NEW JERSEY STAFFING ALLIANCE et al v. FAIS et al

Filing 68

OPINION. Signed by Judge Christine P. O'Hearn on 8/30/2024. (mag)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
DISTRICT OF NEW JERSEY

NEW JERSEY STAFFING ALLIANCE,
et al.,
Plaintiffs,

No. 1:23-cv-2494
OPINION

v.
CARI FAIS, et al.,
Defendants.

APPEARANCES:
Steven Barry Harz
Rubin Sinins
David L. Menzel
JAVERBAUM WURGAFT HICKS KAHN WIKSTROM & SININS, P.C.
505 Morris Avenue
Suite 200
Springfield, NJ 07081
On behalf of Plaintiffs.
Eve Elizabeth Weissman
Jessica L. Palmer
Nathaniel Ilan Levy
Lauren Elizabeth Van Driesen
OFFICE OF THE NEW JERSEY ATTORNEY GENERAL
DIVISION OF LAW
25 Market Street
Trenton, NJ 08625
On behalf of Defendants.
O’HEARN, District Judge.
This motion is the proverbial second bite at the apple and comes before the Court, for the
second time, on a Motion for an Order to Show Cause Concerning a Preliminary Injunction by

Plaintiffs New Jersey Staffing Alliance, New Jersey Business and Industry Association, and
American Staffing Association (collectively, “Plaintiffs”). (ECF No. 54). The Court held a hearing
on July 29, 2024. (ECF No. 64). For the reasons that follow, Plaintiffs’ Motion, (ECF No. 54), is
DENIED.
I.

BACKGROUND and PROCEDURAL HISTORY 1
The State of New Jersey enacted the Temporary Workers’ Bill of Rights (“the Act”) on

February 6, 2023. See N.J.S.A. § 34:8D-1, et seq. While the Act imposes a variety of requirements
on the companies that hire temporary workers as well as the staffing agencies who supply them,
at issue here is only Section (7)(b) (“the equal benefits provision”) of the Act which requires a
temporary worker “not be paid less than the average rate of pay and average cost of benefits, or
the cash equivalent thereof, of employees of the third party client performing the same or
substantially similar work on jobs the performance of which requires equal skill, effort, and
responsibility, and which are performed under similar working conditions for the third party client
at the time the temporary laborer is assigned to work at the third party client.” Id. at § (7)(b). Each
violation of the equal benefits provision constitutes a separate violation whereby an aggrieved
temporary worked may file a civil suit on behalf of themselves and others similarly situated against
the third-party client and/or the temporary staffing agency, for up to $50 per day of the violation,
actual damages, and attorney’s fees and costs. Id. at § 11.
Plaintiffs initially sought a temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction seeking
to enjoin the Act in its entirety on May 5, 2023 on constitutional grounds. See (ECF No. 1). After

1

As the parties are intimately familiar with the facts of this case, and because the Court has
already set forth the background of this matter in an earlier Opinion, (ECF No. 34), as has the
Court of Appeals, see 110 F.4th 201 (3d Cir. 2024), the Court will only state those facts
necessary to address the instant motion.
2

hearing oral argument, the Court denied the request for injunctive relief, (ECF No. 34), and the
Third Circuit affirmed. 110 F.4th 201 (3d Cir. 2024). The Act went into effect on August 5, 2023.
See N.J.S.A. § 34:8D-1, et seq.
Approximately one year after first seeking emergency injunctive relief, Plaintiffs amended
their Complaint on May 21, 2024 to add an Employee Retirement Income Security Act (“ERISA”),
29 U.S.C. § 1001 et seq., preemption claim under 29 U.S.C. § 1144(a). (ECF No. 43 at ¶¶ 100–
05). 2 Plaintiffs thereafter filed a Motion for an Order to Show Cause Concerning Preliminary
Injunction on ERISA-preemption grounds on June 6, 2024. 3 (ECF No. 54). Defendants filed
opposition on July 5, 2024, (ECF No. 59), to which Plaintiffs replied on July 19, 2024. (ECF No.
61). The Court heard oral argument on the motion on July 29, 2024. (ECF No. 64).
II.

