FITZGERALD v. GANN LAW BOOKS, INC. et al

Filing 70

OPINION. Signed by Judge Kevin McNulty on 7/29/13. (jd, )

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
DISTRICT OF NEW JERSEY
NICHOLAS FITZGERALD, on
behalf of himself and all others
similarly situated,

Civil Action No. 1 1-cv-4287 (KM)

Plaintiff,
V.

OPINION

GANN LAW BOOKS, INC., GANN
LEGAL EDUCATION
FOUNDATION, INC. and MICHAEL
PROTZEL,
Defendants.

MCNULTY, District Judge
This matter comes before the Court upon Defendants’ motion to dismiss
the Complaint, which is pleaded as a class action. Plaintiff, on behalf of himself
and others similarly situated, alleges that Defendants have “caused to be sent
thousands of unsolicited fax advertisements for goods and/or services without
proper-opt-out notices,” in violation of the Telephone Consumer Protection Act,
47 U.S.C. § 227 (“TCPA”). Complaint, filed July 26, 2011, ECF No. 1
(“Complaint”). The only private cause of action explicitly provided for in TCPA is
a state-court right of action, which is available only “if otherwise permitted by
the laws or rules of court of a State.” 47 U.S.C. § 227(b)(3).’ And under the “law

(3) Private right of action
A person or entity may, if otherwise permitted by the laws or rules of court of a
State, bring in an appropriate court of that State-(A) an action based on a violation of this subsection or the regulations
prescribed under this subsection to enjoin such violation,
(B) an action to recover for actual monetary loss from such a violation, or
to receive $500 in damages for each such violation, whichever is greater,
or
(C) both such actions.
If the court finds that the defendant willfully or knowingly violated this
subsection or the regulations prescribed under this subsection, the court may,
in its discretion, increase the amount of the award to an amount equal to not
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or rules” of New Jersey, a TCPA claim cannot be maintained in state court as a
class action.
2
In Defendants’ view, a federal-court TCPA class action, no less than a
state-court action, must comply with “the laws or rules of court of [this] State.”
47 U.S.C. § 227(b)(3). Thus, in their motion to dismiss, Defendants maintain
that New Jersey state law also operates to bar a TCPA claim from being
maintained as a class action here in federal court. Plaintiff responds that, in
federal court, the appropriateness or not of class action treatment is governed
solely by Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (“Rule 23”). In
Plaintiff’s view, a state-law prohibition of private TCPA class actions has no
force here in federal court.
Judges in this District have had occasion to examine this issue on
3
several occasions. Applying U.S. Supreme Court precedent, those cases have
uniformly held that Rule 23, not state law, governs the viability of a class
action brought under TCPA in federal court. I agree, and I also reach the same
result as to a supplemental claim brought under New Jersey state law.
Accordingly, I will deny the Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss.

I.

Factual Background

Gann Law Books, Inc. and its “sister charitable foundation,” Gann Legal
Education Foundation, Inc. (collectively, with defendant Protzel, “Gann”)
publish legal treatises, “primarily in areas of New Jersey law,” and offer “live
and web-based seminars” qualifying for credit under New Jersey’s mandatory
more than 3 times the amount available under subparagraph (B) of this
paragraph.
47 U.S.C. § 227(b).
2

See Local Baking Products, Inc. v. Kosher Bagel Munch, Inc., 421 N.J. Super.

268, 280-8 1, 23 A.3d 469, 476-77 (App. Div.) (applying state class action rule, N.J. Ct.
R. 4:32-1, to TCPA claim), certf denied, 209 N.J. 96 (2011).
Seven such cases have been brought in the District of New Jersey by the same
counsel who represents Plaintiff in this action. In addition to this case, they are:
Landsman & Funk, P.C. v. Skinder-Strauss Associates, Civ. No. 08-36 10 (Hayden, J.);
Goodrich Management Corp. v. Flierwire Inc., Civ. No. 08—58 18 (Sheridan, J.); Goodrich
Management Corp. v. Afgo Mechanical Services, Inc., Civ. No. 09-43 (Martini, J.); Bais
Yaakov of Spring Valley v. Peterson’s Nelnet, LLC, Civ. No. 11-11 (Thompson, J.);
Fitzgerald v. Banco Santander, S.A., Civ. No. 11—2769 (Martini, J.); Stem v. Alliance
Real Estate Group, Inc., Civ. No. 11—4285 (Cavanaugh, J.). The plaintiff in Banco
Saritander like the plaintiff here, is named Nicholas Fitzgerald and is identified as “a
New Jersey Resident who resides and works in Jersey City, NJ.”
2

