PANARELLO et al v. CITY OF VINELAND et al
Filing
186
OPINION FILED. Signed by Judge Robert B. Kugler on 2/8/16. (js)
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW JERSEY
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JOHN PANARELLO and SHERI
PANARELLO,
Plaintiffs,
v.
CITY OF VINELAND, et al.,
Defendants.
Civil. No. 12-4165 (RBK/JS)
OPINION
KUGLER, United State District Judge:
This civil rights suit arises from a series of disputes between Plaintiff John Panarello
(“Panarello”) and his wife, Plaintiff Sheri Panarello1 (collectively, “Plaintiffs”) and their
neighbors, Defendant Detective Antonio “Pete” Ramos (“Ramos”) and his wife, Defendant
Jeanne Ramos (collectively, the “Ramos Defendants”) that eventually escalated to the point
where Panarello was arrested on July 7, 2010. Plaintiffs allege that the situation surrounding
Panarello’s arrest and subsequent prosecution was a violation of Panarello’s constitutional rights.
Plaintiffs have brought claims against the Ramos Defendants as well as the City of Vineland (the
“City”), Chief of Police Timothy Codispotti (the “Chief” or “Codispotti”), and Sergeant Jeffrey
Riggione (“Riggione”) (collectively, the “Municipal Defendants”) and four individual police
1
There appears to be some disagreement as to how Mrs. Panarello spells her name. The Court
will use the spelling in the caption.
1
offiers—Adam Shaw, Matthew Laielli, Brian Armstrong, and James Day (collectively, the
“Officer Defendants”).2
Presently before the Court are the Municipal Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment
(“Municipal Defendants’ Motion” or “Muni. Defs.’ Mot.”) [Dkt. No. 163], the Officer
Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment (“Officer Defendants’ Motion” or “Off. Defs.’
Mot.”) [Dkt. No. 164]; and Plaintiffs’ Cross Motion for Summary Judgment (“Plaintiffs’ Cross
Motion” or “Pls.’ Cross Mot.”) [Dkt. No. 166]. For the reasons that follow, the Municipal
Defendants’ Motion is GRANTED-IN-PART AND DENIED-IN-PART, the Officer
Defendants’ Motion is GRANTED-IN-PART AND DENIED-IN-PART, and the Plaintiffs’
Motion is DENIED.
I.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY3
A.
Panarello’s Arrest on July 7, 2010
The basic background facts of the events leading up to Panarello’s arrest on July 7, 2010
are undisputed, as are the events until any police officer crossed the property line onto Plaintiffs’
property. These facts are recited concisely by the Officer Defendants and have been adopted by
the Plaintiffs. (See Pls.’ Responsive SMF [Dkt. No. 166-1] at 2 (“Specifically, Plaintiffs agree
with the following initial paragraphs and statements . . . .”).)
Plaintiffs John and Sheri Panarello, husband and wife, resided at 57 Yelkca
Avenue in Vineland, New Jersey. They lived in an unremarkable, quiet residential
area. Their neighbors at 59 Yelkca were Antonio “Pete” Ramos and his wife,
2
Plaintiffs also named Officer Timothy Delouise, John Doe(s) (A–Z), and Cumberland County
in their Complaint. Cumberland County was subsequently dropped from the case in the First
Amended Complaint [Dkt. No. 79].
3
All citations to any statement of material facts are only to those facts which the opposing party
has admitted, unless otherwise indicated.
2
Jeanne Ramos. Pete Ramos was (and is) a police officer with the Vineland Police
Department.
Beginning in the fall of 2009, the Ramos Family and Panarello Family
became engaged in a series of petty and borderline ridiculous disputes. They
bickered over pets, the installation of a privacy fence, noise, and each accused the
other of engaging in obnoxious activity. It seems that Pete and John both had knack
for getting under the skin of the other.
On July 7, 2010, there was a confrontation between John Panarello and his
neighbor Antonio “Pete” Ramos. Panarello was using a weed whacker to trim
vegetation growing along the Panarello and Ramos property line. Pete Ramos was
outside cleaning his swimming pool. Ramos accused Panarello of knocking weeds
and debris into his pool. For whatever reason, Ramos shot a stream of water over
the fence towards John Panarello. Panarello and Ramos—separated by the
fences—then exchanged words and cursed at each other.
Rather than simply walking away, Panarello instead grabbed a wooden
board that was on the ground nearby. He raised the board and smacked it on the
top the privacy fence. From his side of the fence, Ramos grabbed one end of the
board. On the other side of the fence, Panarello gripped the other end of the board.
The two men then struggled for control over the board.
Panarello was able to pull the board back onto his side of the fence. He
stepped back, and waited. He thought that Ramos might try to come over the fence.
Ramos never did come over the fence. . . .
Jeanne Ramos saw the confrontation between her husband and John
Panarello. She called the police and reported to a Sergeant that John Panarello
attempted to strike her husband with a board. Officer Matthew Laielli was ordered
to Yelkca Avenue. Officer Laielli was told that an assault had just occurred.
Once at the scene, Officer Laielli went and spoke with Pete and Jeanne
Ramos. Antonio “Pete” Ramos reported to Officer Laielli that the neighbor, John
Panarello, tried “hitting them with a board.” Likewise, Jeanne Ramos reported to
Officer Laielli that the neighbor, John Panarello, tried “hitting them with a board.”
After hearing their side of the story, Officer Laielli then left Pete and Jeanne
Ramos to go get John Panarello’s version of events. Laielli was accompanied by
Officer Adam Shaw. Elsewhere in the vicinity was Officer Brian Armstrong, who
was trying to locate John Panarello. None of the young officers knew John or Sheri
Panarello.
(Pls.’ Responsive SMF at 2–3 (quoting Off. Defs.’ Mot. Br. [Dkt. No. 164-1] at 1–2).)
Officers Laielli and Shaw then proceeded to the Plaintiffs property to try and locate
Panarello, and walked up Plaintiffs’ driveway. (Off. Defs.’ SMF [Dkt. No. 164-3] ¶ 56.) While
on the driveway, Officer Laielli spotted Panarello in his backyard, and called out to him, “Yo, I
3
need to talk to you.” (Off. Defs.’ SMF ¶¶ 59–60; Pls.’ Cross Mot. SMF [Dkt. No. 166-1] ¶¶ 27–
28.) At this point, Panarello turned and moved away from the officers. (Off. Defs.’ SMF ¶ 61;
Pls.’ Responsive SMF ¶ 61.) Officers Laielli and Shaw both believed that Panarello may be
retreating into his home to obtain a weapon, and also believed that Panarello was at that moment
committing the crime of obstruction, and so went into the backyard to detain and arrest
Panarello. (Off. Defs.’ SMF ¶¶ 63–64, 68, 76–80, 99, 104–05.) Officer Laielli grabbed
Planarello around the waist right around the threshold to the back door of the house, and the two
tumbled into the house. (Off. Defs.’ SMF ¶ 86; Pls.’ Responsive SMF ¶ 86.) Officer Shaw
followed Officer Laielli and assisted in placing Panarello under arrest. (Off. Defs.’ SMF ¶¶ 90,
108.)
The parties disagree entirely as to what happened within the house beyond the fact that
Panarello was arrested and was struck by Officers Laielli and Shaw. The Officer Defendants
submit that Panarello was fighting with Officers Laielli and Shaw, and that they both struck him
because of his acts of resisting arrest. (Off. Defs.’ SMF ¶¶ 109–14.) Plaintiffs counter that the
Officer Defendants purposely struck him while he was restrained in order to beat him. (Pls.’
Responsive SMF at 12–13.) Plaintiffs also submit that the Vineland Police Department
(“VPD”), under the direction of Sergeant Riggione, failed to adequately preserve video evidence
of the incident. (See Pls.’ Cross Mot. SMF ¶¶ 59–69). The Municipal Defendants and Officer
Defendants dispute this.
Panarello was then taken to a patrol car so that Officer Armstrong could transport him to
the police station. (Off. Defs.’ SMF ¶ 118; Pls.’ Responsive SMF at 14.) Officer Armstrong
called for EMS to meet him at the police station to tend to Panarello’s injuries. (Off. Defs.’ SMF
¶ 119.) Plaintiffs then argue that Officer Armstrong, having placed Panarello unrestrained in the
4
backseat, stopped and accelerated abruptly to cause Panarello additional injuries. (Pls.’
Responsive SMF at 14). Officer Armstrong disputes this version of events.
Upon arrival at the police station, Officer Day met Panarello and Officer Armstrong.
(Off. Defs.’ SMF ¶¶ 121–22.) The parties agree that while in the police station, Officer Day
used oleoresin capcisum (“OC”) spray, also known as pepper spray, on Panarello. (Off. Defs.’
SMF ¶ 127; Pls.’ Responsive SMF at 15.) The parties dispute everything else pertaining to the
circumstances leading up to the use of the OC spray and the subsequent remedial actions the
police officers may or may not have taken. At a certain point, an EMS worker tried to assist
Panarello, and Panarello spit blood on her. (Off. Defs.’ SMF ¶ 133.)4
B.
Criminal Proceedings
Multiple criminal charges were filed against Panarello as a result of the July 7, 2010
incident—two counts of assault on a police officer, one count of assault on an EMS worker, one
count of aggravated assault, one count of resisting arrest, one count of obstruction, and two
weapons possession counts. (Off. Defs.’ SMF ¶¶ 134–40.) Panarello subsequently filed two
criminal complaints against Officers Laielli and Shaw for assaulting him. (Off. Defs.’ SMF
¶ 141.)5 The charges were all downgraded to disorderly persons offenses and remanded to
Municipal Court. (Off. Defs.’ SMF ¶ 142.)
4
Plaintiffs deny this paragraph, but as will be explained in Section I.B., infra, Panarello was
convicted of assault on the EMS worker for spitting blood on her. The Court cannot accept
Plaintiffs’ denial of this paragraph in light of the conviction.
5
Plaintiffs deny this paragraph, but in light of the criminal proceedings that specifically
adjudicated these two counts of assault, the Court cannot accept this denial. See Trial Decision
Tr. at 36:11–25, State v. Panarello (Glassboro Muni. Ct. Sept. 26, 2013) (Muni. Defs.’ Ex. K;
Off. Defs.’ Ex. R)
5
A trial was held on the charges against all three defendants—Panarello, Officer Laielli,
and Officer Shaw—and the Honorable William J. Golden, J.M.C., entered judgment convicting
Panarello of resisting arrest in violation of N.J.S.A. 2C:29-2a and assault on the EMT who came
to treat him in violation of N.J.S.A. 2C:12-1b(5)(c). See Trial Decision Tr., State v. Panarello
(Glassboro Muni. Ct. Sept. 26, 2013) (Muni. Defs.’ Ex. K; Off. Defs.’ Ex. R). Panarello
appealed his conviction for resisting arrest to the New Jersey Superior Court, Law Division.
(Off. Defs.’ SMF ¶ 179.) The Honorable Kevin T. Smith, J.S.C., entered judgment affirming the
conviction. See Order Aff’g Conviction, State v. Panarello, Muni. Appeal No. A-28-13 (N.J.
Super. Ct. Law Div. June 24, 2014) (Muni. Defs.’ Ex. L; Off. Defs.’ Ex. S).
C.
Civil Proceedings
Plaintiffs filed a tort claims notice on or about September 30, 2010. (Off. Defs.’ SMF
¶ 183.) Plaintiffs subsequently filed this action on July 9, 2012, [Dkt. No. 1], and then filed their
First Amended Complaint (the “FAC”) [Dkt. No. 79] on November 17, 2014. Plaintiffs allege
violations of the Constitution under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983, 1985, and 1986, as well as state law torts
and violations of the New Jersey constitution. The Municipal Defendants and Officer
Defendants now move for summary judgment on all claims asserted in the FAC, seeking
dismissal of the FAC in its entirety, and Plaintiffs cross move for summary judgment on the
warrantless entry and arrest claims and the spoliation of evidence claims.
II.
JURISDICTION
Plaintiffs bring claims under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983, 1985, and 1986 as well as under the
state constitution and state common law.6 Accordingly, this Court exercises subject matter
6
Plaintiffs’ claims under the New Jersey constitution will be construed to be claims under the
New Jersey Civil Rights Act (the “NJCRA”), N.J.S.A. 10:6-2. See George v. Bd. of Educ. of
6
jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 and 1343(a)(3) and supplemental jurisdiction over the
accompanying state law claims pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367.
III.
LEGAL STANDARD
Summary judgment is appropriate where the Court is satisfied that “there is no genuine
dispute as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”
Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); see also Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 330 (1986). A genuine
dispute of material fact exists only if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could find for the
non-moving party. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). When the Court
weighs the evidence presented by the parties, “[t]he evidence of the non-movant is to be
believed, and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in his favor.” Id. at 255.
The moving party bears the burden of establishing that no genuine issue of material fact
remains. See Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322–23. A fact is material only if it will affect the outcome of
a lawsuit under the applicable law, and a dispute of a material fact is genuine if the evidence is
such that a reasonable fact finder could return a verdict for the nonmoving party. See Anderson,
477 U.S. at 252. Even if the facts are undisputed, a disagreement over what inferences may be
drawn from the facts precludes a grant of summary judgment. Ideal Dairy Farms, Inc. v. John
Labatt, Ltd., 90 F.3d 737, 744 (3d Cir. 1996).
