Bezghoud v. Decker et al

Filing 23

OPINION. Signed by Judge Kevin McNulty on 11/16/2020. (ld, )

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
DISTRICT OF NEW JERSEY
_________________________________________
MOHAMED B.,
:
:
Petitioner,
:
Civ. No. 20-13178 (KM)
:
v.
:
:
THOMAS DECKER, et al.,
:
OPINION
:
Respondents.
:
_________________________________________ :
KEVIN MCNULTY, U.S.D.J.
I.

INTRODUCTION
Petitioner, Mohamed B., 1 is an immigration detainee currently held at the Hudson County

Correctional Facility (“HCCF”) in Kearny, New Jersey. He is proceeding through counsel with an
Amended Petition for a Writ of Habeas Corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2241. (DE 9.) Presently before
the Court is Petitioner’s Motion for a Preliminary Injunction. (DE 10.) Respondents oppose the
motion. (DE 14.) Pursuant to Local Civil Rule 78.1, this matter is decided without oral argument.
For the reasons set forth below, Petitioner’s Motion for a Preliminary Injunction will be denied.
II.

BACKGROUND
Petitioner is a native and citizen of Algeria. He entered the United States on August 8,

2015 on a tourist visa that permitted him to remain in the country until February 7, 2016. (DE 191 at 1.) Petitioner remained in the country beyond February 7, 2016 without authorization. (Id. at
1–2.) On April 6, 2017, Petitioner was arrested and charged with third-degree Sexual Abuse, in

1

Consistent with guidance regarding privacy concerns in social security and immigration cases by
the Committee on Court Administration and Case Management of the Judicial Conference of the United
States, Petitioner is identified herein only by his first name and last initial.

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violation of N.Y. Penal Law § 130.55. (Id. at 2.) Following a jury trial, he was convicted of
Forcible Touching, in violation of N.Y. Penal Law § 130.52 01, and first-degree Sexual Abuse, in
violation of N.Y. Penal Law § 130.65 01. (Id.)
On January 25, 2020, Petitioner was taken into custody by Immigrations and Customs
Enforcement (“ICE”) and charged with removability for remaining in the United States for longer
than permitted in violation of Section 237(a)(1)(B) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, and
for having been convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude in violation of Section
237(a)(2)(A)(i) of the Immigration and Nationality Act. (Id. at 2.) Petitioner did not file an
application for relief or seek to resist deportation to Algeria. (Id. at 3.) His order of removal became
administratively final on March 16, 2020. (Id.) His detention since that time has been governed by
8 U.S.C. § 1231(a). See Leslie v. Attorney Gen. of U.S., 678 F.3d 265, 268–70 (3d Cir. 2012)
(stating that once an immigrant becomes subject to a final order of removal, their detention is
governed by § 1231(a) absent a stay of removal from a United States Court of Appeal).
Petitioner’s removal flight was scheduled for May 11, 2020. (Id.) However, in April 2020,
ICE learned that the flight was cancelled due to travel restrictions created by the COVID-19
pandemic. (Id.) Despite ICE’s continued efforts to deport Petitioner, Algeria’s borders remain
temporarily closed as a result of the pandemic. (Id. at 3–6.) 2 This travel restriction is the only
impediment to Petitioner’s removal at this time. (Id. at 5–6.) 3
After being detained for over six months under § 1231(a), Petitioner received a bond
hearing pursuant to the Third Circuit’s decision in Guerrero Sanchez v. Warden, York Cty. Prison,

2

Additionally, Petitioner’s flight to Algeria is expected to connect through Morocco, a county whose
flights are limited due to the COVID-19 pandemic. (DE 19-1 at 3, 5.)

