JUDAH v. TOTAL CARD, INC. et al
Filing
19
OPINION. Signed by Judge John Michael Vazquez on 5/30/17. (sr, )
NOT FOR PUBLICATION
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
DISTRICT OF NEW JERSEY
ALl JUDAH, individually and on behalf of all
others similarly situated,
Plaintiffs,
Civil Action No. 16-588 1
OPINION
v.
TOTAL CARD, INC. & JOHN DOES 1-25,
Defendants.
John Michael Vazguez, U.S.D.J.
This matter comes before the Court on Defendant Total Card, Incorporated’s (“TCI”)
motion to dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). D.E. 6. Plaintiff Ali
Judah filed a brief in opposition to which Defendant replied. D.E. 13 14. The Court reviewed the
submissions in support and in opposition, and considered the motion without oral argument
pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P.78(b) and L. Civ. R. 78.1(b). For the reasons stated below, Defendant’s
motion is GRANTED.
I.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Sometime before February 10, 2016, Plaintiff incurred a debt to Verizon Wireless and the
debt was declared to be in default. Compi. at ¶j 17-18, D.E. 1. Plaintiffs debt was then “assigned,
placed, or transferred” to Pinnacle Credit Services, LLC (“Pinnacle”).
Id.
¶
“assigned, placed, or transferred” the debt to TCI for the purposes of collection. Id.
20.
Pinnacle
¶ 22.
On february 10, 2016, TCI sent Plaintiff a letter attempting to collect the debt (the
“Collection Letter”), which allegedly totaled $1,648.56. Id., Ex. A at 1. Plaintiff alleges that when
TCI sent the Collection Letter, the statute of limitations to recover the debt had expired. Id.
¶ 30.
The Collection Letter explained that TCI was attempting to collect the debt on behalf of its client,
Pinnacle. Id., Ex. A at 1.
The Collection Letter offered to settle Plaintiffs debt through a single payment of $495,
which would save PlaintiffSl,153.56, or through six rnonthlypayments of $97, which would save
Plaintiff $1,066.56. The Collection Letter also offered Plaintiff an option to “make a smaller
monthly payment that is affordable to [Judah] to pay the balance in full.” Id. Plaintiff could select
this option by checking a box next to the following statement: “I would like to make a smaller
monthly payment.
.
.
to pay the balance in full.” Id. In addition, the Collection Letter stated that
“[r]esolving the account would put an end to the calls and letters attempting to collect on this
account.” Id, Finally, the Collection Letter provides that “[t]he law limits how long you can be
sued on a debt. Because of the age of your debt, Pinnacle Credit Services, LLC will not sue you
for it, and Pinnacle Credit Services, LLC will not report it to any credit agency.” Id.
On September 25, 2016, Plaintiff filed a class action complaint alleging a violation of
Section 1692e and f of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (the “FDCPA”), 15 U.S.C.
§ 1692e
& f.1 The overarching issue here is whether TCI’s Collection Letter was misleading because it
failed to advise Plaintiff that selecting either of the two installment payment plan options in the
Plaintiff, a New Jersey resident, seeks to represent a class of New Jersey consumers but does not
specifically plead what state statute of limitations applies. Compl. ¶J 6, 12. Based on the
allegations in the Complaint, the Court assumed that New Jersey’s statute of limitations would
apply. On May 4, 2017, the Court ordered the parties to submit supplemental briefing as to what
state’s statute of limitations is applicable to this matter. D.E. 15. In its supplemental submission,
TCI states that “it is TCI’s understanding that all parties agree that New Jersey law would apply
[here.]” DE. 16.
2
letter could create a new debt or contract. Specifically, Plaintiff alleges that either of TCI’s offers
for a monthly plan to pay down the debt would cause the least sophisticated consumer to be
confused about whether the debt was still legally enforceable and the legal consequences of
entering into such a payment plan. Compl.
¶
44-72. TCI also allegedly violated the FDCPA
because the Collection Letter failed to advise Plaintiff and other similarly situated consumers that
the statute of limitations could be revived or begin anew by making payments. Id.
¶ 54-55.