The nonmoving party must present “more than a scintilla of evidence showing that there
is a genuine issue for trial.” Woloszyn v. Cty. of Lawrence, 396 F.3d 314, 319 (3d Cir. 2005).
Further, the nonmoving party must come forth with affidavits and evidence in support of their
position; merely relying on the pleadings and the assertions therein is insufficient to demonstrate
Twp. of Millburn, 34 F. Supp. 3d 442, 458 (D.N.J. 2014) (finding that the NJCRA provides a
cause of action to address violations of the New Jersey constitution, and that a claim under the
New Jersey constitution would be redundant to a claim under the NJCRA) (citations omitted).
7
a genuine issue of material of fact on a motion for summary judgment. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 324;
see also Saldana v. Kmart Corp., 260 F.3d 228, 232 (3d Cir. 2001) (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e)
and Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574 (1986)). The court’s role in
deciding the merits of a summary judgment motion is to determine whether there is a genuine
issue for trial, not to determine the credibility of the evidence or the truth of the matter.
Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249.
IV.
DISCUSSION
A.
Tort Claims Notice
As an initial matter, all defendants at some point argue that Plaintiffs have failed to
comply with the provisions of the New Jersey Tort Claims Act, N.J.S.A. 59:1-1, et seq.
(“NJTCA”), and that the state law tort claims grounded in any events that took place subsequent
to Panarello’s arrest must be dismissed. (See Muni. Defs.’ Mot. Br. at 49–50 (abuse of process),
59–60 (malicious prosecution), & 67–68 (both); Off. Defs.’ Mot. Br. at 17–21 (common law tort
claims related to Officer Armstrong’s transport of Panarello, Officer Day’s use of OC spray, and
spoliation/concealment of evidence by Officer Shaw and Officer Laielli.) For the reasons that
follow, the Municipal Defendants’ Motion and Officer Defendants’ Motion will be granted in
this respect.
New Jersey state law requires that prior to filing a complaint against a public entity or
public employee, the plaintiff must submit a notice of claim to the public entity within ninety
days of the claim accruing. See N.J.S.A. 59:8-8a. If a plaintiff fails to comply with this
requirement, he is “forever barred from recovering against a public entity or public employee.”
See N.J.S.A. 59:8-8. The notice must state “[t]he date, place and other circumstances of the
occurrence or transaction which gave rise to the claim asserted” and provide “[a] general
8
description of the injury, damage or loss incurred so far as it may be known at the time of
presentation of the claim.” N.J.S.A. 59:8-4c & d. As both the New Jersey Supreme Court and
courts of this district have recognized, failure to provide notice under the NJTCA waives a claim,
even if the officer would not be entitled to immunity otherwise. See, e.g., Velez v. City of Jersey
City, 180 N.J. 284, 294–95 (2004); Evans v. Gloucester Twp., -- F. Supp. 3d --, Civ. No. 14-7160
(JBS/JS), 2015 WL 5012593, at *10 (D.N.J. Aug. 21, 2015).
Plaintiffs complied with this requirement by filing a notice of claim with the City of
Vineland. (Notice of Claim (Municipal Defs.’ Mot. Ex. M; Off. Defs.’ Mot. Ex. T).) However,
the notice only claims causes of action related to an “accident or occurrence” where “Vineland
police entered claimant’s residence without an arrest warrant and assaulted him by tackling him
to the floor and while one officer held him down, the other officer repeatedly punched the
claimant in and about his face and head, bruising his head, blackening his eyes, and fracturing
his nose in the presence of Sherie Panarello, his wife, and their 2 year old daughter.” (Notice of
Claim at 1–2.) Panarello further wrote that the “negligence or wrongful acts of the City agency
and City employees which caused [his] damages” were that “Vineland Police unlawfully entered
claimant’s residence at 59 Yelkca Avenue,7 Vineland NJ 08360, and used excessive and
un[n]ecessary force against the claimant by repeatedly hitting the claimant about the face and
head without just cause. The claimant has suffered perm[a]nent injuries.” (Id. at 2.)
The Notice of Claim never refers to anything other than unlawful entry into Plaintiffs’
home and excessive force at the time of Panarello’s arrest. Nowhere does the Notice of Claim
mention transport to the police station, anything that occurred at the police station, spoliated
7
The claim form accidentally refers to Plaintiffs’ address as 59 Yelkca Avenue, which is actually
the address of the Ramos Defendants. Plaintiffs’ address at the time was 57 Yelkca Avenue.
9
evidence, or anything related to Panarello’s criminal prosecution, either explicitly or implicitly.
Plaintiffs’ argue that their notice is sufficient because everything arose out of Panarello’s arrest,
but that if they have not literally complied with the Notice requirement as to claims arising from
events occurring after the arrest, they have substantially complied. (Pls.’ Cross Mot. Br. at 21–
24; Pls.’ Opp. to Muni. Defs.’ Mot. at 32–35.)
The doctrine of substantial compliance can apply to NJTCA notice in the limited
circumstances where “the notice, although both timely and in writing, had technical deficiencies
that did not deprive the public entity of the effective notice contemplated by the statute.” D.D. v.
Univ. of Med. and Dentistry of N.J., 213 N.J. 130, 159 (2013) (citations omitted). “The doctrine
requires the moving party to show: (1) the lack of prejudice to the defending party; (2) a series
of steps taken to comply with the statute involved; (3) a general compliance with the purpose of
the statute; (4) a reasonable notice of petitioner’s claim; and (5) a reasonable explanation why
there was not strict compliance with the statute.” Ferreira v. Rancocas Orthopedic Assocs., 178
N.J. 144, 151 (2003) (emphasis added) (internal quotations and citations omitted). With respect
to the purposes of the NJTCA, the New Jersey Supreme Court has held that the two central
purposes of the NJTCA are (1) to restrict a public entity’s liability in tort, and (2) to create a
relatively short notice filing period to enable the public entity to investigate and settle claims.
Velez, 180 N.J. at 294 (citations omitted).
Plaintiffs have shown a series of steps taken to comply with the statute, as they literally
complied with the NJTCA for Plaintiffs’ claims for damages relating to the act of arresting
Panarello and the entry onto Plaintiffs’ property. The notice was timely and in writing, making
the issue whether the VPD and the officers were provided the effective notice for claims
subsequent to Panarello’s arrest. In this instance, Plaintiffs’ specificity regarding claims for the
10
warrantless entry and excessive force are at the detriment to their arguments that the VPD and
the Officer Defendants should have been on notice that they would also be making claims
regarding actions subsequent to Panarello’s arrest. Plaintiffs also fail to present any affirmative
support for their position that they have substantially complied with the notice requirements of
the NJTCA. The description of the incident they provide fails to put the City of Vineland on
notice that it would be defending against claims relevant to conduct taking place after the arrest
and warrantless entry into Plaintiffs’ home. Plaintiffs have made no showing towards satisfying
the other components a party seeking safe harbor under the doctrine of substantial compliance
must prove, and so the doctrine of substantial compliance does not save their failure to literally
comply with the NJTCA.8
Notice under the NJTCA is not required for either NJCRA claims or § 1983 claims, but is
required for common law tort claims. See Velez, 180 N.J. at 295–96. Accordingly, the
Municipal Defendants’ Motion and the Officer Defendants’ Motion will be granted with respect
to the state law tort claims for assault and battery dealing with transport of Panarello from
Plaintiffs’ property to the police station, for assault and battery for the use of the OC spray on
Panarello at the police station, for spoliation or concealment of evidence, for abuse of process,
and for malicious prosecution.9 To the extent that any of the same facts underlying these state
law torts provide the basis for a claim under the NJCRA or §1983, they will be analyzed under
the appropriate standards for those claims.
8
Plaintiffs are correct that both Bullock v. Cabasa, Civ. No. 10-1412 (RBK/AMD), 2013 WL
6253432 (D.N.J. Dec. 4, 2013) and Catlett v. N.J. State Police, Civ. No. 12-153 (JBS/AMD),
2012 WL 3757005 (D.N.J. Aug. 28, 2012) are distinguishable. However, simply being
distinguishable does not carry Plaintiffs’ argument for substantial compliance.
9
The Court will not reach the additional arguments made for dismissal of these state law tort
claims, such as statute of limitations arguments or the merits of the claims.
11
B.
Constitutional Claims Against Individual Actors Under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983,
1985, and 1986 and the NJCRA
Plaintiffs have alleged violations of their constitutional rights under both the United
States Constitution and the New Jersey Constitution. The analysis under § 1983 for alleged
violations of the United States Constitution is the same as the analysis under the NJCRA for
alleged violations of the New Jersey Constitution. See Hottenstein v. City of Sea Isle City, 977 F.
Supp. 2d 353, 365 (D.N.J. 2013); Rezem Family Assocs., LP v. Borough of Millstone, 423 N.J.
Super. 103, 115 (App. Div. 2011). Accordingly, Plaintiffs claims under § 1983 and the NJCRA
will be discussed concurrently.
“To state a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, a plaintiff must allege a person acting under
color of state law engaged in conduct that violated a right protected by the Constitution or laws
of the United States.” Morrow v. Balaski, 719 F.3d 160, 165–66 (3d Cir. 2013) (citing Nicini v.
Morra, 212 F.3d 798, 806 (3d Cir. 2000) (en banc)). There can be no dispute that the named
defendants were acting under the color of state law, as they were sworn officers responding to a
report of an alleged assault and investigating the crime at the time. (See Pls.’ Responsive SMF at
2; Off. Defs.’ Mot. Br. at 7.) Therefore, the Court must only determine if there is undisputed
evidence that their conduct violated a constitutional right.
Regarding the constitutional claims, the Municipal Defendants and the Officer
Defendants have moved for summary judgment to dismiss all constitutional claims against
them,10 and Plaintiffs have cross moved for summary judgment in their favor on the Fourth
Amendment claims.
10
No defendant has moved for summary judgment on the grounds of qualified immunity.
Accordingly, all analyses will be on the merits of the claims and not about whether the officer
violated a clearly established constitutional right at the time of the challenged conduct. Cf.
12
1.
Conspiracy Claims
Plaintiffs concede that they have failed to satisfy their evidentiary burden for any
conspiracy claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1985 and any failure to prevent a § 1985 conspiracy under
42 U.S.C. § 1986 as to the moving defendants. (Pls.’ Cross Mot. Br. at 27; Pls.’ Opp. to Muni.
Defs.’ Mot. Br. at 26.) Accordingly, the Municipal Defendants’ Motion and the Officer
Defendants’ Motion are granted in this respect.11
However, Plaintiffs still maintain that a conspiracy existed both under § 1983 and under
state common law to unlawfully prosecute Panarello. (Pls.’ Cross Mot. Br. at 27; Pls.’ Opp. to
Muni. Defs.’ Mot. Br. at 25–27.) Specifically, the conspiracy alleged is one “to violate
Plaintiffs’ constitutional rights, and evidence of the same is the Defendants’ failure to properly
investigate the crime scene and their failure to secure video surveillance of the incident.” (Pls.’
Cross Mot. Br. at 27; Pls’ Opp. to Muni. Defs.’ Mot. at 25–27.) Plaintiffs point to no affirmative
evidence of a conspiracy, merely incorporating by reference all previous arguments made, and
“assert[ing] that there are genuine material disputes of fact when it comes to the actions of the
officers during the arrest and subsequent to the arrest of John Panarello.” (Pls.’ Opp. to Muni.
Defs.’ Mot. at 29.) Even looking back in their briefs to find the evidence apparently
incorporated by reference, all sections of the brief dealing with any conspiracy rely on mere
assertions and the pleadings. (See, e.g., Pls.’ Opp. to Muni. Defs.’ Mot. at 25–26.)
Michtavi v. Scism, 808 F.3d 203, 206 (3d Cir. 2015) (quoting Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 563 U.S. 731
(2011)).
11
Count V, which also alleges a violation of 42 U.S.C. §§ 1985 and 1986 is against only the
Ramos Defendants, who have not moved this Court for any relief. Accordingly, Count V will
remain unless voluntarily dismissed by Plaintiffs pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(a).
13
At this procedural juncture, Plaintiffs must do more than rely on the bare pleadings to
support their position and must put forth and point to evidence in support of their claims. See
Celotex, 477 U.S. at 324 (“Rule 56[ ] therefore requires the nonmoving party to go beyond the
pleadings and . . . designate specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.”
(emphasis added) (internal quotations omitted)). Plaintiffs have failed to put forth any evidence,
and the evidence submitted by the Municipal Defendants and adopted by the Officer Defendants
defeats any claim of a conspiracy made by Plaintiffs. Plaintiffs’ own expert, Mr. Mickie
McComb testified at deposition:
I’m not saying it’s a conspiracy. I’m saying it’s a pattern of behavior and a pattern
of again let me go out each time they conveniently don’t have video of—they didn’t
collect the video. . . . They didn’t—when they were ID’ing the scene, they didn’t
take any picture where the—the entrance on the floor of the house, injuries of the—
of Mr. Panarello, none of the officers. They conveniently left certain aspects of the
case out. They left— . . . They didn’t follow proper police procedures when
collecting evidence. They didn’t collect everything. They chose, for whatever
reason, the ID people or Sergeant Riggione who was in charge of that ID officer, to
not take pictures of every single thing. And that’s—that’s not consistent with what
an ID person or unit would do in a police—you know, or any investigation, the
scene of a so-called crime.
