LEINHEISER v. DECKER et al

Filing 37

OPINION. Signed by Judge Robert B. Kugler on 3/27/2024. (jab,N.M.)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
DISTRICT OF NEW JERSEY
____________________________________
NOE LEINHEISER,
:
:
Plaintiff,
:
Civ. No. 20-4380 (RBK) (AMD)
:
v.
:
:
LT. W. DECKER, et al.,
:
OPINION
:
Defendants.
:
____________________________________:
ROBERT B. KUGLER, U.S.D.J.
I.

INTRODUCTION
Plaintiff, Noe Leinheiser (“Plaintiff” or “Leinheiser”), is a federal prisoner formerly

incarcerated at F.C.I. Fort Dix in Fort Dix, New Jersey. He is now incarcerated at F.C.I. Loretto
in Cresson, Pennsylvania. Plaintiff is proceeding pro se with a civil complaint raising claims
pursuant to Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S.
388 (1971). Presently pending before this Court is Defendants’ Decker, Ebinger, Halterman and
Rufin’s motion to dismiss (ECF 26), 1 Plaintiff’s motion to amend the complaint (ECF 33) and
Plaintiff’s motion to file a sur-reply in opposition to Defendants’ motion to dismiss. (See ECF
36). For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiff’s motion to file a sur-reply to Defendants’ motion to
dismiss will be granted, Plaintiff’s motion to amend the complaint will be denied and
Defendants’ motion to dismiss will be granted.

1

This Court previously administratively terminated Defendants’ motion to dismiss. (See ECF
27). This was done out of the abundance of caution as Plaintiff had not filed a response to the
motion. Thereafter, Plaintiff updated his address of record and requested additional time in
which to file a response to the motion to dismiss. (See ECF 31). This Court granted Plaintiff’s
request and Plaintiff subsequently filed his response. (See ECF 33). Given these facts, the Clerk
will be ordered to reinstate Defendants’ motion to dismiss so it can be analyzed and decided.

II.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
This Court previously outlined the facts giving rise to Plaintiff’s allegations in his

complaint in its screening opinion as follows:
The Court will construe the factual allegations in the Complaint as
true for the purpose of this Opinion. This case arises from a
disciplinary hearing that took place while Plaintiff was
incarcerated at FCI Fort Dix. Plaintiff names the following as
Defendants in this matter: (1) Lt. W. Decker; (2) J. Shipp; (3) R.
Rudnitsky; (4) R. Robinson; (5) White; (6) Ebinger; (7) Halterman;
and (8) Rufin.
On January 4, 2019, Defendants Decker and Shipp singled out
Plaintiff for a search out of a large group of inmates. During the
search, the officers found a battery pack in Plaintiff's possession,
and accused Plaintiff of possessing a cell phone battery. Defendant
Decker served the incident report, and Plaintiff responded that it
was not a cell phone battery because it “only contained two (2)
points positive and a negative, whereas a cellular phone's battery
needs four (4) points of contact.” (ECF No. 1-2, at 2–3).
In response, Defendant Decker said that Plaintiff could call it
anything Plaintiff wanted, “but that was not going to eliminate the
incident report which would be enough to get [Plaintiff] transferred
to another institution, since [Plaintiff] liked filing on staff
members.” (Id. at 3). According to Plaintiff, the report contained
false claims meant to impugn his character and incriminate him. In
particular, the report stated that Plaintiff had a cellular phone rather
than just a battery pack, and that he refused work assignments and
certain programs. Further, Defendant Decker did not sign or date
the incident report.
On January 9, 2019, Plaintiff met with Defendant Rudnitsky, who
was a member of the Unit Disciplinary Committee (“UDC”).
Defendant Rudnitsky reviewed the charges with Plaintiff and then
presented a modified incident report, with a number of additions in
red ink, which added the delivery date, name of the delivering
officer, delivery time, and a signature from the delivering officer,
Defendant Decker. Plaintiff advised that this was not the report
that he received from Defendant Decker. (See ECF No. 1-3, at 1–
2). Plaintiff implies that Defendant Rudnitsky filled in lines 14, 15,
and 16, which were blank in the original report. (ECF No. 1-2, at
4).