TCI filed this motion in lieu of an answer, making a number of legal challenges to the
Complaint. D.E. 6. first, TCI contends that the Collection Letter does not misrepresent the
amount of debt owed or the “legal status of the debt.” Defs Br. at 3-5. Although the statute of
limitations has expired, TCI asserts that Plaintiff’s debt is not extinguished and TCI may still
attempt to collect the debt. Moreover, TCI points out that the Collection Letter specifically states
that Pinnacle will not sue Judah to collect the debt. Id. at 4. In addition, a partial payment pursuant
to the terms of the Collection Letter would not revive the statute of limitations under New Jersey
law, according to TCI. Id. at 8-1 1. TCI also maintains that because the Collection Letter “mimics”
disclosure language approved by the federal Trade Commission (“FTC”) and the Consumer
Financial Protection Bureau (“CFBP”), the language “cannot be deemed false, deceptive or
misleading under the FDCPA.” Id. at 7. As a result, TCI argues that Plaintiff fails to state a claim
under Sections 1692e(2)(a) or e(1O). Id. Finally, TCI asserts that Plaintiffs claims under Section
1 692f should be dismissed because he fails to identify additional misconduct that is not otherwise
encompassed by a different provision of the FDCPA, namely Section 1692e. Id. at 11-12.
Plaintiff responds that Huertas v. Galaxy Asset Management, 641 F.3d 28 (3d Cir. 2011),
a Third Circuit case that addresses collecting a time-barred debt under the FDCPA, is inapplicable.
P11’s Br. at 10-13. Plaintiff maintains that the Court should instead follow decisions from the Fifth,
3
Sixth, and Seventh Circuits, in addition to federal agency opinions, which have distinguished and
refused to follow Huertas. Id. at 14-19. Plaintiff also argues that the Collection Letter is deceptive
because although it states that Pinnacle cannot sue on the debt, it does not make the same
representation as to TCI or any subsequent creditor. Id. at 20-22. Finally, Plaintiff maintains that
TCI misunderstands the “more nuanced legal theory at issue;” that is, if Plaintiff were to start any
payment plan, it would create a new contract and new statute of limitations. Id. at 6. This unstated
legal effect, Plaintiff argues, makes the Collection Letter misleading under the FDCPA. Id.
Plaintiff, however, provides no authority to support this “nuanced” argument.
II.
LEGAL STANDARD
For a complaint to. survive dismissal under Rule 1 2(b)(6), it must contain sufficient factual
matter to state a claim that is plausible on its face. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009)
(quoting Bell All. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). A claim is facially plausible
“when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference
that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. Further, a plaintiff must “allege
sufficient facts to raise a reasonable expectation that discovery will uncover proof of her claims.”
Connelly v. Lane Const. Corp., 809 f.3d 780, 789 (3d Cir. 2016). In evaluating the sufficiency of
a complaint, district courts must separate the factual and legal elements.
fowler v. UPMC
Shadyside, 578 f.3d 203, 210-211 (3d Cir. 2009). Restatements of the elements of a claim are
legal conclusions, and therefore, not entitled to a presumption of truth. Burtch v. Milberg Factors,
Inc., 662 F.3d 212, 224 (3d Cir. 2011). The Court, however, “must accept all of the complaint’s
well-pleaded facts as true.” Fowler, 578 F.3d at 210. Even if plausibly pled, however, a complaint
will not withstand a motion to dismiss if the facts alleged do not state “a legally cognizable cause
4
of action.” Turner v. IF. Morgan Chase & Co., No. 14-7148, 2015 WL 12826480, at *2 (D.N.J.
Jan. 23, 2015).2
ANALYSIS
III.
To succeed on an FDCPA claim, a plaintiff must demonstrate that “(1) she is a consumer,
(2) the defendant is a debt collector, (3) the defendant’s challenged practice involves an attempt to
collect a ‘debt’ as the Act defines it, and (4) the defendant has violated a provision of the FDCPA
in attempting to collect the debt.” Douglass v. Convergent Outsourcing, 765 F.3d 299, 303 (3d
Cir. 2014).
In this matter, only the fourth element is disputed.