continuing legal education system. Memorandum of Law in Support of
Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff’s Class Action Claims, July 27, 2012,
ECF No. 46-2 (Def. 2nd MTD”) at 4. According to Gann, the named plaintiff,
Nicholas Fitzgerald, “is one of Gann’s long-standing attorney customers,”
although the Complaint identifies him only as “a New Jersey Resident who
resides and works in Jersey City, NJ.” Complaint at ¶6.
Fitzgerald specifically identifies six faxed advertisements: one received on
February 26, 2009, one on August 14, 2009, three received on August 13,
2009, and one received on April 8, 2011. Id. ¶ 10. He alleges that these faxed
advertisements did not contain opt-out notices, or that the notices they did
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contain were legally defective under TCPA. In support of his class action
allegations, Fitzgerald alleges that for approximately four years, Gann “sent or
caused.to be sent from New Jersey at least hundreds—if not thousands—of
unsolicited facsimile advertisements and/or facsimile advertisements lacking
the proper opt-out notices to Plaintiff and the Classes.” Id. ¶ 20.
II.

Procedural History

Plaintiff Fitzgerald filed his Complaint on July 26, 2011, and the case
was assigned to District Judge Hochberg. While this case has been pending,
the law has developed quickly.
Gann moved to dismiss the Complaint on September 23, 2011.
Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Jurisdiction, ECF No. 11 (“Def. 1 st
MTD”). On December 30, 2011, District Judge Hochberg administratively
terminated that first motion to dismiss pending the outcome of two then132 S.Ct. 740,
U.S.
pending cases: Mims v. Arrow Financial Services, LLC,
181 L.Ed.2d 881 (Jan. 18, 2012), and Landsman & Funk PC v. Skinder-Strauss
Associates, 640 F.3d 72 (3d Cir. 2011), opinion reinstated in part, 09-3 105,
2012 WL 2052685 (3d Cir. Apr. 17, 2012) (“Landsman 1”).
—

—,

On July 27, 2012, following the resolution of those two cases, Gann filed
a renewed motion to dismiss. See Def. 2d MTD. TCPA’s grant of a right of
action if “otherwise permitted by the laws or rules of a court of a state,” argued
Gann, incorporated New Jersey state law that would bar class action
Plaintiff alleges the following deficiencies in Defendants’ “opt-out notices”: they
“(i) do not provide a domestic contact telephone and facsimile machine number for the
recipient to transmit an opt-out request to the sender; (ii) do not state that failure to
comply within the shortest reasonable time, as determined by the Federal
Communications Commission with such a request is unlawful; and (iii) do not state
that such a request will only be effective if the person making the request does not,
subsequent to such request, provide express invitation or permission to the sender, in
writing or otherwise, to send such advertisements to such person at his or her
telephone facsimile machine.” Complaint ¶ 13.
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,

treatment. Id. at 2-3. Fitzgerald countered that this interpretation of the TCPA’s
language “flies directly in the face of the recent decision of the Supreme Court
in [Mims] that holds that state laws and state rules of court do not apply to
private TCPA actions brought in federal courts.” Plaintiff’s Memorandum of
Law in Opposition to Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff’s Class Action
Claims, August 9, 2012, ECF No. 49 (“P1. Opp.”).
On March 22, 2013, Defendants moved to stay this action pending the
outcome of an interlocutory appeal that the defendants had sought in Bais
Yaakov of Spring Valley v. Peterson’s Nelnet, LLC, Civ. 11-00011, 2012 WL
4903269 (D.N.J. Oct. 17, 2012). In Bais, District Judge Thompson certified to
the Third Circuit the issue of whether state law could bar a federal-court class
action under TCPA. See Civ. 11-00011, 2013 WL 663301 (D.N.J. Feb. 21,
2013). On May 8, 2013, however, the Court of Appeals denied leave to pursue
an interlocutory appeal. ECF No. 69, Ex. A. That rendered Gann’s motion to
stay this action moot.
Gann’s second motion to dismiss remains pending. As is appropriate in
the context of a motion to dismiss, Gann does not dispute the factual
allegations. Rather, Gann challenges the Plaintiff’s legal basis for bringing a
federal TCPA class action claim, while reserving its right to “challenge
certification of any class under Rule 23 should any such claims remain viable
after disposition of the [motion to dismiss].” Def. 2d MTD at n. 1.
III.

