INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF BRIDGE, STRUCTURAL, ORNAMENTAL AND REINFORCING IRON WORKERS LOCAL 45 AFL-CIO v. KEARNEY et al
Filing
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OPINION & ORDER granting 9 Motion to Dismiss; that Count VII of the complaint is dismissed. Signed by Judge Faith S. Hochberg on 8/2/11. (jd, )
NOT FOR PUBLICATION
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
DISTRICT OF NEW JERSEY
INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF BRIDGE,
STRUCTURAL, ORNAMENTAL AND
REINFORCING IRON WORKERS LOCAL 45
AFL-CIO
Plaintiff,
v.
JAMES KEARNEY, JR. et al.,
Defendants.
:
: Civil Case No. 11-1377 (FSH) (PS)
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: OPINION & ORDER
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: August 2, 2011
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HOCHBERG, District Judge:
I.
INTRODUCTION
Plaintiff, International Association of Bridge, Structural, Ornamental and Reinforcing
Iron Workers, Local 45, AFL-CIO, alleges that its finances and operations have been damaged by
a series of fraudulent withdrawals from its operating bank account. The withdrawals were
allegedly made by plaintiff’s former treasurer, James Kearney, Jr, from a Bank of America
account maintained by plaintiff. Plaintiff alleges that the withdrawals were made in violation of
a deposit agreement between plaintiff and Bank of America, which plaintiff contends required
two authorized officers of plaintiff to sign all withdrawal requests. Plaintiff’s complaint contains
eight counts and names four defendants. However, Bank of America is named as a defendant in
only two counts of the complaint, count seven (negligence) and count eight (breach of contract).
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Bank of America seeks the dismissal of plaintiff’s negligence claim pursuant to Federal Rule of
Civil Procedure 12(b)(6).
II.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
“To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter,
accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 129 S.
Ct. 1937, 1949 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)); see also
Phillips v. County of Allegheny, 515 F.3d 224, 234 (3d Cir. 2008) (“[S]tating . . . a claim requires
a complaint with enough factual matter (taken as true) to suggest the required element. This does
not impose a probability requirement at the pleading stage, but instead simply calls for enough
facts to raise a reasonable expectation that discovery will reveal evidence of the necessary
element.”) (internal quotations omitted).
When considering a motion to dismiss under Iqbal, the Court must conduct a two-part
analysis. “First, the factual and legal elements of a claim should be separated. The District Court
must accept all of the complaint’s well-pleaded facts as true, but may disregard any legal
conclusions. Second, a District Court must then determine whether the facts alleged in the
complaint are sufficient to show that the plaintiff has a ‘plausible claim for relief.’” Fowler v.
UPMC Shadyside, 578 F.3d 203, 210-11 (3d Cir. 2009) (internal citations omitted). “A pleading
that offers labels and conclusions or a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action
will not do. Nor does a complaint suffice if it tenders naked assertions devoid of further factual
enhancement.” Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. at 1949 (internal quotations and alterations omitted).
III.
DISCUSSION
In order to maintain a claim for common law negligence, a plaintiff must allege the
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following elements: “(1) [a] duty of care, (2) [a] breach of [that] duty, (3) proximate cause, and
(4) actual damages[.] Brunson v. Affinity Fed. Credit Union, 199 N.J. 381, 400 (N.J. 2009)
(quotations omitted) (alterations in original). Plaintiff alleges that it entered into a deposit
agreement with Bank of America, which required that withdrawals be authorized by two
signatures from officers of plaintiff. Plaintiff alleges that the dual-signature requirement, along
with the other terms of its relationship with Bank of America, created a special relationship of
trust between plaintiff and Bank of America. Plaintiff contends that as a result of this
relationship, Bank of America had a duty to plaintiff to exercise ordinary care with respect to its
oversight of plaintiff’s accounts. Plaintiff alleges that Bank of America breached this duty of
care by failing to enforce the dual signature requirement in connection with a series of fraudulent
withdrawals made by plaintiff’s former treasurer.1
Bank of America contends that no common law duty of care exists in this case. In
support of this contention Bank of America advances three arguments: (1) that its only duties to
plaintiff were contractual, (2) that New Jersey’s economic loss rule prohibits recovery under a
negligence theory for plaintiff’s damages, and (3) that the Uniform Commercial Code, as enacted
by New Jersey, displaces the common law duty of care alleged by plaintiff. Plaintiff responds
that it has adequately alleged the existence of a duty of care arising outside of the contractual
relationship between plaintiff and Bank of America. Plaintiff argues that the Court should
consider the relationship of the parties, the nature of the risk attendant to the parties’ relationship,
Plaintiff indicates in its opposition brief that “research for discovery purposes indicates
that Plaintiff’s deposit agreement may have required only an authorized signature.” Plaintiff’s
Brief in Opposition to Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss at 4, n. 1. However, plaintiff indicates
that even if this is the case, and plaintiff is required to amend its complaint, “the thrust of
Plaintiff’s allegations against Bank of America will remain the same: that the withdrawals were
accomplished without requisite authority.” Id.