In addition, “[a]s remedial
legislation, the FDCPA must be broadly construed.” Caprio v. Healthcare Revenue Recovery
Gip., LLC, 709 F.3d 142, 148 (3d Cir. 2013). To that end, “{l]ender-debtor communications
potentially giving rise to claims under the FDCPA should be analyzed from the perspective of the
least sophisticated debtor.” Rosenazt
V.
Umfund Corp., 539 F.3d 21$, 221 (3d Cir. 200$) (quoting
Brown v. Card Serv. Ctr., 464 F.3d 450, 454 (3d Cir. 2006)).
1. Section 1692e
2
TCI does not attack the plausibility of Plaintiff s pleading. The Court, however, sees two critical
deficiencies. First, in the Complaint, Plaintiff never admits that he actually owes the debt.
Similarly, in Plaintiffs opposition brief, Plaintiff states that “assuming, arguendo, that Plaintiff
was actually responsible for the VerizonlPinnacle obligation.” Plfs Opp. at 3. This fact is critical
and should not be assumed; if Plaintiff does not actually owe the underlying debt then Plaintiffs
case is much ado about nothing because there is no debt on which to collect. Plaintiff would not
have standing to bring his current claims. Second, the Complaint fails to plead the applicable
statute of limitations or when it expired. Again, Plaintiff asks TCI and the Court to assume that
the statute of limitations has run without providing any plausible facts to demonstrate that it
actually expired. Of course, if the statute of limitations on the underlying debt has not run, then
Plaintiffs claims are not ripe because he can still be sued on the underlying debt in due course. In
short, Plaintiffs legal theory depends upon two critical facts: he owes the underlying debt and the
statute of limitations to sue on the debt has expired. Plaintiff pleads neither factual allegation
plausibly. However, because TCI has not attacked the plausibility of the factual allegations, the
Court will not consider plausibility issues in deciding the motion.
5
Section 1 692e provides that “[a] debt collector may not use any false, deceptive, or
misleading representation or means in connection with the collection of any debt.” 15 U.S.C.
§
1692e. Plaintiff claims that TCI violated this provision by (1) engaging in “false, deceptive, or
misleading representations” because TCI failed to inform Plaintiff that the statute of limitations
could be revived or begin anew if he makes a partial payment; (2) failing to advise Plaintiff of the
possible consequences of defaulting on a monthly payment plan; and (3) making false
representations about the character and legal status of the debt. Compl.
U.S.C.
¶J 54, 56, 60 (citing 15
§ 1692e(2)(A) & (10)).
This Court recently addressed whether a similar debt collection letter violated the FDCPA
in Tatis v. Allied Interstate, LLC, No. 16-109, 2016 WL 5660431 (D.N.J. Sept. 29, 2016). Much
like here, the letter in Tatis made an offer to settle a debt that was no longer legally enforceable
because the statute of limitations had expired. The letter did not state that the statute of limitations
had run or that the debt was no longer legally enforceable. Id. at *1.2. This Court first recognized
that the Third Circuit made clear that when a debt collector is seeking to collect an amount owed,
“[t]here is nothing improper about making a settlement offer.” Id. at *5 (quoting Campuzano
Bttrgos v. Midland Credit Mgmt., Inc., 550 F.3d 294, 299 (3d Cir. 200$)). Next, this Court
considered Httertas, concluding that the Third Circuit determined that even if the statute of
limitations expired, a “plaintiff still owed the debt, ‘but he had a complete legal defense against
having to pay it.” Id. (quoting Huertas, 641 F.3d at 32). This Court also recognized that “the
FDCPA penTlits a debt collector to seek voluntary repayment of the time-barred debt so long as
the debt collector does not initiate or threaten legal action in connection with its debt collection
efforts.” Id. (quoting Huertas, 641 f.3d at 32-3 3) (emphasis in original).
6
Here, Plaintiff argues that Hitertas is not applicable because it did not address whether
attempting to collect a time-barred debt is misleading or deceptive under the FDCPA. Plfs Br. at
10-13. Plaintiff argues that unlike Hitertas, the Collection Letter here is deceptive because it fails
to inform Plaintiff that agreeing to a new payment plan may create an entirely new contract,
enforceable debt, and statute of limitations. Id. TCI argues that a new contract is not created
because the elements necessary to create a novation are not satisfied. TCI Reply at 9-10.