3

ICE is in possession of the travel documents necessary to effectuate Petitioner’s removal. (DE 191 at 2.) Petitioner’s passport remains valid through April 14, 2025. (Id. at 5.)
2

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905 F.3d 208 (3d Cir. 2018). (DE 19-1 at 4–5.) Prior to the hearing, Petitioner submitted evidence
to support his release from custody and filed out an ICE questionnaire. (DE 9 at 12.) Ultimately,
on October 5, 2020, the Immigration Judge (“IJ”) denied Petitioner’s release from custody,
determining that he was a danger to the community. (DE 15-1 at 26; DE 21-5 at 3–4.)
Petitioner filed his § 2241 habeas petition on September 18, 2020, challenging his
prolonged detention. (DE 1.) On October 7, 2020, Petitioner filed an Amended Petition. (DE 9.)
The Amended Petition raises five grounds for relief: (1) Petitioner’s continued detention under
§ 1231(a) has become unduly prolonged, in violation of the United States Supreme Court’s
decision in Zadvydas v. Davis, 533 U.S. 678, 687 (2001); (2) Petitioner’s continued detention
violates his substantive Due Process rights under the Fifth Amendment; (3) Petitioner’s October
5, 2020 bond hearing violated his rights under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment
and the Third Circuit’s precedent in Guerrero-Sanchez; (4) Petitioner’s detention during the
COVID-19 pandemic violates his rights under the Due Process Clause to be free from punitive
conditions of confinement; and (5) Respondents’ failure to provide adequate medical care and
protection to individuals, such as Petitioner, who are at high risk of serious harm from COVID-19
violates Petitioner’s rights under the Due Process Clause. (Id. at 39–41.)
Petitioner also separately filed this Motion for a Preliminary Injunction. (DE 10.) The
motion argues that Petitioner is likely to succeed on his claims that: his continued detention
violates both the post-removal-period detention statute, 8 U.S.C. § 1231(a)(6), and the law set forth
in Zadvydas; and that he was denied procedural due process at his October 5, 2020 bond hearing.
Petitioner’s motion requests his immediate release and the enjoinder of Respondents from rearresting him until his removal can be guaranteed. (Id. at 43.) 4 Respondents have filed opposition

4

Petitioner‘s motion does not allege success on the merits of his conditions of confinement or
deliberate indifference claims. (See generally DE 10; see also DE 18 at 12 (stating that Petitioner’s
3

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to the motion and Petitioner has filed a reply. (DE 14; DE 18.) Both parties provided supplemental
submissions as well. (DE 19; DE 20.) The matter is now fully briefed.
III.

JURISDICTION
Under 28 U.S.C. § 2241, a district court may exercise jurisdiction over a habeas petition

when the petitioner is in custody and alleges that this custody violates the constitution, laws, or
treaties of the United States. 28 U.S.C. § 2241(c); Maleng v. Cook, 490 U.S. 488, 490 (1989). A
petitioner may seek § 2241 relief only in the district in which he is in custody. United States v.
Figueroa, 349 F. App’x 727, 730 (3d Cir. 2009). To the extent that Petitioner alleges that his
detention is unlawful or unconstitutional, this Court has jurisdiction over Petitioner’s claims as he
is detained within this district.
IV.

LEGAL STANDARD
Injunctive relief is an “extraordinary remedy” and “should be granted only in limited

circumstances.” Am. Tel. & Tel. Co. v. Winback & Conserve Program, Inc., 42 F.3d 1421, 1426–
27 (3d Cir. 1994) (internal quotation marks omitted). In order to obtain a preliminary injunction,
the moving party must show the following:
(1) a reasonable probability of eventual success in the litigation, and
(2) that it will be irreparably injured . . . if relief is not granted. . . .
[In addition,] the district court, in considering whether to grant a
preliminary injunction, should take into account, when they are
relevant, (3) the possibility of harm to other interested persons from
the grant or denial of the injunction, and (4) the public interest.
Reilly v. City of Harrisburg, 858 F.3d 173, 176 (3d Cir. 2017) (alteration in original) (quoting Del.
River Port Auth. v. Transamerican Trailer Transport, Inc., 501 F.2d 917, 919–20 (3d Cir. 1974)).
The movant bears the burden of establishing “the threshold for the first two ‘most critical’ factors

conditions of confinement and deliberate indifference claims are “not the subject of the current motion for
a preliminary injunction.”)
4

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. . . If these gateway factors are met, a court then considers the remaining two factors and
determines in its sound discretion if all four factors, taken together, balance in favor of granting
the requested preliminary relief.” Id. at 179.
A likelihood of success on the merits requires “a showing significantly better than
negligible but not necessarily more likely than not.” See id. And a showing of irreparable harm
requires a movant to show that they are “more likely than not to suffer harm in the absence of
preliminary relief.” Reilly, 858 F.3d at 179. The strength of a claim on the merits is in a kind of
resonance with the balance of the harms: “the more net harm an injunction can prevent, the weaker
the plaintiff’s claim on the merits can be while still supporting some preliminary relief.” Id.
(quoting Hoosier Energy Rural Elec. Coop., Inc. v. John Hancock Life Ins. Co., 582 F.3d 721, 725
(7th Cir. 2009)).
V.