(McComb Dep. Tr. (Muni. Defs.’ Ex. R) at 288:5–289:2) (emphasis added). Mr. McComb
clearly believes there were issues with the investigatory procedures, but he repeats at least twice
more in his testimony that there was no conspiracy. (See McComb Dep. Tr. at 295:16–17 (“I am
not saying it was a conspiracy. I am saying [certain investigatory procedures were] conveniently
left out.”); 295:25–296:4 (“I’m not saying it’s conspiracy. It’s for the purpose of covering up the
investigation and charging Mr. Panarello based on the totality of the circumstances.”).) Plaintiffs
provide nothing to rebut these assertions, and seemingly cannot as Mr. McComb is their own
expert on whom they have relied in this case.
14
Without affirmative evidence from Plaintiffs and evidence from their own expert
asserting repeatedly that no conspiracy existed, the claims for a conspiracy to deprive Panarello
of rights under § 1983 fail, and so does the claim for a common law conspiracy. Accordingly,
the Municipal Defendants’ Motion and the Officer Defendants’ Motion will be granted in this
respect, and the § 1983 claim as it pertains to a conspiracy will be dismissed, as will the common
law conspiracy claim.
2.
Fourth Amendment Search and Seizure
Plaintiffs complain of three distinct Fourth Amendment issues here: (1) whether the
officers unlawfully entered the driveway on Plaintiffs’ property before arresting Panarello; (2)
whether the officers unlawfully entered Plaintiffs’ backyard to arrest Panarello; and (3) whether
the officers unlawfully arrested Panarello. The FAC alleges that Officer Laielli, Officer Shaw,
Officer Armstrong, and Detective Riggione all unlawfully entered the property, and that Officers
Laielli, Shaw, and Armonstrong unlawfully seized and arrested Panarello. Both the Officer
Defendants and Panarello have moved for summary judgment on these issues. For the reasons
that follow, the Court will grant the Officer Defendants’ Motion only with respect to the entry
into the driveway. The Officer Defendants’ Motion and the Plaintiffs’ Cross Motion will
otherwise be denied, as explained.
“[W]hen it comes to the Fourth Amendment, the home is first among equals.” Florida v.
Jardines, 133 S. Ct. 1409, 1414 (2013). “Fourth Amendment protections extend not only to a
person’s home, but also to the curtilage surrounding the property.” Estate of Smith v. Marasco,
318 F.3d 497, 518–19 (3d Cir. 2003) (citing United States v. Dunn, 480 U.S. 294, 300–01
(1987)). The Supreme Court has explained that the curtilage is the “area around the home [that]
is ‘intimately linked to the home, both physically and psychologically,’ and is where ‘privacy
15
expectations are most heightened.’” Jardines, 133 S. Ct. at 1415 (quoting California v. Ciraolo,
476 U.S. 207, 213 (1986)). However, Fourth Amendment protection must turn on a reasonable
expectation of privacy and not adhere strictly to concepts of property. United States v. Correa,
653 F.3d 187, 191 (3d Cir. 2011).
Before reaching the merits of the claims, the Court must be certain that it is permitted to
entertain these Fourth Amendment claims in light of Panarello’s arrest and subsequent
conviction. This Court is bound by the determination of the Glassboro Municipal Court as
affirmed by the New Jersey Superior Court that Panarello was indeed resisting arrest. “[I]n a
§ 1983 suit, the district court must consider whether a judgment in favor of the plaintiff would
necessarily imply the invalidity of his conviction or sentence; if it would, the complaint must be
dismissed unless the plaintiff can demonstrate that the conviction or sentence has already been
invalidated.” Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477, 487 (1994). If the § 1983 suit necessarily
constitutes a collateral attack on Panarello’s conviction, then the claim must be dismissed as a
matter of law. See id. at 486–87. Judge Smith of the Superior Court determined that Panarello
“was told he was under arrest, and that [Panarello] continued to kick and flail in spite of being
told he was under arrest. Because [Panarello] was told he was under arrest and continued to
resist, there were sufficient facts on which to base a resisting arrest conviction.” Order Aff’g
Conviction ¶ 5a, State v. Panarello, Muni. Appeal No. A-28-13 (N.J. Super. Ct. Law Div. June
24, 2014).12
12
The record additionally reveals that Panarello was convicted by Judge Golden in Glassboro
Municipal Court of the disorderly persons offense of assault for spitting on the EMT who
attempted to administer treatment to him after he was sprayed with OC spray. See Order Aff’g
Conviction ¶¶ 1–2; see also Trial Decision Tr. at 35:9–36:10, State v. Panarello (Glassboro
Muni. Ct. Sept. 26, 2013). This finding was not appealed to the Superior Court. Order Aff’g
Conviction ¶ 3.
16
The Court in Heck specifically addressed, in dicta, what would happen if a criminal
defendant were convicted of resisting a lawful arrest and then brought a suit under § 1983
seeking damages under his Fourth Amendment right to be free from unreasonable seizures.
Heck, 512 U.S. at 486 n.6. The Court said that this action would not lie. Id. However, this
turned on the definition of resisting arrest as “intentionally preventing a peace officer from
effecting a lawful arrest.” Id. (emphasis in original).
In New Jersey, the legislature has made clear that even an unlawful arrest can be the basis
for a charge of resisting arrest so long as the officer “was acting under color of his official
authority and provided the law enforcement officer announces his intention to arrest prior to the
resistance.” N.J.S.A. 2C:29-2a. The New Jersey Supreme Court has also explained that “[b]y
the express terms of the resisting arrest statute, a person has no right to resist arrest by flight or
any other means, even if the arrest constitutes an unreasonable seizure under the constitution.”
State v. Reece, 222 N.J. 154, 173 (2015) (emphasis added) (quoting State v. Crawley, 187 N.J.
440, 453 (2006)) (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted). Thus, New Jersey has
contemplated that this course of conduct may occur, and specifically instructed an aggrieved
defendant such as Panarello to bring the instant suit. See State v. Mulvihill, 57 N.J. 151, 155–56
(1970) (“[I]n our State, when an officer makes an arrest, legal or illegal, it is the duty of the
citizen to submit and, in the event the seizure is illegal, to seek recourse in the courts for the
invasion of his right of freedom.”) (emphasis added). This feature of New Jersey law makes the
Heck doctrine inapplicable to Panarello’s Fourth Amendment claim of illegal seizure, and
accordingly will not bar this claim.
Additionally, none of Panarello’s convictions preclude a finding of an unlawful search
under the Heck doctrine. The Court in Heck also addressed this issue in dicta, noting that “a suit
17
for damages attributable to an allegedly unreasonable search may lie even if the challenged
search produced evidence that was introduced in a state criminal trial resulting in the § 1983
plaintiff’s still-outstanding conviction.” Heck, 512 U.S. at 487 n.7. This type of suit may only
lie if it “will not demonstrate the invalidity of any outstanding criminal judgment.” Id. at 487
(emphasis in original). Because Panarello’s arrest need not be lawful under the resisting arrest
statute, it does not matter whether the police were lawfully on his property in the process of
effecting the arrest. Thus, any finding of unlawful entry would not invalidate his conviction for
resisting arrest. The Court will now consider the merits of the claims.
i.
Initial Entry onto the Property
The parties dispute whether the driveway constitutes the curtilage. Officers Laielli and
Shaw argue that at the time they entered Plaintiffs’ property, they were in his driveway, and
preparing to approach the front door in order to contact Panarello to conduct their investigation.
(Off. Defs.’ Mot. Br. at 11; Off. Defs.’ SMF ¶¶ 55–60.) Plaintiffs contend that any entry onto
the property, including the driveway, was unlawful. (Pls.’ Cross Mot. Br. at 40–41.) The
Officers counter that they are permitted to be on the driveway as it a place of usual ingress and
egress. (Off. Defs.’ Reply Br. at 3.)
Of relevance to the Court’s analysis is an understanding of the property. Plaintiffs
explain that their property was fenced in and that the driveway leading to the back of the
property was “not open and inviting to the public.” (Pls.’ Cross Mot. SMF ¶ 38.) Plaintiffs also
explain that “the public is only invited onto the property via the walkway to the front door.” (Id.
¶ 41.) Looking at the photograph of Plaintiffs’ property submitted by Plaintiffs, it is obvious that
18
the walkway to the front door connects to the driveway. (Pls.’ Cross Mot. Ex. A.)13 Therefore,
one must necessarily enter the driveway in order to access the walkway to the front door.
It is well settled that officers may approach the front door to investigate a complaint. See
Jardines, 133 S. Ct. at 1416 (“[A] police officer not armed with a warrant may approach a home
and knock, precisely because that is ‘no more than any private citizen might do.’”) (quoting
Kentucky v. King, 131 S. Ct. 1849, 1862 (2011)). On Plaintiffs’ property, to approach the front
door, the officers necessarily needed to walk down the driveway. No Fourth Amendment
violation can rise from this entry onto the driveway. On this issue, the Officer Defendants’
Motion will be granted, and the Plaintiffs’ Cross Motion denied.
ii.
Entry into the Backyard and Arrest
The Court next turns to the entry into the backyard which is apparently predicated upon
the subsequent arrest of Panarello. From the driveway, where he was lawfully permitted to be,
Officer Laielli spotted Panarello in the backyard and called out “Yo, I need to talk to you.” (See
Off. Defs.’ SMF ¶¶ 59–60; Pls.’ Cross Mot. SMF ¶ 28.) In response, Panarello moved away
from the officers and toward his home. (Off Defs.’ SMF ¶ 62; Pls.’ Cross Mot. SMF ¶¶ 26–
28.)14 From the view of the officers, this action constituted an act of fleeing and they believed
that Panarello was now committing the offense of obstruction, in violation of N.J.S.A. 2C:29-1.
13
The Officer Defendants also submit photos that confirm this. (See Off. Defs.’ Ex. W, X.)
14
The parties dispute how to characterize Panarello’s conduct. The Officers contend that he
“took off running” (Off. Defs.’ SMF ¶ 62), while Panarello counters that he merely “began
moving towards the back door of his residence intending to enter his home and not talk to police
at that time.” (Pls.’ Resp. to Off. Defs.’ SMF ¶ 62.) This point is immaterial to the ultimate
analysis.
19
15
(See Off. Defs.’ SMF ¶ 63.) Officers Laielli and Shaw then proceeded into the backyard to
arrest Panarello for obstruction.
“It is a basic principle of Fourth Amendment law that searches and seizures inside a
home without a warrant are presumptively unreasonable.” Payton v. New York, 445 U.S. 573,
586 (1980) (internal quotation marks omitted). However, exceptions to this presumption do
exist, though there are only “a few specifically stablished and well-delineated exceptions.”
Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 573, 586 (1980) (internal quotation marks omitted). This
same principle extends to the curtilage, as explained above. Thus, this Court must presume that
the warrantless search of the curtilage was unreasonable.
It is undisputed by the parties that the Plaintiffs’ backyard constitutes the curtilage of
Plaintiffs’ home. (See Off. Defs.’ Mot. Br. at 10–11; Pls.’ Cross Mot. Br. at 38–41.) Plaintiffs’
argument is simply that any entry into his backyard was unjustified. (Pls.’ Cross Mot. Br. at 29–
30.) The Officer Defendants put forth two primary theories to justify their conduct: (1) the
backyard led to the back door, which they believed was used by visitors, so their entry was
permitted in the same way access to the front door is permitted (Off. Defs.’ Mot. Br. at 10–11);
and (2) Panarello was exposed to public view at the time he committed the crime of obstruction,
so the officers were permitted to follow him as he retreated in order to effect an arrest that would
have been lawful had he stayed put. (Off. Defs.’ Reply Br. at 3–6).16 As will be explained, the
15
The elements of this crime are discussed in Section IV.B.2.ii.b, infra.
16
The Officer Defendants have not argued any theory of exigent circumstances, although
Plaintiffs cross moved for summary judgment that exigent circumstances do not justify the
warrantless entry. (See Pls.’ Cross Mot. Br. at 34–36.) The Officer Defendants do not respond
to Plaintiffs Cross Motion on this point.
20
facts submitted do not support the first theory, and there are disputed facts that make this Court
unable to decide if the second theory can support the claim.
a.
Entry Under Theory of Customary Access
There is no evidence to suggest that the officers believed the back door was the common
route of entry to the home, nor is there evidence to support that the back door was publicly
accessible. The Supreme Court has explicitly reserved judgment on the issue of whether a
“knock and talk” is permitted at any entrance open to visitors. See Carroll v. Carman, 135 S. Ct.
348, 352 (2014) (per curiam). However, the Court in Carroll explained, without approving or
disapproving, that other lower courts had found the Fourth Amendment not implicated when
officers believe the door to be readily accessible to the public. See id. (gathering cases). The
Officer Defendants submit no evidence regarding the path from the driveway to the back door.