2

A week or two later, Plaintiff sought a BP-9 form to appeal the
incident report. Defendants Jones, Rufin, and Halterman refused to
provide Plaintiff with a BP-9, and actively tried to dissuade
Plaintiff from filing an appeal.
On or about February 19, 2019, Defendants Ebinger, Halterman,
and Rufin entered Plaintiff's cell and ordered him and his cellmate
to “take a walk.” (ECF No. 1-2, at 6). Also present was an
“acquaintance” of the Plaintiff, presumably another prisoner. (Id.).
Thereafter, the three Defendants strip searched the prisoners and
then only searched Plaintiff's possessions, throwing them about “as
if a tornado had struck the cell.” (Id.).
Afterwards, Defendant Halterman observed an injury on Plaintiff's
hand. Plaintiff said that he scratched himself while retrieving
something from his locker. In response, Defendant Halterman
falsely stated that Plaintiff had been fighting with his friend, and
that the friend “pulled out a shank and cut [Plaintiff].” (Id. at 6–7).
Defendant Halterman said, “this was all he had to say and both of
[them] would be placed in the SHU (Special Housing Unit) and
then transferred out of the institution,” which “was the sort of thing
that happens when you ‘cross staff members.’ ” (Id. at 7).
On March 6, 2019, Plaintiff met with Defendant Robinson, who
was the Disciplinary Hearing Officer (“DHO”) presiding over
Plaintiff's DHO hearing. Plaintiff tried to explain that the original
report lacked a proper delivery date and signature. (Id.). In
response, Defendant Robinson explained that “he was not under
any circumstances going to expunge [the] incident report,
especially not for any sort of ‘technicality,’” and then issued a
“severe punishment for the offense,” including the loss of good
time credits. (Id.).
On or about March 7, 2019, staff transferred Plaintiff to the SHU.
While at the SHU, Plaintiff requested a BP-9 from Defendants
Ebinger and White, who agreed, but ultimately failed, to provide
Plaintiff with a BP-9. At some point after, the Bureau of Prisons
transferred Plaintiff to FCI Otisville in Otisville, New York.
In April of 2020, Plaintiff filed the instant Complaint. Plaintiff
contends that Defendants have violated his rights but fails to
specify which rights are at issue. The Court will construe the
Complaint as raising Fifth Amendment Due Process claims, Fourth
Amendment unreasonable search claims, and First Amendment
retaliation claims. As relief, Plaintiff seeks compensatory damages
and the restoration of good time credits.
3

