DILLIN v. CONSTRUCTION & TURNAROUND SERVICES , LLC. et al
Filing
14
OPINION & ORDER granting in part and denying in part 5 Motion to Dismiss. Signed by Judge Esther Salas on 9/18/15. (sr, )
NOT FOR PUBLICATION
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
DISTRICT OF NEW JERSEY
WAYNE DILLIN,
Plaintiff,
Civil Action No. 14-8124 (ES)
v.
OPINION & ORDER
CONSTRUCTION & TURNAROUND
SERVICES, LLC, et al.,
Defendants.
SALAS, DISTRICT JUDGE
Before the Court is a motion to dismiss by Defendants Construction & Turnaround
Services, LLC (“CTS”), Integrated Service Company, LLC (“Inserv”), Phillips 66, Darrell
Roberts, 1 and Alan Black (collectively, “Defendants”). 2 (D.E. No. 5-5). The Court has considered
the parties’ submissions and decides this motion without oral argument pursuant to Federal Rule
of Civil Procedure 78(b). For the reasons below, Defendants’ motion to dismiss is granted in part
and denied in part.
I.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Plaintiff Wayne Dillin is an individual residing in Bayonne, New Jersey. (Compl. ¶1). At
all times relevant to the Complaint, Plaintiff “was employed as a Lead Safety Director for
Defendant, CTS.” (Id.). Plaintiff was hired by CTS in approximately August 2013. (Id. ¶ 9).
1
Defendant Darrell Roberts was improperly pled as “Darryl Roberts” in the Complaint. (See D.E. No. 12, Complaint (“Compl.”) ¶ 5).
2
Plaintiff originally named Wilbros Group, Inc. (“Willbros”) as an additional Defendant, but the parties
stipulated as to the dismissal of this Defendant on June 22, 2015. (D.E. No. 12; see also D.E. No. 13,
Stipulation of Dismissal).
Between August 2013 and October 2013, Plaintiff reported to Defendant Roberts,
Plaintiff’s supervisor. (Id. ¶ 12). Plaintiff alleges various wrongful actions taken by Roberts
throughout his employment.
For example, Plaintiff alleges that “Mr. Roberts required that Plaintiff keep a Twenty
Dollar Bill behind [his] identification tag pursuant to a company policy, which allowed another
employee to take the twenty dollar bill if they witnessed something wrong.” (Id. ¶ 13). Plaintiff
alleges that when he “complained to Mr. Roberts about this practice, Mr. Roberts required Plaintiff
to keep a One Hundred Dollar Bill behind his identification tag or otherwise Plaintiff would be
immediately terminated.” (Id. ¶ 14).
In addition, Plaintiff alleges that Mr. Roberts “put a padlock on Plaintiff’s office,”
“required Plaintiff to work near Mr. Roberts,” and “refused to allow Plaintiff to lock the door to
the bathroom when going to the bathroom”—all so that Mr. Roberts could “keep on [sic] eye” on
Plaintiff. (Id. ¶¶ 15-16).
Plaintiff further alleges that Mr. Roberts “required Plaintiff to shave using a used razor
blade with rust or blood on it” one afternoon due to the company policy prohibiting facial hair.
(Id. ¶ 17). Plaintiff alleges that he had “shaved in the morning, but started to grow stubble in the
late afternoon.” (Id.).
Next, Plaintiff alleges that, on or about September 16, 2013, an employee named Randy
Turner “failed an alcohol test, and Plaintiff was instructed to take [his] keys and drive him back to
whatever motel he was staying at.” (Id. ¶ 19). 3 Plaintiff alleges that he saw Turner back at the
construction site later that day, and informed a supervisor. (Id. ¶ 21). He alleges that he was
subsequently “instructed that if he valued his job, he would never say anything about it again.”
3
Plaintiff’s duties include ensuring “that all individuals entering the construction site pass an alcohol test.”
(Id. ¶ 18).