The only evidence on this point comes from Plaintiffs who submit that there was no walkway on
the side or along the back of the Panarello residence. (Pls.’ Resp. to Off. Defs.’ SMF at 3.) The
back door is not visible to the public from the roadway, only the front door and the path to the
front door. (See Pls.’ Cross Mot. Ex. A; see also Off. Defs.’ Ex. W, X.) The Officer Defendants
also fail to argue that they had a reasonable belief the back door was used by visitors, merely
stating the legal proposition that a law enforcement officer may approach a back door when they
have such a reasonable belief without explaining how this proposition applies here. (See Off.
Defs.’ Mot. Br. at 11.)
The cases cited to by the Officer Defendants in support of their position are
distinguishable.17 Further, the cases all predate the Supreme Court’s decision from March 2013
17
The Officer Defendants cite primarily to State v. Johnson, 171 N.J. 192 (2002). However, the
focus of the court’s decision in Johnson was the front porch of a multi-occupancy dwelling
where multiple persons unrelated to the defendant were occupying the front porch at the time the
21
in Jardines. The Court in Jardines held that the front porch of a single family home was space
protected by the Fourth Amendment as a “classic exemplar” of the curtilage. See Jardines, 133
S. Ct. at 1414–15. The Court affirmed the Florida Supreme Court in finding a search of the front
porch with a drug dog to be a violation of the Fourth Amendment’s protection against
warrantless searches of the home. Id. at 1417–18. This was as opposed to the line of cases that
had permitted searches by drug dogs of cars during traffic stops. See id. at 1419 n.1 (Kagan, J.,
concurring). The facts and circumstances presented here do not support a finding that the Officer
Defendants’ entry was justified as a matter of law. This theory cannot defeat Plaintiffs’ Cross
Motion, nor can it support the Officer Defendants’ Motion.
b.
Entry Under Theory of Effecting Arrest
For the theory of entry into the backyard to effect an arrest, the facts are intertwined with
the facts surrounding the warrantless arrest of Panarello. The Officer Defendants argue that once
they saw Panarello and ordered him to stop, they had successfully placed him under an
investigatory detention pursuant to their reasonable suspicion that he had committed a crime.
They continue that when he fled, they then had probable cause to believe that Panarello was
committing a crime, and they could enter the backyard to arrest him for that crime. (Off. Defs.’
Mot. Br. at 12.) Panarello counters by arguing that any entry onto his property was
unconstitutional. (Pls.’ Cross Mot. Br. at 29.)
officers entered the porch. See Johnson, 171 N.J. at 209–10. The Officer Defendants
additionally rely on United States v. Garcia, 997 F.2d 1273, 1279–80 (9th Cir. 1993), where
officers went to the back door of a home reasonably believing it to be the front door and
provided reasons for the belief, United States v. Reed, 733 F.2d 492, 501 (8th Cir. 1984), which
involved warrantless entry into commercial property, and United States v. Daoust, 728 F. Supp.
41, 42–46 (D. Me. 1989), which involved officers walking around a home trying to find the front
door to a home where no path existed around the home.
22
The officers had probable cause to arrest Panarello for obstruction based on his retreat
from the officers during an investigation of an alleged assault. “Probable cause does not require
the same type of specific evidence of each element of the offense as would be needed to support
a conviction.” Wright v. City of Phila., 409 F.3d 595, 602 (3d Cir. 2005) (quoting Adams v.
Williams, 407 U.S. 143, 149 (1972)). “Therefore, the evidentiary standard for probable cause is
significantly lower than the standard which is required for conviction.” Id. (citing Michigan v.
DeFillippo, 443 U.S. 31, 36 (1979)). The offense of obstruction, as defined by N.J.S.A. 2C:291a, is committed when one “purposely . . . prevents or attempts to prevent a public servant from
lawfully performing an official function by means of flight . . . .” Here, Officers Laielli and
Shaw were attempting to investigate an alleged assault, which constituted “lawfully performing
an official function” under the statute. See Reece, 222 N.J. at 171 (citing Crawley, 187 N.J. at
460–61). Panarello’s moving away from the officer, even if not running away, still provides the
necessary probable cause to believe that obstruction has occurred. See Crawley, 187 N.J. at 460–
61 & n.7 (“[A]ny flight from police detention is fraught with the potential for violence because
flight will incite a pursuit . . . .”). Thus, even viewing the facts in the light most favorable to the
Plaintiffs, the low threshold of probable cause existed for Officers Laielli and Shaw to find that
Panarello committed the offense of obstruction.
Panarello committed the act of obstruction in front of the officers, making it permissible
for them to arrest Panarello without a warrant if he was in a public place. See Atwater v. City of
Lago Vista, 532 U.S. 318, 354 (2001) (“If an officer has probable cause to believe that an
individual has committed even a very minor criminal offense in his presence, he may, without
violating the Fourth Amendment, arrest the offender.”); State v. Dangerfield, 171 N.J. 446, 460
23
(2002) (finding that N.J.S.A. 40A:14-152 permits officers to perform warrantless arrests for
“disorderly and petty disorderly persons offenses that occurred in their presence”).
If a person is in a public place when the officers went to effect the arrest, he cannot avoid
the arrest by retreating to a place of safety. See United States v. Santana, 427 U.S. 38, 42 (1976)
(“The only remaining question is whether [the defendant’s] act of retreating into her house could
thwart an otherwise proper arrest. We hold that it could not.”). Thus, the issue becomes if
Panarello was in a public place at the time he acted in a manner that gave the officers probable
cause to arrest him, then the warrantless entry into the yard and subsequently the house in
effecting his arrest as well as the arrest itself are proper under the Fourth Amendment.
The Officer Defendants rely heavily on the decision of the New Jersey Superior Court,
Appellate Division in State v. Nikola, 359 N.J. Super. 573 (App. Div. 2003), and that court’s
interpretation of the Supreme Court’s decision in United States v. Santana, 427 U.S. 38 (1976).
In Santana, after an undercover investigation, officers encountered the defendant standing in the
front doorway of her home with evidence of felony drug distribution in her hand. Santana, 427
U.S. at 40. Once the officers identified themselves, she retreated into her home, and the officers
pursued her into the home to arrest her. Id. at 40–41. The Court in Santana determined that the
defendant in the threshold was in public view. Id. at 42. Relying on this, the court in Nikola
found that a defendant suspected of driving under the influence standing in the entryway to her
garage at the end of her front driveway was in a public place. Nikola, 359 N.J. Super. at 582–83.
However, following the decision in Santanta, the Court held in Welsh v. Wisconsin, 466
U.S. 740 (1984), that “[w]hen the government’s interest is only to arrest for a minor offense, that
presumption of unreasonableness [for a warrantless home entry] is difficult to rebut, and the
government usually should be allowed to make such arrests only with a warrant issued upon
24
probable cause by a neutral and detached magistrate.” 466 U.S. at 750. Here, the officers
arrested Panarello based on what they believed to be his commission of the offense of
obstruction, which Officer Laielli filed as a disorderly persons offense. (See Off. Defs.’ Ex. N,
Compl. 2010-3105.) This is precisely the kind of minor offense that the Court in Welsh
contemplated.
The Court is not persuaded that a person standing in the front door threshold with
evidence of a felony or a person standing in the threshold of her garage at the end of her front
driveway suspected of driving under the influence are sufficiently factually similar to a person in
his backyard suspected of a disorderly persons crime of obstruction. Looking at the facts,
analysis, and reasoning in Santana and Nikola, the issue to the Court appears to be whether a
public passerby would have been able to see Panarello in the backyard from the street. If
Panarello were visible from a public passerby, then the warrantless entry into the backyard is
justified to effect the arrest. Otherwise, both the warrantless entry into the backyard and the
warrantless arrest within the curtilage are unlawful under the Constitution.
The parties have cross moved for summary judgment on this issue, meaning neither
movant benefits from any inferences. Looking at the undisputed facts, no one has identified to
this Court where precisely in the backyard Panarello was standing. All that can be agreed upon
is that Panarello was somewhere in the backyard visible to the police from somewhere on the
driveway. (Pls.’ Cross Mot. SMF ¶¶ 27–28; Off. Defs.’ SMF ¶¶ 59–60.) It is unclear whether
Panarello could have been observed by a public passerby when seen by the officers committing
what they believed to be obstruction. Because this is an issue of fact, summary judgment cannot
be granted on this issue. Accordingly, both motions will be denied with respect to the
warrantless entry and arrest due to the presence of a genuine issue of material fact.
25
3.
Excessive Force
Plaintiffs complain of three distinct instances of excessive force: (1) the force used
during Panarello’s initial arrest to subdue him and handcuff him; (2) the conduct of the officer
who drove him from his house to the police station; and (3) the use of the OC spray while
Panarello was in the booking room at the police station. (See generally FAC Counts I, II.) The
Officer Defendants move for summary judgment on the grounds that (1) their use of force was
neither unlawful nor excessive at any time (Off. Defs.’ Mot. Br. at 7–14); and (2) the Heck
doctrine bars any argument that there was excessive force at the time of his arrest (Off. Defs.’
Mot. Br. at 15–16.) The three uses of force will be analyzed in turn.
i.
Standard for Excessive Force Claims
The force used by the Officer Defendants at the time of arrest must be analyzed under the
Fourth Amendment. See Rivas v. City of Passaic, 365 F.3d 181, 198 (3d Cir. 2004) (“[A]ll
claims of excessive force by police officers, in the context of an arrest, investigatory stop, or
other ‘seizure,’ should be analyzed under the Fourth Amendment.”) (citing Graham v. Connor,
490 U.S. 386, 395 (1989)). However, it is not clear what standard applies to the use of force
during Panarello’s transportation to the police station and the use of force at the police station.18
The Supreme Court, first in Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386 (1989) and most recently in
Kingsley v. Hendrickson, 135 S. Ct. 2466 (2015), made clear that excessive force claims made by
pretrial detainees in state facilities are to be evaluated under the Fourteenth Amendment Due
Process Clause. See Kingsley, 135 S. Ct. at 2472–73. Those cases have specificlly left open the
18
Plaintiffs and the Officer Defendants appear to presume with stating as much that the Fourth
Amendment governs all of Panarello’s excessive force claims. However, this Court has an
obligation to apply the correct standard of law, regardless of what the parties request.
26
issue of when the subject of a criminal case transitions from the status of an arrestee—whose
claims are evaluated under the Fourth Amendment—to a pretrial detainee—whose claims are
evaluated under the Fifth or Fourteenth Amendment, as appropriate. See Kingsley, 135 S. Ct. at
2479 (Alito, J., dissenting) (noting that the Fourth Amendment versus Due Process Clause issue
is unsettled); Graham, 490 U.S. at 395 n.10 (“Our cases have not resolved the question whether
the Fourth Amendment continues to provide individuals with the protection against the deliberate
use of excessive physical force beyond the point at which arrest ends and pretrial detention
begins, and we do not attempt to answer that question today.”).
The Third Circuit has also not clarified the issue, but has found that the use of force by a
police officer in the station house garage occurred during an arrest, and so would be analyzed
under the Fourth Amendment, “[w]ithout deciding where an arrest ends and pretrial detention
begins.” United States v. Johnstone, 107 F.3d 200, 205–06 (3d Cir. 1997).19 Other regional
circuit courts have determined that the Fourth Amendment continues to apply beyond even this
point. See, e.g., Estate of Booker v. Gomez, 745 F.3d 405, 419 (10th Cir. 2014) (applying the
Fourth Amendment to a plaintiff arrested without a warrant prior to any probable cause hearing);
Chambers v. Pennycook, 641 F.3d 898, 905 (8th Cir. 2011) (applying the Fourth Amendment “to
incidents occurring during the transportation, booking, and initial detention of a recently arrested
person”); Aldini v. Johnson, 609 F.3d 858, 865–67 (6th Cir. 2010) (applying the Fourth
19
The Third Circuit has recently noted that it still has yet to “chisel more finely the lines between
the two claims . . . [and] might be required to decide precisely where an unlawful seizure ends
and a due process violation begins.” Halsey v. Pfeiffer, 750 F.3d 273, 291 (3d Cir. 2014)
(internal quotations and alterations omitted).
27
Amendment for warrantless arrestees prior to a probable-cause hearing, relying on dicta in Bell v.
Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520, 536 (1979)).20
Based on the Third Circuit’s holding in Johnstone, this Court finds that any alleged use of
force against Panarello during his transport to the police station must be analyzed under the
Fourth Amendment. This Court also finds that because Panarello was arrested without a warrant,
relying on the weight of authority from the other regional circuits, the Fourth Amendment
applies to the alleged use of force while in the police station booking room.21
For a Fourth Amendment excessive force analysis, “whether there is a constitutional
violation is properly analyzed under the Fourth Amendments’ objective reasonableness
standard.” Curley v. Klem, 499 F.3d 199, 206 (3d Cir. 2007) (quoting Graham, 490 U.S. at 388)
(internal quotation marks omitted). “The test of reasonableness under the Fourth Amendment is
whether under the totality of the circumstances, ‘the officers’ actions are “objectively
reasonable” in light of the facts and circumstances confronting them, without regard to their
underlying intent or motivations.’” Kopec v. Tate, 361 F.3d 772, 776 (3d Cir. 2004) (quoting
20
The Sixth Circuit in Aldini noted the existence of a circuit split on this issue. See Aldini, 609
F.3d at 864 & n.6 (collecting cases).