Leinheiser v. Decker, No. 20-4380, 2021 WL 194796, at *1–2 (D.N.J. Jan. 19, 2021).
This Court then dismissed Plaintiff’s due process claims regarding the incident report.
This Court explained its rationale for that dismissal as follows:
Plaintiff contends that Defendants Decker and Shipp falsely
reported that Plaintiff possessed a cell phone and cell battery pack,
rather than just a normal battery pack, and that Plaintiff had
refused to participate in programs and work assignments.
As to Defendants Rudnitsky and Robinson, as the UDC officer and
DHO, Plaintiff contends that these Defendants ignored the false
claims in the report. Additionally, Plaintiff argued that the report
lacked critical information, such as the service date and the name
of the serving officer, but Plaintiff acknowledges that Defendant
Decker served him with the incident report. (ECF No. 1-2, at 2–3).
Plaintiff also maintains that Defendant Rudnitsky tampered with
the report to add missing information at the UDC hearing, and that
Defendant Robinson ignored the tampering at the DHO hearing.
It appears, however, that Plaintiff has never invalidated the results
of his DHO hearing. In Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477 (1994),
the Supreme Court held that before a plaintiff may “recover
damages for allegedly unconstitutional conviction or
imprisonment, or for other harm caused by actions whose
unlawfulness would render a conviction or sentence invalid,” he
must first “prove that the conviction or sentence has been reversed
on direct appeal, expunged by executive order, declared invalid by
a state tribunal authorized to make such determination, or called
into question by a federal court's issuance of a writ of habeas
corpus.” Id. at 486–87. The Supreme Court applied Heck to prison
disciplinary proceedings in Edwards v. Balisok, 520 U.S. 641
(1997).
Nevertheless, even where there has been no prior invalidation of
the resulting judgment, a prisoner may bring a claim for monetary
damages based on the denial of due process during a prison
disciplinary hearing, under certain circumstances. See Wolff v.
McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 554 (1974). More specifically, where a
prison disciplinary hearing has not been previously invalidated, a
claim challenging a prison disciplinary hearing is cognizable when
the claim, if successful, would not necessarily demonstrate the
invalidity of the punishment imposed. See Wilkinson v. Dotson,
544 U.S. 74, 82 (2005); Harris v. Ricci, 595 F. App'x 128, 133 (3d
Cir. 2014).
4

Here, Plaintiff alleges that his due process rights were violated
when Defendants Decker and Shipp falsified the contents of the
incident report, and when Defendants Rudnitsky and Robinson
accepted those false statements at the UDC and DHO hearings.
Additionally, Plaintiff appears to believe that his incident report
was invalid because Defendant Decker failed to sign and date the
report, despite Plaintiff's acknowledgment that he received the
report. (ECF No. 1-2, at 2–3). These allegations, if true, would
necessarily imply the invalidity of the disciplinary proceeding.
Absent a showing that the disciplinary charge has already been
invalidated, the Court must dismiss Plaintiff's due process claims
regarding the incident report as Heck barred.
Leinheiser, No. 20-4380, 2021 WL 194796, at *3–4 (D.N.J. Jan. 19, 2021).
This Court then dismissed Plaintiff’s claims against the Defendants regarding failing to
provide him with grievances or their impediment to the administrative grievance process. See id.
at *4. More specifically, this Court explained as follows:
Plaintiff argues that Defendants Rufin, Halterman, Ebinger, and
White refused to provide him with administrative remedy forms or
otherwise impeded the administrative remedy system, in violation
of his rights under the First and Fifth Amendments.
Generally, the First Amendment confers a “right to petition the
Government for redress of grievances,” which traditionally
involves access to the courts. Jutrowski v. Twp. of Riverdale, 904
F.3d 280, 294 n.17 (3d Cir. 2018); Horsh v. Clark, No. 17-316,
2019 WL 1243009, at *5 (W.D. Pa. Mar. 18, 2019). The First
Amendment does not, however, “impose any affirmative
obligation on the government to listen, to respond or . . . to
recognize” a grievance. E.g., Smith v. Arkansas State Highway
Emp., Local 1315, 441 U.S. 463, 465 (1979); see also Minnesota
State Bd. Community Colleges v. Knight, 465 U.S. 271, 285 (1984)
(“Nothing in the First Amendment or in this Court's case law
interpreting it suggests that the rights to speak, associate, and
petition require government policymakers to listen or respond to
individuals’ communications.”).
Similarly, there is no constitutional right to an “administrative
grievance process or any particular relief . . . through such
process.” Gittens v. Scholtz, No. 18-2519, 2019 WL 3417091, at *4
(D.N.J. July 29, 2019) (quoting Horsh, 2019 WL 1243009, at *5
5