DISCUSSION
A.

Likelihood of Success on the Merits

Petitioner’s argument that he is likely to succeed on the merits of his claims is twofold.
(DE 10 at 11–20.) First, Petitioner argues he is likely to prevail on his claim that his continued
detention violates both the post-removal-period detention statute, 8 U.S.C. § 1231(a)(6), and the
Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment. (Id. at 11.) Second, Petitioner asserts he is likely to
prevail on his claim that he was denied procedural due process at his October 5, 2020 bond hearing.
(Id. at 16.)
i.

Prolonged Detention

Petitioner contends that his detention for almost eight months has become unconstitutional
because his future removal is not reasonably foreseeable given Algeria’s indefinite border closure.
(DE 10 at 11–13.) Petitioner relies on the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Zadvydas,

5

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which stated that, “if removal is not reasonably foreseeable, the court should hold continued
detention unreasonable and no longer authorized by statute.” (Id. (quoting Zadvydas, 533 U.S. at
699–700).) He further references internet sources from which he concludes that the Algerian
borders are likely to remain closed “for a long time.” (DE 9 at 14–15.) As a result of these
circumstances, Petitioner submits that his continued detention violates both § 1231(a) and the Due
Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment. (Id. at 14–16.)
Respondents maintain, however, that § 1231(a) authorizes an immigrant’s continued
detention so long as the detention remains reasonably necessary to effectuate the immigrant’s
removal. (DE 14 at 9.) Respondents submit that the only impediment to Petitioner’s removal is
Algeria’s COVID-19 related travel restrictions and that as soon as those restrictions permit, ICE
intends to carry out Petitioner’s removal. (Id. at 10.) Respondents argue this is a situation “far
different” from those envisioned in Zadvydas, where removal was no longer practically attainable
because of an inability to obtain a travel document or the refusal of a country to accept an
individual. (Id.)
Section 1231(a) creates a ninety-day removal period during which the government must
detain persons still awaiting removal. 8 U.S.C. §§ 1231(a)(1)(A), 1231(a)(2). Once the ninety-day
removal period expires, the government may continue to detain, or may release on bond,
individuals who are deportable based on various specified grounds under 8 U.S.C. § 1231(a)(6).
Zadvydas, 533 U.S. at 688–89. In Zadvydas, the United States Supreme Court found that § 1231
does not authorize indefinite post-removal-period detention. Id. at 689. Instead, such detention is
limited “to a period reasonably necessary to bring about that alien's removal from the United
States.” Id. The Supreme Court noted that six months would be a “presumptively reasonable”
period of post-removal-order detention under § 1231. Id. at 701. After those six months, the burden

6

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is on the immigration detainee to demonstrate that there is “good reason to believe that there is no
significant likelihood of removal in the reasonably foreseeable future.” Id. If the immigration
detainee makes that showing, the burden shifts to the government to “respond with evidence
sufficient to rebut” that presumption. Id.
Recently, other courts within this district have addressed similar claims related to
Zadvydas’s reasonably foreseeable standard during the COVID-19 pandemic. These courts have
held that a country’s COVID-19 travel restrictions are insufficient to show that an immigration
detainee’s removal is not reasonably foreseeable. Jaime F. v. Barr, Civ. No. 19-20706, 2020 WL
2316437, at *5 (D.N.J. May 11, 2020); Francis S.M. v. Decker, Civ. No. 19-8053, 2020 WL
1956053, at *4 (D.N.J. Apr. 23, 2020). 5 In Jaime F., the petitioner argued that his removal to
Venezuela was not reasonably foreseeable because travel to the country was restricted. Id. at *5.
However, Judge Salas found that although travel to Venezuela was restricted as a result of the
county’s quarantine, there were “no impediments to prevent Petitioner’s removal as soon as the
national quarantine in Venezuela ends.” Id. Thus, Judge Salas determined that the petitioner’s
removal was reasonably foreseeable. Id. Similarly, in Francis S.M., Judge Arleo denied a petitioner
relief under Zadvydas, finding that while travel to a petitioner’s native country was currently
restricted due to COVID-19, ICE intended to schedule the petitioner on the earliest flight available