2
(Id.). Plaintiff further alleges that, later that night, another supervisor, Defendant Black, “told
Plaintiff not to talk to anyone about the incident.” (Id.). Plaintiff informed Black “that he had
already called OSHA and objected to the fact that other employees were banned for life from the
construction site if they fail an alcohol test.” 4 (Id.). The next morning, Plaintiff was moved to a
different location, away from his previous construction site. (Id. ¶ 22).
Though Plaintiff does not specify a time or date, he alleges that Mr. Roberts “informed
Plaintiff not to get winter clothes because Plaintiff would not be employed long enough to use
them” and told Plaintiff that “the only good Yankee is a dead Yankee” while Plaintiff was wearing
a Yankees baseball hat. (Id. ¶ 23). Plaintiff alleges that when he “asked if Mr. Roberts was
referring to him . . . Mr. Roberts replied, ‘you’re a big boy, figure it out.’” (Id.).
Plaintiff alleges that, throughout his employment, he “repeatedly complained to Mr.
Roberts and others that he was working more than 40 hours per week but not getting paid
overtime.” (Id. ¶ 24).
Finally, Plaintiff alleges that on or about October 10, 2013, “Mr. Roberts called Plaintiff
on the walkie-talkie and told Plaintiff that there is an emergency four alarm gas meter going off in
a section where Plaintiff used to work.” (Id. ¶ 25). Mr. Roberts allegedly told Plaintiff that it was
an emergency and Plaintiff needed to respond immediately. (Id.). After Plaintiff arrived at the
area, he learned that there was no emergency and Mr. Roberts did not return his calls. (Id.).
Plaintiff was then cited for a hard-hat violation by other employees, and when he said he was
responding to an emergency gas meter alarm, they informed him that there was no such alarm.
(Id.). Mr. Roberts fired Plaintiff that day. (Id. ¶ 26).
4
OSHA stands for Occupational Safety and Health Administration, a federal agency charged with enforcing
safety and health legislation. See http://www.osha.gov.
3
Plaintiff initiated this action in the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Hudson
County on October 7, 2014. (Compl.). Defendants removed the matter to this Court on December
31, 2014. (D.E. No. 1, Notice of Removal).
Plaintiff’s Complaint includes four counts: (1) violation of the Conscientious Employee
Protection Act (“CEPA”), (Compl. ¶¶ 27-32); (2) wrongful termination, (id. ¶¶ 33-36); (3)
wrongful discharge in violation of the public policy of the state of New Jersey, (id. ¶¶ 37-39); and
(4) hostile work environment, (id. ¶¶ 40-41).
On February 13, 2015, Defendants moved to dismiss all four counts of the Complaint for
failure to state a claim for relief pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). (D.E. No.
5-5, Defendants’ Brief in Support of Motion to Dismiss Complaint in Lieu of Answer in
Accordance with Federal Civil Rule 12(b)(6) (“Def. Mov. Br.”)). Plaintiff responded on March
23, 2015. (D.E. No. 8, Reply Brief of Plaintiff in Opposition to Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss
Complaint in Lieu of Answer in Accordance with Federal Civil Rule 12(b)(6) (“Pl. Opp. Br.”)).
Defendants replied on March 27, 2015. (D.E. No. 9, Defendants’ Brief in Reply to the Opposition
Filed by Plaintiff in Regard to Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss Complaint in Lieu of Answer in
Accordance with Federal Civil Rule 12(b)(6) (“Def. Rep. Br.”)). This motion is now ripe for
resolution.
II.
LEGAL STANDARD
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2) requires a complaint to set forth “a short and plain
statement of the claim showing that a pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). The
pleading standard announced by Rule 8 does not require detailed factual allegations, but it demands
“more than an unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal,
556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). In addition, the plaintiff’s short and plain statement of the claim must
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“give the defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.” Bell
Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (internal quotation marks omitted).
For a complaint to survive dismissal, it “must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as
true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (citing Twombly,
550 U.S. at 570). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that
allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct
alleged.” Id. (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). “The plausibility standard is not akin to a
‘probability requirement,’ but it asks for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted
unlawfully.” Id. (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570).