As noted, Plaintiff provides no authority to support its position.
Some courts have
analyzed arguments similar to that of Plaintiffs as one of novation. “[A] novation substitutes a
new contract and extinguishes the old one.” Wells Reit 11-80 Park Plaza, LLC v. Dir., Div. of
Taxation, 414 N.J. Super. 453, 466 (App. Div. 2010). The elements of a novation are: (1) a
previously valid contract, (2) an agreement to make a new contract, (3) a valid new contract, and
(4) an intent to extinguish the old contract.” Id. “In order to effect a novation there must be a clear
and definite intention on the part of all concerned that such is the purpose of the agreement, for it
is a well settled principle that novation is never to be presumed.” Id.
In this instance, the Collection Letter states that Pinnacle would accept six monthly
payments “as a full and final resolution on this account!” Compl. Ex. A, at 1. The Collection
Letter also uses language such as “satisfy[ing] past financial obligations,” and “resolv[ing] your
account in full.” Id. Thus, there is no indication from the language of the Collection Letter that
TCI intended to create a new contract if Plaintiff agreed to any payment plan.3 See, e.g., Miran v.
Even if the Court concluded that TCI intended to create a new contract and that a new contract
was actually created, the Court doubts whether the FDCPA would even apply if TCI or Pinnacle
attempted to collect on this new debt. Although not raised by Defendant, “[t]he FDCPA’s
provisions generally apply only to ‘debt collectors. Creditors
generally are not subject to the
FDCPA.” See Pollice v. Nat’l Tax funding, L.P., 225 F.3d 379, 403 (3d Cir. 2000) (internal
citations omitted). Moreover, these terms are mutually exclusive. Hoehn v. FCC Fin., LLC, 126
.
7
.
.
Convergent Otttsottrcing Inc., No. 16-692, 2016 WL 7210382, at *35 (S.D. Cal. Dec. 13, 2016)
(concluding that novation did not occur under California law because facts did not demonstrate
that debt collector intended to create a new contract or extinguish existing debt through debt
collection letter); see also Chicago Five Portfolio, LLC v. Dir., Div. of Taxation, 24 N.J. Tax 342,
356 (N.J. Tax Ct. 2008) (“Under the present facts, the court is hard pressed to find a clear and
definite intention of the parties (either by express words, the circumstances attending the
transaction, or the conduct of the parties) to effect a novation. When construing the meaning of a
contract the first and best place to determine the intent of the parties is from the written terms of
the document at issue.” (internal citation and quotation marks omitted)). Similarly, even if Plaintiff
agreed to a partial payment plan, doing so would not create a new contract pursuant to the theory
of novation.4 The reason is that there would still be no clear and definite intention on the part of
all concerned that a novation is the purpose of the partial payment plan. Plaintiffs contention that
Huertas is distinguishable, therefore, is misplaced.
Plaintiff also argues that this Court should be guided by an oral opinion issued by Judge
Sheridan in Fackina v. RJM Acquisitions, LLC, Civ. No. 14-cv-6532 (May 4, 2015), which
distinguished Hitertas. Plfs Br. at 8-10. In Fackina, the court found Huertas distinguishable
F. Supp. 3d 472, 474 (D.N.J. 2015) (quoting F.T.C. v. Checklnv’rs, Inc., 502 F.3d 159, 179 (3d
Cir. 2007)).
Although the FTC and CFPB have not directly addressed this issue, they do not appear to take
issue with an agreement to make a partial payment to settle a time-barred debt in jurisdictions
where the statute of limitations is not revived by a partial payment. The concern appears to be that
in making a partial payment in a jurisdiction where the statute of limitations is revived, a consumer
will incorrectly assume “that the payment will reduce the consumer’s legal obligation.” See Brief
for Amid Curiae FTC and CFPB Supporting Affirmance, Delgado v. Capital Mgmt. Servs., LP,
2013 WL 454013$, at *17.48 (Aug. 14, 2013); see also Time-Barred Debts, federal Trade
Commission Consumer Information, https ://www. consumer. ftc. gov/articles/0 117-time-barreddebts (last visited May 25, 2017) (recognizing that consumer could choose to enter into a payment
plan for less than the total amount owed in order to pay off debt).