5

Other district courts across the country have held similarly as well. See Filmon TekleweiniWeldemichael v. Pat Brook, Civ. No. 20-660, 2020 WL 5988894, at *5 (W.D. La. Sept. 9, 2020) (report
and recommendation adopted) (rejecting petitioner’s argument that there is “no significant likelihood of his
removal in the reasonably foreseeable future because Eritrea’s borders are ‘closed’”); Brathwaite v. Barr,
Civ. No. 20-174, 2020 WL 4380666, at *14 (W.D.N.Y. July 31, 2020) (“Where, as here, the Government
indicates it has plans to remove Brathwaite after his Second Circuit case is resolved, provided it can do so
consistent with COVID-19 travel restrictions, [Petitioner’s] claim fails.”); Ramirez v. Searls, Civ. No. 206018, 2020 WL 2748203, at *3 (W.D.N.Y. May 27, 2020) (finding the Government rebutted “good reason”
under Zadvydas where the Government obtained travel documents in March and indicated it planned to
remove petitioner to Venezuela in June 2020, “provided that it can do so consistent with any Covid-19
travel restrictions.”).
7

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in order to effectuate his removal. Francis S.M., 2020 WL 1956053, at *4. As a result, Judge Arleo
determined that the petitioner could not prevail on his claim that there was no reasonable likelihood
of removal. Id. at *5.
There does not seem to be any dispute that travel restrictions to Algeria have delayed
Petitioner’s removal. Likewise, the parties appear to agree that there is no other impediment.
Travel documents have issued, and they remain valid through April 2025.
My own brief check with the U.S. State Department website reveals that commercial flights
into Algeria were suspended. There is a facially relevant potential exception to the travel ban:
Are U.S. citizens permitted to enter? Yes. However, please be
advised that at this time, it seems most travel is by exception and
driven by legitimate repatriation needs. Algeria does require a
visa. Please visit the Algerian Consulate in New York
(https://www.algeria-cgny.org/visa-application/) or the Algerian
Embassy in Washington, D.C. (https://www.algerianembassy.org/
consular-affairs/visa/visa-instructions.html)
U.S. Dep't of State, Country Specific Information, https://dz.usembassy.gov/covid-19information/ (last visited Nov. 16, 2020).
Recent guidance from the U.S. embassy in Morocco notes that the state of COVID
emergency which expired as of November 10, 2020, has been extended through December 10,
2020. Commercial flights are largely suspended.
•

Air travel to and from Morocco remains restricted to specific
categories of travelers. Citizens and residents of Morocco, as well
as foreign nationals of visa-exempt countries (which includes U.S.
citizens) with reservations with Moroccan hotels or travel agencies
and business persons invited by Moroccan companies, are allowed
to enter and depart. Special operations flights serving these
passengers, including a direct flight on Royal Air Maroc (RAM)
between Casablanca (CMN) and New York’s John F. Kennedy
International Airport (JFK), will continue to operate under the
Health State of Emergency. U.S. citizens wishing to return to the
United States should book directly with the airlines. U.S. citizens
seeking to fly from Morocco to a destination other than the United

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States are required to obtain an exceptional authorization from local
authorities.
U.S. Embassy & Consulate in Morocco, COVID-19 information, https://ma.usembassy.gov/
25161/ (last visited Nov. 16, 2020).
The government’s most recent affidavit states that “[r]emoval flights to Morocco have
resumed on a limited basis.” Declaration of Deportation Officer Naquan Bacchus, ¶ 28 (DE 19-1
at 5). The government does not, however, set a specific date for removal.
The facts of this case are similar to those in Jaime F. and Francis S.M. ICE possesses the
required travel documents, appears to be working to effectuate removal, and states that Petitioner’s
removal will be scheduled consistent with the availability of a flight. Under the circumstances, I
will follow those precedents, and find that Petitioner’s removal has not crossed the line to “not
reasonably foreseeable.” The government is cautioned that my finding has a limited shelf life, and
depends on its representation that removal flights have resumed, if only on a limited basis. I enter
this order without prejudice, and will not permit detention to continue indefinitely. I note also that
this decision is without prejudice to Petitioner’s separate application concerning release on bond
pending removal.
ii.