In evaluating the sufficiency of a complaint, a court must accept all well-pleaded factual
allegations contained in the complaint as true, and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the
non-moving party. See Phillips v. Cnty. of Allegheny, 515 F.3d 224, 234 (3d Cir. 2008). But “the
tenet that a court must accept as true all of the allegations contained in a complaint is inapplicable
to legal conclusions,” and “[a] pleading that offers ‘labels and conclusions’ or ‘a formulaic
recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quoting
Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555). Furthermore, when deciding a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, a court must
consider only the complaint, exhibits attached [thereto], matters of the public record, as well as
undisputedly authentic documents if the complainant’s claims are based upon these documents.”
Mayer v. Belichick, 605 F.3d 223, 230 (3d Cir. 2011).
“[I]f a complaint is subject to a Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal, a district court must permit a
curative amendment unless such an amendment would be inequitable or futile.” Phillips, 515 F.3d
at 245; see also Ray v. First Nat’l Bank of Omaha, 413 F. App’x 427, 430 (3d Cir. 2011) (“A
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district court should not dismiss a pro se complaint without allowing the plaintiff an opportunity
to amend his complaint unless an amendment would be inequitable or futile.”).
III.
DISCUSSION
A. CEPA Violation
Count 1 of Plaintiff’s Complaint alleges a CEPA violation. (Compl. ¶¶ 27-32). “The
Legislature enacted CEPA to ‘protect and encourage employees to report illegal or unethical
workplace activities and to discourage public and private sector employers from engaging in such
conduct.’” Dzwonar v. McDevitt, 177 N.J. 451, 461 (2003) (quoting Abbamont v. Piscataway
Twp. Bd. of Educ., 138 N.J. 405, 431 (1994)). Under CEPA, “[a]n employer shall not take any
retaliatory action against an employee because the employee does any of the following . . . [o]bjects
to, or refuses to participate in any activity, policy or practice which the employee believes (1) is in
violation of a law, or a rule or regulation promulgated pursuant to law . . . ; (2) is fraudulent or
criminal; or (3) is incompatible with a clear mandate of public policy concerning the public health,
safety, or welfare or protection of the environment.” N.J.S.A. § 34:19-3c.
Accordingly, to adequately plead a CEPA violation, a plaintiff must allege “(1) he or she
reasonably believed that his or her employer’s conduct was violating either a law, rule, or
regulation promulgated pursuant to law, or a clear mandate of public policy; (2) he or she
performed a ‘whistle-blowing’ activity described in N.J.S.A. 34:19-3c; (3) an adverse employment
action was taken against him or her; and (4) a causal connection exists between the whistleblowing activity and the adverse employment action.” Dzwonar, 177 N.J. at 462 (citing Kolb v.
Burns, 727 A.2d 525, 530 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 1999)). Importantly, a plaintiff alleging a
CEPA violation does not need to prove an actual violation of law or public policy—rather, the
plaintiff “must show that he or she ‘reasonably believes’ that to be the case.” Id. (citing Estate of
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Roach v. TRW, Inc., 164 N.J. 598, 613 (2000)). In addition, “when a plaintiff brings an action
pursuant to N.J.S.A. 34:19-3c, the trial court must identify a statute, regulation, rule, or public
policy that closely relates to the complained-of conduct.” Id. at 463. The Supreme Court of New
Jersey has expressly instructed that “[t]he trial court can and should enter judgment for a defendant
when no such law or policy is forthcoming.” Id.
As a threshold matter, Defendants argue that Plaintiff’s CEPA claim must be dismissed
against Phillips 66 and Inserv because neither entity was Plaintiff’s employer at any time. (Def.
Mov. Br. at 5-6). They also argue that Plaintiff’s CEPA claim must be dismissed against Roberts
and Black because they cannot be held individually liable under the statute. (Id. at 14-15). In
terms of Plaintiff’s substantive allegations, Defendants argue that Plaintiff’s CEPA claim fails
against all Defendants because “an employee cannot sustain a CEPA claim when the CEPA claim
arises from a duty required as part of a plaintiff’s job duties.” (Id. at 7) (citing Massarano v. N.J.