21
The standard under both the Fourth Amendment and under the Fourteenth Amendment Due
Process Clause appears to be the same—the test is one of objective reasonableness. Kingsley,
135 S. Ct. at 2473 (relying on the Fourth Amendment test of Graham, 490 U.S. at 396, to define
the Fourteenth Amendment Due Process Clause test); id. at 2479 (Alito, J., dissenting) (noting
that a Fourth Amendment claim “apparently would be indistinguishable from the substantive due
process claim that the [majority] discusses”); see also Michael Avery et al., Police Misconduct:
Law & Litig. § 2:18 (updated Nov. 2015). Thus, the analysis would be unaffected even if this
Court’s conclusion is incorrect regarding which amendment applies. But before an alleged
violation of a constitutional right can be analyzed, “it is necessary to isolate the precise
constitutional violation with which [the defendant] is charged.” Baker v. McCollan, 443 U.S.
137, 140 (1979); see also Malleus v. George, 641 F.3d 560, 563 (3d Cir. 2011) (requiring a
determination that a right is secured by the Constitution before evaluating the claim) (citing West
v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 48 (1988)).
28
Graham, 490 U.S. at 397). “[T]he ‘reasonableness’ of a particular use of force must be judged
from the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene; Monday morning quarterbacking is not
allowed.” Lamont v. New Jersey, 637 F.3d 177, 183 (3d Cir. 2011) (quoting Graham, 490 U.S.
at 396) (internal quotation marks omitted). A court must consider “all of the relevant facts and
circumstances leading up to the time that the officers allegedly used excessive force.” Rivas, 365
F.3d at 198 (citing Abraham v. Raso, 183 F.3d 279, 291 (3d Cir. 1999)). “Even where an officer
is initially justified in using force, he may not continue to use such force after it has become
evident that the threat justifying the force has vanished.” Id. at 184 (citations omitted).
However, “[t]he reasonableness of the use of force is normally an issue for the jury.” Id. (citing
Abraham, 183 F.3d at 290).
ii.
Force at the Time of Arrest
The Officer Defendants argue that the Heck doctrine bars any claim by Panarello for
excessive force at the time of his arrest. (See Off. Defs.’ Mot. Br. at 15–16.) Their argument is
that that the New Jersey court entered a finding rejecting Panarello’s argument that he was
entitled to use self-defense,22 so if the present claim were submitted to a jury that ultimately
found for Panarello, it would upend Panarello’s conviction for resisting arrest because he would
be entitled to use self-defense against the unlawful force, a result which the Heck doctrine
22
“This Court also found, after giving deference to Judge Golden’s credibility finding that
[Panarello] continued to flail after being told he was under arrest and the record supporting a
finding that had appellant stopped resisiting then the force used by the police officer would also
have ceased, [Panarello]’s self-defense claim fails.” Order Aff’g Conviction ¶ 5b, State v.
Panarello, Muni. Appeal No. A-28-13 (N.J. Super. Ct. Law Div. June 24, 2014)
29
specifically prohibits, as explained in Section IV.B.2, supra. This is because New Jersey law
permits an arrestee to use self-defense to resist an arrest effected through unlawful force.23
The Heck doctrine does not automatically bar a § 1983 claim for excessive force for
effecting an arrest when the § 1983 plaintiff has been previously convicted of resisting the same
arrest. See Lora-Pena v. F.B.I., 529 F.3d 503, 506 (3d Cir. 2008) (per curiam); Nelson v.
Jashurek, 109 F.3d 142, 145–46 (3d Cir. 1997). However, the relevant Third Circuit cases are
distinguishable from the instant case. In Nelson, the plaintiff had been convicted of resisting
arrest under Pennsylvania law that only required the jury to find that the officer “was justified in
using ‘substantial force.’” 109 F.3d at 145. The Third Circuit held that “the fact that [the
officer] was justified in using ‘substantial force’ to arrest [the plaintiff] does not mean that he
was justified in using an excessive amount of force, and thus does not mean that his actions in
effectuating the arrest necessarily were objectively unreasonable.” Id. Thus, the court reasoned
that Heck would not bar the claim. Id. at 145–46. Similarly, in Lora-Pena, “[t]he trial judge
instructed the jury in [the plaintiff]’s criminal case that in order to find [the plaintiff] guilty of
assaulting a federal officer, they had to determine that the officer was acting in the performance
of his official duties.” 529 F.3d at 505. The Third Circuit determined that “the question of
whether the officers used excessive force was not put before the jury. . . . Nowhere in the jury
instructions did the trial judge state that the jury must determine whether the officers used
excessive force against [the plaintiff].” Id. at 506. Accordingly, the court concluded that “the
rationale of Heck does not present an absolute bar.” Id.
23
N.J.S.A. 2C:3-4b(1)(a) provides: “The use of force is not justifiable under this section . . . [t]o
resist an arrest which the actor knows is being made by a peace officer in the performance of his
duties, although the arrest is unlawful, unless the peace officer employs unlawful force to effect
such arrest . . . .”
30
In contrast to the plaintiffs in both Nelson and Lora-Pena, there is a specific finding from
the New Jersey Superior Court that Panarello’s self-defense claim failed when Judge Smith
affirmed Panarello’s conviction for resisting arrest. Order Aff’g Conviction ¶ 5b, State v.
Panarello, Muni. Appeal No. A-28-13 (N.J. Super. Ct. Law Div. June 24, 2014). Additionally,
the New Jersey Superior Court, Appellate Division, has held under the same rationale advanced
by the Officer Defendants that where a plaintiff has pleaded guilty to resisting arrest, he has
“forfeited any claim that defendants used excessive force in effecting his arrest” and his claims
“are barred because a favorable outcome in the civil action would be inconsistent with the
admissions he made by pleading guilty.” Bustamante v. Borough of Paramus, 413 N.J. Super.
276, 295 (App. Div. 2010) (citations omitted). Although Panarello did not plead guilty and
thereby admit he was not entitled to use force, the explicit finding of the Superior Court in his
criminal case provides the same.
Therefore, this Court must agree with the Officer Defendants. Permitting this claim to go
forth presents the possibility that if the jury were to find for Panarello on this issue, this would be
a finding that directly contravenes the conclusions of the fact-finder from the criminal
proceeding, which Heck does not permit. Accordingly, the Officer Defendants’ Motion is
granted with respect to the use of force during the arrest.
iii.
Force in Transporting Panarello to the Police Station
The accounts of the parties differ on the issue of what occurred during the transportation
of Panarello to the police station. It is not in dispute that Officer Armstrong was the one who
transported Panarello. (Off. Defs.’ SMF ¶ 118; Pls.’ Resp. to Off. Defs.’ SMF at 14.) It is also
apparently not in dispute that Panarello sustained additional injuries during the transport from
Plaintiffs’ property to the police station—the dispute is as to whose fault it is. (See Pls.’ Resp. to
31
Off. Defs.’ SMF at 14–15.) Officer Armstrong argues that he merely transported Panarello, and
that during the transport, he called for an EMT to meet them at the police station due to the
injuries sustained during his arrest. (Off. Defs.’ SMF ¶¶ 117–19; Armstrong Dep. Tr. at 47:25–
48:9, 49:23–51:2.) Officer Armstrong also testified at the state criminal proceedings that
Panarello was yelling and screaming in the back of the patrol car and was banging his head and
upper body against the plexiglass. (Trial Tr. vol. 2 (Off. Defs.’ Ex. Q [Dkt. No. 164-20]) at
24:13–26:13.) Plaintiffs, on the other hand, claim that Panarello was placed unrestrained into the
back of the police vehicle following his arrest, and that Officer Armstrong purposefully
accelerated and braked abruptly in order to cause him further injury. (Pls.’ Resp. to Off. Defs.’
SMF at 14–15; Panarello Aff. ¶¶ 8–9.)
This constitutes a genuine issue of material fact, as the parties dispute the responsibility
for Panarello’s additional injuries. This dispute only be resolved by weighing the credibility of
the witnesses, which the Court cannot and must not do at this procedural juncture. Anderson,
477 U.S. at 255. Accordingly, the Officer Defendants’ Motion with respect to this issue will be
denied.
iv.
Use of the OC Spray in the Police Station Booking Room
Again, the accounts of the parties differ on what led up to the use of the OC spray in the
booking room. Not in dispute is the fact that Officers Armstrong and Day were present, and
Officer Day is the one who deployed the OC spray. (Off. Defs.’ SMF ¶¶ 121–27; Pls.’ Resp. to
Off. Defs.’ SMF at 15–16.) Officers Armstrong and Day submit that after Officer Armstrong
took Panarello into the police station, Panarello was yelling his name and Social Security
number, but that Officer Armstrong removed Panarello’s handcuffs, and then instructed him to
sit down on a bench to be secured by handcuffs to the wall. (Off. Defs.’ SMF ¶¶ 124–26;
32
Armstrong Dep. Tr. at 51:13–53:16, 55:9–25; Day Dep. Tr. at 52:23–54:9, 57:18–62:19.) They
claim that Panarello “raised his fists and took an aggressive posture” and refused to follow orders
to sit down on the bench after being instructed to do so repeatedly. (Off. Defs.’ SMF ¶¶ 125–27;
Armstrong Dep. Tr. at 56:1–13; Day Dep. Tr. at 62:8–19.) Officers Armstrong and Day then
claim Officer Day decided to use OC spray to obtain compliance from Panarello rather than
engage in a physical altercation. (Off. Defs.’ SMF ¶¶ 127–28; Armstrong Dep. Tr. at 56:14–17;
Day Dep. Tr. at 62:20–63:3.) Officer Armstrong further submits that he gave Panarello paper
towels to wipe his face, but that Panarello refused and instead yelled his name and Social
Security number over and over. (Off. Defs.’ SMF ¶¶ 131–32; Armstrong Dep. Tr. at 60:17–
62:7.) Plaintiffs conversely claim that the OC spray was administered after Panarello was
already secured by handcuffs to the wall and while we was in a semi-conscious state. (Pls.’
Resp. to Off. Defs.’ SMF at 15–16; Panarello Aff. ¶ 10.)
This too constitutes genuine issues of material fact, regarding both the timing of the use
of the OC spray and the events leading up to its use. Again, the dispute can only be resolved by
judging the credibility of the witnesses, and accordingly the Officer Defendants’ Motion with
respect to this issue will be denied.
4.
Retaliatory Complaints, Malicious Prosecution, and Abuse of Process
Plaintiffs advance as a theory of liability under § 1983 the fact that all of the Officer
Defendants as well as Sergeant Riggione filed false police reports with the purpose of retaliating
against Panarello for filing complaints against Ramos in violation of his First, Fourth, and
Fourteenth Amendment rights. (FAC Count II ¶¶ 5–6.) The Officer Defendants and Municipal
Defendants move for summary judgment on the entirety of Count II of the FAC. The Officer
Defendants appear to argue that this allegation would fall within the claims for malicious
33
prosecution and abuse of process. (See Off. Defs.’ Mot. Br. at 21–24.) The Municipal
Defendants argue that Sergeant Riggione was not involved in the process of arresting or charging
Panarello, the claim must be dismissed as to Sergeant Riggione. (Muni. Defs.’ Mot. Br. at 37.)
They also argue that because the FAC include an allegation of a conspiracy in these paragraphs,
that this theory of liability must be dismissed for failure of proof of a conspiracy. (Muni. Defs.’
Mot. Br. at 37–38.)
As an initial matter, as will be explained below, Sergeant Riggione was explicitly
involved in the process of charging Panarello, so the Municipal Defendants’ argument on this
point is incorrect. With respect to construing the claim, the Court agrees with the Officer
Defendants, and will construe this theory of liability to encompass malicious prosecution and
abuse of process in violation of the Constitution. Further, to the extent this allegation presents a
theory of liability for retaliation under the First Amendment against the defendants who authored
criminal complaints based on Panarello’s earlier internal affairs complaint against Ramos, no
party has briefed this issue or has made an application for relief on this theory. Therefore, any
such claim survives summary judgment.
i.
Malicious Prosecution
In this circuit, a claim for malicious prosecution under § 1983 must establish “(1) the
defendants initiated a criminal proceeding; (2) the criminal proceeding ended in plaintiff’s favor;
(3) the proceeding was initiated without probable cause; (4) the defendants acted maliciously or
for a purpose other than bringing the plaintiff to justice; and (5) the plaintiff suffered deprivation
of liberty consistent with the concept of seizure as a consequence of a legal proceeding.”
Kossler v. Crisanti, 564 F.3d 181, 186 (3d Cir. 2009) (quoting Estate of Smith, 318 F.3d at 521)
(internal quotations omitted).
34
The crux of the dispute over this claim between the parties appears to be whether the
criminal proceedings terminated in Panarello’s favor. In order to find that the criminal
proceeding ended in plaintiff’s favor in the situation where plaintiff has been charged with
multiple crimes and convicted of some and acquitted of others, “upon examination of the entire
criminal proceeding, the judgment must indicate the plaintiff’s innocence of the alleged
misconduct underlying the offenses charged.” Id. at 188. The Third Circuit has counseled that
“district courts need not reach the probable cause element unless they first make a finding of
favorable termination after examining whether the proceeding as a whole indicates the innocence
of the accused with respect to the conduct underlying all of the charges.” Id. at 194.