Bond Hearing Claim

Petitioner also argues that he is likely to prevail on the merits of his claim that he was
denied procedural due process at his October 5, 2020 hearing. (DE 10 at 16.) He contends that he
did not receive an individualized bond hearing because the IJ failed to examine the facts underlying
his criminal conviction or articulate why he posed a future danger to society. (Id. at 16–21.)
Petitioner also submits that the IJ failed to consider alternatives to detention when rendering her
decision; a fact which Petitioner alleges is reversible error. (Id. at 17.) Respondents assert,
however, that this Court lacks jurisdiction to hear Petitioner’s claim regarding his bond hearing

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because Petitioner has not yet appealed the decision to the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”).
(DE 14 at 11.) As a result, Respondents state Petitioner has not exhausted his administrative
remedies. (Id.) Yet, even assuming this Court had jurisdiction, Respondents contend that Petitioner
would still be unlikely to succeed on the merits of his claim because he only argues the weight of
the evidence submitted at the hearing – an argument that does not demonstrate a due process
violation under Third Circuit precedent. (Id. at 12.)
In Guerrero-Sanchez, the Third Circuit held that Ҥ 1231(a)(6) affords a bond hearing after
prolonged detention to any alien who falls within the ambit of that provision.” Guerrero-Sanchez,
905 F.3d at 211. The Third Circuit adopted a “six-month rule,” meaning that “an alien detained
under § 1231(a)(6) is generally entitled to a bond hearing after six months of custody.” Id. at 226
(parenthetical omitted). At that hearing, an immigration detainee “is entitled to be released from
detention unless the government establishes that the alien poses a risk of flight or a danger to the
community.” Id. at 224.
Here, even assuming Petitioner’s procedural claim is properly raised before this Court, 6 I
do not find that Petitioner has demonstrated a likelihood on the success of the merits of his claim.
While a district court may not review an IJ’s discretionary determination on bond, the court may
review “the legal standard underlying immigration officials’ actions and … evaluate legal and
constitutional claims on that basis.” Quinteros v. Warden Pike Cty. Corr. Facility, 784 F. App'x

6

Petitioner does not indicate that he has appealed the denial of his bond hearing to the BIA. Courts
within this district have held that procedural due process claims may not be adjudicated in a habeas petition
“until such time as [petitioner] … exhaust[s] his remedies.” Bravo v. Green, Civ. No. 16-4937, 2017 WL
2268315, at *3 (D.N.J. May 24, 2017); see also Karim Tahir G. v. Jeff Sessions, Civ. No. 18-17175, ECF
No. 58 (D.N.J. Apr. 30, 2020) (“At the outset, Petitioner’s appeal is still pending before the Board of
Immigration Appeals, and therefore his claims regarding the sufficiency of the hearing appear
unexhausted.”); Nicole S. A. B. v. Edwards, Civ. No. 19-14608, 2019 WL 6606864, at *3 (D.N.J. Dec. 5,
2019) (stating that the Court lacked jurisdiction to review a bond determination under § 1231(a) in part
because the petitioner did not file an appeal of the IJ’s decision). I have nevertheless considered the
substance of the claim.
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75, 77 (3d Cir. 2019) (stating that “[t]he Immigration and Nationality Act shields from review
‘[t]he Attorney General's discretionary judgment regarding the application’ of the statute
governing immigration detention” and recognizing that “‘[n]o court may set aside any action or
decision by the Attorney General under this section regarding the detention or release of any alien
or the grant, revocation, or denial of bond or parole.’” (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1226(e))); see also
Borbot v. Warden Hudson Cty. Corr. Facility, 906 F.3d 274, 276 (3d Cir. 2018) (“[T]he Fifth
Amendment entitles aliens to due process of law in deportation proceedings.” (quoting Reno v.
Flores, 507 U.S. 292, 306 (1993))). In bond hearings, as well as other adjudicative contexts, due
process requires the following three things: “[a]n alien: (1) is entitled to factfinding based on a
record produced before the decisionmaker and disclosed to him or her; (2) must be allowed to
make arguments on his or her own behalf; and (3) has the right to an individualized determination
of his [or her] interests.” Abdulai v. Ashcroft, 239 F.3d 542, 549 (3d Cir. 2001) (internal citations
and quotation marks omitted) (second alteration in original); see also Quinteros, 784 F. App'x at
78 (reiterating same standard).
Here, Petitioner argues the IJ failed to abide by the third prong – to provide an
individualized determination. (DE 10 at 17–20.) Yet based upon the record provided to the Court,
it appears Petitioner received all due process to which he was constitutionally entitled. The IJ
applied the appropriate clear and convincing evidence standard that is required in a GuerreroSanchez hearing. (DE 15-1 at 26–27; DE 21-5 at 2.) The IJ provided Petitioner the opportunity to
present reasonable and mitigating evidence at his hearing, as well as the opportunity to respond to
the evidence and arguments set forth by the Government. (DE 15-1 at 6–26.) And the IJ made an
individualized determination of Petitioner’s danger to the community based upon his criminal
convictions. (Id. at 26–27; DE 21-5 at 3–4.) At the hearing, the IJ considered Petitioner’s

