ROSS v. YOUTH CONSULTATION SERVICE
Filing
46
OPINION. Signed by Judge Katharine S. Hayden on 12/29/16. (DD, )
NOT FOR PUBLICATION
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
DISTRICT OF NEW JERSEY
JANET ROSS,
Civil No. 2:14-2229 (KSH) (CLW)
Plaintiff,
v.
YOUTH CONSULTATION SERVICE, INC.,
OPINION
Defendant.
Katharine S. Hayden, U.S.D.J.
In these cross motions for summary judgment, the Court must decide whether defendant,
Youth Consultation Services (YCS), violated the Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA), 29 U.S.C.
§ 2601 et seq., by interfering with plaintiff Janet Ross’s rights under the statute. YCS terminated
her for not returning to work after she exhausted her 12 weeks’ FMLA leave. Ross alleges that
YCS failed to provide proper FMLA notice and that as a result, she had insufficient information
to structure her leave.
I.
Background
Janet Ross worked as a licensed practical nurse at YCS for approximately seven and one-
half years before taking a medical leave of absence in the fall of 2012. (D.E. 30-2 (“Ross
Statement of Material Facts”) ¶ 1); D.E. 40-4 (“YCS Statement of Material Facts”) ¶ 2.) Just
prior to that, she had completed a three-day disciplinary suspension between September 25 and
September 28, 2012. (D.E. 39-4 Ex. B (“Ross Deposition”) T30:4-15; YCS Statement of
Material Fact ¶ 8.) While she was out on suspension, Ross visited her physician, who gave her a
medical note, which her co-worker Jennifer Wade delivered. (Ross Statement of Material Facts
1
¶ 11; YCS Statement of Material Facts ¶ 11.) The note supported Ross’s request for time off
until October 8th because of her hip dysplasia, which she had suffered for “ten to fifteen years.”
(Ross Deposition T32:5-7; Ross Statement of Material Facts ¶ 3.) 1 Wade delivered another
doctor’s note to YCS for Ross before October 8th asking for additional time off from October 9
to October 23, 2012. (Ross Statement of Material Facts ¶ 12; YCS Statement of Material Facts ¶
13.)
On October 9, 2012 -- four days after receiving the second medical note -- YCS Benefits
Manager, Sydney Williams, sent Ross a packet containing information about FMLA leave
benefits and several forms: a “Family/Medical Leave Request Form”; a “Leave
Designation/Employee Acknowledgment of Obligations Form”; and a “Certification of Health
Care Provider Form.” (Ross Statement of Material Facts ¶ 20; YCS Statement of Material Facts
¶ 14.) On the first form, Ross checked the box requesting consecutive medical leave, writing
“10/1/12” as the beginning date of the medical leave request and putting “unknown” as the end
date. (D.E. 39-5 Ross Ex. M.) She signed and dated the request form on October 11, 2012.
(Id.)
The designation form, which had been partially filled out by Sydney Williams, indicated
that Ross was eligible for up to 12 weeks’ FMLA leave; that her job would be protected during
FMLA leave; and that she had requested an October 1, 2012 start date and an “unknown” end
date. (D.E. 39-5 Ross Ex. N.) In its last paragraph, this form stated:
While on leave, you must furnish us with reports every 30 days of
your status and intent to return to work. Note: Failure to return to
work on the applicable return date may result in the termination of
employment/you being considered to have voluntarily resigned.
1
The Court notes that defendant disputes this fact because it is without sufficient information to
verify Ross’s medical history, and accordingly relies on Ross’s assertions in her deposition.
2
Ross signed and dated the form. (Id.) Ross’s doctor filled out the Certification of Health
Care Provider form on October 15, 2012, indicating that Ross suffered from a serious condition
and that she could not work intermittently during her medical leave. (Id.) (D.E. 39-5 Ross Ex.
O.) Several boxes remained unchecked, including whether Ross could perform some functions
of the job or work part-time. (Id.) The physician’s form also indicated an “undetermined” end
date. (Id.) Ross read and signed the forms. (Ross Deposition T51:1-17).