(citing Jones v. N. C. Prisoners’ Labor Union, Inc., 433 U.S. 119,
137–38 (1977))); Bakhtiari v. Spaulding, No. 17-16, 2017 WL
2778524, at *14 (M.D. Pa. June 27, 2017) (“Even if the prison
provides for a grievance procedure ... violations of those
procedures do not give rise to a civil rights cause of action.”).
These claims are equally meritless as due process challenges under
the Fifth Amendment. As the Third Circuit has held, inmates have
“no constitutional right to a grievance procedure” under the Fifth
Amendment. See, e.g., Caldwell v. Beard, 324 F. App'x 186, 189
(3d Cir. 2009). Consequently, although the impediments to
Plaintiff's grievances might have implicated other rights, they did
not, standing alone, violate his First or Fifth Amendment rights.
Accordingly, the Court will dismiss with prejudice Plaintiff's First
and Fifth Amendment grievance related claims as to Defendants
Rufin, Halterman, Ebinger, and White.
Leinheiser, 2021 WL 194796, at *4.
However, Plaintiff’s First Amendment claim against Defendants Decker, Ebinger,
Halterman and Rufin related to Plaintiff’s allegations that these Defendants retaliated against him
from filing lawsuits against other staff members was proceeded. 2 See id. Furthermore, Plaintiff’s
Fourth Amendment claim against Defendants Ebinger, Halterman and Rufin related to a strip and
cell search was proceeded. See id.
Defendants then filed a motion to dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
12(b)(6). (See ECF 26). Defendants make two primary arguments. First, Defendants argue that
the Court should not expand Bivens to Plaintiff’s First Amendment retaliation and Fourth
Amendment search claims. Second, Defendants argue that they are entitled to qualified
immunity.

2

This Court also initially proceeded Plaintiff’s First Amendment retaliation claim against
Defendant Shipp. However, in July, 2022, this Court granted Plaintiff’s motion to dismiss
Defendant Shipp from this action. (See ECF 23).
6

Plaintiff filed a motion to amend the complaint and response in opposition to Defendants’
motion to dismiss. (See ECF 33). In essence, Plaintiff seeks leave to amend his complaint to
reinsert his previously dismissed Fifth Amendment claim to this action.
Defendants then filed a reply brief. (See ECF 34). They argue that if Plaintiff’s motion is
construed as a motion for reconsideration, it is untimely, and that, even as a motion to amend, it
can be denied as futile.
Plaintiff then filed a motion to file a sur-reply. (See ECF 36). Plaintiff’s motion to file a
sur-reply will be granted and be considered part of the record of this case.
III.

LEGAL STANDARD
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) allows a court to dismiss an action for failure to

state a claim upon which relief can be granted. When evaluating a motion to dismiss under Rule
12(b)(6), “courts accept all factual allegations as true, construe the complaint in the light most
favorable to the plaintiff, and determine whether, under any reasonable reading of the complaint,
the plaintiff may be entitled to relief.” Fowler v. UPMC Shadyside, 578 F.3d 203, 210 (3d Cir.
2009) (quoting Phillips v. Cty. of Allegheny, 515 F.3d 224, 233 (3d Cir. 2008)). In other words, a
complaint survives a motion to dismiss if it contains sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to
“state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009);
Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007).
“A claim has facial plausibility when the pleaded factual content allows the court to draw
the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at
678. This “plausibility standard” requires that the complaint allege “more than a sheer possibility
that a defendant has acted unlawfully,” but it “is ‘not akin to a probability requirement.’” Id.
(quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). “Detailed factual allegations” are not required, but “more