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conviction, the elements underlying his particular offense, and the mitigating evidence Petitioner
put forth about his involvement in the crime. (DE 15-1 at 26–27.) In her written decision, the IJ
addressed the underlying facts of Petitioner’s case, citing that Petitioner used his body weight to
press the victim against a wooden trunk and that he “continued to pursue sexual activity with [the
victim] after she explicitly stated she did not wish to have sexual intercourse with him that night.”
(DE 21-5 at 3–4.) The IJ used these facts as evidence of Petitioner’s danger to the community.
(Id.) The IJ also addressed the significance that the sentencing judge “issued an eight year order
of protection in favor of the victim,” and emphasized that Petitioner is required to register as a sex
offender, which “speaks directly to the ongoing danger [he] presents to the community.” (Id.)
While the IJ considered the letters of support presented to the court, she ultimately determined that
Petitioner “continues to pose a danger to the community.” (Id.) Given these findings by the IJ, it
is apparent that she did, in fact, provide Petitioner with an individualized hearing.
Petitioner also challenges the fact that the IJ failed to consider alternatives to detention.
(DE 10 at 17.) He argues that this failure constitutes reversible error and he cites to Ousman D. v.
Decker, Civ. No. 20-9646, 2020 WL 5587441 (D.N.J. Apr. 17, 2020) in support of his claim. (DE
10 at 17; DE 18 at 10.) In Ousman D., Judge Vazquez found that a petitioner did not receive a
constitutionally adequate bond hearing because there was “no evidence that the IJ considered less
restrictive alternatives to detention.” Ousman D., 2020 WL 5587441, at *4. Importantly, however,
Ousman D. involved a situation in which the petitioner was not found to be a danger to the
community. Id. at *2. That petitioner was denied release on bond solely because the IJ determined
that he posed a flight risk. Id. (stating that the IJ denied bond because the petitioner was “an
extremely high flight risk”). Traditionally, courts have been far more willing to fashion conditions
short of detention to ensure a person’s appearance as required. Indeed, the case relied upon by

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Ousman D. for its holding, Leslie v. Holder, 865 F. Supp. 2d 627, 640 (M.D. Pa. 2012), addressed
whether any appropriate conditions of release could mitigate the petitioner’s flight risk. In Leslie,
as in Ousman D., the petitioner was not found to be a danger to the community. Id. Thus, Leslie
and Ousman D. presented different scenarios than the one at issue here, and it is unclear whether
their rulings would equally apply when an IJ denies bond solely because an individual presents a
danger to the community. Indeed, the Court is unable to locate, and Petitioner does not cite to, any
such case within this Circuit. Accordingly, based upon the evidence presented, the Court does not
find that Petitioner has established he is likely to succeed on the merits of this claim that he was
denied due process at his recent bond hearing.
B.