Less than two weeks after Ross sent her packet back to Williams, her physician provided
a note that stated Ross was "unable to work at this time and has been scheduled for a Right Total
Hip Arthroplasty on 11/19/12 and a Left Total Hip Arthroplasty on 1/21/13.” (D.E. 39-6 Ross
Ex. R.) The physician also estimated her return-to-work date to be April 21, 2013. (Id.) Neither
Williams nor any other YCS employee contacted Ross after getting this communication, which
was received no later than October 26, 2012. (Ross Deposition T59:11-19.) The next contact
Ross had with YCS was on December 31, 2012, when Williams called her and asked if her
return date had changed. (Ross Deposition T59:17-25 to T60:1-17). Ross replied that it had not
and that she was unable to return to work before April, as instructed by her doctor. (Id.)
Williams followed up their conversation with a letter dated the same day that said:
As you know, you have been unable to work since October
1, 2012 due to disability and you[r] leave time under the Family and
Medical Leave Act (“FMLA”) exhausted on December 21, 2012.
Based on a medical note dated October 19, 2012, your physician
advised that you were unable to return to work until April 21, 2013.
Per our conversation today, you confirmed that there have been no
changes in your return to work date.
Unfortunately, YCS is not able to hold your position open
indefinitely. As a result, your employment will be terminated as of
January 4, 2013. Nevertheless, if and when you believe your
situation changes, you may apply for any open position for which
you are qualified. Please do not hesitate to contact me with any
questions or concerns[.]
3
(D.E. 39-6 Ross Ex. S.)
Ross did undergo both hip surgeries as scheduled on November 19, 2012 and January 21, 2013.
(T53:10-15.)
On April 8, 2014, Ross filed this lawsuit against YCS, alleging violations of the FMLA
(count one) and the New Jersey Law Against Discrimination N.J.S.A. 10:5-1 to -49 (count two).
(D.E. 1 (“Amended Complaint”) ¶ ¶ 25-34, 35-42.) In these motions, Ross seeks summary
judgment on the FMLA count and YCS has moved for summary judgment in the entirety. (D.E.
39 and D.E 40.)
II.
FMLA
Congress passed the FMLA in 1993, intending to “balance the demands of the workplace
with the needs of families” by allowing employees to take medical leave while guaranteeing job
protection. Pub. L 103-3, § 2, Feb. 5, 1993, 107 Stat. 6 (codified in 29 U.S.C. § 2601(b)(1), (2)).
An eligible employee is entitled to 12 work weeks’ unpaid leave every 12 months, so long as
she, or a close family member, has a qualifying medical condition. 29 U.S.C. § 2612(a)(1)(A)(D). Elaborating on the eligibility requirements is unnecessary here because there is no dispute
that Ross was entitled to 12 weeks of unpaid leave and that she had a qualifying medical
condition.
The FMLA requires an employer to provide three essential notifications to employees:
(1) eligibility notice, (2) rights and responsibilities notice, and (3) designation notice.2
Eligibility Notice
2
The FMLA regulations also require an employer to give general notice to employees of their
rights, and ability to enforce those rights. Such notice includes conspicuously posting the
information on the premises for employees to read and including it in written handbooks or
guidelines for eligible employees to read. C.F.R. § 825.300(a)(1).
4
Within five business days of an employee requesting FMLA leave, or when an employer
is on notice of an employee’s potentially-FMLA-qualifying condition, it “must notify the
employee of the employee's eligibility to take FMLA.” C.F.R. § 825.300(b)(1) (2016)
Rights and Responsibilities Notice
Along with the eligibility notice, employers must also provide “written notice detailing
the specific expectations and obligations of the employee and explaining any consequences of a
failure to meet these obligations.” C.F.R. § 825.300(c)(1). The notification may, but is not
required to, include other information such as “whether the employer will require periodic
reports of the employee's status and intent to return to work.” C.F.R. § 825.300(c)(1)(2)
Designation Notice
The employer must designate leave “as FMLA–qualifying” and give notice “of the
designation to the employee.” C.F.R. § 825.300(d)(1). When the employer knows the leave is
for an FMLA–qualifying reason, “the employer must notify the employee whether the leave will
be designated and will be counted as FMLA leave within five business days absent extenuating
circumstances.” C.F.R. § 825.300(d)(1). “If the information provided by the employer to the
employee in the designation notice changes (e.g., the employee exhausts the FMLA leave
entitlement), the employer shall provide, within five business days of receipt of the employee's
first notice of need for leave subsequent to any change, written notice of the change.” C.F.R. §
825.300(d)(5).