Transit, 948 A.2d 653 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 2008)). Finally, Defendants argue that, “[e]ven
assuming Plaintiff’s CEPA claim concerning the failed alcohol test could survive Massarano . . .
Plaintiff’s objections were entirely unreasonable.” (Id. at 7). The Court addresses each argument
in turn.
First, the Court agrees with Defendants that Plaintiff’s CEPA claim must be dismissed
against Phillips 66 and Inserv. Plaintiff’s Complaint only alleges that Plaintiff was an employee
of Defendant CTS. (Compl. ¶ 9). The Complaint does not allege that Plaintiff was ever employed
by Defendants Phillips 66 or Inserv, nor does the Complaint contain any allegations with respect
to either of these entities. As a result, the Complaint does not “give the defendants fair notice of
what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.” See Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550
U.S. 544, 555 (2007). Moreover, the Court notes that Plaintiff’s opposition brief does not address
7
this issue or attempt to demonstrate how either Defendant is liable under CEPA. Accordingly,
Plaintiff’s CEPA claim is dismissed as to Defendants Phillips 66 and Inserv.
Also as a threshold matter, the Court considers Defendants’ argument that Plaintiff’s CEPA
claim against Black and Roberts must be dismissed because “it is clear that an individual can only
have individual liability in the rare circumstance that an employee or supervisor has acted in
accordance with the employer’s authorization or consent . . . [and] there are no allegations in the
Complaint that Defendants Black or Roberts had the authority to act on behalf of CTS.” (Def.
Mov. Br. at 14-15). Indeed, “CEPA creates individual liability for agents of the employer,
including supervisory employees who act with the authorization of the employer.” Palladino v.
VNA of So. N.J., 68 F. Supp. 2d 455, 474 (D.N.J. 1999). However, “[a]lthough CEPA can impose
individual liability on agents or employees of the employer entity, it ‘will not impose liability on
any employee, supervisor, commissioner, or attorney unless the plaintiff proves that the
[individual] defendant took an adverse employment action against him because of his whistle
blowing.’” Brennan v. Palmieri, No. 07-4364, 2008 WL 52337782, at *5-6 (D.N.J. Dec. 12, 2008)
(quoting Bowen v. The Parking Auth. of the City of Camden, No. 00-5765, 2003 WL 22145814, at
*23 (D.N.J. Sept. 18 2003)).
Here, Plaintiff’s allegations are sufficient to plead a CEPA claim against Defendant
Roberts, but not against Black.
Plaintiff alleges that both Roberts and Black were Plaintiff’s
supervisors at CTS. (Compl. ¶¶ 5, 6). However, Plaintiff’s only other allegation regarding Black
is that he “told Plaintiff not to talk to anyone about the [drunkenness] incident.”
(Id. ¶ 21).
Plaintiff does not include any specific allegations that Black retaliated against Plaintiff. Because
Plaintiff does not allege that Black took any adverse employment action against him, Plaintiff’s
CEPA claim against Black must be dismissed.
8
By contrast, Plaintiffs’ Complaint specifically alleges that Roberts was acting “pursuant to
a company policy” in his actions against Plaintiff. (Id. ¶ 13). He further alleges that, following
his report of the drunkenness incident, “Mr. Roberts fired Plaintiff.” (Id. ¶ 26). This is sufficient
to allege an individual CEPA claim against Defendant Roberts. See English v. Misys Intern’l
Banking Sys., Inc., No. 05-2540, 2005 WL 1703199, at *4 (D.N.J. July 20, 2005) (permitting
CEPA claim to proceed against an individual defendant where the plaintiff alleged that the
defendant “unlawfully terminated [p]laintiff’s employment” in an act of retaliation).
Next, the Court considers whether Plaintiff’s CEPA claim fails against CTS and Roberts
because the claim arises out of Plaintiff’s job duties. “[I]t is unquestioned that Plaintiff submits
that as part of his job as lead safety manager, he was required to report failed alcohol tests to
OSHA.” (Def. Mov. Br. at 7). Defendants proceed to argue that, under Massarano, “an employee
cannot sustain a CEPA claim when the CEPA claim arises from a duty required as part of a
plaintiff’s job duties.” (Id. at 7). Therefore, they argue, any CEPA claim arising from Plaintiff’s
report of a failed alcohol test is barred as a matter of law.