The parties do not, and cannot, dispute the record from the trial court. As noted above,
Panarello was convicted of resisting arrest in violation of N.J.S.A. 2C:29-2a and assault on the
EMT who came to treat him in violation of N.J.S.A. 2C:12-1b(5)(c). See Trial Decision Tr.,
State v. Panarello, (Glassboro Muni. Ct. Sept. 26, 2013); Order Aff’g Conviction, State v.
Panarello, Muni. Appeal No. A-28-13 (N.J. Super. Ct. Law Div. June 24, 2014). Officer
Armstrong only authored the criminal complaint against Panarello for assault on the EMT. (Off.
Defs.’ SMF ¶ 136; Off. Defs.’ Ex. N, Compl. 2010-3102.) Officer Laielli authored the criminal
complaint for resisting arrest. (Off. Defs.’ SMF ¶ 138; Off. Defs.’ Ex. N, Compl. 2010-3104.)
Where Panarello was actually convicted of the crime, it is clear that no liability for malicious
prosecution can lie. Accordingly, Officer Armstrong can have no liability for malicious
prosecution, having authored no other criminal complaints,24 and Officer Laielli can have no
24
Plaintiffs initially asserted that Officer Armstrong also authored the criminal complaint for the
charge of obstruction. (See FAC Count II ¶ 5.) In light of the actual criminal complaints
entered into the record for these motions, it is clear that Officer Armstrong signed no other
criminal complaints. (See Off. Defs.’ Ex. N.)
35
liability for malicious prosecution with respect to the complaint for resisting arrest. Further,
Officer Day did not author any criminal complaints. (See Off. Defs.’ Ex. N.) Therefore, he too
can have no liability for malicious prosecution having failed to initiate any criminal proceedings.
The remaining five criminal complaints were authored by Officers Laielli and Shaw and
Sergeant Riggione.25 Officer Laielli authored the complaint charging Panarello with aggravated
assault for striking him, in violation of N.J.S.A. 2C:12-1b(5)(a) (Off. Defs.’ SMF ¶ 135; Off.
Defs.’ Ex. N, Compl. 2010-3101), and the complaint for obstruction in violation of N.J.S.A.
2C:29-1a (Off. Defs.’ SMF ¶ 139; Off. Defs.’ Ex. N, Compl. 2010-3105). Officer Shaw
authored the complaint charging Panarello with aggravated assault for striking him, in violation
of N.J.S.A. 2C:12-1b(5)(a). (Off. Defs.’ SMF ¶ 134; Off. Defs.’ Ex. N, Compl. 2010-3100.)
Sergeant Riggione authored the complaint charging Panarello with aggravated assault for his
attempt to hit Ramos, in violation of N.J.S.A. 2C:12-1b(2), and for possessing the board with the
purpose to use it unlawfully against Ramos, in violation of N.J.S.A. 2C:39-4d (Off. Defs.’ Ex. N,
Compl. 2010-3103), and the complaint for possessing the board under circumstances not
appropriate for lawful use in violation of N.J.S.A. 2C:39-5d (Off. Defs.’ Ex. N, Compl. 20103106).
Pursuant to Kossler, the analysis of favorable termination must begin with the elements
of the crimes under New Jersey law. See Kossler, 564 F.3d at 189; see also Wiggins v.
Robinson, Civ. No. 07-2805 (KM/MCA), 2014 WL 3058466, at *6–7 (D.N.J. July 7, 2014). The
elements of the crimes for which Panarello acquitted must be compared with the crimes for
25
The Officer Defendants’ Statement of Material Facts attributes four criminal complaints to
Officer Laielli, but the submitted record evidence shows that two of these four were in fact
signed by Sergeant Riggione. (Compare Off. Defs.’ SMF ¶¶ 137, 140 with Off. Defs.’ Ex. N.,
Compls. 2010-3103 and 2010-3106.) In light of the submitted record evidence, the Statement of
Material Facts will be disregarded to the extent it conflicts with the actual record evidence.
36
which Panarello was convicted. This Court will only compare the acquitted charges with the
conviction for resisting, as the conviction for assault on the EMT is clearly different in time and
place from all of the other crimes for which Panarello was accused.
A person is guilty of resisting arrest in New Jersey “if he purposely prevents or attempts
to prevent a law enforcement officer from effecting an arrest.” N.J.S.A. 2C:29-2a.26 This is the
relevant conviction against which the unconvicted crimes must be compared.
Panarello was charged with and acquitted of two different types of aggravated assault—
under N.J.S.A. 2C:12-1b(5)(a) against the officers and under N.J.S.A. 2C:12-1b(2) against
Ramos. The offense of aggravated assault as charged under N.J.S.A. 2C:12-1b(5)(a) is
committed when a person commits an act of simple assault against “[a]ny law enforcement
officer acting in the performance of his duties while in uniform or exhibiting evidence of his
authority or because of his status as a law enforcement officer.” The underlying simple assault
offense is committed when one “(1) [a]ttempts to cause or purposely, knowingly or recklessly
causes bodily injury to another; (2) [n]egligently causes bodily injury to another with a deadly
weapon; or (3) [a]ttempts by physical menace to put another in fear of imminent or serious
bodily injury.” N.J.S.A. 2C:12-1a. The offense of aggravated assault as charged under N.J.S.A.
2C:12-1b(2) is committed when one “[a]ttempts to cause or purposely or knowingly causes
bodily injury to another with a deadly weapon.” Further, Panarello was charged with
obstruction, the elements of which have been detailed in Section IV.B.2.ii.b, supra.
Panarello was also charged with two different weapons offenses related to possessing the
wooden board. A person is guilty of possession of weapons for unlawful purposes under
26
The remainder of the relevant portions of the statute apply to grading of the offense, which is
immaterial to this inquiry.
37
N.J.S.A. 2C:39-4d when he “has in his possession any weapon, except a firearm, with a purpose
to use it unlawfully against the person or property of another.” A person is guilty of unlawful
possession of weapons under N.J.S.A. 2C:39-5d when he “knowingly has in his possession any
other weapon under circumstances not manifestly appropriate for such lawful uses as it may
have.”
The convicted offense does not share elements with any of the acquitted offenses, nor is
the convicted offense a lesser included offense of any of the acquitted offenses. However, the
inquiry proceeds to look at the “underlying conduct that the charges sought to punish.” See
Kossler, 564 F.3d at 189. Here, the resisting arrest charge and charges for aggravated assault
against Officers Laielli and Shaw were meant to punish Panarello’s conduct during the course of
effecting his arrest. Even viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the Plaintiffs, they
cannot maintain their claim for malicious prosecution as it relates to charges for aggravated
assault against Officers Laielli and Shaw, as Plaintiffs cannot prove that there was a favorable
termination of the proceedings with respect to these charges.
Regarding the obstruction charge, this Court cannot accept the argument from the Officer
Defendants that “Judge Golden essentially merged the obstruction charge with the resisting arrest
charge” to conclude that the obstruction charge was aimed at the same culpable conduct as the
resisting arrest charge. (Off. Defs.’ Mot. Br. at 23 n.7.) However, it was the alleged act of
obstruction that led Officers Laielli and Shaw to determine to arrest Panarello, thus setting in
motion the course of events leading to his resisting arrest conviction. Accordingly, this too was
part of the underlying conduct the charges sought to punish, and so Plaintiffs cannot demonstrate
38
a favorable termination of the proceedings with respect to the obstruction charge.27 Thus, no
liability can exist for Officers Laielli and Shaw for malicious prosecution.
The remaining charges—aggravated assault against Ramos and the two weapons
offenses—relate solely to Panarello’s conduct in relation to Ramos, and the criminal complaints
were authored by Sergeant Riggione. This is distinct from the conviction of resisting arrest, even
though investigation of the crime is what led the officers to Plaintiffs’ property. Therefore,
viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the Plaintiffs, the Court cannot find that the
proceedings did not terminate in Panarello’s favor. The Court must move on to assessing
probable cause for these three offenses.
At the time the criminal complaints were authored, the Officer Defendants had probable
cause to believe that Panarello had committed aggravated assault against Ramos and had
committed the two weapons offenses. Taking the facts as admitted by Plaintiffs, the officers
heard from Ramos, the victim, and his wife that Panarello had attempted to strike Ramos with a
wooden board, but had failed to make contact. (See Pls.’ Resp. to Off. Defs.’ SMF at 2–3.) The
board qualified as a deadly weapon, under the statutory definition of a deadly weapon. See
N.J.S.A. 2C:11-1c (“‘Deadly weapon’ means any . . . other weapon, device, instrument, material
or substance . . . which in the manner it is used . . . is known to be capable of producing death or
serious bodily injury . . . .”) Even viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
Plaintiffs, it is clear that a wooden board swung at someone in an attempt to strike them can be
considered a deadly weapon under the broad statutory definition. This information provided
27
Additionally, this Court has already determined that probable cause existed to arrest Panarello
for the act of obstruction. See Section IV.B.2.ii.b, supra. Thus, even if this could be separated
from the resisting arrest charge, probable cause existed, which defeats any claim for malicious
prosecution.
39
police with probable cause to believe that aggravated assault as charged under N.J.S.A. 2C:121b(2) had been committed because Panarello had “[a]ttempt[ed] to cause . . . bodily injury to
another with a deadly weapon.” It is of no moment that there was no actual contact between the
wooden board and Ramos; the act of swinging the board at Ramos is sufficient under the statute.
Turning to the weapons offenses, these too are supported by probable cause. Based on
the information available to Sergeant Riggione, Panarello “ha[d] in his possession any weapon,
except a firearm, with a purpose to use it unlawfully against the person . . . of another.” N.J.S.A.
2C:39-4d. Similarly, based on the information available to Sergeant Riggione, Panarello
“knowingly ha[d] in his possession any other weapon under circumstances not manifestly
appropriate for such lawful uses as it may have.” N.J.S.A. 2C:39-5d. Having a board in one’s
possession to use to strike another is to use it unlawfully and to use it in circumstance not
manifestly appropriate for its lawful use. Thus, probable cause existed for all three offenses
related to Ramos, and no malicious prosecution claim can lie. Based on the foregoing, the
Officer Defendants’ Motion and the Municipal Defendants’ Motion28 will be granted in this
respect, and any constitutional claim for malicious prosecution will be dismissed.
ii.
Abuse of Process
“[A] section 1983 claim for malicious abuse of process lies where ‘prosecution is
initiated legitimately and thereafter is used for a purpose other than that intended by the law.’”
Rose v. Bartle, 871 F.2d 331, 350 n.17 (3d Cir. 1989) (quoting Jennings v. Shuman, 567 F.2d
1213, 1217 (3d Cir. 1977)). The Officer Defendants argue that Plaintiffs have failed to put forth
any evidence that the criminal complaints were used for any ulterior motive. (See Off. Defs.’
28
The ultimate relief sought by the Municipal Defendant’s Motion is proper, although the
reasoning in the Motion was not.
40
Mot. Br. at 23–24.) Plaintiffs, rather than come forth with evidence to counter this argument
simply argue that “[g]enuine issues of material facts exist as to what role, if any, did the
[Vineland Police Department] play in determining in which court . . . the charges were going to
be tried.” (Pls.’ Cross Mot. Br. at 26.) The determination of what court—Municipal Court or
Superior Court—had jurisdiction over the criminal complaints cannot support a claim for abuse
of process as to any of the Officer Defendants or Municipal Defendants. Accordingly, the
Officer Defendants’ Motion and the Municipal Defendants’ Motion will be granted, and any
constitutional claim for abuse of process will be dismissed.
C.
Constitutional Claims Against the City of Vineland and Chief Codispoti
Plaintiffs have also alleged liability against both the City of Vineland and Chief
Codispotti in his capacity as Chief of Police of the Vineland Police Department. To hold the
City liable under § 1983, Plaintiffs must demonstrate that their rights were violated by a policy
or custom of the City of Vineland. See Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs. of City of N.Y., 436 U.S.
658, 691 (1978); see also Watson v. Abington Twp., 478 F.3d 144, 155 (3d Cir. 2007) (“Thus,
there are two ways that a plaintiff can establish municipal liability under § 1983: policy or
custom.”). “A municipality cannot be held liable for the unconstitutional acts of its employees
on a theory of respondeat superior.” Thomas v. Cumberland Cty., 749 F.3d 217, 222 (3d Cir.
2014) (citing Monell, 436 U.S. at 691).
Additionally, municipal liability under § 1983 requires an underlying constitutional
violation. See Monell, 436 U.S. at 690–91. “[I]f there is no violation in the first place, there can
be no derivative municipal claim.” Mulholland v. Gov’t Cty. of Berks, Pa., 706 F.3d 227, 238
n.15 (3d Cir. 2013) (citing Los Angeles v. Heller, 475 U.S. 796, 799 (1986)). With this in mind,
the only potential constitutional violations that have survived summary judgment are allegations
41
of excessive force during Panarello’s transport to the police station and for the use of OC spray
against him while in the booking room, allegations of unlawful entry into his backyard to effect
an arrest, and allegations of effecting a warrantless arrest in the backyard of Plaintiffs’ home.