7

than an unadorned, the defendant-harmed-me accusation” must be pleaded; it must include
“factual enhancements” and not just conclusory statements or a recitation of the elements of a
cause of action. Id. (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 557).
“Determining whether a complaint states a plausible claim for relief [is] . . . a contextspecific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience and common
sense.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679. “[W]here the well-pleaded facts do not permit the court to infer
more than the mere possibility of misconduct, the complaint has alleged—but it has not
‘show[n]’—‘that the pleader is entitled to relief.’ ” Id. at 679 (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2)).
However, courts are “not compelled to accept ‘unsupported conclusions and unwarranted
inferences,’” Baraka v. McGreevey, 481 F.3d 187, 195 (3d Cir. 2007) (quoting Schuylkill Energy
Res. Inc. v. Pa. Power & Light Co., 113 F.3d 405, 417 (3d Cir. 1997)), nor “a legal conclusion
couched as a factual allegation.” Papasan v. Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 286 (1986).
A court conducts a three-part analysis in analyzing a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule
12(b)(6). See Santiago v. Warminster Twp., 629 F.3d 121, 130 (3d Cir. 2010). First, the court
must “tak[e] note of the elements a plaintiff must plead to state a claim.” Id. (quoting Iqbal, 556
U.S. at 675). Second, the court should identify allegations that, “because they are no more than
conclusions, are not entitled to the assumption of truth.” Id. at 131 (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at
680). Finally, “where there are well-pleaded factual allegations, a court should assume their
veracity and then determine whether they plausibly give rise to an entitlement for relief.” Id.
IV.

DISCUSSION

A. Plaintiff’s Motion to Amend
Plaintiff seeks to amend his complaint to reinsert his due process claim against
Defendants Rudnitsky and Robinson related to his disciplinary proceeding. To reiterate, this

8

Court dismissed the claim as barred pursuant to Heck because Plaintiff had not shown that the
disciplinary proceeding had been invalidated. See Leinheiser, 2021 WL 194796, at *3-4.
Plaintiff now claims that he has filed a 28 U.S.C. § 2241 habeas petition in the United States
District Court for the Southern District of New York that seeks to invalidate the disciplinary
proceeding finding. (See ECF 33 at 1).
The standard to amend one's complaint is liberal. Indeed, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
15(a)(2) states that “the court should freely give leave when justice so requires.” However, “the
decision to grant leave to amend under Rule 15(a) is ‘committed to the sound discretion of the
district court.’” See 257 Elizabeth Ave., LLC. v. Cont'l Cas. Co., No. 12-4091, 2016 WL 452311,
at *2 (D.N.J. Feb. 5, 2016) (quoting Arab African Int'l Bank v. Epstein, 10 F.3d 168, 174 (3d Cir.
1993)). Where “it is apparent from the record that (1) the moving party has demonstrated undue
delay, bad faith or dilatory motives, (2) the amendment would be futile, or (3) the amendment
would prejudice the other party[,]” the Court retains the discretion to deny a request to amend.
See Fraser v. Nationwide Mutual Ins. Co., 352 F.3d 107, 116 (3d Cir. 2003). Petitioner’s motion
to amend will be denied as the amendment would be futile.
Plaintiff filed a § 2241 habeas petition in the United States District Court for the Southern
District of New York challenging his disciplinary hearing finding. (See S.D.N.Y. No. 21-1191).
That case remains ongoing. Indeed, on January 16, 2024, the United States Magistrate Judge
issued a report and recommendation that the habeas petition be denied. (See S.D.N.Y. No. 211191, ECF 25). Thus, Plaintiff remains in the same predicament as he was when this Court
screened his complaint, namely, that he has not yet shown that his disciplinary hearing finding
has been invalidated. As such, Plaintiff’s attempt to amend his complaint to re-insert this

9

previously dismissed claim is futile for the reasons previously expressed in this Court’s
screening opinion. Accordingly, the motion to amend the complaint will be denied.
B. Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss
As noted in this Court’s previous screening opinion, the remaining claims against the
Defendants are under the First Amendment for retaliation and under the Fourth Amendment for a
strip and cell search.
i.