8
because of the partial payment option offered to the plaintiff, which “may be misleading, because
upon a partial payment it revives the amount that’s owed by the debtor, because the statute of
limitations starts anew.” Id. at 19:6-13. But as discussed in Thtis, the Fackina court “did not
analyze whether partial payment of a time-barred debt would actually revive the statute of
limitations pursuant to the underlying state law.” Tatis, 2016 WL 5660431, at *8. Instead, the
fackina court “assumed the statute of limitations would be reset upon partial payment.” Id. In
New Jersey, however, “the statute of limitations on a time-barred debt can only be revived if the
debtor makes a written, unconditional promise to pay the full debt.” Id. (citing Herzog v. 3&M
Oil Gas Co., No. A-5912-06T1, 2008 WL 2796475, at *4 (N.J. App. Div. July 22, 2008)). In this
instance, Plaintiff did not make such a promise nor did the Collection Letter call for such a
commitment.
Plaintiff contends that if he had checked the box in the Collection Letter indicating that “I
would like to make a smaller monthly payment.
to revive the statute of limitations.
.
.
to pay the balance in full,” it would be enough
Plfs Br. at 21-22.
The Court disagrees.
“{A]n
acknowledgement or promise to pay a debt will only restart the statute of limitations if it is
unconditional and in a signed writing.” Cohen v. Dynamic Recoveiy Sols., No. 16-576, 2016 WL
4035433, at *3 (D.N.J. July 26, 2016) (citing Ritbinsky v. Zayat, No. 14-1540, 2015 WL 3517629,
at *3 (D.N.J. June 4, 2015)). Simply checking a box, which does not even require a debtor to make
a signed acknowledgment, does not constitute an unconditional and signed writing from the debtor
to pay the amount owed in full. Accordingly, the Court respectfully concludes that fackina is
inapposite. See, e.g., Kislin v. Northland Grp., Inc., No. 16-cv-4533, at *5..7 (Apr. 6, 2017)
(concluding that similar language regarding partial payment plan in debt collection letter was not
enough to revive statute of limitations under New Jersey law).
9
Plaintiff also asserts that several appellate courts and federal agency opinions have declined
to follow Huertas. Plfs Br. at 14-19. Even if this Court disagreed with Huertas, which it does
not, the Third Circuit has not overturned Hitertas and it remains binding precedent on this Court.
This Court is bound to follow the holding in that case. See, e.g., Vujosevic v. Rafferty, 844 F.2d
1023, 1030 n.4 (3d Cir. 1988) (“It is, of course, patent that a district court does not have the
discretion to disregard controlling precedent simply because it disagrees with the reasoning behind
such precedent.”). Consequently, Plaintiff’s arguments regarding other appellate court and federal
agency decisions are of no moment to the extent they conflict with Third Circuit precedent.
Because Huertas clearly applies to this matter, the Court turns to the language of the
Collection Letter to determine whether it is potentially misleading to an unsophisticated consumer.
First, the Collection Letter does not threaten to initiate legal action. In fact, it specifically states
that due to the age of the debt, Pinnacle will not sue Plaintiff for the debt. Cornpl. Ex. A, at 1.
Consequently, the Collection Letter does not make any false representations about the character,
amount, or legal status of the debt in violation of Section 1692e(2). See Cohen, 2016 WL 4035433,
at *3 (concluding that letter containing identical language regarding the age of debt did not threaten
legal action).
In addition, the Collection Letter uses very similar disclosure language to language that
was previously approved by the FTC and the CFPB in like matters. Def’s Br. at 6-7. In 2012,
Asset Acceptance, LLC entered into a consent decree with the FTC, which required Asset to use
specific language when attempting to collect time barred debts.5 See Asset Acceptance Consent
The relevant approved language is: “The law limits how long you can be sued on a debt. Because
of the age of your debt, we will not sue you for it.” Asset Acceptance Consent Decree,
https ://www. fic.gov/sites/default/files/documents/cases/20 12/01 / 120131 assetconsent.pdf, at * 13
(Jan. 31, 2012).
