not reversible. 26 This conclusion is further reinforced by the fact that Ernest’s plea deal included an 27 admission that he committed these crimes with Guardado. (Exh. 32 at 3.) Whether 28 Guardado’s counsel was ineffective for failing to tell Guardado that he could not withdraw 16 1 his plea deal does not alter the existence of Ernest’s plea deal and the damaging effect 2 that would have had if Guardado went to trial, thus making it less likely that Guardado 3 would have gone to trial at all. 4 As an aside, Guardado admits that his counsel testified at the evidentiary hearing 5 and that his counsel claimed not to have told Guardado that he could withdraw his guilty 6 plea. (See ECF No. 75 at 7–8; see also id. (attempting to impeach counsel’s credibility 7 with claims of perjury in another proceeding); ECF No. 47 at 12 (demonstrating 8 substantial knowledge of the content of the transcripts of the evidentiary hearing).) 9 Assuming this Court is allowed to consider that testimony because all parties and courts 10 agree to its existence, its inclusion only solidifies the result reached here. With the above 11 reasons for debunking Guardado’s assertion that he ever either thought that the plea 12 agreement was reversible or that he wanted to go to trial and not accept the plea deal, 13 the only way that the Supreme Court of Nevada’s determination that there wasn’t any 14 prejudice could involve an unreasonable determination of fact or be contrary to, or an 15 unreasonable application of, U.S. Supreme Court precedent would be if trial counsel 16 admitted what Guardado alleges—and the summary of the evidentiary hearing provided 17 by both parties and the state courts and Guardado’s characterization of that hearing make 18 clear that is not the case. Ground 2-3 provides no basis for habeas relief. 19 20 /// 21 /// 22 /// 23 /// 24 /// 25 /// 26 /// 27 /// 28 /// 17 1 IV. Accordingly, it is hereby ordered that Guardado’s petition for a writ of habeas 2 3 CONCLUSION corpus is denied on the merits, and this action is dismissed with prejudice.7 4 Because reasonable jurists would not find this decision to be debatable or 5 incorrect, it is further ordered that a certificate of appealability is denied. The Clerk of 6 Court is directed to enter judgment, in favor of respondents and against Guardado, 7 dismissing this action with prejudice. DATED THIS 25th day of August 2017. 8 9 10 MIRANDA M. DU UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 7 A petitioner may not use a reply to an answer to present additional claims and allegations that are not included in the federal petition. See, e.g., Cacoperdo v. Demosthenes, 37 F.3d 504, 507 (9th Cir. 1994). To the extent that Guardado has done so in his federal Reply, this Court does not consider these additional claims and allegations. 28 18

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