Strip Search – Fourth Amendment

The Court’s screening opinion noted that Plaintiff’s complaint appeared to contend that
Defendants’ Ebinger, Halterman and Rufin strip searched him. The Supreme Court has
recognized, in limited situations, a private cause of action against federal officials. See Bivens,
403 U.S. at 389; see also Bistrian v. Levi, 912 F.3d 79, 88 (3d Cir. 2018) (stating “Bivens is the
short-hand name given to causes of action against federal officials for alleged constitutional
violations.”). “In order to state a claim under Bivens, a claimant must show: (1) a deprivation of a
right secured by the Constitution and laws of the United States; and (2) that the deprivation of
the right was caused by an official acting under color of federal law.” Doty v. United States, Civ.
No. 15-3016, 2016 WL 3398579, at *6 (D. N.J. June 15, 2016) (citations omitted).
Defendants note though that in fact, Plaintiff states in his complaint that it was not him
that was strip searched, but a different inmate. (See ECF 26-1 at 24, ECF 1-2 at 6). Given that the
face of Plaintiff’s complaint clearly states that he was not strip searched, to the extent that this
Court previously allowed a strip search claim against these three Defendants to proceed under
the Fourth Amendment, such a claim should not have been screened through given Plaintiff’s
admission on the face of the complaint and is dismissed.

10

ii.

Cell Search – Fourth Amendment

Next, Plaintiff alleges that Defendants Ebinger, Halterman and Rufin are liable under the
Fourth Amendment for searching his cell. These Defendants assert that they cannot be found
liable under Bivens.
In Bivens, the United States Supreme Court recognized an implied private cause of action
under the Fourth Amendment to recover damages against federal actors for violating the
prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures of a private citizen’s residence. See 403
U.S. at 389, 395-97. Bivens has rarely been extended to permit a cause of action for damages
liability since it was issued in 1971. Indeed, since Bivens, the Supreme Court has expanded the
Bivens remedy to other constitutional violations only twice: under the Fifth Amendment's due
process clause, Davis v. Passman, 442 U.S. 228 (1979), and under the Eighth Amendment's
prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment, Carlson v. Green, 446 U.S. 14 (1986). See
Egbert v. Boule, 596 U.S. 482, 486 (2022) (emphasizing that the Supreme Court has “declined
11 times to imply a similar cause of action for other alleged constitutional violations”) (citations
omitted).
“The Supreme Court has cautioned on the separation of powers when courts expand
Bivens causes of actions.” Marinaccio v. United States, No. 21-11167, 2022 WL 2833960, at* 15
(D.N.J. July 20, 2022) (citing Ziglar v. Abbasi, 582 U.S. 120, 135-36, 137 S. Ct. 1843, 1857
(2017) (citing Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 675)). The Supreme Court has reiterated that “Congress is far
more competent than the Judiciary to weigh such policy considerations . . . and the Judiciary's
authority to do so at all is, at best, uncertain.” Egbert, 596 U.S. at 491 (citations and quotations
omitted). Thus, “if there are sound reasons to think Congress might doubt the efficacy or

11

necessity of a damages remedy as part of the system for enforcing the law and correcting a
wrong, courts must refrain from creating [it.]” Ziglar, 582 U.S. at 137.
There is not “an exhaustive list of factors that may provide a reason not to extend
Bivens,” but separation of powers principles are “central” to the analysis. Hernandez v. Mesa,
589 U.S. 93, 140 S. Ct. 735, 743 (2020). The proper separation of powers inquiry is “whether
there is any reason to think that judicial intrusion into a given field might be harmful or
inappropriate.” Egbert, 596 U.S. at 496 (citation and quotation marks omitted). “[E]ven a single
sound reason to defer to Congress is enough to require a court to refrain from creating such a
remedy.” Id. at 491 (citation and quotation marks omitted); see also id. at 493 (noting if there are
alternative remedial structures in place, that alone can be a special factor).
Accordingly, there are two steps used to determine whether a claim under Bivens may
proceed: (1) “[a] court asks first whether the case presents ‘a new Bivens context’—i.e., is it
‘meaningfully different from the three cases in which the Court has implied a damages action[;]’
and [(2)] [if so, do] ‘special factors’ indicate that the Judiciary is at least arguably less equipped
than Congress to weigh the costs and benefits of allowing a damages action to proceed.” Egbert,
596 U.S. at 492 (internal citation and quotation marks omitted). These two steps “often resolve to
a single question: whether there is any reason to think that Congress might be better equipped to
create a damages remedy.” Id.
Under step one, this Court will first examine whether Plaintiff's Fourth Amendment claim
against Defendants for searching Plaintiff’s cell constitutes a new Bivens context. “[A] new
context arises when there are ‘potential special factors that previous Bivens cases did not
consider.’” Egbert, 596 U.S. at 492 (citation omitted); see also Hernandez, 140 S. Ct. at 743
(“[The Supreme Court's] understanding of a ‘new context’ is broad.”). A “meaningful