10
Decree,https ://www.fic. gov/sites/default/files/documents/cases/20 12/01 / 120131 assetconsent.pdf,
at *13 (Jan. 31, 2012). And in 2015, the CFPB entered into two consent decrees with multiple
debt collectors; both of which required the debt collectors to use the same language as approved
by
the
FTC.
See
Portfolio
Recovery
Associates,
LLC
Consent
order,
http ://files consumerfinance. gov/f/20 15 09 cfpb consent-order-portfolio-recovery-associates
.
llc.pdf, at *39 (Sept. 9, 2015); Encore Capital Group, Inc., et al., Consent Order,
http://files. consumerfinance. gov/f/20 15 O9cfpbconsent-order-encore-capital-group.pdf, at *39
(Sept. 9,2015). As this Court recognized in Tatis, use of the FTC’s recommended language “may
constitute best practices.” 2016 WL 5660431, at *8. Because this language has been endorsed by
the CFPB and the FTC, the Court determines that the Collection Letter is not deceptive.
Plaintiff argues that the Collection Letter language is deceptive because it only indicates
that Pinnacle cannot sue on the debt, not TCI. Ph’s Br. at 20. However, Plaintiff never explains
how TCI could sue on the debt, which is a necessary underpinning of Plaintiffs argument. First,
as discussed, the statute of limitations has run as to whomever holds the debt. More importantly,
TCI indicated in the Collection Letter that it was hired by Pinnacle, the owner of the debt, to
attempt to collect on the debt. However, merely being retained to collect a debt does not convey
the ownership of the debt to the debt collector. As a result, the Court doubts that TCI would have
standing to bring suit against Plaintiff to enforce the debt. In addition, assuming that the Court
concluded that a new partial payment contract could have been created through the Collection
Letter, Plaintiff provides no authority indicating that Pinnacle could transfer this new “settlement
debt” to a new party for collection purposes. Therefore, Plaintiffs claims pursuant to Section
1 692e are dismissed as Plaintiff fails to state a claim under this subsection.
2. Section 1692f
11
Section 1 692f provides that “[a] debt collector may not use unfair or unconscionable means
to collect or attempt to collect any debt” and lists eight examples of unconscionable practices. 15
U.S.C.
§ 1 692f. “Courts routinely dismiss [Section] 1 692f claims when a plaintiff does not identif’
any misconduct beyond that which he asserts violates other provisions of the FDCPA.” Cohen,
2016 WL 4035433, at *5 Plaintiffs claims under Section 1692f stem from the same allegations
involved in his Section 1692e claims. Plfs Br. at 23. As a result, for the reasons discussed above,
Plaintiff fails to state a claim under Section 1692f. This claim is also dismissed pursuant to Rule
1 2(b)(6).
IV.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth above, Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss [D.E. 6] is GRANTED.6
The Complaint is dismissed without prejudice to allow Plaintiff an opportunity to file an amended
complaint. Plaintiff has thirty (30) days to file an amended complaint, if he so chooses, consistent
with this Opinion. If Plaintiff fails to file an amended complaint, the dismissal will be with
prejudice.
An appropriate Order accompanies this opinion.
Dated: May 30, 2017
C\\Q_\ic’ FJ
John Michael VazquezS.J.
6
On May 15, 2017, Plaintiff filed a letter requesting that the Court stay this case pending resolution
of an appeal that was recently filed with the Third Circuit in Kistin v. Northland Group, Inc., Civ.
No. 16-4533. Plaintiff maintains that the appeal in Kislin will address issues similar to those raised
through this motion, and resolution of that case in the Appellate Court could dispose of this matter.
D.E. 17. The appeal is Kislin was only filed on April 28, 2017, and the collection letter in Kislin
did not contain time-barred debt disclosure language like the Collection Letter here. As a result,
the Court will not stay this case pending resolution of the appeal in Kislin.
12
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