Further, the employer
must notify the employee of the amount of leave counted against the
employee's FMLA leave entitlement. If the amount of leave needed
is known at the time the employer designates the leave as FMLA–
qualifying, the employer must notify the employee of the number of
hours, days, or weeks that will be counted against the employee's
FMLA leave entitlement in the designation notice. If it is not
5
possible to provide the hours, days, or weeks that will be counted
against the employee's FMLA leave entitlement (such as in the case
of unforeseeable intermittent leave), then the employer must provide
notice of the amount of leave counted against the employee's FMLA
leave entitlement upon the request by the employee, but no more
often than once in a 30–day period and only if leave was taken in
that period. C.F.R. § 825.300(d)(6).
In short, employees are entitled to protections under the FMLA and employers must
make them aware of such protections so they can meaningfully choose to exercise their FMLA
rights. Under the FMLA, an employer shall not “interfere with, restrain, or deny the exercise of
or the attempt to exercise, any right” included in the FMLA. 29 U.S.C. § 2615 (a)(1). “An
employer may be liable for compensation and benefits lost by reason of the violation, for other
actual monetary losses sustained as a direct result of the violation, and for appropriate equitable
or other relief, including employment, reinstatement, promotion, or any other relief tailored to
the harm suffered.” Id.
III.
Standard of Review
Under Federal Rule of Procedure 56, “[s]ummary judgment is appropriate when the
movant shows that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is
entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). An issue of fact is material
and genuine if it “affects the outcome of the suit under the governing law and could lead a
reasonable jury to return a verdict in favor of the nonmoving party.” Willis v. UPMC Children's
Hosp. of Pittsburgh, 808 F.3d 638, 643 (3d Cir. 2015) (quotation and alteration marks omitted).
The familiar standard places on the party seeking summary judgment “the burden of
demonstrating that the evidentiary record presents no genuine issue of material fact.” Id.
IV.
Discussion
A. FMLA (count one)
6
Ross argues that YCS never gave her proper FMLA notice; if it had she would have
structured her leave differently to prevent losing her job. Ross claims that after she informed
YCS on her leave request form that the length of her absence was unknown, and then followed
this up with a doctor’s note stating she required leave until April, YCS never gave her notice that
the proposed April date exceeded the available 12 weeks’ leave.
YCS counters that it did provide proper FMLA notice to Ross in a packet that included
forms that she signed and acknowledged. In the packet was information about the FMLA and
that up to 12 weeks leave was available under the law. Even if it did not provide proper notice,
YCS points out that Ross must show that such failure prejudiced her. It contends that Ross
cannot show prejudice because she herself stated she was unable to return to work after 12 weeks
of leave. By her own admission, Ross was unable to work after the first hip surgery, so YCS
argues that she could not have structured her leave differently or intermittently.
To establish an FMLA interference claim, Ross must demonstrate the following five
elements:
(1) she was an eligible employee under the FMLA;
(2) YCS was an employer subject to the requirements of the
FMLA;
(3) she was entitled to leave under the FMLA;
(4) she gave notice to YCS of her intention to take FMLA leave;
and
(5) YCS denied her the benefits to which she was entitled under
the FMLA.
Parker v. Hahnemann Univ. Hosp., 234 F.Supp.2d 478, 484 (D.N.J. 2002).
There is no question about the first four elements, so the Court’s inquiry turns on whether
YCS denied Ross benefits to which she was entitled by failing to provide notice as required by
the FMLA, and if so, whether that failure caused prejudice.
7
The record shows that on October 9, 2012, YCS Benefits Manager Sydney Williams sent
Ross a packet containing “Family/Medical Leave Request Form” and a “Leave
Designation/Employee Acknowledgment of Obligations Form.” (Ross Statement of Material
Facts ¶ 20; YCS Statement of Material Facts ¶ 14.)