LEGAL STANDARD
A. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 65
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 65 empowers courts to grant temporary and preliminary

injunctive relief when warranted. Fed. R. Civ. P. 65. “[I]njunctive relief is ‘an extraordinary
remedy’ and ‘should be granted only in limited circumstances.’” Kos Pharms., Inc. v. Andrx Corp.,
369 F.3d 700, 708 (3d Cir. 2004) (quoting AT&T Co. v. Winback & Conserve Program, Inc., 42
F.3d 1421, 1427 (3d Cir. 1994)). To obtain a preliminary injunction under the Rule, a movant must

2

There is no dispute that Plaintiffs were entitled to file an Amended Complaint as of right
pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a)(1) as the parties had requested to stay the
Defendants’ time to respond to the Complaint until disposition of the then-pending appeal. See
(Defs.’ Ltr., ECF No. 48 at 1–2).
3

Plaintiffs initially filed a motion for indicative ruling pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 62.1. (ECF No. 44). Plaintiffs withdrew the motion as all parties agreed that this Court
retained jurisdiction over the newly asserted ERISA preemption claim while the Court’s prior
denial of the first preliminary injunction motion was pending appeal. See (Pls.’ Ltr., ECF No.
51).
3

show:
(1) a reasonable probability of eventual success in the litigation, and (2) that it will be
irreparably injured . . . if relief is not granted . . . . [In addition,] the district court, in
considering whether to grant a preliminary injunction, should take into account, when they
are relevant, (3) the possibility of harm to other interested persons from the grant or denial
of the injunction, and (4) the public interest.
Reilly v. City of Harrisburg, 858 F.3d 173, 176 (3d Cir. 2017) (quoting Del. River Port Auth. v.
Transam. Trailer Transp., Inc., 501 F.2d 917, 919–20 (3d Cir. 1974). Of these factors, the first
two are “most critical,” and a movant's failure to establish either at the “gateway” requires the
denial of the requested relief. Reilly, 858 F.3d at 179 (quoting Nken v. Holder, 556 U.S. 418, 434
(2009)).
III.

DISCUSSION
Plaintiffs seek emergency injunctive relief to prevent Defendants from continuing to

enforce the equal benefits provision of the Act, arguing that it is preempted by ERISA. (ECF No.
54-1 at 1). Plaintiffs contend that they are likely to succeed on the merits and that they have and
will continue to suffer irreparable harm unless the Court grants injunctive relief. (ECF No. 54-1 at
2). For the reasons that follow, the Court concludes that, while it is possible that Plaintiffs may
ultimately succeed on the merits, they have not carried their burden to show they are likely to
succeed and, most importantly, fail to make the necessary showing with respect to irreparable
harm, particularly considering and balancing the significant public interests and the greater harm
that would result from granting injunctive relief at this time. Therefore, Plaintiffs’ application for
emergency injunctive relief must again be denied.

4

A. Plaintiffs Have Not Made the Necessary Showing with Respect to Irreparable
Harm and Public Interest
Plaintiffs argue that their “case for irreparable harm . . . has only strengthened since the
Court’s earlier ruling,” and that of which Plaintiffs warned has occurred. 4 (ECF No. 54-1 at 29).
Specifically, Plaintiffs point to the revenue loss of their members’ businesses and third-party
clients “due to loss of clients and resulting competitive pressures to offer services at lower rates.”
(ECF No. 54-1 at 29; Exs. B–F). Plaintiffs also allege that their members have experienced
increased costs in attempting to comply with the equal benefits provision. (ECF No. 54-1 at 31;
Exs. G, I–K). While that indeed may be the economic reality for Plaintiffs’ members and their
third-party clients, Plaintiffs have failed to meaningfully address how two important issues impact
the irreparable harm analysis now presented to the Court: (1) their over one-year delay in asserting
the ERISA preemption claim and (2) how an injunction would disrupt the status quo that has been
in place over the past year. While the Court in its earlier Opinion did find that Plaintiffs had
sufficiently shown irreparable harm based on the fact that the Defendants were likely immune,
which would preclude Plaintiffs from recovering their economic losses, see (ECF No. 34 at 10), 5
the Court is not persuaded that those losses now outweigh these two issues which did not
previously factor into the Court’s analysis.
“Preliminary injunctions are generally granted under the theory that there is an urgent need
for speedy action to protect the plaintiffs’ rights.” Lanin v. Borough of Tenafly, 515 F. App’x 114,