The Court disagrees. The New Jersey Supreme Court recently addressed the precise
question before the Court in Lippman v. Ethicon, Inc., 2015 WL 4251063 (July 15, 2015). There,
the court expressly held that “watchdog employees”—“whose job duties entail knowing or
securing compliance with a relevant standard of care and knowing when an employer’s actions or
proposed actions deviate from that standard of care”—are entitled to the whistleblower protections
afforded by CEPA. Lippman, 2015 WL 4251063, at *1. Moreover, the court in Lippman
specifically addressed Massarano, and noted that the “argument that Massarano has been relied
upon as support for recognition of a job-duties exception to CEPA’s broad protection to employees
is . . . unavailing.” Id. at *12. It further held that “[a]ny such reliance misperceives the case’s
9
essential finding of no retaliation and results in an overextension of Massarano’s significance . . .
we specifically disapprove of any such extrapolation from the Massarano judgment.” Id. With
this instruction, the Court rejects Defendants’ argument that Plaintiff’s CEPA claim is barred
because it arises out of his duty to report failed alcohol tests. To the contrary, the Court recognizes
that that “watchdog employees are the most vulnerable to retaliation because they are ‘uniquely
positioned to know where the problem areas are and to speak out when corporate profits are put
ahead of consumer safety.’” Id. at *4 (internal citation omitted).
Next, the Court considers Defendants’ argument that Plaintiff has not adequately alleged a
CEPA claim because his objections were “unreasonable.” (See Def. Mov. Br. at 9). Defendants
argue that “it cannot be said that Plaintiff held an objectively reasonable belief that his employer’s
conduct was in violation of any statute, regulation, rule or public policy merely because an
individual failed an alcohol test earlier in the day and then was permitted to work at the
construction site hours later in the day.” (Id.). Defendants characterize Plaintiff’s allegations as
indicating mere “disagreement” with his employer. (Id.). In response, Plaintiff argues that he had
an objectively reasonable belief that his employer’s conduct “implicated a serious risk to public
safety, a drunk employee on a construction site.” (Pl. Opp. Br. at 7).
The Court agrees with Plaintiff. Viewed in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, the
allegations in the Complaint plead an objectively reasonable belief that his employer’s conduct
violated a regulation, rule, or public policy. As an initial matter, Plaintiff’s Complaint contains
the specific allegation that Plaintiff “reasonably believed that the Defendants’ actions were in
violation of the law, public policy, and/or fraudulent or criminal in nature.” (Compl. ¶¶ 19-21, 2829). Plaintiff’s more specific allegations also support this reasonable belief. Plaintiff alleged that
“[p]art of Plaintiff’s duties are to ensure that all individuals entering the construction site pass an
10
alcohol test.” (Id. ¶ 18). Plaintiff further alleged that he called OSHA after he saw an individual
who failed an alcohol test working at the construction site, indicating his belief that his employer’s
conduct violated federal guidelines or regulations. (Id. ¶ 21). Finally, there is ample case law
support for the proposition that, in certain circumstances, an intoxicated employee may implicate
the public policy concern of ensuring public safety. See Urbanski v. Twp. of Edison, No. L–4201–
09, 2014 WL 183966, at *6 (N.J. Sup. Ct. App. Div. Jan. 17, 2014) (holding that an intoxicated
policeman “presents a serious risk to public safety”); Fischer v. G4S Secure Solutions USA, Inc.,
No. 10-6792, 2014 WL 2887803, at *13 (D.N.J. June 25, 2014) (holding that a jury could find a
reasonable belief that intoxication of an armed security officer at a nuclear facility is a safety risk
implicating public policy). In any event, CEPA does not require that the activity complained of
“be an actual violation of a law or regulation, only that the employee ‘reasonably believes’ that to
be the case.” Estate of Roach, 164 N.J. at 613. Thus, for purposes of a motion to dismiss, Plaintiff
has adequately alleged his reasonable belief that permitting an employee who failed an alcohol test
to work on a construction site violated both federal regulations and public policy.