Therefore, the policies or customs must relate to these alleged constitutional violations.
This Court understands Count I of the FAC to allege liability under three different
theories: (1) a policy or custom of effecting unconstitutional arrests and searches; (2) a failure to
train or supervise; and (3) an unconstitutional municipal ordinance regarding arrests. These will
be analyzed in turn.
1.
Policy or Custom of Effecting Unconstitutional Arrests and Searches
Plaintiffs in opposing summary judgment argue that the City and the Chief have a “policy
and custom of making unconstitutional warrantless arrests and unconstitutional warrantless
entries onto private property and into private residences.” (Pls.’ Opp. to Muni. Defs.’ Mot. at
16.) In support of their claim, Plaintiffs generally point to the “evidence of what occurred on
July 7, 2010; Plaintiffs’ expert’s report; and . . . the Internal Affairs files that were produced in
discovery.” (Id.) Plaintiffs further argue that the internal affairs files demonstrate that “a
significant number of Vineland police officers not only made unconstitutional arrests, searches
and seizures, but were repeatedly exonerated by the police administration [internal affairs]
process. Such unconstitutional action was therefore condoned by the Chief of the VPD.” (Id. at
17.)
The City and the Chief move for summary judgment on the basis that none of the
evidence adduced through discovery can support a finding of a policy or custom. Plaintiffs’
expert, Mr. McComb, provided a supplemental report wherein he summarizes twelve internal
affairs complaints that pertain to the Officer Defendants as well as six further complaints
42
pertaining specifically to Ramos, which span a time period of 1990 to 2013, and states that they
“provide further support to [his] opinion that the defendant officers of the VPD are either
untrained, or intentionally disregarding lawful arrest procedures, and lawful search and seizure
procedures.” (McComb Supp. Rep. (Muni. Defs.’ Ex. T) at 1–2.)29 Plaintiffs have succeeded in
doing more than merely reciting statistics, but additionally, “a Plaintiff must show why those
prior incidents deserved discipline and how the misconduct in those situations was similar to the
present one.” Merman v. City of Camden, 824 F. Supp. 2d 581, 591 (D.N.J. 2010) (quotations
omitted).
Plaintiffs here have failed to tie the prior complaints to the current conduct, and further
have failed to submit the actual complaints into the evidentiary record. The only internal affairs
complaint submitted by Plaintiffs is the one complaint against Ramos made by Panarello and
Sherie Panarello in February 2010. (See Pls.’ Opp. to Muni. Defs.’ Mot. Ex. H [Dkt. No. 1809].)30 That one complaint was about neither unconstitutional arrests nor searches, and the police
department sustained the complaint. (See id.) It is not clear to this Court how this complaint is
relevant to the claim or how it could support the claim. The Court cannot accept the summaries
of the complaints provided by Plaintiffs’ expert of what the complaints actually say, and the
summaries do not provide any information regarding how the complaints were investigated and
how the ultimate conclusion of no violation was reached. Even viewing the evidence in the light
29
The Municipal Defendants’ argument that complaints post-dating the incident for which
Panarello was arrested are irrelevant is incorrect. See Beck v. City of Pittsburgh, 89 F.3d 966,
972 (holding that complaints occurring after an incident regarding excessive force “may have
evidentiary value for a jury’s consideration whether the City and policymakers had a pattern of
tacitly approving the use of excessive force”).
30
Plaintiffs’ counsel appears to have submitted the wrong exhibits initially to the opposition, and
subsequently replaced the exhibits at Docket Number 180 and its attachments.
43
most favorable to Plaintiffs, the Court must conclude that Plaintiffs have not offered the type of
evidence necessary to demonstrate a genuine issue of material fact regarding a custom or policy
of permitting unconstitutional arrests or searches. Accordingly, the Municipal Defendants’
Motion will be granted with respect to this issue.
2.
Failure to Train or Supervise
When Plaintiffs allege that a policy “concerns a failure to train or supervise municipal
employees, liability under section 1983 requires a showing that the failure amounts to ‘deliberate
indifference’ to the rights of persons with whom those employees will come into contact.”
Thomas, 749 F.3d at 222. Additionally, “the deficiency in training must have actually caused the
constitutional violation.” Id. (quoting City of Canton, Ohio v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378, 391 (1989))
(internal quotation marks and alterations omitted). “‘Deliberate indifference’ is a stringent
standard of fault, requiring proof that the municipal actor disregarded a known or obvious
consequence of his action.” Id. at 223 (quoting Bd. of Cty. Comm’rs of Bryan Cty., Okla. v.
Brown, 520 U.S. 397, 410 (1997)) (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted). “A pattern
of similar constitutional violations by untrained employees is ‘ordinarily necessary’ to
demonstrate deliberate indifference for purposes of failure to train.” Connick v. Thompson, 563
U.S. 51, 61 (2011) (quoting Bryan Cty., 520 U.S. at 409).
Plaintiffs have come forth with evidence from their expert, Mr. McComb, in support of
their claim. However, Mr. McComb notes in his report that at the time of his report he did not
have the opportunity to review multiple lesson plans or manuals from the Vineland Police
Department regarding use of force, use of OC spray, and search and seizure, and so his opinion
does not include any information that may have been obtained from those documents. (See
McComb Rep. (Muni. Defs.’ Ex. G) at 6.) Plaintiffs have pointed to nothing to indicate that the
44
training or supervision were actually deficient. (See References are made to the internal affairs
complaints regarding a failure to supervise (see Pls.’ Opp. to Muni. Defs.’ Mot. at 22–23), but as
explained in Section IV.C.1, supra, Plaintiffs have failed to submit the actual complaints into the
evidentiary record. Further, as explained in Section IV.C.1, supra, the alleged pattern of
constitutional violations as demonstrated through internal affairs complaints is insufficiently
supported by the evidence. Therefore, the alleged pattern cannot possibly rise to the level of
deliberate indifference needed for a failure to train or supervise claim. With this absence of
proof from Plaintiffs, the Municipal Defendants’ Motion will be granted with respect to this
claim.
3.
Ordinance Mandating Arrests
Finally, Plaintiffs argue that the City and the Chief should be held liable under § 1983
based on an ordinance that they allege condones and mandates unconstitutional arrests. “There
must be a ‘direct causal link between a municipal policy or custom and the alleged constitutional
deprivation.’” Carswell v. Borough of Homestead, 381 F.3d 235, 244 (3d Cir. 2004) (quoting
Brown v. Muhlenberg Twp., 269 F.3d 205, 214 (3d Cir. 2001)). Plaintiffs in a § 1983 suit also
“must prove that ‘action pursuant to official municipal policy’ caused their injury.” Connick,
563 U.S. at 60 (quoting Monell, 436 U.S. at 691) (emphasis added); see also Bryan Cty., 520
U.S. at 404 (“The plaintiff must also demonstrate that, through its deliberate conduct, the
municipality was the “moving force” behind the injury alleged.”).
Plaintiffs point to an ordinance of the City of Vineland that states in relevant part:
The several policemen, when on duty, shall preserve order, peace and quiet and
promptly report to the Chief of Police all violations of the laws and ordinances.
They shall have power to arrest without warrant all persons in the act of violating
any law or ordinance or in aiding or abetting in any such violation and shall arrest
45
all persons found under suspicious circumstances and shall take all such persons
so arrested to the city jail.
Code of the City of Vineland art. I, ch. 123, § 123-4 (emphasis added). Plaintiffs argue
that this ordinance is facially unconstitutional, on the grounds that a constitutionally valid
arrest requires probable cause, which is a higher standard than merely “suspicious
circumstances.” (Pls.’ Opp. to Muni. Defs.’ Mot. at 19–20 (citing Beck v. Ohio, 379 U.S.
89, 91 (1964)).)
The Municipal Defendants counter that Plaintiffs cannot show that Panarello’s arrest was
an action pursuant to this ordinance, and that the City does not train or inform its officers of this
policy, nor does it encourage officers to act in an unconstitutional manner. (Muni. Defs.’ Mot.
Br. at 35–36; Muni. Defs.’ SMF ¶¶ 39–40.) The Municipal Defendants point to the testimony of
Chief Codispoti in support of their position. At deposition, Chief Codispoti testified regarding
the ordinance that “[t]his language is fifty years old. It’s never been used as a part of our
training. I doubt that there’s ten of the officers in the department that even know this exists, and
it’s not something that we follow, train on, use, post, et cetera.” (Codispoti Dep. Tr. (Muni.
Defs.’ Ex. N) at 69:25–70:4.) He further testified, “I have myself, since I’ve been chief and
before that, we have brought that up to the city fathers, asked for language updates. We’re aware
of it, that this is language that is not part of anything to anything. The previous chief brought
this up. You’re very much right. This language is from days gone by.” (Codispoti Dep. Tr. at
70:12–18.)
Plaintiffs fail to attempt to tie the ordinance here to his arrest, and they fail to rebut the
Municipal Defendants’ evidence with anything other than conjecture and rhetoric to demonstrate
that the officers are in fact trained on this policy or instructed pursuant to this ordinance to effect
arrests under “suspicious circumstances” and without probable cause. Additionally, this Court
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has already determined, as explained in Section IV.B.2.ii.b, supra, that at the time of Panarello’s
arrest, Officers Laielli and Shaw had probable cause to arrest him for obstruction. Thus, even if
Plaintiffs could prove that the officers were trained on this ordinance, it would have no bearing
on Panarello’s own arrest, because his arrest was made with probable cause. The potential
constitutional violation involved in Panarello’s arrest is that it was a warrantless arrest within the
curtilage. See Section IV.B.2.ii.b, supra. The ordinance here speaks not at all to that issue, and
so cannot be tied to the underlying constitutional violation. This theory of liability cannot be
sustained, and the Municipal Defendants’ Motion will be granted in this respect.
D.
State Law Torts
1.
Intentional Torts
Plaintiffs allege two counts of intentional tort in the FAC. First, Plaintiffs allege liability
for the City, the Officer Defendants, and Ramos for assault and battery. (See FAC Count VI.)
Second, Plaintiffs allege liability for the City and Officers Laielli, Shaw, and Armstrong for false
arrest. (See FAC Count VII.) For the reasons that follow, the only claim that survives summary
judgment is the claim against Ramos for assault and battery because Ramos has failed to
challenge that claim. All other intentional tort claims will be dismissed.
i.
Liability for the City of Vineland for Intentional Torts
The City moves for summary judgment on the intentional torts on the grounds that
holding it liable would in effect be holding the City vicariously liable for the conduct of the
individual officers. (See Muni. Defs.’ Mot. Br. at 45–46, 48.) Under the NJTCA, a “public
entity is not liable for the acts or omissions of a public employee constituting a crime, actual
fraud, actual malice, or willful misconduct.” N.J.S.A. 59:2-10. “[T]here can be no vicarious
liability by a public entity for intentional torts committed by its employees; that is, with respect
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to such intentional torts, the theory of respondeat superior does not apply.” Hoag v. Brown, 397
N.J. Super. 34, 54 (App. Div. 2007) (citations omitted); see also Ewing v. Cumberland Cty., -- F.
Supp. 3d --, Civ. No. 09-5432 (JBS/AMD), 2015 WL 1384374, at *29 (D.N.J. Mar. 25, 2015).
Plaintiffs offer no meaningful response to this argument, only replying to “assert that there are
genuine issues of material facts sufficient to deny summary judgment.” (Pls.’ Opp. to Muni.
Defs.’ Mot. at 27–28.)
The FAC is rife with allegations of actual malice and willful misconduct, all of which are
incorporated by reference into the counts that allege intentional torts. (See FAC Count VI ¶ 1;
Count VII ¶ 1.) As another court of this district has reasoned, “if Plaintiff’s evidence merely
established that the officers acted negligently, then his claims [of intentional tort] would fail on
the merits, irrespective of whether the City is immune, but if Plaintiff established that the officers
acted willfully, then N.J.S.A. 59:2-10 would immunize the City from liability on these claims.”
Monaco v. City of Camden, Civ. No. 04-2406 (JBS), 2008 WL 408423, at *15 (D.N.J. Feb. 13,
2008). The Court agrees with this reasoning, and Plaintiffs have made no significant argument
as to why the NJTCA does not bar the claims against the City. Accordingly, the Municipal
Defendants’ Motion will be granted in this respect, and the claims for assault and battery and
false arrest against the City will be dismissed.
ii.
Assault and Battery
As noted by the court in Section IV.A, supra, Plaintiffs’ failure to comply with the
NJTCA mandates dismissal of the claims against Officers Armstrong and Day for assault and
battery based on transport to the police station and use of the OC spray at the police station.
Therefore, the only possible assault and battery would be the one in effecting Panarello’s arrest.
The Officer Defendants move for summary judgment on the state law claim of assault and
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battery for the same reasons they have moved for summary judgment on the § 1983 claim. (Off.
Defs.’ Mot. Br. at 16–17.)