The Court finds that the eligibility notice was satisfied here. The two forms clearly
explained what FMLA leave is and informed Ross that she was eligible for it. What they did not
do is satisfy the individualized notice required in the rights and responsibilities and designation
notices. FMLA regulations require an employer to send a designation notice within five days of
learning the employee will take leave. The document titled “Leave Designation/Employee
Acknowledgment of Obligations Form” that YCS sent Ross stated that Ross was eligible for
FMLA leave and that the leave would be counted as FMLA. (D.E. 39-5 Ross Ex. N.) The form
also stated generally that the FMLA provides up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave. (Id.) But it did
not specifically state that Ross was eligible for the full 12 weeks and it did not identify the 12month period in which the leave was calculated. (Id.) The burden of calculating the time is on
the employer, not the employee. See C.F.R. § 825.300(c)(1), (c)(1)(i) (“Such specific notice
must include, as appropriate . . . the applicable 12-month period for FMLA entitlement.”)
The regulations require an employer to provide “the number of hours, days, or weeks”
that will be taken as FMLA leave. C.F.R. § 825.300(d)(6). When YCS gave Ross her
designation notice, neither party knew the anticipated end date of her FMLA leave and it was
impossible at that point for YCS to provide “the number of hours, days, or weeks” of leave. But
a couple of weeks later, Ross’s physician sent YCS a note stating that she was unable to work,
that two hip surgeries were scheduled, and that she would not be able to return to work for
approximately six months, which well exceeded the 12 weeks available to Ross.
8
As to this, YCS argues that the “regulations make clear that the employer must notify the
employee of the number of hours, days, or weeks that will be counted against the employee’s
FMLA leave entitlement in the designation notice only ‘if the amount of leave needed is known
at the time the employer designates the leave as FMLA-qualifying’” (D.E. 44 (“YCS Reply
Brief”) at 7.) That is obvious; it would be impossible to require an employer to calculate against
an unknown date. But the FMLA requires employers, in the event of change in the designation
notice, to provide “within five business days of receipt of the employee's first notice of need for
leave subsequent to any change, written notice of the change.” C.F.R. § 825.300(d)(2). The note
sent by Ross’s physician was a change in status and it gave YCS enough information to know
Ross would exhaust her 12 weeks’ leave before her anticipated return date. Yet YCS never
contacted Ross.
The regulations do account for situations when an end date is unknown, such as in “the
case of unforeseeable intermittent leave.” C.F.R. § 825.300(d)(6). But in that case the employer
must provide information about the amount of leave counted against the employee’s entitlement
upon request of the employee. Here, the requested leave was continuous, not intermittent, and
YCS was aware of the length of absence Ross needed soon after her initial request for leave.
YCS’s silence when it learned that the requested leave exhausted available leave failed to
comport with the letter and spirit of the law. YCS did not tell Ross what specific amount of time
was available to her, it did not provide the change in designation notice after receiving the
doctor’s note, and it did not communicate the critical information that the FMLA would not
provide all the requested leave.
Intuitively, there will frequently be instances of leave with an unknown end date. Under
those circumstances, the regulations cannot reasonably be interpreted as excusing an employer
9
from its core obligation to inform the employee about used FMLA time. The regulations must
be read as a whole, keeping in mind that they “require employers to provide individualized
notice of their FMLA rights and obligations.” Conoshenti v. Public Serv. Elec. & Gas Co., 364
F. 3d 364 135, 142 (3d Cir. 2004). Under the FMLA, the employer must send a designation
notice within five days of knowing that an employee will take leave.
YCS’s reading of C.F.R. § 825.300 (d)(6) builds an arbitrariness into the process.
According to the record, YCS sent Ross all the paperwork in one packet. YCS’s interpretation of
notice would mean that if the doctor’s note came within the next five days, YCS would not be
obligated to provide the information about calculated leave. But if it staggered the paperwork
and waited to send Ross the designation notice after sending her the initial request form, and the
doctor’s note arrived in the interim, then YCS would be obligated to provide the information.
This defeats the objective of “individualized” – hence, effective – notice.