Irreparable Harm

The second factor in determining whether an individual is entitled to a preliminary
injunctive relief requires the moving party to show that he is “more likely than not to suffer
irreparable harm” absent the relief requested. Reilly, 858 F.3d at 179.
Continued detention, of course, represents a significant and ongoing harm, requiring legal
and factual justification. Petitioner argues further that if he remains detained during the COVID19 pandemic, he faces significant physical harm because of his underlying medical conditions and
the “alarmingly inadequate” conditions of confinement at HCCF. (DE 10 at 21, 31.) In support of
his argument, Petitioner presents evidence that he suffers from hypertension, “adjustment disorder
with mixed anxiety and depressed mood,” and a history of tobacco use. (DE 10-2 at 1.) 7 He also
submits his own declaration, as well as those of other current and former detainees, which outline
the insufficiencies in HCCF’s health and sanitation protocols. (DE 10-5; DE 10-7; DE 10-8; DE

7

Petitioner relies upon the declaration of Dr. Andrea Lim, who reviewed Petitioner’s medical records
and opines that Petitioner’s current incarceration places him at higher risk of contracting COVID-19 given
his underlying health conditions. (DE 10-2 at 4.)
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10-9.) Petitioner indicates, among other things, that correctional officers are not enforcing social
distancing or mask wearing within the detainee housing units; that his housing unit’s sanitation
team, of which he is a member, only cleans common areas once or twice per day; that he has never
seen anyone clean the communal phones; and that his housing unit has seen a large influx of new
detainees within the past few weeks. (Id. at 6.) Given these circumstances, Petitioner alleges he is
more like to contract COVID-19 at HCCF than if he were released to his employer’s home where
he could engage in preventive measures. (DE 10 at 35.)
Respondents argue, however, that Petitioner’s detention is rationally related to the purpose
of § 1231(a)(6) itself, as well as to the legitimate governmental objectives of protecting the public
and ensuring Petitioner’s removal. (DE 14 at 13.) Respondents maintain that they recognize the
seriousness COVID-19 poses and, as a result, have enacted numerous measures at HCCF to
prevent the spread of the virus. (Id. at 14.) Respondents provide the declaration of Ronald Edwards,
the Director of the Hudson County Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, to detail
HCCF’s COVID-19 protocols. (DE 21-8.) The protocols are lengthy and detailed, and I highlight
only some of them here. To allow for social distancing, the facility has placed detainees on a
restricted schedule with staggered recreation within common areas. (Id. at 7.) The detainees have
been educated as to sanitary practices and provided with masks to wear whenever they leave their
cells. (Id. at 5, 12.) Detainees are each given at least two bars of soap to use, unlimited access to
water, and disinfectant wipes upon request. (Id. at 10.) Medical care complies with guidelines
issued by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (“CDC”). (Id. at 8.) Individuals who
show symptoms consistent with those of COVID-19 are evaluated immediately, assessed for
hospital placement, and monitored daily. (Id. at 8–9.) Detainees who may have been exposed to a
confirmed case of COVID-19 are placed in “cohorts” for fourteen days to prevent any further

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spread. (Id. at 9.) 8 Additionally, “compliance officers” are ensuring that correctional officers are
wearing face masks while working in the facility. (Id. at 12.) Respondents state that these
measures, among the many others outlined by Mr. Edwards, militate against a finding that
Petitioner is more likely than not to suffer irreparable harm if he remains detained. (DE 21 at 21–
22.)
In Hope v. Warden York Cty. Prison, the Third Circuit addressed the issue of what
constitutes “irreparable harm” for immigrants detained during the COVID-19 pandemic. 972 F.3d
310, 331 (3d Cir. 2020). The Third Circuit held that a district court must assess a petitioner’s
“unique medical histor[y], medical risks, healthcare access needs, detention conditions, and release
circumstances” to determine whether the petitioner would suffer more harm in detention than if
released. Id. The Court of Appeals stated that the mere fact that an individual may contract the
virus cannot demonstrate irreparable harm because the risk “applies regardless [of] whether
Petitioners are detained or released.” Id.
Here, Petitioner has submitted evidence that he suffers from underlying medical conditions
– hypertension and a history of tobacco use – that the CDC has recognized may place him at
increased risk for serous illness if he contracts COVID-19. (DE 10-2 at 2; DE 10-5 at 4; DE 10-6
at 111); see also Ctrs. for Disease Control and Prevention, People with Certain Medical
Conditions,

https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-with-

medical-conditions.html (last visited Nov. 16, 2020). Respondents dispute that Petitioner actually
suffers from hypertension, stating that he has never been diagnosed with the condition while at