4

Defendants point to several instances where the harm warned of by Plaintiffs in their first
request for preliminary injunctive relief, (ECF No. 1), have either not occurred or not occurred to
the extent that Plaintiffs anticipated. See (ECF No. 59 at 17).
5

The Court notes that it had “some skepticism as to the exact magnitude of damage that
Plaintiffs will suffer.” (ECF No. 34 at 13 n.6) (internal quotation marks, citation, and emphasis
omitted).
5

117–18 (3d Cir. 2013) (internal quotation marks, citation, and alteration omitted). “Delay in
seeking enforcement of those rights tends to indicate at least a reduced need for such drastic,
speedy action.” Id. at 118 (internal quotation marks, citation, and alteration omitted). Therefore,
relevant to the irreparable harm analysis is “how urgently a party has pursued their claims.” Def.
Distrib. v. Att’y Gen. of N.J., 972 F.3d 193, 200 (3d Cir. 2020). If a plaintiff’s “litigation strategy
. . . represents ‘a strong indication that the status quo can continue,’ . . . an assertion of irreparable
harm” is belied. Id. at 201 (quoting United States v. Wade, 713 F.2d 49, 53 (3d Cir. 1983)). Indeed,
delay in bringing a claim “knocks the bottom out of any claim of immediate and irreparable harm.”
Pharmacia Corp. v. Alcon Lab’ys, Inc., 201 F. Supp. 2d 335, 383–84 (D.N.J. 2002) (finding no
irreparable harm after a yearlong delay and collecting cases where between two- and ten-month
delays precluded preliminary injunction).
Plaintiffs in their Reply Brief 6 argue that there was no delay in bringing their ERISA claim
because they were entitled to amend their Complaint as of right. (ECF No. 61 at 12–13).
Procedurally, that is correct, but the issue is not one of procedure. Plaintiffs cannot adequately
explain why they waited a year to bring a preemption claim other than to say that they did so
“promptly” after another district court found that ERISA preempted a similar Illinois statute. 7
(ECF No. 61 at 13); see Staffing Servs. Ass’n of Ill. v. Flanagan, ___ F. Supp. 3d ___, 2024 WL
1050160 (N.D. Ill. 2024), appeal filed, No. 24-1450 (7th Cir. Mar. 25, 2024). The ERISA
preemption statute went into effect in 1975, has been litigated for decades, and is consistently used
to challenge a multitude of state laws that “relate to any employee benefit plan.” 29 U.S.C. §

6

Plaintiffs do not address the issue in their Moving Brief. See generally (ECF No. 54).

7

Further, the filing an Amended Complaint on May 21, 2024—more than two months after
the Flanagan decision was published on March 11, 2024—was less than “prompt.”
6

1144(a). Though Flanagan may have prompted Plaintiffs’ awareness of this potential legal
argument and to consider asserting ERISA preemption as a claim here, that they did not do so until
after Flanagan does not excuse their delay in failing to make a viable, frequently made argument
the first time around before the equal benefits provision went into effect. This “litigation strategy
thus . . . belies an assertion of irreparable harm.” Def. Distrib., 972 F.3d at 201; see also Pharmacia
Corp., 201 F. Supp. 2d at 383–85 (one-year inexcusable delay precluded finding of irreparable
harm); Messina v. Coll. of N.J., 566 F. Supp. 3d 236, 249 (D.N.J. 2021) (finding no irreparable
harm after Plaintiffs waited four months to request injunctive relief); Lanin, 515 F. App’x at 117–
18 (affirming district court’s finding of no irreparable harm after two-year delay). Though
Plaintiffs argue they will continue to be irreparably harmed if the equal benefits provision is
allowed to continue in effect, “any purported harm Plaintiffs may face is a consequence of their
own delay” in belatedly asserting this new theory. Messina, 566 F. Supp. 3d at 249.
Plaintiffs’ delay also substantially impacts the analysis of whether entering a preliminary
injunction would needlessly disrupt the status quo as the landscape has now substantially changed.
See Def. Distrib., 972 F.3d at 201 (explaining that delay is “a strong indication that the status quo
can continue”) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Yet, Plaintiffs have dedicated even
less attention to this issue in their Reply Brief, (ECF No. 61 at 14), and again completely fail to
address it in their Moving Brief. The status quo that exists today is far different from that which
existed at the time of the Court’s initial decision. As the equal benefits provision has been in place
for over a year as of the date of this Opinion, disruption of the status quo is of utmost concern to
the Court. See Ferring Pharms., Inc. v. Watson Pharms., Inc., 765 F.3d 205, 219 n.13 (3d Cir.
2014) (“a party seeking a mandatory preliminary injunction that will alter the status quo bears a
particularly heavy burden in demonstrating its necessity.”) (internal quotation marks, citation, and