In sum, Plaintiff has adequately alleged all four elements of a CEPA claim. First, Plaintiff
alleges that Defendants, among other things, “allow[ed] an intoxicated individual onto the
construction site” and that Plaintiff “reasonably believed that the Defendants’ actions were in
violation of the law, public policy, and/or fraudulent or criminal in nature.” (Compl. ¶¶ 19-21, 2829).
Second, Plaintiff alleges that he performed whistle-blowing activity by notifying his
supervisor of the activity and calling OSHA. (Id. ¶¶ 29-30). Third, Plaintiff alleges that an adverse
employment action was taken against him because he was fired. (Id. ¶¶ 26, 30). And finally,
Plaintiff alleges that Defendants “unlawfully terminat[ed] Plaintiff’s employment in retaliation for
his objections to Defendants’ conduct and informing OSHA of a violation.”
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(Id. ¶ 30).
Defendants’ motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s CEPA claim is therefore denied as to Defendants CTS
and Roberts. 5
B. Wrongful Termination Arising from Employment
Count 2 of Plaintiff’s Complaint asserts a claim for wrongful termination. (Id. ¶¶ 33-36).
Plaintiff’s wrongful termination claim appears to arise out of his employment contract, which
Plaintiff argues was violated in contravention of the implied covenant of good faith and fair
dealing. (Id. ¶ 34; see also Pl. Opp. Br. at 8). The New Jersey Supreme Court has held that “an
employee who is wrongfully discharged may maintain a cause of action in contract or tort or both.
An action in contract may be predicated on the breach of an implied provision that an employer
will not discharge an employee for refusing to perform an act that violates a clear mandate of
public policy.” Pierce v. Ortho Pharm. Corp., 84 N.J. 58, 72 (1980).
Defendants argue that Plaintiff’s wrongful termination claim must fail because “Plaintiff
fails to point to any law, any policy or any provision of any employment contract which the
Defendants have violated.” (Def. Mov. Br. at 16). Plaintiff responds that this claim is sufficiently
pled because Plaintiff “has set forth in his pleadings that (1) a contract existed between plaintiff
and defendant; and (2) defendant breached the terms of that contract; or (1) an implied contract
existed between plaintiff and defendant; and (2) defendant breached the covenant of good faith
and fair dealing in the contract.” (Pl. Opp. Br. at 8).
However, Plaintiff’s claim for wrongful termination pursuant to his employment contract
contains barebones allegations only—Plaintiff does not provide factual details in his Complaint or
elsewhere about the nature of his contract, its terms, and why Defendants’ actions constitute a
5
Because the Court determines that Plaintiff’s allegations regarding his report of an intoxicated employee
are sufficient to plead his CEPA claim, this claim survives, and the Court does not consider Defendants’
argument that Plaintiff’s additional allegations are insufficient to plead this claim. (See Def. Mov. Br. at
11-14).
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breach. “[C]onclusory or ‘barebones’ allegations will no longer survive a motion to dismiss.”
Phillips, 515 F.3d at 231 (further noting that “a plaintiff’s Rule 8 obligation to provide the grounds
for his entitlement to relief requires more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation
of the elements of a cause of action will not do.”). Accordingly, Plaintiff’s claim for wrongful
termination in Count 2 must be dismissed for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be
granted.
C. Pierce Wrongful Discharge
Count 3 of Plaintiff’s Complaint alleges that Defendants wrongfully discharged Plaintiff
in violation of the public policy of the state of New Jersey. (Compl. ¶ 38). The New Jersey
Supreme Court has held that an employee may have a cause of action for wrongful discharge if
the employee was discharged “contrary to a clear mandate of public policy.” Pierce, 84 N.J. at
72. “To establish a case for common law wrongful discharge, the employee must identify the clear
mandate of public policy and that the discharge itself was in violation of that public policy.”