In New Jersey, “[a] person is subject to liability for the common law tort of assault if: (a)
he acts intending to cause a harmful or offensive contact with the person of the other or a third
person, or an imminent apprehension of such contact, and (b) the other is thereby put in such
immediate apprehension.” Leang v. Jersey City Bd. of Educ., 198 N.J. 557, 591 (2009) (quoting
Wigginton v. Servidio, 324 N.J. Super. 114, 129 (App. Div. 1999)) (internal quotations omitted).
“The tort of battery rests upon a nonconsensual touching.” Id. (citing Perna v. Pirozzi, 92 N.J.
446, 461 (1983)). A police officer may use such force as is reasonably necessary to effect an
arrest, but once the force becomes excessive, the officer may be liable for assault and battery.
Hill v. Algor, 85 F. Supp. 2d 391, 411 (D.N.J. 2000); see also State v. Williams, 29 N.J. 27, 39–
40 (1959).
Although the Court in Heck was speaking specifically about a § 1983 case, the Court
stated explicitly that it was relying on “the hoary principle that civil tort actions are not
appropriate vehicles for challenging the validity of outstanding criminal judgments.” Heck, 512
U.S. at 486 (emphasis added). The New Jersey courts have also applied the Heck doctrine to bar
a state law tort claim of assault and battery. See Bustamante, 413 N.J. Super. at 295; see also
Section IV.B.3.ii, supra. Thus, for the same reasons why the § 1983 claim cannot be sustained,
the common law tort claim for assault and battery cannot be sustained either.
Accordingly, the Court will grant the Officer Defendants’ Motion with respect to this
claim. Ramos has not moved this Court for relief, and so the claim will remain as it pertains to
him.
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iii.
False Arrest
Under federal and New Jersey law, an officer may effect a warrantless arrest for minor
offenses. See Dangerfield, 171 N.J. at 460 (finding that N.J.S.A. 40A:14-152 permits officers to
perform warrantless arrests for “disorderly and petty disorderly persons offenses that occurred in
their presence”); see also Section IV.B.2.ii.b, supra. The existence of probable cause at the time
of arrest is an absolute defense to the common law tort claim of false arrest. Taurus v. Borough
of Pine Hill, 189 N.J. 497, 521 (2007) (citing Wildoner v. Borough of Ramsey, 162 N.J. 375, 389
(2000)). This Court has already determined that Officers Laielli and Shaw had probable cause to
arrest Panarello at the time of his arrest. See Section IV.B.2.ii.b, supra. This is an absolute
defense to his claim of false arrest. Further, Officer Armstrong was not involved in the act of
arresting Panarello. Accordingly, the Officer Defendants’ Motion will be granted with respect to
the false arrest claim.
2.
Negligent Personal Injury
Plaintiffs further allege liability for the City and the Officer Defendants for negligent
personal injury. (See FAC Count X.) The basis for this negligence claim by the language of the
FAC is that “[t]he aforesaid unlawful battery against the Plaintiff was negligent. . . . [and/or]
grossly negligent.” (FAC Count X ¶¶ 2–3 (emphasis added).) As a matter of law, liability for
the tort of battery cannot sound in negligence, gross or otherwise. See Caldwell v. KFC Corp.,
958 F. Supp. 962, 970 (D.N.J. 1997) (“Common-law battery is an intentional tort . . . .”)
(emphasis added); Dan B. Dobbs, et al., Law of Torts, § 33 n.4 (2d ed. 2015) (“By definition,
there is no such thing as a negligent battery.”); Restatement (Second) of Torts, § 16 (1965)
(requiring an intentional act for the tort of battery). The Municipal Defendants and the Officer
Defendants argue that this count should be treated merely as a recasting of the battery claim, and
50
treated the same as the separately pled count for assault and battery. (See Muni. Defs.’ Mot. Br.
at 53–54; Off. Defs.’ Mot. Br. at 16.) Again, Plaintiffs only oppose on the basis of disputed
facts. (See Pls.’ Opp. to Muni. Defs.’ Mot. at 29; Pls.’ Cross Mot. Br. at 21.) The Court agrees
with the moving defendants that this is a repleading of the earlier battery claim, and thus the
Court will similarly grant the Municipal Defendants’ Motion and the Officer Defendants’ Motion
in this respect, and dismiss the claim for negligent personal injury against all defendants.
3.
Negligent Training and Supervision
Plaintiffs allege liability for the City and the Chief for negligent training and
supervision—two separate torts in New Jersey. (See FAC Count IX.) In New Jersey, to sustain
a claim of negligent training, “a plaintiff must show that (1) the defendant owed a duty of care to
the plaintiff to properly train its employees, (2) defendant breached that duty of care, (3)
defendant’s breach was the proximate cause of plaintiff’s injury, and (4) defendant’s breach
caused actual damages to plaintiff.” Brijall v. Harrah’s Atl. City, 905 F. Supp. 2d 617, 621
(D.N.J. 2012) (citing Stroby v. Egg Harbor Twp., 754 F. Supp. 2d 716, 721 (D.N.J. 2010)). The
claim of negligent supervision requires showing that (1) the employer must have known or had
reason to know that the employee exhibited dangerous characteristics; (2) there must be a
reasonable foreseeability of harm to others; and (3) the negligent supervision must be the
proximate cause of the alleged injury.” Cordial v. Atl. City, Civ. No. 11-1457 (RMB/AMD),
2014 WL 1095584, at *11 (D.N.J. Mar. 19, 2014) (citations omitted).
Plaintiffs do not point to any additional evidence beyond what was argued in support of
the failure to train or supervise claims under § 1983. (See Pls.’ Opp. to Muni. Defs.’ Mot. at 28–
29.) For the same reasons this Court was unpersuaded of the existence of a constitutional
violation, see Section IV.C.2, supra, this Court does not believe Plaintiffs have brought forth
51
sufficient evidence, even viewed in the light most favorable to Plaintiffs, to support a claim for
the common law torts of negligent training and negligent supervision. Accordingly, the
Municipal Defendants’ Motion will be granted in this respect.
4.
Claims of Sheri Panarello
Finally, plaintiffs include a “per quod” claim for loss of consortium by Sheri Panarello
against the City and Officers Laielli and Shaw based only on the negligent infliction of personal
injuries to Panarello during his arrest. (See FAC Count XIII.) “A loss of consortium, or per
quod, claim is intended to compensate a person for the loss of a spouse’s ‘society,
companionship and services due to the fault of another.’” Kibble v. Weeks Dredging & Const.
Co., 161 N.J. 178, 190 (1999) (quoting Wolfe v. State Farm Ins. Co., 224 N.J. Super. 348, 350
(App. Div. 1988)). The per quod claim is “derivative of the injured spouse’s personal injury
cause of action” but has distinct damages from the injured party’s damages. Id. (citations
omitted). The Municipal Defendants and Officer Defendants move to dismiss the per quod claim
by Sheri Panarello on the basis that no claim of Panarello should survive summary judgment.
(See Muni. Defs.’ Mot. Br. at 57; Off. Defs.’ Mot. Br. at 28.) Plaintiffs oppose on the basis that
Panarello’s claims do survive summary judgment. (See Pls.’ Opp. to Muni. Defs.’ Mot. at 30;
Pls.’ Cross Mot. Br. at 27–28.)
The Court has determined that certain of Panarello’s § 1983 claims are viable, but none
that relate to any injuries he sustained during his arrest. The FAC specifically limits Sheri
Panarello’s per quod claim to the alleged negligent conduct she witnessed. (See FAC Count XIII
¶ 2.) Plaintiffs have chosen to plead the per quod claim narrowly, and the consequence of that
action is that Sheri Panarello’s per quod claim cannot survive summary judgment, as there is no
52
claim of Panarello relating to his arrest from which her per quod claim can derive. Accordingly,
the Municipal Defendants’ Motion and the Officer Defendants’ Motion is granted in this respect.
Plaintiffs also allege a claim for negligent infliction of emotional distress by Sheri
Panarello, also against the City and Officers Laielli and Shaw, similarly based on her observation
of injuries inflicted on Panarello during his arrest. (See FAC Count XV.) In New Jersey, this
type of bystander claim for negligent infliction of emotional distress—a so-called Portee claim—
requires the plaintiff to prove “(1) the death or serious physical injury of another caused by
defendant’s negligence; (2) a marital or intimate, familial relationship between plaintiff and the
injured person; (3) observation of the death or injury at the scene of the accident; and (4)
resulting severe emotional distress.” Abouzaid v. Mansard Gardens Assocs., LLC, 207 N.J. 67,
78 (2011) (quoting Portee v. Jaffee, 84 N.J. 88, 101 (1980)) (internal quotations omitted). The
parties generally treat this claim in conjunction with the per quod claim. (See Muni. Defs.’ Mot.
Br. at 61; Off. Defs.’ Mot. Br. at 28.)
To prove a Portee claim, Plaintiffs need to come forth with evidence that the emotional
distress was “sufficiently palpable, severe, or enduring to justify the imposition of liability.”
Decker v. Princeton Packet, Inc., 116 N.J. 418, 431 (1989). Plaintiffs have provided absolutely
no evidence in the record that Sheri Panarello suffered any emotional distress at all, much less
severe emotional distress.31 The only reference comes in Plaintiffs’ responsive statement of
material facts, where Plaintiffs state that Sheri “suffered trauma and pain as a result of witnessing
such a violent event and such violence towards [her] husband.” (Pls.’ Resp. to Off. Defs.’ SMF
31
Plaintiffs submitted a portion of Sherie Panarello’s deposition transcript into the record, which
at the very end includes the partial question “Have you seen any medical doctor for any—” and
the transcript continues no further. (S. Panarello Dep. Tr. (Pls.’ Cross Mot. Ex. K [Dkt. No. 1704]) at 94:25.) It is possible that this may have continued into the very evidence needed to
support this claim, but without it being in the record, the Court does not know.
53
at 13.) As support for this, Plaintiffs cite to the certification of John Panarello. The only
possible support in Panarello’s affidavit is just that Sheri Panarello was present; the affidavit
does not speak to any trauma or pain. (See Panarello Aff. [Dkt. No. 166-4] ¶ 5.) Without
evidence, the claim cannot survive summary judgment and must be dismissed. Thus, the
Municipal Defendants’ Motion and the Officer Defendants’ Motion will be granted with respect
to this claim as well.
E.
John Doe Defendants and Defendant Timothy Delouise
The Court will take this opportunity to dismiss on its own initiative the unnamed John
Doe defendants and Defendant Timothy Delouise pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
21. Rule 21 provides that “[o]n motion or on its own, the court may at any time, on just terms,
add or drop a party.” Plaintiffs may pursue an action against fictitious parties until plaintiff has
had an opportunity to conduct discovery. Hindes v. FDIC, 137 F.3d 148, 155 (3d Cir. 1998).
“[F]ictitious parties must eventually be dismissed if discovery yields no identities . . . .” Id.
(quoting Scheetz v. Morning Call, Inc., 130 F.R.D. 34, 36 (E.D. Pa. 1990)) (internal quotation
marks omitted).
Discovery in this case closed on June 15, 2015. (Amend. Sched. Ord. (May 22, 2015)
[Dkt. No. 153].) At no point since have Plaintiffs attempted to identify the John Doe defendants
to this Court. Therefore, as other courts of this district have held, “[i]t is appropriate, before
proceeding to trial, to eliminate these fictitious defendants from this action under [Rule] 21.”
Adams v. City of Camden, 461 F. Supp. 2d, 263 (D.N.J. 2006). The FAC also contains
absolutely no allegations regarding the conduct of Officer Timothy Delouise, despite him being
54
named as a defendant in the case caption.32 Accordingly, the Court will dismiss John Doe(s) (A–
Z) as well as Officer Timothy Delouise.
V.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the Municipal Defendants’ Motion and the Officer
Defendants’ Motion will be granted-in-part and denied-in-part, and the Plaintiffs’ Cross Motion
will be denied.
The Court believes it helpful to elucidate clearly what claims remain in the case
following this partial grant of summary judgment. The remaining claims are:
Count II, § 1983 claim, and Count XII, NJCRA claim, against:
o Officers Laielli and Shaw for warrantless entry into Plaintiffs’ backyard
only in violation of the Fourth Amendment
o Officers Laielli and Shaw for warrantless arrest in Plaintiffs’ backyard in
violation of the Fourth Amendment
o Officer Armstrong for excessive force in transporting Panarello to the
police station in violation of the Fourth Amendment
o Officer Day for excessive force in using OC spray on Panarello at the
police station in violation of the Fourth Amendment
o Officers Laielli, Shaw, and Armstrong and Sergeant Riggione for
retaliatory complaints in violation of the First Amendment
Count V, § 1985 and § 1986 claim against the Ramos Defendants
Count VI, assault and battery claim against Ramos
Count VI, common law conspiracy claim against the Ramos Defendants
All other claims, as explained above, will be dismissed.
32
It also does not appear that Officer Delouise has ever made an appearance in this matter.
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Consistent with this opinion, there are now no claims pending against the City or Chief
Codispotti or on behalf of Sheri Panarello. These parties will be dismissed from the action. An
appropriate order accompanies this opinion.
Date: February 8th , 2016
s/ Robert B. Kugler
ROBERT B. KUGLER, U.S.D.J.
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