7

alteration omitted).
Here, there is no question that granting Plaintiffs the relief they seek would substantially
alter the status quo. Generally, “[t]he purpose of a preliminary injunction is merely to preserve the
relative positions of the parties until a trial on the merits can be held,” Del. State Sportsmen’s
Ass’n, Inc. v. Del. Dep’t of Safety & Homeland Sec., 108 F.4th 194, 200 (3d Cir. 2024), and is
typically done to “restore th[e] state of affairs.” Opticians Ass’n of Am. v. Indep. Opticians of Am.,
920 F.2d 187, 197 (3d Cir. 1990). But that is usually before the challenged law or action has taken
place, not a year after, hence why the cause of action offers preliminary relief.
The State has given notice of the intent to promulgate regulations related to the Act and is
presently considering comments received from the public before enactment. See (ECF No. 59 at
4). A non-profit has also provided training to educate those affected by the Act as to its provisions
and the State has begun to establish mechanisms and protocols as to how it will be enforced. See
(ECF No. 59 at 9–10; ECF No. 59-2 at ¶¶ 7–13). If the Court granted Plaintiffs the relief they seek
here, that would all come to an abrupt halt and the landscape of temporary staffing in the State of
New Jersey would change for the third time in a year (pre-enactment, enactment, and entry of
preliminary injunction). This is particularly true as to the Act, which, according to Plaintiffs, has
had the effect of increasing wages of temporary workers 8—which, at least as of 2021, were over
510,000 workers in the State of New Jersey 9—and providing them with benefits. See, e.g., (ECF
No. 54-1 at 29). Thus, many individual workers, and their families, have likely made important

8

This is also bolstered by a 2023 employment report attached to Plaintiffs’ brief that
explains that the Act “possibly improved wage levels for temporary laborers.” (ECF No. 54-11,
Ex. H-1 at 7).
9

See (ECF No. 54-10 at Ex. H ¶ 3).
8

life decisions in reliance upon continued receipt of these increased wages and benefits. Such
reliance is particularly reasonable given this Court’s prior denial of injunctive relief before the
effective date of the Act and the recent affirmance thereof.
For the Court to enjoin the Act now, after a year, would undoubtedly cause substantial
harm to these individuals and would not be in the public interest. 10 For example, would the wages
of these temporary workers now suddenly revert back to the lower rates of pay prior to the Act?
Would the benefits which have been provided to them now be suddenly rescinded? 11 Plaintiffs
provide no real appreciation for these harms which the Court must consider and balance in
determining whether to grant injunctive relief. See Weinberger v. Romero-Barcelo, 456 U.S. 305,
312 (1982) (explaining that a court “should pay particular regard for the public consequences in
employing the extraordinary remedy of injunction.”); see also Bay State Lighting Co., Inc. v.
Voight Lighting Indus., Inc., No. 84-118, 1984 WL 1450, at *6 (D.N.J. July 17, 1984)
(“recogniz[ing] the rights of innocent third parties affected by the grant or denial of injunctive
relief”). Indeed, the Court is hard pressed to imagine a situation that would upset the status quo
more and detrimentally impact public interest, not just for temporary workers, but also for

10

Though the Court need not reach the issue of public interest since Plaintiffs have not
demonstrated irreparable harm or, as discussed in Section III.B., infra, a likelihood of success on
the merits, the Court will nonetheless briefly discuss the issue due to the wide-ranging impact of
the Act on many New Jersey temporary workers. See Reilly, 858 F.3d at 179 (explaining that,
only if the first two factors of the preliminary injunction standard are met does “a court then
consider[] the remaining two factors”).
11