Brangan v. Ball Plastic Container Corp., No. 11-5470, 2012 WL 1332663, at *7 (D.N.J. Apr. 17,
2012) (citing Tartaglia v. UBS PaineWebber Inc., 197 N.J. 81, 109 (2008)). With respect to the
first requirement, an employee must identify a clear mandate of public policy—as it would have
to do for a CEPA claim. Id. With respect to the second requirement, “that the discharge itself was
in violation of that public policy,” the employee must show “an expression by the employee of a
disagreement with a corporate policy, directive, or decision based on a clear mandate of public
policy derived from one of the sources . . . identified in Pierce.” Id. (quoting Tartaglia, 197 N.J.
at 109). “An actual or threatened complaint to an external agency or body is not required, though
it would ‘ordinarily be sufficient means of expression.’ A direct complaint to senior corporate
management would also most likely suffice. On the other hand, a ‘passing remark to co-workers’
13
will not, nor will a complaint to an immediate supervisor.” Id. (quoting Tartaglia, 197 N.J. at 109)
(internal citations omitted).
As a threshold matter, Defendants argue that neither the individual Defendants Black and
Roberts nor Phillips 66 and Inserv can be liable for this claim because Plaintiff has not alleged that
either entity was his employer. (Def. Mov. Br. at 18). In addition, Defendants argue that the Court
should dismiss Count 3 because Plaintiff has not identified a clear public policy and the claim is
waived under CEPA. (Id. at 18-20). The Court addresses each argument in turn.
The Court agrees that Plaintiff’s wrongful discharge claim must be dismissed against
Defendants Phillips 66 and Inserv because, as discussed above, Plaintiff has not adequately alleged
either Defendant was Plaintiff’s employer. Additionally, the Court agrees with Defendants that
Plaintiff may not assert a wrongful discharge claim against Roberts or Black. See Bobo v.
Wildwood Pub. Schools Bd. of Educ., 2014 WL 7339461, at *10 (D.N.J. Dec. 23, 2014)
(“[B]ecause Plaintiff is only able to maintain a Pierce cause of action against his employer and not
against individual employees, the Court will dismiss this claim as to [the individual d]efendants .
. .”); see also O’Lone v. N.J. Dep’t of Corr., 712 A.2d 1177, 1180 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 1998)
(holding that any Pierce action “would be against the public entity and not the individual
defendants”). As a result, Plaintiff may only assert his wrongful discharge claim against Defendant
CTS.
Next, the Court considers whether Plaintiff has adequately alleged a wrongful discharge in
contravention of public policy. First, the Court has already determined that Plaintiff has alleged
“disagreement with a corporate policy, directive, or decision based on a clear mandate of public
policy.” See Tartaglia, 197 N.J. at 109. Plaintiff alleges that he disagreed with his employer’s
14
decision to permit an employee who had failed an alcohol test to work at a construction site.
(Compl. ¶ 21). Accordingly, the first element of Plaintiff’s wrongful discharge claim is met.
Second, the Court determines that Plaintiff alleged that he provided a “sufficient expression
of that disagreement,” see Tartaglia, 197 N.J. at 109, by “bringing this to his supervisor’s
attention” and calling OSHA, (see Compl. ¶ 21). As the Court in Tartaglia held, “a complaint to
an outside agency will ordinarily be a sufficient means of expression.” Id. Here, Plaintiff’s
complaint to OSHA, in conjunction with his report to his supervisor, is sufficient for purposes of
Defendants’ motion to dismiss. Accordingly, the Court determines that Plaintiff has adequately
pled his claim for wrongful discharge in contravention of public policy.
Finally, the Court considers Defendants’ argument that Plaintiff’s wrongful discharge
claim is waived by the filing of his CEPA claim. CEPA provides that “nothing in this act shall be
deemed to diminish the rights, privileges, or remedies of any employee . . . except that the
institution of an action in accordance with this act shall be deemed a waiver of the rights and
remedies available under any other contract, collective bargaining agreement, State law, rule or
regulation or under the common law.” N.J.S.A. § 34:19-8. Courts have construed this waiver to
“prevent an employee from pursuing both statutory and common-law retaliatory discharge causes
of action” because they “represent multiple or duplicative claims.” Young v. Schering Corp., 141
N.J. 16, 27-29 (1995).