12

difference” sufficient to support a finding that a case presents a “new context” can be as minor
as, inter alia, “the statutory or other legal mandate under which the officer was operating” or
simply a “new category of defendants.” See Ziglar, 582 U.S. at 135, 140. Both examples are
present in this case.
There can be little doubt that Plaintiff’s Fourth Amendment claim is a new context
because it involves allegations regarding the search of a prison cell – not a private residence as
was the case in Bivens. Accord Hower v. Damron, No. 21-5996, 2022 WL 16578864, at *3 (6th
Cir. Aug. 31, 2022) (Fourth Amendment claim related to search of a prison cell arises in a new
context under Bivens which involved a private residence); Liggins v. O’Sullivan, No. 19-50303,
2022 WL 787947, at *3 (N.D. Ill. Mar. 15, 2022). Furthermore, while Carlson involved a prison
setting where the Supreme Court did imply a remedy under Bivens, that case arose in the context
of an Eighth Amendment inadequate medical care claim, considerably different than the issues in
Plaintiff’s Fourth Amendment claim. Thus, this Court will next analyze whether special factors
counsel hesitation in extending Bivens to Plaintiff’s Fourth Amendment prison cell search claim.
Defendants argue that there are special factors that counsel hesitation in implying a
damages remedy for Plaintiff’s Fourth Amendment cell search claim. First, Defendants argue
that the Court should not intrude into the Executive’s management of federal prisons. (See ECF
26-1 at 25-27). Second, Defendants argue that Plaintiff had adequate alternative remedies
available to him such as through the Federal Bureau of Prisons’ (“BOP”) administrative
grievance program. (See ECF No. 26- at 19-22, 27).
In Egbert, the United States Supreme Court noted as follows:
our cases hold that a court may not fashion a Bivens remedy if
Congress already has provided, or has authorized the Executive to
provide, “an alternative remedial structure.” Ziglar, 582 U. S., at –
–––, 137 S. Ct., at 1858; see also Schweiker [v. Chilicky], 487 U.S.
13

[412,] 425, 108 S. Ct. 2460 [1988)]. If there are alternative
remedial structures in place, “that alone,” like any special factor, is
reason enough to “limit the power of the Judiciary to infer a new
Bivens cause of action.” Ziglar, 582 U. S., at ––––, 137 S. Ct., at
1858.
Egbert, 596 U.S. at 493 (footnote omitted). The Supreme Court further explained “that Bivens
relief was unavailable because federal prisoners could, among other options, file grievances
through an “Administrative Remedy Program.” Egbert, 596 U.S. at 497 (citation omitted).
Indeed, the Supreme Court continued by noting:
the question whether a given remedy is adequate is a legislative
determination that must be left to Congress, not the federal courts.
So long as Congress or the Executive has created a remedial
process that it finds sufficient to secure an adequate level of
deterrence, the courts cannot second-guess that calibration by
superimposing a Bivens remedy. That is true even if a court
independently concludes that the Government's procedures are
“not as effective as an individual damages remedy.” Bush [v.
Lucas], 462 U.S. [367,] 372, 103 S. Ct. 2404 [(1983)].
Egbert, 596 U.S. at 498.
In this case, the BOP’s creation of an administrative remedy program for prisoner
grievances counsels against extending Bivens to Plaintiff’s Fourth Amendment cell search claim.
See Landis v. Moyer, No. 22-2421, 2024 WL 937070, at *3 (3d Cir. Mar. 5, 2024) (stating that
the BOP’s administrative remedy program counsels against extending Bivens to Eighth
Amendment excessive force claim); Mack v. Yost, 968 F.3d 311, 321 (3d Cir. 2020) (BOP’s
administrative remedy program offers a ‘convincing reason’ for us to refrain from creating new
damages remedy against federal prison officials”) (internal citation omitted). Given these
circumstances, this Court will not imply a Bivens remedy for Plaintiff’s Fourth Amendment cell
search claim. Accord Hower, 2022 WL 16578864, at *3-4; Liggins, 2022 WL 787947, at *3-5.
Thus, Plaintiff’s Bivens claim against the Defendants for purportedly violating his Fourth