By way of further example, individuals and families have undoubtedly made decisions
about their daily living conditions and expenses that would be severely and negatively impacted
by a sudden and unexpected change in the status quo at this time. For example, a temporary
worker who received a substantial increase in wages over the past year may have rented or
purchased a home, purchased an automobile, enrolled a child in a private school, or made many
other of the choices families face every day in this State, all in the continued expectation of
receiving such wages. There can be no doubt an injunction at this time would substantially and
negatively impact these individuals and their families.
9

Plaintiffs’ members and their third-party clients. See, e.g., Columbus v. State, 223 N.E.3d 540, 557
(Ohio Ct. App. 2023) (vacating a preliminary injunction, finding that, because the challenged law
had been in effect for four years when the lower court enjoined it, “the preliminary injunction
instead contravened the status quo” as opposed to preserving it).
Because Plaintiffs “inexcusably delayed” bringing their ERISA preemption claim, and
because entry of a preliminary injunction would severely and indisputably disrupt the status quo
and not be in the public interest, the Court finds that Plaintiffs have not met their burden to show
irreparable harm at this stage, or that the harm to Plaintiffs in not granting injunctive relief is
greater than the harm that would be caused if the Court were to grant such relief. Pharmacia Corp.,
201 F. Supp. 2d at 385; see also Ferring Pharms., 765 F.3d at 219 n.13. Indeed, the Court finds
the opposite to be the case.
B. Likelihood of Success on the Merits
The Court could end its analysis here, as the failure to establish irreparable harm
necessarily precludes the entry of preliminary injunctive relief. See Messina, 566 F. Supp. 3d at
244–45) (“the moving party must demonstrate both a likelihood of success on the merits and the
probability of irreparable harm if relief is not granted.”) (quoting Morton v. Beyer, 822 F.2d 364,
367 (3d Cir. 1987)) (emphasis in original). However, the Court continues with its analysis of
Plaintiffs’ likelihood of success on the merits as Plaintiffs fail to carry their burden in this respect
as well.
ERISA preempts “any and all State laws insofar as they may now or hereafter relate to any
employee benefit plan [governed by ERISA].” 29 U.S.C. §1144(a). ERISA governs employee
benefit plans “established or maintained by any employer engaged in commerce or in any industry
or activity affecting commerce; or by any employee organization or organizations representing

10

employees engaged in commerce or in any industry or activity affecting commerce.” 29 U.S.C. §
1003(a). There are only limited exceptions to ERISA’s purview, including plans established or
maintained by the government and churches, among other narrow categories. Id. at § 1003(b).
Employee benefit plans are defined as those that provide medical and other benefits including but
not limited to disability, death, unemployment, and vacation benefits, scholarship funds, and
prepaid legal services. Id. at § 1002(1).
There are two broad categories of plans that are preempted by ERISA: (1) state laws that
“reference” ERISA plans and (2) those with an “impermissible connection” to ERISA plans.
Gobeille v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 577 U.S. 312, 319–20 (2016). The former occurs when a state
law “acts immediately and exclusively upon ERISA plans or where the existence of ERISA plans
is essential to the law’s operation”; the latter occurs when a state law attempts to “govern[] a central
matter of plan administration or interferes with nationally uniform plan administration.” Id.
(internal quotation marks, citations, and alterations omitted). “When considered together, these
formulations ensure that ERISA's express pre-emption clause receives the broad scope Congress
intended.” Id. at 320.
Plaintiffs argue that the equal benefits provision both references and has an impermissible
connection to ERISA plans. (ECF No. 54-1 at 13). Plaintiffs have the potential to ultimately
succeed on the merits for largely the same reasons as the plaintiffs in Flanagan, see 2024 WL
1050160, 12 however, on the current record, the Court is not sufficiently convinced that Plaintiffs
have shown a likelihood of success on the merits. And certainly not one that would outweigh the