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and Bank of America’s ability to exercise care. See Brunson, 199 N.J. at 403 (listing factors used
to determine whether a duty of care is owed and declining to recognize a cause of action against a
bank for negligent investigation of an identity theft case where the investigation resulted in the
arrest of the identity theft victim).
Plaintiff’s complaint fails to allege the existence of a non-contractual relationship
between plaintiff and Bank of America. The complaint itself defines both the relationship
between plaintiff and Bank of America, and Bank of America’s purported duty to plaintiff, solely
by reference to Bank of America’s alleged contractual obligations to plaintiff. See Complaint ¶¶
76-81 (alleging that a “special relationship of trust” was formed when plaintiff became a
customer of Bank of America by entering into a deposit agreement, the terms and conditions of
which governed the relationship between plaintiff and Bank of America); Id. ¶¶ 82-90
(contending that the duty allegedly breached by Bank of America was a duty to comply with a
contractual dual-signature requirement contained in the deposit agreement).
Accordingly, notwithstanding the language of the complaint “sounding in tort, the
complaint essentially arises in contract rather than tort and is governed by the contract” between
plaintiff and Bank of America. See Wasserstein v. Kovatch, 261 N.J. Super. 277, 286 (N.J. 1993)
(concluding that a dispute including a purported tort claim clearly arose out of an underlying
contract and its breach and was therefore subject to arbitration); New Mea Constr. Corp. v.
Harper, 203 N.J. Super. 486, 494-497 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 1985) (concluding that a claim
for negligent supervision of a construction project sounded in contract because the duties
allegedly violated were specifically defined by contract).
Even if plaintiff had adequately alleged the existence of a common law duty owed by
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Bank of America, New Jersey’s economic loss rule precludes the recovery of purely economic
losses by plaintiff under its negligence theory. “The economic loss rule defines the boundary
between the overlapping theories of tort law and contract law by barring the recovery of purely
economic loss in tort, particularly in strict liability and negligence cases.” Arcand v. Brother
Int’l Corp., 673 F. Supp. 2d 282, 307-8 (D.N.J. 2009) (quotations omitted). Under the economic
loss rule, a plaintiff generally cannot recover in tort economic losses to which he is entitled only
by contract. Id.; Saltiel v. GSI Consultants, Inc., 170 N.J. 297, 310 (N.J. 2002).
In Saltiel, the New Jersey Supreme Court listed seven guidelines for “distinguishing
between tort and contract claims.” The guidelines include: (1) obligations imposed by law are
tort obligations, (2) tort obligations may not be disclaimable, (3) misfeasance or affirmative
misconduct during performance of a promise generally lead to tort liability for physical harm to
persons and tangible things, (4) recovery of intangible economic loss is generally determined by
contract, (5) there is no tort liability for nonfeasance in the absence of a non-contractual duty, (6)
duties of affirmative action are often imposed by law, and (7) damages caused by reliance on a
promise the promisor fails to carry out may be recoverable on a negligence theory. Id. (citing W.
PAGE KEETON ET AL., PROSSER & KEETON ON THE LAW OF TORTS § 92, at 655 (5th ed. 1984)).
The only damages sought by plaintiff as a result of Bank of America’s alleged negligence
are economic damages. Plaintiff specifically seeks in damages the exact amount of the allegedly
improper withdrawals, $466,400, plus interest. Notably, plaintiff’s claimed damages stem
directly from Bank of America’s alleged breach of the deposit agreement, not from conduct
extrinsic to the contract between the parties. Arcand, 673 F. Supp. 2d at 308. Plaintiff bases its
claim upon Bank of America’s alleged failure to enforce the contractual dual-signature
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requirement, as opposed to affirmative misconduct by Bank of America in performing its
contractual obligations. Further, plaintiff seeks damages for intangible economic harm, rather
than for physical harm to persons or tangible things. Because plaintiff bases its claim upon
nonfeasance in connection with a solely contractual duty, and seeks damages for intangible
economic harm, the economic loss doctrine applies. See Saltiel, 170 N.J. at 310; Arcand, 673 F.
Supp. 2d at 308-311.
Accordingly, plaintiff has failed to allege facts sufficient to support a plausible claim that
Bank of America owed plaintiff a non-contractual duty of care or to demonstrate that plaintiff has
suffered damages that it can recover under its negligence theory.2
IV.
ORDER
For the foregoing reasons, it is ORDERED that the motion to dismiss filed by Bank of
America is granted.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Count VII of the complaint is dismissed.
/s/ Faith S. Hochberg
Hon. Faith S. Hochberg, U.S.D.J.
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Because plaintiff has failed to allege facts sufficient to support a plausible negligence
claim, the Court need not consider the final issue debated by the parties: whether and to what
extent New Jersey’s enactment of the Uniform Commercial Code preempts claims for common
law negligence.
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