Discussion
A. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23 governs the class treatment of
Plaintiff’s federal TCPA claims

The Supreme Court decisions in Shady Grove and Mims, as well as the
Third Circuit’s decision in Landsman i, establish that, in federal court, Rule 23,
not state law, determines whether a TCPA case may proceed as a class action.
Those decisions effectively dictate that Gann’s motion to dismiss be denied.
In 2010, the United States Supreme Court decided Shady Grove
Orthopedic Associates, P.A. v. Allstate Ins. Co., 559 U.S. 393, 130 S. Ct. 1431
(2010). That diversity case involved state-law claims for unpaid statutory
interest. A New York state statute would have barred those claims from being
brought as a class action, but plaintiff asserted that they could nevertheless be
maintained as a class action in federal court under Rule 23, Fed. R. Civ. p•5
Denial of class action status was tantamount to dismissal of the action. The
Supreme Court described the district court’s ruling, reversed on appeal, as follows:
The District Court dismissed the suit for lack of jurisdiction. It reasoned
that N.Y. Civ. Prac. Law Ann. § 90 1(b), which precludes a suit to recover
a ‘penalty’ from proceeding as a class action, applies in diversity suits in
4

See id. The Court held that, if the suit met Rule 23’s criteria, it could be
maintained as a federal-court class action notwithstanding state law:
Rule 23 provides a one-size-fits-all formula for deciding the classaction question. Because § 901(b) [a New York door-closing statute]
attempts to answer the same question—i.e., it states that Shady
Grove’s suit “may not be maintained as a class action” (emphasis
added) because of the relief it seeks—it cannot apply in diversity
suits unless Rule 23 is ultra vires.
Id. at 1437.
In Landsman i, the Third Circuit applied Shady Grove to a TCPA case.
Confusingly, however, it did so in the context of a jurisdictional framework that
was later superseded by Mims, see infra. To simplify a bit, Landsman I held
that, although TCPA is a federal statute, it does not support federal-question
jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331; thus a TCPA action, despite its grounding
in federal law, could be maintained in federal court only pursuant to diversity
jurisdiction. See 28 U.S.C. § 1332.6 The district court in Laridsman had
concluded that, in such a diversity case, the Erie doctrine compelled the federal
federal court, despite Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23. Concluding that
statutory interest is a ‘penalty’ under New York law, it held that § 901(b)
prohibited the proposed class action. And, since Shady Grove conceded
that its individual claim (worth roughly $500) fell far short of the
amount-in-controversy requirement for individual suits under 28 U.S.C.
§ 1332(a), the suit did not belong in federal court.
Shady Grove, 130 5. Ct. at 1437.
Landsman Ifollowed the holding of an earlier panel decision, ErieNet, Inc. v.
Velocity Net, 156 F.3d 513 (3d Cir. 1998), which held that Congress did not intend to

6

confer federal-question jurisdiction over a private right of action under TCPA.
Landsman Istated that, despite some expansive language, ErieNet held only that TCPA
did not grant federal question jurisdiction, and did not settle any issue relating to
diversity or state-court jurisdiction. See 640 F.3d at 77-78 and nn. 4-6. Landsman I
held that TCPA, in granting a state court TCPA cause of action, was not intended to
divest the federal courts of diversity jurisdiction over a TCPA cause of action. See
Landsman 1 640 F.3d at 77-78 and nn. 4-6. Thus Landsman Itreated the TCPA cause
of action as that rare bird: a cause of action under federal law, but one that could be
asserted in federal court only pursuant to diversity jurisdiction. Judge McKee’s
dissenting view, that TCPA supports federal-question jurisdiction, was later embraced
by the U.S. Supreme Court in Mims. After Mims, the Third Circuit vacated its pending
order in Landsman 1, granting en banc consideration of the issue of federal jurisdiction
over TCPA claims, and reinstated its panel decision “to the extent it is consistent with
Mims.” Landsman & Funk PC v. Skinder-Strauss Associates, 09-3 105, 2012 WL
2052685 (3d Cir. Apr. 17, 2012).
5