However, the New Jersey Appellate Division has held that “the CEPA waiver provision
must be interpreted to deem other causes of action waived only after a plaintiff has a meaningful
opportunity to gather facts and choose his remedy based on information.” See Broad v. Home
Depot U.S.A., Inc., 16 F. Supp. 3d 413, 417 (D.N.J. 2014) (citing Maw v. Advanced Clinical
Comm’s, 820 A.2d 105 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 2003)); see also Brangan, 2012 WL 1332663,
15
at *6 (“Plaintiff has not waived his common law claim by filing a CEPA claim as the decision
between a CEPA and common law course of action is to be made after the completion of
discovery.”); Rubin v. Sultan Healthcare, Inc., No. 08-6175, 2009 WL 1372272, at *4 (D.N.J. May
15, 2009) (“This Court predicts that New Jersey’s Supreme Court would hold that the CEPA
waiver provision would not require a plaintiff to elect her remedy at the pleading stage of the
litigation but rather defer the waiver until the plaintiff has had an opportunity to conduct
discovery.”).
Accordingly, Plaintiff will ultimately be required to elect between his CEPA claim and
common-law wrongful discharge claim, but it is not necessary for him to do so at this stage.
Defendants’ motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s wrongful discharge claim is therefore denied as to
Defendant CTS, and granted as to the remaining Defendants.
D. Hostile Work Environment
Count 4 of Plaintiff’s Complaint alleges a claim for a hostile work environment. (Compl.
¶¶ 40-42). Defendants characterize Plaintiff’s hostile work environment claim as arising under the
New Jersey Law Against Discrimination (“NJLAD”), and Plaintiff does not dispute this
contention. (See Def. Mov. Br. at 21). Indeed, other courts in this district have determined that
hostile work environment claims are subsumed by the NJLAD. See Calkins v. Dollarland, Inc.,
117 F. Supp. 2d 421, 431 (holding claim “for retaliation and maintenance of a hostile work is
precluded” by the NJLAD). Accordingly, the Court construes Plaintiff’s hostile work environment
claim as arising under this statute. 6
6
In addition, Plaintiff focuses on the “severe or pervasive” standard in arguing that his claim is adequately
pled, (id. at 10), which is a standard used to determine whether a claim arises under the NJLAD. See
Lehmann v. Toys ‘R’ US, Inc., 132 N.J. 587, 604 (1993).
16
To allege a hostile work environment claim under the NJLAD, a Plaintiff must allege “(1)
he is in a protected class; (2) he was subjected to conduct that would not have occurred but for that
protected status; and (3) that it was severe or pervasive enough to alter the conditions of
employment.” Lopez v. Lopez, 997 F. Supp. 2d 256, 274 (D.N.J. 2014). Plaintiff’s claim fails
because, as Defendants point out, he has not alleged that he is part of a protected class or was
subject to “an environment that would be deemed hostile because of a protected status.” (See Def.
Mov. Br. at 21). Because Plaintiff fails to allege an essential element of this cause of action, his
claim for a hostile work environment must be dismissed.
IV.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons above, the Court concludes that Defendants’ motion to dismiss is granted
in part and denied in part.
Accordingly, it is on this 18th day of September 2015,
ORDERED that Defendants’ motion to dismiss Count 1 of Plaintiff’s Complaint is granted
without prejudice as to Defendants Inserv, Phillips 66, and Alan Black; and it is further
ORDERED that Defendants’ motion to dismiss Count 2 of Plaintiff’s Complaint is granted
without prejudice as to all Defendants; and it is further
ORDERED that Defendants’ motion to dismiss Count 3 of Plaintiff’s Complaint is granted
without prejudice as to Defendants Inserv and Phillips 66 and with prejudice as to Defendants Alan
Black and Darrell Roberts; and it is further
ORDERED Defendants’ motion to dismiss Count 4 of Plaintiff’s Complaint is granted
without prejudice as to all Defendants.
SO ORDERED.
s/Esther Salas
Esther Salas, U.S.D.J.
17
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