The overall intent of the FMLA is lost when an employer fails to
provide an employee with the opportunity to make informed
decisions about her leave options and limitations. Without such an
opportunity, the employee has not received the statutory benefit of
taking necessary leave with the reassurance that her employment,
under proscribed conditions, will be waiting for her when she is able
to return to work.
Id.
YCS maintained a silence about the impact of Ross’s requested leave period, which, under the
FMLA, constituted a failure adequately to inform her of her leave and to communicate, once it
was aware of the proposed April return date, the altered consequences of the leave designation.
The inquiry does not end there. The Court must determine whether, as a result of
defendant’s violations, Ross suffered prejudice. Conoshenti, 364 F. 3d at 144 (citing Ragsdale v.
Wolverine World Wide, Inc., 535 U.S. 81, 89-90 (2002)). In Conoshenti, the plaintiff was
10
injured by a car and out for a period of time. Id. at 138. He was never informed of his FMLA
rights and was terminated when he returned to work. Id. at 139. The Third Circuit held that
notice was required for the plaintiff to “have been able to make an informed decision about
structuring his leave” and had he received the notice, he “would have structured it, and his plan
of recovery, in such a way as to preserve the job protection afforded by the Act.” Id. at 142–143.
Similarly, Ross argues that if she had been informed that her April end date exceeded her FMLA
leave and that she would be terminated if she did not return to work in December, she would
have structured her surgeries differently and postponed her second hip surgery.
YCS points out that Ross used her full 12 weeks of leave (during which she had her first
hip surgery) and could not return to work and so even if she had been informed she would not
have been able to return. YCS adds that she used the full benefit to which she was entitled. It
points to Thurston v. Cherry Hill Triplex, 941 F. Supp. 2d 520 (2008), as instructive. In
Thurston, the plaintiff tore her Achilles tendon and her doctor told her she required
approximately 12 weeks’ leave, which the employer granted. Id. at 523. After granting the
leave, the employer mailed the plaintiff a Department of Labor Designation Notice that stated the
time off was unknown and required the employee to furnish bi-weekly reports on her condition
and the anticipated end date. Id. The plaintiff exceeded the 12 weeks’ leave and was terminated.
Id. at 524. She testified in her deposition that she did not understand that she was entitled to a
maximum of 12 weeks, and that the company told her to take as much time as she needed when
she informed them her leave would exceed the 12-week period. Id. at 524. The district court
found that the individualized notice Thurston was provided was sufficient as a matter of law
because she was fully aware that the FMLA provided a maximum of 12 weeks of leave. Id. at
526 (emphasis added).
11
Thurston is distinguishable. First, the defendant-employer used a Department of Labor
preprinted form. Id. at 523. Here, YCS used its own forms. Second, Thurston was aware that
she was entitled only to 12 weeks’ FMLA leave as evidenced by her own statement to her
supervisor that she would be exceeding the 12-week period. Id. at 524. The central dispute was
her contention that her supervisor told her to take all the time she needed. Id. By contrast, Ross
and YCS were never in contact during Ross’s leave. YCS did not give Ross an end date to her
FMLA leave (until after the leave exhausted), or inform her of how many days she had used, or
tell her that her anticipated return date exceeded her available leave.
Ross had her first hip surgery in late November. YCS received Ross’s doctor’s note,
dated October 19, 2012, by October 26th at the latest. Had YCS updated the designation form, or
even called Ross, and given her a definitive calculation of leave with the newly acquired end
date, she would have been fully aware of her options. “The overall intent of the FMLA is lost
when an employer fails to provide an employee with the opportunity to make informed decisions
about her leave options and limitations.” Conoshenti, 364 F. 3d at 142. The Third Circuit has
held that a viable theory of recovery under the FMLA exists when an employee is not able to
“make an informed decision about structuring his leave and would have structured it, and
[his/her] plan of recovery, in such a way as to preserve the job protection afforded by the Act.”
Id. at 142-43. YCS failed to fully inform Ross of her FMLA rights when it was in possession of
all necessary information to do so. Ross suffered prejudice because she did not have the
opportunity to structure her leave differently and save her job.
As such, Ross is entitled to
summary judgment in her favor on count 1.