court to apply New York’s door-closing statute, which bars a TCPA class action.
See generally Erie R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64 (1938). That reasoning, said
the Third Circuit, went a step too far. Diversity jurisdiction notwithstanding,
the cause of action was founded on federal, not state law, and therefore “there
was no need for choice-of-law analysis under Erie.” 640 F.3d at 91. Thus the
district court had “erred in finding that New York’s § 901(b) applies here to
preclude a TCPA action.” Id. at 92. Instead, Rule 23, Fed. R. Civ. P., would
govern the propriety, or not, of class action treatment. Since the requirements
of diversity jurisdiction were met, “[t]he only remaining question [was] whether
Rule 23 was satisfied.” Id. 8
Landsman I brought some equilibrium to the law, but it was an uneasy
equilibrium. In Mims v. Arrow Fin. Servs, 132 5. Ct. 740 (2011), the Supreme
Court went a long way toward settling the outstandmg issues. Mims dealt with
the interrelated issues of whether the state-court cause of action granted by
TCPA is exclusive, and whether the federal courts possess federal-question
jurisdiction over TCPA claims pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331.
The claim in Mims that the state court cause of action granted by TCPA
is exclusive was by no means frivolous. TCPA provides that a person “may, if
otherwise permitted by the laws or rules of court of a State, bring in an
appropriate court of that State ... an action to recover for actual monetary loss
from such a violation, or to receive $500 in damages . .. .“ 47 U.S.C. § 227(b)
(emphasis added). Mims held that this language was permissive, not exclusive:
“Nothing in the text, structure, purpose, or legislative history of the TCPA calls
for displacement of the federal-question jurisdiction U.S. district courts
ordinarily have under 28 U.S.C. § 1331. In the absence of direction from
Congress.. . we apply the familiar default rule: Federal courts have § 1331
jurisdiction over claims that arise under federal law.” Id. at 748, 753. In so
holding, the Supreme Court explicitly abrogated ErieNet and similar cases.

“Choice of law” may refer to the choice between federal and state law or the
district court’s choice between the laws of New Jersey and New York. If Erie and its
progeny do not require application of state law, then neither is necessary.
Landsman I’s holding as to Rule 23 tended to determine the issue of diversity
subject matter jurisdiction as well. The typical individual TCPA claim for $500 in
statutory damages comes nowhere near the diversity statute’s required amount in
controversy of $75,000. See 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a). To satisfy diversity requirements, a
plaintiff must aggregate many such claims in a class action. See 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(2)
(a diversity-based class action requires 100 claimants, minimal diversity and claims
aggregating in excess of $5 million). And unless Rule 23 displaces contrary state law
which bars class action treatment, that will not happen.
8