12

Of course, Flanagan is a district court case and is not binding upon this Court. Further, it
is important to note that there the Court considered the request for injunctive relief and weighed
the required factors prior to the law taking effect. As explained above, here the circumstances are
far different and those considerations should be afforded greater weight in the Court’s overall
analysis.
11

public interest and substantial concerns as to the change in status quo that would result from the
grant of injunctive relief.
A state law has an impermissible connection with ERISA plans when it “dictate[s] the
choice[s] facing ERISA plans.” Egelhoff v. Egelhoff ex rel. Breiner, 532 U.S. 141, 150 (2001)
(quoting Cal. Div. of Lab. Standards Enf’t v. Dillingham Constr., N.A., Inc., 519 U.S. 316, 334
(1997)). Here, the equal benefits provision requires staffing agencies to determine the value of
benefits provided to their temporary workers, compare those with comparable employees of the
third-party client, and decide whether to match the benefits of the employer or provide the cash
equivalent of the value of the benefits. N.J.S.A. 34:8D-7(b). That dictates a choice for the staffing
agency: match the benefits or pay out their value in cash.
Uniform plan administration may also be complicated by the equal benefits provision.
Plaintiffs argue that “staffing agencies with employees in more than one state must pay the level
of benefits . . . or the cash equivalent for their New Jersey workers, while offering different
benefits to their workers in other states.” (ECF No. 54-1 at 17). Such “‘tailoring of plans and
employer conduct to the peculiarities of the law of each jurisdiction’ is exactly the burden ERISA
seeks to eliminate.” Egelhoff, 532 U.S. at 151 (quoting Ingersoll-Rand Co. v. McClendon, 498
U.S. 133, 142 (1990)). And to the extent that the equal benefits provision effectively “require[s
staffing agencies] to establish a particular ERISA-governed benefit,” that is also “readily and
routinely . . . preempt[ed]” by ERISA. Retail Indus. Leaders Ass’n v. Fielder, 475 F.3d 180, 192
(4th Cir. 2007) (collecting cases). However, it is not clear if the Act requires staffing agencies to
establish an ERISA-governed benefit plan.
Further when the Court inquired at argument as to the staffing agencies’ experience with
administration of the Act thus far and requested details to support Plaintiffs’ arguments that it

12

unreasonably burdens and interferes with ERISA, Plaintiffs were not able to do so. For example,
Plaintiffs could not state how many staffing agencies had in fact established ERISA plans in the
past year due to the Act, nor how much time was being expended to make an analysis with respect
to the provision at issue and to calculate the cost of benefits. Furthermore, Plaintiffs agreed that
even if there were such burdens, these burdens would mostly impact self-funded benefit plans.
Yet, again, Plaintiffs were not able to tell the Court how many or what percentage of staffing
agencies had a self-funded benefit plan, or even provide an estimate in that regard. While the Court
recognizes the Plaintiffs need not conclusively establish a likelihood of success on the merits,
without these details, and more, the Court cannot find Plaintiffs have met their burden to show a
likelihood of success. 13
Despite that the Court can perceive that there is a potential for success on the merits, at
issue at this juncture is that Plaintiffs have provided insufficient factual information upon which
the Court can determine the details as to exactly what burden, and to what extent, the equal benefits
provision imposes on staffing agencies and their third-party clients. While Plaintiffs have provided
declarations of business leaders and staffing agencies generally asserting in conclusory fashion
that the Act has caused such a burden, see (ECF No. 54 Exs. A–K), they have not provided any
declaration from an employee benefits and/or ERISA benefits manager, or even a human resources
representative, to specifically attest as to or describe how the equal benefits provision has directly
impacted benefit administration. And the declarations they have submitted are wholly conclusory
and/or without reference to these very issues. While in most cases this would be a projection as to
how the Act may result in such a burden, here the Act has been in place and Plaintiffs have been

13

Indeed, Defendants have indicated that discovery is needed to flesh out these issues in
order to make a sufficient record for the Court to make a determination as to the merits of
Plaintiffs’ ERISA preemption argument. The Court agrees.
13

complying for a year. Plaintiffs certainly should be aware of and have factual information to
support their allegation of a burden.
So while Plaintiffs make out a colorable claim, and while they may ultimately be successful
on the merits, weighing all of the relevant factors at this stage, the Court finds that the Plaintiffs’
delay, coupled with the public interest and substantial and undisputable alteration of the status quo,
outweighs any arguments in support of a preliminary injunction.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiffs’ Motion for an Order to Show Cause Concerning a
Preliminary Injunction, (ECF No. 54), is DENIED. An appropriate Order accompanies this
Opinion.

CHRISTINE P. O’HEARN
United States District Judge

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