8

Mr. Edwards states that “cohorting” is the act of housing together individuals who are
asymptomatic but have had known exposure to a person with confirmed COVID-19. (DE 21-8 at 9.) Their
movement is restricted for the duration “of the most recent incubation period” and if, after fourteen days,
no new cases of COVID-19 develop, the cohorting is discontinued. (Id.)
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HCCF. (DE 14 at 12–13.) Respondents do not appear to disagree, however, that Petitioner has a
self-described history of smoking. (DE 14 at 13.)
With regard to detention conditions, Petitioner has submitted evidence that reveals possible
shortcomings in HCCF’s COVID-19 protocols. (DE 10-5; DE 10-7; DE 10-8; DE 10-9.) The Court
notes, however, the significant efforts HCCF has implemented to stop the spread of the novel
coronavirus within its facility. (DE 21-8.) Indeed, as of October 27, 2020, the last date for which
the Court has data, there were no known cases of COVID-19 among any of the inmates,
immigration detainees, or staff, although test results for 51 inmates and detainees remain pending.
(Id. at 10–11.) HCCF has also mandated that all law enforcement officers be tested for COVID19 and submit to random COVID-19 testing for continuous monitoring. (Id. at 11.) Additionally,
all inmates and detainees present at HCCF as of June 8, 2020, were tested for COVID-19, and all
incoming inmates and detainees are tested upon arrival so the facility may establish and maintain
“fully tested and clean housing tiers.” (Id.)
As for Petitioner’s release conditions, he submits that, if released from HCCF, he could
reside in a two-story family home with his employer in Astoria, New York. (DE 10 at 26–27.)
There, he would have access to his own bed, bathroom, and kitchen. (Id. at 36.) He would also be
able to socially distance, wear a mask, and have access to health care services and quality public
hospitals in the area. (Id.) Additionally, Petitioner states that Astoria currently has very low
transmission rates. (Id.) At the time Petitioner’s motion was filed, Astoria’s positivity rate for
COVID-19 testing was 1.6%. (Id.) As of a few days ago, the positivity rate in Astoria had climbed
to

around

7%.

New

York

City

Dep’t

of

Health,

COVID-19

Data,

https://www1.nyc.gov/site/doh/covid/covid-19-data-totals.page#zip (last visited Nov. 16, 2020).

16

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Ultimately, after considering each of these factors, I find that Petitioner is more likely to
contract the virus in detention than he would be if released (and if, of course, when on release he
actually adheres to the safety regimen that he describes). The disparity is perhaps not dramatic,
however. While HCCF’s efforts to prevent the spread of COVID-19 appear to be working,
Petitioner has submitted evidence that these prevention practices may not be perfect. He states that
social distancing is not always enforced, detainees do not always wear their masks while in the
common areas, and common surfaces are not sanitized often enough. (DE 10-5 at 6–7.)
Comparatively, if released, Petitioner could live in his employer’s home where he can to a great
degree isolate and socially distance from others, a measure that is “vital for the prevention” of
COVID-19. See Ctrs. for Disease Control and Prevention, Interim Guidance on Management of
Coronavirus

Disease

2019

(COVID-19)

in

Correctional

and

Detention

Facilities,

https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/correction-detention/guidancecorrectional-detention.html (last visited Nov. 16, 2020). Such preventive measures are important
for individuals, such as Petitioner, who suffer from conditions that place them at higher risk for
serious illness from COVID-19. He would, however, be living and presumably working in a
community where the infection rate is significant and apparently rising. I thus find that Petitioner
has made a showing of irreparable harm, if not an overwhelming one. Reilly, 858 F.3d at 179.
Irreparable harm, however, is only one of the two “gateway factors” required for a
preliminary injunction, and he has not met the other, likelihood of success factor. See Reilly, 858
F.3d at 179. As a result, I need not address the remaining two factors – the possibility of harm to
other interested persons from the grant or denial of the injunction and the public interest. Id.
(holding that a court considers the final two factors only if the first two “gateway factors are met”);
see also Emerson O. C.-S. v. Anderson, Civ. No. 20-3774, 2020 WL 1933992, at *7 (D.N.J. Apr.

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22, 2020) (declining to address remaining preliminary injunction factors after determining that
movant had not shown a likelihood of success on the merits of his claim). Petitioner’s Motion for
a Preliminary Injunction is denied.
VI.

CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Petitioner’s Motion for a Preliminary Injunction (DE 10) is

denied. An appropriate Order follows.
DATED: November 16, 2020
/s/ Kevin McNulty
______________________________
KEVIN MCNULTY
United States District Judge

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