6

Mims’s holding that the federal courts have direct, federal-question
jurisdiction over TCPA claims further undercuts the Erie concerns expressed
9
(but rejected) in Landsman 1 it is in diversity cases that such issues regarding
the scope of the Federal Rules arise. See Hanria v. Plumer, 380 U.S. 460 (1965);
Wright, Miller & Cooper, FEDERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE: JURISDICTION 2D §
4510. The settlement of that issue, however, may beg an antecedent question of
statutory interpretation: Erie aside, does TCPA itseVcommand application of
state law? See 47 U.S.C. § 227(b) (cause of action “if otherwise permitted by the
laws or rules of court of a State....”). And if there were such a specific statutory
command, would it trump Rule 23 or displace the 1938 Rules Enabling Act, 28
U.S.C. § 2072?
To the extent those questions might remain open, I answer them in the
negative. Thçre is no statement in TCPA sufflciently explicit to persuade me
that Congress intended to supplant the well-established principle that the
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure reign supreme in a federal court action based
on federal law. All TCPA actually says on this issue is that a state court cause
of action must comport with state law. The underlying principle of Mims is that
TCPA does not limit the availability of remedies in federal court. And Shady
Grove holds that, even where a federal-court plaintiff asserts a state-law cause
of action, Rule 23 may permit class-wide relief where state law would deny it.
Put together, these authorities imply that, in a federal-court TCPA case, class
action eligibility is governed by Rule 23, not state law.
Post-Mims cases in this District are generally in accord. For example, in
Bais Yaakov, 2012 WL 4903269 at *4, District Judge Thompson concluded:
In light of Mims, a case bolstering the previous Shady Grove
opinion favoring application of Rule 23 in federal court unless
specifically barred by Congress, this Court does not believe it
appropriate to interpret the text of § 227(b)(3) as requiring a federal
court to follow state law. A growing number of lower courts have
also decided likewise. See, e.g., Hawk Valley, Inc., v. Taylor, No.
10—CV—00804, 2012 WL 1079965, * 10 (E.D.Pa. March 30, 2012);
American Copper & Brass, Inc. v. Lake City Indust. Prods., No.
1:09—CV—1 162, 2012 WL 3027953, * 2 (W.D.Mich. July 24, 2012);
Jackson’s Five Star Catering v. Beason, No. 10—100 10, 2012 WL
3205526, *4 (E.D.Mich. July 26, 2012); Bank v. Spark Energy
Holdings, LLC, No. 4:1 1—CV4082, 2012 WL 4097749, * 2—3 (S.D.
I use “Erie” here in a generic sense to refer to a whole collection of issues
involving the relative scope of federal and state law in federal court litigation. Strictly
speaking, an issue under, e.g., Hanna v. Plumer as to the scope of a federal Rule of
Civil Procedure is not analyzed under Erie; rather, a court must determine whether the
Rule truly conflicts with state law, and if so, give the federal rule precedence.
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Tex. Sept 13, 2012); Bailey v. Domino’s Pizza, LLC., No. 11—4, 2012
Finding the language of
WL 1150882, *3 (E.D.La. Apr.5, 2012).
§ 227(b)(3) not to require the application of state law under current
precedent, and indeed, finding persuasive evidence against such
application, the Court must deny Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss.
..

.

Id. at *7

Writing in what she recognized to be “a substantially shifted legal
context,” District Judge Hayden reversed her earlier decision in Landsman and
concluded that plaintiff was “not precluded from bringing this class action
complaint.” Landsman & Funk, P.C. v. Skinder-Strauss Associates, Civ. 083610 KSH, 2012 WL 6622120 at *1 (D.N.J. Dec. 19, 2012) reconsideration
denied, Civ.. 08-3610 KSH, 2013 WL 466448 (D.N.J. Feb. 8, 2013) (“Landsrnan
II’). Citing Mims and Shady Grove, Judge Hayden denied the defendant’s
motion to dismiss, reasoning that “the state-law limitations.
have no
application in this federal-question case in federal court. Federal law only
applies, and Skinder has not otherwise suggested that the complaint fails to
state a claim under federal law.” Id. at *9 District Judge Martini, too, has held
that the court was “not required to—nor should it—forgo the class certification
requirements set forth in Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23 by instead
applying New Jersey class action law to Plaintiffs’ TCPA class claims brought in
federal court.” Goodrich Mgmt. Corp. v. Afgo Mech. Servs., Inc., Civ. 09-43
WJM, 2012 WL 6554221 at *3 (D.N.J. Dec. 14, 2012). Those opinions are
persuasive, and they are based on appellate case law that controls my decision
here.
.

.

Gann argues that it is unjust, or at least unseemly, that “a $500 TCPA
case can be transformed into a federal question national class action” claiming
millions of dollars in damages. It may even be true that this is “an unintended
consequence of the statutory language.” But that statutory language, as
interpreted by the higher courts, leaves me no discretion. “Congress passed
[the TCPA] as written, and the federal courts are left with the consequences.”
Bank v. Spark Energy Holdings, LLC, 4:1 1-cv-4082, 2012 WL 4097749 at *3
(S.D. Tex. Sept. 13, 2012). I hold that Rule 23, not state law, governs the
availability of class action treatment of plaintiff’s claims under TCPA.

B. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23 governs the class treatment of
Plaintiff’s state law claims under the NJ Fax Act
One loose end remains. Plaintiff asserts a state-law claim under N.J.
Stat. Ann. 56:8-157 et seq. (the “NJ Fax Act”). Like TCPA, the NJ Fax Act
prohibits transmission of certain unsolicited advertisements. N.J. Stat. Ann.
56:8-158. Like TCPA, it provides for a private right of action, with statutory
8

damages of $500 per violation. N.J. Stat. Ann. 56:8-159(a).’° The courts are
instructed to “proceed in a summary manner” to adjudicate such claims. N.J.
Stat. Ann. 56:8-159(b).
The Complaint seeks class-action treatment of the NJ Fax Act claim on
behalf of persons in putative “Class C.” (Complaint ¶ 48). As to this state-law
claim, Plaintiff invokes this Court’s supplemental jurisdiction pursuant to 28
U.S.C. § 1367. (Complaint ¶ 4).
It is possible to see the NJ Fax Act class claim as presenting a stronger
case for dismissal than the federal TCPA claim. The statutory injunction to
proceed “in a summary manner,” tends to suggest that a class action was not
within the State legislature’s contemplation. And after all, nothing compelled
New Jersey to create a. substantive right of action at all; does not that greater
power include the lesser one of setting the conditions under which plaintiffs
may obtain classwide relief?
That argument, however plausible, was substantially cut off by the
Supreme Court in Shady Grove. The Shady Grove plaintiff, too, was asserting a
cause of action created by a state statute. And that state, New York, had by
statute, N.Y. Civ. Prac. L. R. § 90 1(b), foreclosed a class action. The United
States Supreme Court found it sufficient that the standards of Rule 23, Fed. R.
Civ. P., were in direct conflict with those of the New York statute, § 901(b). This

I0

56:8-159. Action by aggrieved person; damages and other relief
a. Any person aggrieved by a violation of this act may bring an action in the

Superior Court in the county where the transmission was sent or was received,
or in which the plaintiff resides, for damages or to enjoin further violations of
this act.
b. The court shall proceed in a summary manner and shall, in the event the
plaintiff establishes a violation of this act, enter a judgment for the actual
damages sustained, or $500 for each violation, whichever amount is greater,
together with costs of suit and reasonable attorney’s fees.
c. If the plaintiff establishes that the sender was notified by return facsimile or
written means of communication to cease and desist transmission of such
unsolicited advertisements, the court shall enter a judgment, on account of
each subsequent transmission, for actual damages or $ 1,000 for each
transmission, whichever amount is greater, together with costs of suit and
reasonable attorney’s fees, not to exceed $1,000.
N.J. Stat. Ann. § 56:8-159.
9

valid federal rule, being in conflict with a state one, was deemed to control by
virtue of the Rules Enabling Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2072.”
To be sure, a federal-question action under TCPA presents the afortiori
case. But the state-law scenario, under Shady Grove, is fortis enough. For the
NJ Fax Act claim, as for the TCPA claims, Rule 23 controls the permissibility of
class-action treatment. In this respect, too, Gann’s motion to dismiss is denied.
IV. Conclusion
For the reasons discussed herein, Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss
Plaintiff’s Class Action Claims is DENIED, and Defendants’ Motion to Stay is
DISMISSED AS MOOT. The parties are directed to contact Magistrate Judge
Arleo to confer about a schedule for further proceedings in this case.
An appropriate order follows.

H N. KEVINMCNULT\)
United States District Ju e

Justice Stevens, concurring in part and concurring in the judgment, took issue
with the plurality’s interpretation of the Rules Enabling Act, but ultimately agreed that
Rule 23, as opposed to § 90 1(b), controlled class certification and that its application
did not violate the Enabling Act. See Shady Grove, 130 S. Ct. at 1451, 1459-60
(writing “[The Rules Enabling Acti requires, inter alia, that federal rules “not abridge,
enlarge or modify any substantive right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2072(b) (emphasis added).
Unlike Justice SCALIA, I believe that an application of a federal rule that effectively
abridges, enlarges, or modifies a state-created right or remedy violates this command,”
but concluding “we should respect the plain textual reading of § 901(b), a rule in New
York’s procedural code about when to certify class actions brought under any source
of law, and respect Congress’ decision that Rule 23 governs class certification in
federal courts. In order to displace a federal rule, there must be more than just a
possibility that the state rule is different than it appears.”).
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