14

Amendment rights by searching his cell is dismissed with prejudice for failure to state a claim
upon which relief may be granted.
iii.

Retaliation – First Amendment

Finally, this Court permitted Plaintiff’s Bivens First Amendment retaliation claims to
proceed past screening against Defendants Decker, Ebinger, Halterman and Rufin. See
Leinheiser, 2021 WL 194796, at *4 (footnote omitted). “A prisoner alleging retaliation must
show: (1) constitutionally protected conduct, (2) an adverse action by prison officials sufficient
to deter a person of ordinary firmness from exercising his constitutional rights, and (3) a causal
connection between the exercise of his constitutional rights and the adverse action taken against
him.” Mack v. Yost, 427 F. App'x 70, 72 (3d Cir. 2011) (quoting Mitchell v. Horn, 318 F.3d 523,
530 (3d Cir. 2003)).
Prior to the United States Supreme Court decision in Ziglar, the United States Court of
Appeals for the Third Circuit implied a Bivens remedy for an inmate's claim a prison official
retaliated against him for exercising his First Amendment rights. See Mack v. Warden Loretto
FCI, 839 F.3d 286, 296-97 (3d Cir. 2016). However, post-Ziglar, the Supreme Court has made it
clear that “there is no Bivens action for First Amendment retaliation.” Egbert, 596 U.S. at 49899; see also Gilmore v. McGann, No. 23-1467, 2023 WL 6141606, at *1 (3d Cir. Sept. 20, 2023)
(affirming District Court’s dismissal of Plaintiff’s First Amendment retaliation claim because
Bivens does not encompass such an action); Bistrian v. Levi, 912 F.3d 79, 96 (3d Cir. 2018)
(“[T]he retaliation claim is not a recognized Bivens remedy[.]”); King v. Ponce, No. 21-5628,
2023 WL 8253060, at *4 (D.N.J. Nov. 29, 2023) (citing approvingly to Egbert in granting
Defendants’ motion to dismiss prisoner plaintiff’s Bivens First Amendment retaliation claim);
Thus, Plaintiff's Bivens First Amendment retaliation claims against Defendants, Decker, Ebinger,

15

Halterman and Rufin shall also be dismissed with prejudice for failure to state a claim upon
which relief may be granted.
V.

CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Defendants’ motion to dismiss (ECF 26) is reinstated.

Plaintiff’s motion to amend (ECF 33) is denied. Plaintiff’s motion to file a sur-reply to
Defendants’ motion to dismiss (ECF 36) is granted. Defendants’ reinstated motion to dismiss
(ECF 26) is granted. As Plaintiff’s claims are not permitted under Bivens, the dismissal of this
action will be with prejudice for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. 3 An
appropriate order will be entered.

DATED: March 27, 2024

s/ Robert B. Kugler
ROBERT B. KUGLER
United States District Judge

3

Since Plaintiff’s claims are not permitted under Bivens, this Court need not analyze
Defendants’ qualified immunity arguments.
16