B. LAD (count two)
As to count 2, the LAD claim, the Court grants summary judgment in favor of YCS.
12
The LAD prevents employers from discriminating on the basis of disability in
employment decisions, such as hiring firing, assignment, and promotion. N.J.S.A. § 13:132.5(a). But it also goes further. Similar to the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 42
U.S.C.A. §§ 12101 to 12213, the LAD requires an employer to make reasonable
accommodations for an employee who is disabled, so long as such accommodations do not
“impose an undue hardship” on the employer. N.J.S.A. § 13:13-2.5(b). Notably, the disability
accommodation provisions of the LAD are modeled after the ADA, and New Jersey has
historically sought to unify its state laws with federal disability protections. See Victor v. State,
203 N.J. 383, 40-01 (2010).
Ross alleges in her amended complaint that YCS failed to accommodate her disability
and engage in the “interactive process” of employee accommodation. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 35 - 42.)
That allegation, even if true, skips the threshold requirement that the employer must know about
an accommodation that is needed. “The reasonable accommodation process begins with a
request by the employee for an accommodation that will allow him or her to perform the
essential functions of the job. The employer is then prompted to ‘initiate an informal interactive
process with the employee’ in which each has a duty to act in good faith.” A.D.P. v.
ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Co., 428 N.J. Super. 518, 543-44 (App. Div. 2012)
(quoting Tynan v. Vicinage 13 of the Sup.Ct. of N.J., 351 N.J. Super. 385, 400 (App. Div. 2002)).
There is nothing in this record to support a claim that Ross ever requested an
accommodation from YCS to continue working before or after her hip surgery. Although
requests for accommodations do not need to “be in writing” or even use the words “reasonable
accommodation,” the employee still has the initial burden of informing the employer about the
need for assistance because of a physical disability. Tynan, 351 N.J. Super. at 400 (“While there
13
are no magic words to seek an accommodation, the employee, however, ‘must make clear that . .
. assistance [is desired] for his or her disability.’” (quoting Jones v. United Parcel Service, 214
F.3d 402, 408 (3d Cir.2000))). Ross neither formally requested an accommodation nor provided
enough information to obligate YCS to engage in the interactive process.
To show that an employer failed to participate in the interactive process, a disabled
employee must demonstrate: (1) the employer knew about the employee's
disability; (2) the employee requested accommodations or assistance for her
disability; (3) the employer did not make a good faith effort to assist the employee
in seeking accommodations; and (4) the employee could have been reasonably
accommodated but for the employer's lack of good faith.
Id. at 400-01.
Ross argues that YCS knew she had a disability because it received her FMLA request form.
(D.E. 43 at 22). A request for FMLA leave does not automatically mean that an employee is
disabled -- there are many reasons an employee may exercise her leave. And that argument
overlooks the requirement that the employee must ask for an accommodation. Ross is conflating
two statutes that are distinct from one another and are triggered differently. Significantly, she
does not provide a single case that stands for the proposition that a request for FMLA leave
triggers an employer’s duty to engage in the LAD interactive process about disability
accommodation.
Further, Ross’s limited interactions with YCS during her leave suggest she was unable to
work at all. When Williams contacted her in late December Ross stated that she was unable to
return until April, something she confirmed in her deposition. Ross’s FMLA claim is that she
did not return to work because she was physically unable, and her physical condition was related
to her being denied an opportunity to structure her leave in the way best suited to protect her job.
Her LAD position that she was terminated because YCS did not provide her an accommodation
contradicts Ross’s FMLA assertions and arguments. Ross had the duty of requesting the
14
accommodation and she did not; she also represented to YCS that she was unable to work, never
raising the possibility of an accommodation. The Court grants summary judgment in favor of
YCS on the LAD claim.
V.
Conclusion
For the reasons stated above, the Court finds that YCS interfered with Ross’s FMLA
rights, and grants summary judgment in her favor as to count 1. YCS’s summary judgment as to
count 2 is granted. The parties are directed to Magistrate Judge Waldor for further directions
concerning appropriate damages.
An appropriate order will follow.
s/ Katharine S. Hayden___________
Katharine S. Hayden, U.S.D.J.
Dated: December 29, 2016
15
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